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Few Issues Are More Central to Life in the Middle East Than the Provision of Adequate Supplies of Water

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Few Issues Are More Central to Life in the Middle East Than the Provision of Adequate Supplies of Water * "^^BJ^,"'W ,^"*1,^WWh:* im^^rn'mym-"- Bir;*?***" . • ''*• 249 • '*.; Water Resources in the Middle East: Impact on Economics and Politics The session was convened at 9:00 a.m., April 11, 1986, Joseph W. Dellapenna* presiding. Remarks by Joseph W. Dellapenna Few issues are more central to life in the Middle East than the provision of adequate supplies of water. Few issues have been more neglected in discussions ofthe Middle East situation than water. The longest running active hostilities in the region are ostensibly over control of a river—although one may doubt whether this is the tme cause of the Iran-Iraq war. And while little has been said about water by the recur rent combatants in the Jordan Valley, more than one observer has concluded that Israel's military and political policies are dictated by a"hydraulic imperative." Today we focus on water in its several dimensions in the life of the region, hoping thereby to open afruitful dialogue that might thereafter help to substitute cooperation over water for the recent pattern of conflict. Without pretending to be able to solve these problems, we might at least help shed light on the role law could play. Our first speaker, John Kolars, will describe the physical parameters ofthe Middle East's water problem, Le., the geology, hydrology and engineering concerns that deci sionmakers must consider. Thomas Naff will then provide an overview ofthe histori cal, economic and political parameters of the Middle East's water problems. Dr. Naff is the coeditor ofthe best published resource on today's topic: Water in the Middle East: Conflict or Cooperation? (1984). Stephen McCaffrey will provide a general in troduction to the international law pertaining to consumptive uses ofwater that has evolved largely in the last 100 years. Finally, I will return to the podium to discuss briefly the situation confronting Israel and her neighbors. •Professor of Law, Villanova University; consultant, Middle East Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania. *flw*^*l*W1*^ '•'-/&. V^' :.S i TABLE I cont. Upper Basin State Basinc Downstream (source) into Countries River Tributary Jordan Lebanon Israel/Jordan Jordan Syria Israel Syria Jordan/Israel Orontes Lebanon Yarmuk (Asi) Syria/Turkey Orontes Turkey Syria/Turkey Quiek Turkey Aafrin Syria Quiek Coruh Turkey USSR Coruh Kura/Aras Turkey USSR Kura (common mouth Turkey to Caspian) USSR/Turkey Aras (Araxes) USSR Turkey/USSR Turkey Arpa Euphrates-Tigris Iran Turkey* Syria/Iraq Zenginar (common mouth= Turkey Euphrates (first) Shatt al-Arab) Syria Turkey Syria Colap Turkey Syria Khabur Turkey Jagh Jagh Syria/Iraq Tigris (Dicle) Turkey Iraq/Turkey Turkey Turkey/Iraq Habur Turkey Iraq Hazilsuyu Iran Iraq Greater Zab Iran Sirwan (Diyala) Iraq Alwand Iran Iraq Lesser Zab Iran Iraq numerous ephemeral streams from the foothills (Pusht-i-kuh) Naft Gangir Gwarkhash Kunjan N.B. Iran to the Caspian Sea Safid TABLE I cont. Tributary Downstream River Upper Basin State into Countries (source) Gurgan Basinc to the Caspian Sea Arek Iran USSR/Caspian Sea HariRud Kashaf (Ourgan) Iran Iran/USSR Afghanistan Jam AtreV USSR Iran Hari USSR n-,.-^Sah to the Caspian Sea mTfinenatUre oTthe plain in Iraq. >"• wiucr. Safid TAMP. 1 evwt, H|l|l»l llH.lll NlHld Dowmlraam llH.III <" («Hl|MN| Inln CiMinirlM Rlvtr Tributary llllllMHMl I mn In Hit" Cainlan Km Ourgan Ali.S Iran UNNR/Caaplan Sea Arek lUit Anjhanlttan Iran/USSR Hari Rud dan \mn Kashaf II an IISHR Muiilmli Afyhanliian USSR tlcllllDllil Murghab Afghanlilan Iran Helmand Amu Darya' Afghanistan USSR Amu Darya Dasht Pakistan Iran Dasht (mouth at border) In order tolimit the geographic area considered the fhlloiina k.Z. 7 • T? ! of class,fica,'<>n will be the basin. cDry-surfaceRudolf Turkeybasinsin EuVo^e,have alsoK^^V^ggtZZ^been excluded That !«l thn£ Hr,in.». k • -^S^S^SSLlL^5 Caspian drainage~«^(see note below),*****.Ob,"*Hi, Indus.^ Chad, Congo, Lake Natron. Uke ' CyprusThe Caspianmust ha,be consider*!only been aSde^SS*TS«rJ^S^JTSf, specTcaa^h^^^^^ *"° *"**" T<*SUch MinJ"\the UA.E./Oman.*« --fg of the sea itself warrants special study. f YTalias Rivera which are found in both Turkish and Greek zones of admiration * ' Greek-°ccuP'ed Twodoa supplies the basins of the Serakhi, and I• ;mJ—-^^ '— to Israel that it .so warrants special stud, The hstmg for the Amu Darya tributaries should be considered incomplete. I .v;: " 254 of our concern in historic times (going ZT^5^ ^"" °CCUn,Bd *'he «"" must be measured on ageoiog.c rather tha aT~ ^ S'gn,fiCam **»&* Sahelian and Eth.op.an droughts applr ntTv r "^ tlme "^ •*«„ such as the "tons which have subSequent^ Cm e^at-S?^ ™n°rdima,it "-'«- •mproved health measures smce World C' * ^ aC,'V,t'es- Th* * throughout this part of the world, and eeonomZJlZT" ^ d°0b,fld Potions ambmons has raised living standards^ 7 "T'0^^1 **"« * "a«onaIist,c s.andards-vvtth concomitant demand?,r 'Ire 'i*"**"™ rf lml™»* '^ng ter urban environments. All of ,h„ me ns Z ^T^* mor* ^try, and be,: surplus waters of the Middle East an'^h Afrta T ""' "^^ bu< th< runs ofgood and bad years. "" are hmte commodities subject to Management of International Rivers * states cannot J^X^S^S ^Stt""^*"»* hv *" Nation re.at.ng to the use of the waters of the F h *^ ™™*™& complex ters mTurkey. Several estimates ha be !1 ^T Th'S ™r ^ * "eadwa- v-ded by the raihfall catchment •mZ^Z^T?^^^^^^^ Syria and Iraq. Conservative estimate Z«M ~ V™ downstrea» Carers. nkeykey and when12 percental, factors^to Syria cot*erSAs will Z"arTt ! **"*"*^°f*•the**stream'***Bow^ to Tur^ four"> Iraq,thousandworks wereyearsbegunbSi,to^^'"t^frestore tht ' ^^EuphratesdUn"g the waters.Bn^» Mandate(Two to gated only to be lost through salmat.oof 1 ^P****" h*« ^een successfully irri- works, Following World War " °r wa^ef" ^T'0" ^^'"££ the impending competition for those waTen Th "To.f?" fcW Pe°ple ant4ated Tabqa (ath-Thawrah) Dam and reseZ ron The" '" "?? ^^ comP'««l the Turks completed the first major d^TtheEuoL? ? *" "^ ,n '9?4 the Th,s latter dam is part of avast undenal, bT he T'V ^ ^^ the Keb<- •rngatefour morefromdams750,0000on thehectaresriver to(£E£Z£*2^generate Tar,e °*-^^^tricityPr°m'SeS toandPla"to andBy theto irrigatesame lineupwardsof reasoningof 6^the SyriansCSlS^S?hoJf ^ T^^than tW'Ce thatMr0p—am«unt fill, the flow of the Euphrates into Iraq «seve"£ ^ * tW0 rese™o,rs began to ical repercussions. q aS SeVerel-v d'min.shed, with immediate polit- By Apnl 1975 Iraq called an urgent meeting of rh B League to discuss claims to Euphrates w^ In rh "^ M'n,SterS °f the '^ Iraq and Syria moved troops towards"„«> mutual ?* ^^ th3t fol,owed hoth the reconciliation that followed is unc ar meH ^"T Whlle the-^ct nature of •ndefuseddetail,thisIrecommenddangerous situation.the czcdt^^J^T^Since £s „o7m " SaUd't0 g°Arab'alnt« **aPparentlymatters manes ot anumber of other critical nvTrlt " T™ aS Wdl aS Slm"ar <»m- Thomas Naff and Ruth C. Matso n he r*boo "^at *f^ ^ P"M * or-PantteCooperation?meettng(1984).ln BaghdadSuffice it^sS^^*1^-to 1 rf° ^""'" ^e 'V/tfrf/tJ^East-^ConJiict"D-4 • -• "*q is said to have derhanded 255 'he Middle East and 18,000 MCM/vr' of Euphrates- water. Syria 13.000 MCM/yr. and Turkey 14.000 MCM/yr. Thi* is atotal of 45.000 MCM/yr. or 14 times the Euphrates mean annual this problem in recent discharge of 32.000 MCM/yr. at Hit. Iraq." B occurred in the area Given such explosive possibilities, which can be found repeated everywhere Significant desiccation throughout the Middle East and North Africa where international rivers exist, it be Disasters such as the comes imperative that the general mechanics of such rivers be understood. First of minor climatic fluctu- all. there is ihe question of what unit is best for planning purposes. Individual nations n activities. That is. cannot approach the situation equitably and unilaterally. From an ecological point ot view, the river basin itself becomes the rational unit for consideration. In this case, doubled populations the headwaters or sources of the streams are viewed as indivisible portions of the irred by nationalistic whole system. What happens anyplace along the stream becomes part of the overall nof improved living responsibility of all who use it. Upstream depletions and pollutings are problems con re industry, and bet- cerning everyone. By the same token, equitable shares of water must be agreed upon more water, but the and management of headwaters cannot be the sole concern or expense of the source mrnodities subject to country. C.B. Bourne argues that extra-basin considerations must also be taken into account (transferring water outside the basin to another watershed), and that m- terbasin transfers of water make the "drainage basin approach" unfeasible. While this remains a matter for international law to resolve, the immediate manipulation and management of the basin-not some of its parts, nor an undetermined extraneous 'al planning by sin- clientele—seems a logical place to start our attempt to see how the natural system reasingly complex works and what immediate effects human manipulations have upon it. ver has its headwa- Streams in the Middle East are largely "exotic" by nature. That is, they rise in well- lountt of water pro- watered areas and before reaching the sea or some inland sink flow into an and zone wnstream sharers, where there is no more water added to them and they actually diminish in volume eam's flow to Tur- through evaporation and seepage. The basic condition of such streams is that they r to 98 percent for have seasonal periods of high water followed by periods of extremely reduced flow.
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