Max Geographic Observation Vegetation Profile Climate Drainage Soil Human Latitude Longitude Elevation Reference Biome Rooting Method Author Notes Notes Location Site Phenology / Growth Form / Common Species Data? Annual Ppt Topo Water Table Mean WT Hardpan Bedrock Depth Alteration (degree) (degree) (m) Depth (m) Seasonality PET (mm) Texture / Type Depth (m) Leaf Form Stature Name Name (mm) Position Range (m) Depth (m) Nature Nature (m) Aaltonen, Lapland, Kaunisvaaran evergreen excavatio mean of 12 pines (1, 0.75, 0.35, boreal forest tree pine Pinus sp. 0.98 drawings sandy, stone 67.2470 26.8505 170 1920 Sodankyla, N. kangas needle‐leaf n 1.25, 0.5, 0.85, 0.5, 0.6, 1.55, 2.45, Aaltonen, Lapland, evergreen excavatio stone‐free heath boreal forest Pitkän palot tree pine Pinus sp. 1.00 drawings 67.8536 26.6652 228 mean of 3 pines (1.2, 0.8, 1) 1920 Sodankyla, N. needle‐leaf n sand Aaltonen, Lapland, Rakkiluoston evergreen excavatio mean of 7 pines (1.8, 0.5, 0.15, 0.3, boreal forest tree pine Pinus sp. 0.56 drawings much stone 67.1522 26.9400 238 1920 Sodankyla, N. kangas needle‐leaf n 0.2, 0.8, 0.2) Aaltonen, Lapland, Ojalahden evergreen excavatio boreal forest tree spruce Picea sp. 0.90 drawings 66.6373 25.3457 100 mean of 4 spruce (0.9, 0.9, 0.8, 1) 1920 Sodankyla, N. Lehto needle‐leaf n Aaltonen, Lapland, deciduous excavatio stone‐free heath boreal forest Pitkan palot tree birch Betula sp. 0.85 drawings 67.8536 26.6652 228 mean of 2 birch (0.9, 0.8) 1920 Sodankyla, N. broard‐leaf n sand Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed perennial crested Agropyron 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante Soil moisture, rather than soil disturbance, SE Idaho, INEL bunch grass 0.75 ‐ 1 yes 224 basalt 1.25 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 1991 shrub‐steppe site rhizomatous wheatgrass cristatum L. tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago seemed to dictate root depth; The field Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed bottlebrush Elymus 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante work for this study was conducted in June nice data showing how the wetting SE Idaho, INEL perennial grass 0.5 ‐ 0.75 yes 224 basalt 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 1991 shrub‐steppe site squirreltail elymoides tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago and July of 1987 and 1988, two very dry depth and the resulting soil Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed stream bank Elymus 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante SE Idaho, INEL perennial grass 0.75 ‐ 1 yes 224 basalt 1.25 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 years that received only half of the usual moisure profile determines rooting 1991 shrub‐steppe site wheatgrass lanceolatus tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago winter soil moisture recharge; Variations in depth, regardless distrubance ‐ all it Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed basin Leymus 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante SE Idaho, INEL perennial grass 1 ‐ 1.25 yes 224 basalt 1.25 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 the soil water content are frequently the matters is the depth of soil wetting; 1991 shrub‐steppe site wildrye cinerus tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed evergreen big Artemesia 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante major cause of differences in maximum site location guessed, to be near SE Idaho, INEL shrub 0.75 ‐ 1 yes 224 basalt 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 1991 shrub‐steppe site needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago rooting depth; soil moisture is measured to the INEL on an undistrubed lot Abbott et al. semi‐arid undisturbed deciduous yellow Chrysothamn 131I radio 36% in Apr‐ sandy loam to transplante SE Idaho, INEL shrub 1 ‐ 1.25 yes 224 basalt 43.5227 ‐112.0525 1441 the maximum depth allowed (20‐141 cm) 1991 shrub‐steppe site broard‐leaf rabbitbrush, us tracer Jun clay; calcic ed 2yr ago by the underlying bedrock; The maximum Abdelkrim et Algeria, N. deciduous Atlas Pistacia excavating dayas sandy‐silt, limestone 7 trees were excavated but very Atlas Sahara tree‐3, male tree > 0.8 drawings 0.8 35.5530 3.9369 580 al., 2014 Africa broard‐leaf pistachio atlantica half tree (alluvial calcareous, hardpan near one another; excavation Abdi et al., N slope of temperate experimental deciduous Persian Parrotia rain mostly in on a west‐ thin soil mantle calcareous The site has relatively thin soil mantle, lat‐lon given cannot be right ‐ tree > 0.7 trench yes 1200 1 36.5972 51.5609 381 2010 Alborz broad‐leaf forest of U. broard‐leaf Ironwood persica winter facing slope over bedrock bedrock (Jura, underlain by calcareous bedrock (Jura, putting it far south with z=2100m Addington et SW Georgia, Subtropical evergreen Longleaf Pinus excavatio upland sand deep sandy / The two sites are located ≈5 km from one xeric site tree 2.20 yes 1310 31.2640 ‐84.4945 49 lat‐lon approx. al., 2006 US moist forest needle‐leaf pine palustris n ridge Typic another and they experience similar Addington et SW Georgia, Subtropical evergreen Longleaf Pinus excavatio upland sandy loam, argillic climate. The sites were defined as xeric and lat‐lon approx., max root depth mesic site tree 2.00 yes 1310 0.5 31.2212 ‐84.4730 42 al., 2006 US moist forest needle‐leaf pine palustris n terrace sandy clay loam horrizon mesic based on the drainage characteristics extrap from Fig.3 Albaugh et al., Virginia / N. temperate Virginia evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio pine tree Loblolly pine 1.90 yes 1092 well drained clay soil 36.6800 ‐77.9900 107 profile data available 2006 Carolina, SE broad‐leaf Piedmont (P) needle‐leaf L. n plantations Albaugh et al., Virginia / N. temperate N. Carolina evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio pooly pine profile data available; site moved tree Loblolly pine 1.90 yes 1219 clay soil 35.1103 ‐76.5991 1 2006 Carolina, SE broad‐leaf Lower Coastal needle‐leaf L. n drained plantations off the water to the nearest forest Albaugh et al., Virginia / N. temperate N. Carolina evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio pine profile data available; extralolated tree Loblolly pine 3.50 yes 1220 well drained sandy soil 34.9100 ‐79.4800 80 2006 Carolina, SE broad‐leaf Sandhills (S) needle‐leaf L. n plantations beyond 2.9m Alexandre & Burkina Faso, The deciduous Acacia Faidherbia excavatio poorly repeatedly In Watinoma, F. albida is restricted to a Google search the village name tree savanna tree 5.90 yes 5.9 deep sandy soil 13.6164 ‐2.2887 346 Ouedraogo, west Africa Watinoma broard‐leaf albida albida n drained cut and plain, characterized by deep sandy soils and found a map; water table inferred Alexandre & Burkina Faso, Rakaye Yarse, deciduous Acacia Faidherbia excavatio 1m rich sandy compact repeatedly Figure 2 is typical of the peculiar situated in the classified forest of tree savanna tree 2.20 yes 32 1m 11.3180 ‐2.2265 325 Ouedraogo, west Africa Sissili broard‐leaf albida albida n soil on compact clay cut and morphology of F. albida existing in this Nazinon in Sissili province, 100 km Angadi & Southern Canadian Carman Helianthus Many studies have reported rooting depth extrapolated from Fig. 2A.; location annual herb sunflower 1.20 trench yes 310 flat land Sandy clay loam annual crop 49.4998 ‐97.9478 258 Entz, 2002 Manitoba, Prairie Research annuns in sunflower beyond 2.0 m, which is deeper picked to be on an area that looks Angadi & Southern Canadian Winnipeg Helianthus In sunflower, the tap root is the major inferred from deepest soil water annual herb sunflower 1.80 trench yes 340 flat land clay loam annual crop 49.8125 ‐97.1208 231 Entz, 2002 Manitoba, Prairie Plant Science annuns channel for conducting water from deep in depletion; location picked near Cascade Mt., Mountain an old‐growth herb, with Avalanche Erythronium 0.19 (0.15‐ excavatio high slope deep pumice E. montanum and C. uniflora differ "E. montanum and C. uniflora were Antos, 1988 perennial drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3033 ‐121.5124 1220 N. Oregon forest Tsuga storage organ Lily montanum 0.2) n forest soils markedly in underground morphology; E examined in an old‐growth Tsuga Cascade Mt., Mountain an old‐growth perennial semi‐succulent queencup Clintonia 0.23 (0.15‐ excavatio high slope deep pumice ontanumh as a short, segmented rhizome‐ heterophylla‐Abies amabilis forest Antos, 1988 drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3033 ‐121.5124 1220 N. Oregon forest Tsuga rhizomatous herb beadlily uniflora 0.3) n forest soils or corm‐like structure with a terminal at 1,220 m elevation, with a shrub Both S. roseus and S. stellata have long Cascade Mt., Mountain a wet, old‐ perennial Twistedstalk Streptopus 0.14 (0.1‐ excavatio stream deep pumice layer of Vaccinium membranaceum Antos, 1988 herb drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3086 ‐121.5020 1040 rhizomes that persist for approximately the N. Oregon forest growth, rhizomatous , Rosy roseus 0.19) n bottom soils and an herb layer including Cornus Cascade Mt., Mountain a wet, old‐ perennial starry false Smilacina 0.26 (0.18‐ excavatio stream deep pumice same number of years, but the structure of Antos, 1988 herb drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3086 ‐121.5020 1040 canadensis and R. lasiococcus. The N. Oregon forest growth, rhizomatous lily of the stellata 0.33) n bottom soils the rhizome and root systems differs Cascade Mt., Mountain a wet, old‐ perennial strawberryl Rubus 0.17 (0.11‐ excavatio stream deep pumice Rubus pedatus and R. lasiococcus spread other four species were examined Antos, 1988 herb drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3086 ‐121.5020 1040 N. Oregon forest growth, rhizomatous eaf pedatus 0.26) n bottom soils across the forest floor via stolons; The at a lower elevation (1,040 m), 1 Cascade Mt., Mountain a wet, old‐ perennial roughfruit Rubus 0.44 (0.27‐ excavatio stream deep pumice roots of R. lasiococcus reached more than Antos, 1988 herb drawings 2000 winter rain 45.3086 ‐121.5020 1040 km away from the first site, in a N. Oregon forest growth, rhizomatous berry lasiococcus 0.61) n bottom soils twice the length and depth of those of R. wet, old‐growth, streambottom Archer et al., Almeria, SE Dry Retama mainly Sept‐ lower alluvial loamy the presence of deep larger diameter roots sites pinpointed using elevation Retama‐site perennial shrub broom bush 2.00 coring yes 300‐350 37.1257 ‐2.3697 628 2002 Spain Mediterrane sphaerocarpa May alluvial fan sands and fine in shrub areas form large open channels at (630m), upper and lower alluvial Archer et al., Almeria, SE Dry Anthyllis mainly Sept‐ upper alluvial loamy deeper soil depths, facilitating deep‐water rooting depth determined by Table Anthyllis‐site perennial shrub 1.50 coring yes 300‐350 37.1267 ‐2.3673 632 2002 Spain Mediterrane cytisoides May alluvial fan sands and fine percolation, while presence of thin shallow 4 (abundant roots, esp. at Retama Armas et al., Almeria, S Dry evergreen Phoenicean Juniperus on top of sap isotopic signatures of isolated juniper rooting depths inferred from plant tree 2.50 coring no 220 mainly winter 3.5 dune sand 36.6903 ‐2.7000 4 2010 coast of Spain Mediterrane needle‐leaf Juniper phoenicea dunes matched that of soil 1 m above the water water use (1m soil water vs. GW at Armas et al., Almeria, S Dry evergreen Pistacia on top of In this dry system the physiology of lentisc water table depth inferred from shrub mastic 3.50 coring no 220 mainly winter 3.5 dune sand 36.6929 ‐2.6960 4 2010 coast of Spain Mediterrane broad‐leaf lentiscus dunes seems to be relatively independent of Fig.2 and related text… here salt Arndt, et al., Taklamakan perennial camelthorn Alhagi excavatio hot dry foreland of All investigated species showed high rates arid desert herb 5 drawings 40 2600 > 7.5 pure silt 37.0196 80.7031 1358 lat‐lon approx. 2004 desert, W. legume or manna sparsifolia n summer oasis of water use... water potentials did not Arndt, et al., Taklamakan deciduous shrub or small Tamarix excavatio hot dry arid desert salt cedar 2 drawings 40 2600 river bed 1.0 ‐ 2.0 pure silt 37.0224 80.7052 1353indicate drought stress and neither lat‐lon approx. 2004 desert, W. broad‐leaf tree ramosissima n summer transpiration nor sap flow displayed the Arndt, et al., Taklamakan deciduous Euphrates Populus excavatio hot dry foreland of arid desert tree 4 drawings 40 2600 4.6 pure silt 37.0217 80.7021 1356midday depression so common among lat‐lon approx. 2004 desert, W. broad‐leaf Poplar or euphratica n summer oasis Arndt, et al., Taklamakan Calligonum excavatio hot dry foreland of plants in water‐limited environments... soil arid desert deciduous shrub 7 drawings 40 2600 > 7.5 pure silt 37.0231 80.6988 1358 lat‐lon approx. 2004 desert, W. caput‐ n summer oasis water content was negligible in soil layers Although these locations were Ash et al., North temperate Tidewater Festuca soil coring flat terrace, loamy sand, drained by with seasonal distribution ‐ it perennial C3 bunchgrass tall fescue 1.5 yes 35.8747 ‐76.6555 5 characterized primarily by differences in 1975 Carolina mixed forest Research arundinacea to 1.65m artificially mottled grey C tiles / shows that root wbiomass changes Ash et al., North temperate Upper Coastal Festuca soil coring flat terrace, mottled fine drained by soils, root biomass based on collections at perennial C3 bunchgrass tall fescue 1.5 yes 35.8941 ‐77.6801 29 across the season in the shallow 1975 Carolina mixed forest Plain arundinacea to 1.65m artificially sandy loam tiles / depths down to 165 cm did not differ soils, not deeper layers, at least for Ash et al., North temperate Piedmont Festuca soil coring 3‐5% slope, significantly between locations. Significant perennial C3 bunchgrass tall fescue 1.5 yes clay loam 35.6992 ‐80.6201 223 perennial grass such as this 1975 Carolina mixed forest Research arundinacea to 1.65m well drained seasonal differences in root biomass were Badia et al., Bajo Cinca, Mediterran evergreen xerophytic rosemary Rosmarinus hot and on top of thin loam, with cemented Rising water table with the planned Platform 0.35 soil pits no 350 1240 0.6‐1.5 41.6315 0.1568 277 2011 NE Spain desert needle‐leaf shrub and thyme officinalis, windy structural stone carbonate large‐scale irrigation is warned for Badia et al., Bajo Cinca, Mediterran nitrohalophilo Artemisia hot and on mid‐ thin loam, with lithic the platform and step units, and Step perennial 0.35 soil pits no 350 1240 0.5 41.6314 0.1463 271 2011 NE Spain desert us herb herba‐alba, windy slope step stone contact (R drainage and salt water disposal is Badia et al., Bajo Cinca, Mediterran halophilous Suaeda vera, hot and in silty loam or Depression perennial 0.6‐0.8 soil pits no 350 1240 41.6361 0.1357 251 recommended for the depressions, 2011 NE Spain desert herb Atriplex windy depression silty clay loam, but no water table data was Southern xeric southern Winterfat Eurotia excavatio falls in early Thus, in loamy soil desert where the Baitulin, 1996 perennial shrub 9.2 drawings 100‐200 9 loamy Sierozem 45.0655 68.1023 145 location guessed Kazakhstan shrubland desert (White‐ ceratoides n spring ground water is rather deep, the root Southern xeric southern Winterfat Eurotia excavatio falls in early meadow location guessed to be in the saline Baitulin, 1996 perennial shrub 6.1 drawings 100‐200 45.0278 67.4246 127 Kazakhstan shrubland desert (White‐ ceratoides n spring Sierozem meadows in southwest Southern xeric southern Winterfat Eurotia excavatio falls in early quick sand location guessed to be on active Baitulin, 1996 perennial shrub 3 drawings 100‐200 44.2836 69.2907 359 Kazakhstan shrubland desert (White‐ ceratoides n spring (dune??) dunes Southern xeric southern Winterfat Eurotia excavatio falls in early cannot find definition of soil; Baitulin, 1996 perennial shrub 3 drawings 100‐200 road metal soil 45.1175 67.4173 125 Kazakhstan shrubland desert (White‐ ceratoides n spring location guessed to be along a high Southern xeric southern perennial small thorny Alhagi excavatio falls in early meadow Thus, on meadow‐sierozomic saline soil, Baitulin, 1996 Camel thorn 2.9 drawings 100‐200 6.5 45.0427 67.2934 124 Kazakhstan shrubland desert legume shrub pseudoalhagi n spring Sierozem where the ground water is at 6.5 m depth, location guessed to be in the saline Southern xeric southern Karelinia excavatio falls in early meadow the root system of some deep‐rooted meadows in southwest Baitulin, 1996 perennial subshrub 3.4 drawings 100‐200 6.5 45.0412 67.2955 125 Kazakhstan shrubland desert caspia n spring Sierozem plants (Alhagi pseudoalhagi and Karelinia Southern xeric southern shrub, Artemisia excavatio falls in early tend to be location guessed to be in Baitulin, 1996 perennial 0.97 drawings 100‐200 loamy Sierozem 44.9656 68.0852 137 Kazakhstan shrubland desert sclerophyte terra‐albae n spring in depressions Southern xeric southern shrub, stem Anabasis excavatio falls in early Baitulin, 1996 perennial 2 drawings 100‐200 saline crust 46.1823 68.7113 186 location guessed Kazakhstan shrubland desert succulent salsa n spring Southern xeric southern forage Kochia excavatio falls in early light chestnut Baitulin, 1996 perennial leaf succulent 7.3 drawings 100‐200 44.9840 68.0829 138 location guessed Kazakhstan shrubland desert kochia prostrata n spring calcareous soil Southern xeric southern evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon excavatio falls in early alluvial meadow compact Thus, the deeply rooted desert tree location guessed to be near the Baitulin, 1996 small tree 4.1 drawings 100‐200 4.1 1.5 44.9470 68.2609 146 Kazakhstan shrubland desert tiny‐leaf saxaul aphyllum n spring chestnut soil sand Haloxylon aphyllum ‐ on alkali soils reaches edge of the riparian meadow with Southern xeric southern evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon excavatio falls in early half‐fixed hillock 4. 1 m, on half‐fixed hilly sands on brown location guessed to be on stablized Baitulin, 1996 small tree 10 drawings 100‐200 10 44.9279 68.0524 153 Kazakhstan shrubland desert tiny‐leaf saxaul aphyllum n spring sand sandy loam soil 7.3 m, and with deep dunes Southern xeric southern evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon excavatio falls in early loamy‐sandy location guessed to be higher than Baitulin, 1996 small tree 7.3 drawings 100‐200 7.3 44.9747 68.2713 148 deposits of ground water up to 10 m depth Kazakhstan shrubland desert tiny‐leaf saxaul aphyllum n spring chestnut soil (Fig 6 A B and C) due to ground water the alluvial meadow site Bakker et al., Mediterran evergreen Maritime Pinus eaolian sand / lat‐lon moved 700m NE to match SW France wet site tree 0.8‐1.0 coring yes 0.4 ‐ 1.3 1.2 0.5 plantation 44.7211 ‐0.7420 61 2006 pine needle‐leaf Pine pinaster Entic to Densic 61m elevation Bakker et al., Mediterran evergreen Maritime Pinus eaolian sand / spodic The spodic horizon is locally cemented and lat‐lon moved 74m SW to match SW France dry site tree 2.5‐3.0 coring yes 2.0 ‐ 3.0 2.9 0.3 plantation 44.5769 ‐0.8101 66 2006 pine needle‐leaf Pine pinaster Entic to Densic horizon forms a hardpan that can be continuous 66m elevation Bakker et al., Mediterran perrenial purple moor‐ Molinia regional eaolian sand / spodic over several meters to tens of meters SW France wet site grass 0.80 coring yes 950 0.4 ‐ 0.8 0.7 0.5 plantation 44.7211 ‐0.7420 61 the Landes of Gascogne forest 2006 pine grass grass caerulea depression Entic to Densic horizon (occurring at 60% of sampling points). At Bakker et al., Mediterran bracken Pteridium regional eaolian sand / spodic range in south western France; In SW France wet site fern herb 0.20 coring yes 950 0.4 ‐ 0.8 0.7 0.5 plantation 44.7211 ‐0.7420 61 This species is only found at the wet site. 2006 pine fern, eagle aquilinum depression Entic to Densic horizon one typical ‘humid’ and one typical Bakker et al., Mediterran bracken Pteridium regional eaolian sand / spodic Site fertility determined by organic matter ‘dry’ site, situated at 25 and 45 km SW France dry site fern herb 1.20 coring yes 950 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1.5 0.3 plantation 44.5769 ‐0.8101 66 2006 pine fern, eagle aquilinum high Entic to Densic horizon content and depth of water table which is southwest of Bordeaux, Bakker et al., Mediterran evergreen common Ulex regional eaolian sand / spodic SW France wet site shrub 0.70 coring yes 950 0.4 ‐ 0.8 0.7 0.5 plantation 44.7211 ‐0.7420 61 known to limit root growth... Humid site respectively. 2006 pine shrub gorse, dwarf europaeus, U. depression Entic to Densic horizon more fertile with 2‐3fold higher total C and Bakker et al., Mediterran evergreen common Ulex regional eaolian sand / spodic SW France dry site shrub 1.30 coring yes 950 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1.5 0.3 plantation 44.5769 ‐0.8101 66N... At humid site, total fine root biomass = extrapolated from Fig.1 2006 pine shrub gorse, dwarf europaeus, U. high Entic to Densic horizon Bakker et al., Mediterran evergreen besom Erica regional eaolian sand / spodic 3.6t/ha and max rooting depth = ~0.9 m, so SW France dry site shrub 1.40 coring yes 950 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1.5 0.3 plantation 44.5769 ‐0.8101 66 extrapolated from Fig.1 2006 pine shrub heath, bell scoparia, E. high Entic to Densic horizon sampling effort down to 1.2 m was Ontario, CA, deciduous humus, glay, The mature larch trees examined had Bannan, 1940 Boreal forest tree larch Larix laricina 1.22 exavation drawings 748 48.7387 ‐86.3831 224 lat‐lon approx. Lake Sup. N needle‐leaf medium‐coarse shallow root systems. In nine of the ten Ontario, CA, evergreen Picea humus, glay, The root habit of adult black spruce on the Bannan, 1940 Boreal forest tree black spruce 0.30 exavation drawings 748 48.7288 ‐86.3806 210 lat‐lon approx. Lake Sup. N needle‐leaf mariana medium‐coarse plain resembled that of the larch. Lateral Ontario, CA, evergreen white humus, glay, The root systems of the larger white spruce Bannan, 1940 Boreal forest tree Picea glauca 1.37 exavation drawings 748 48.7327 ‐86.3711 243 lat‐lon approx. Lake Sup. N needle‐leaf spruce medium‐coarse trees were exceedingly variable in form. Six Ontario, CA, evergreen Pinus humus, glay, Adult jack pine had the deepest root habit Bannan, 1940 Boreal forest tree jack pine 1.52 exavation drawings 748 48.7276 ‐86.3666 242 lat‐lon approx. Lake Sup. N needle‐leaf Banksiana medium‐coarse of the species studied. Tap roots were Becker et al., Brunei, Tropical evergreen Anisophyllea excavatio well‐ 2‐15cm O, clay‐ Rooting depth and the proportion of root An earlier study (Becker amd small tree 0.30 no > 3000 4.6585 114.5193 60 1999 Andulau rainfores broad‐leaf disticha n drained (but sand, clay surface area in the upper 20 cm of soil did Castello, 1990) reported that even Becker et al., Brunei, Tropical evergreen excavatio well‐ 2‐15cm O, clay‐ small tree Tarenna sp. 0.20 no > 3000 4.6585 114.5193 60 not differ significantly between life‐forms saplings of trees have deeper roots 1999 Andulau rainfores broad‐leaf n drained (but sand, clay because some treelets/shrubs at Andulau than mature shrubs. This study Becker et al., Brunei, Tropical evergreen Eurycoma excavatio well‐ 2‐15cm O, clay‐ small tree 1.80 no > 3000 4.6585 114.5193 60 were deep‐rooted; all saplings studied compared to that, and found there 1999 Andulau rainfores broad‐leaf longifolia n drained (but sand, clay Becker et al., Brunei, Tropical evergreen Antidesma cf. excavatio well‐ 2‐15cm O, clay‐ were deep‐rooted. We attribute this strong is no difference between samplings small tree 1.50 no > 3000 4.6585 114.5193 60 1999 Andulau rainfores broad‐leaf leucopodum n drained (but sand, clay difference to the lower soil content of and shrubs rooting depth. The Becker et al., Brunei, Tropical evergreen excavatio well‐ 2‐15cm O, clay‐ available nutrients at Andulau where difference is that here there is shrub Ixora sp. 1.10 no > 3000 4.6585 114.5193 60 1999 Andulau rainfores broad‐leaf n drained (but sand, clay rainfall shortage is less severe and regular more rain, shorter dry season, but near Tropical 70yr evergreen soil weathered 70yr old Fine roots are concentrated near the mzx depth extrapolated to below Berish, 1982 tree 1.10 yes 2700 Jan‐Mar dry 9.8799 ‐83.6662 650 Turrialba, premontane secondary old‐ broad‐leaf corning pyroclastic secondary‐ surface esp. at the 70yr old forest site. 0.85m sampling depth Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly evergreen lodgepole Pinus 15% NW 5cm litter, 20cm from a tree 90 yrs old, 23' high, and 5'' d.b. Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 1.22 exavation drawings granite 1.22 39.1158 ‐105.0367 2835 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam needle‐leaf pine contorta slope coarse gravely h. Maximum root penetration was 4' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly evergreen Pseudotsuga 5cm litter, 20cm from a tree 80 yrs old, 21' high, 5.5' d. b.h. Manitou Experimental Forest… tree Douglas fir 1.52 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam needle‐leaf menziesii coarse gravely Maximum root penetration was 5' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly deciduous Mountain Cercocarpus 5cm litter, 20cm The mountain mahogany was 4.5' high; Manitou Experimental Forest… shrub 1.52 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam broad‐leaf mahogany montanus coarse gravely maximum root penetration was 5' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly Mountain Muhlenbergi 5cm litter, 20cm Mountain muhly had a fibrous root system Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 0.85 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam muhly a montana coarse gravely consisting of 316 individual roots. The grass Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly Arizona Festuca 5cm litter, 20cm Arizona fescue also had a fibrous root Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 0.85 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam fescue arizonica coarse gravely system, consisting of 290 individual roots. Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly evergreen woody ground Arctostaphylo 5cm litter, 20cm Only part of the root system of kinnikinnick Manitou Experimental Forest… Kinnikinnick 0.91 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam broad‐leaf cover s uva‐ursi coarse gravely was excavated. The main root was a Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly deciduous Quaking Populus 5cm litter, 20cm from a tree 70 yrs old, 26' in height, and 4. Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 1.52 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam broad‐leaf aspen tremuloides coarse gravely 5" d. b.h. Max root penetration was 5' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Edloe gravelly evergreen Ponderosa Pinus 5cm litter, 20cm The ponderosa pine was 85 yrs old, 19'high, Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 1.52 exavation drawings 25% N slope granite 1.37‐2 39.1189 ‐105.0604 2560 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest sandy‐loam needle‐leaf pine ponderosa coarse gravely and 4. 5" d.b.h. Max root penetration was Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ deciduous Quaking Populus 3‐5cm litter, limestone, Chubbs soils developed from Madison Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 1.28 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site broad‐leaf aspen tremuloides 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in limestone are calcareous, loose, and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ evergreen woody ground Arctostaphylo 3‐5cm litter, limestone, The small kinnikinnick plant had a root Manitou Experimental Forest… Kinnikinnick 0.61 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site broad‐leaf cover s uva‐ursi 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in system that penetrated the soil to 2' and a Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ evergreen Pseudotsuga 3‐5cm litter, limestone, was 72 yrs old, 24' heigh, and 5" d. b. h… Manitou Experimental Forest… tree Douglas fir 1.46 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site needle‐leaf menziesii 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in root system had a max penetration of 4.8', Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ evergreen Ponderosa Pinus 3‐5cm litter, limestone, was from a tree that was 63 yrs old, 25' Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 1.71 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site needle‐leaf pine ponderosa 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in high, exhibited little branching and had a Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ Mountain Muhlenbergi 3‐5cm litter, limestone, plant was 0.5' high and 6" in diameter… Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 1.04 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site muhly a montana 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in max penetration of the roots was 3.4' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ deciduous Mountain Cercocarpus 3‐5cm litter, limestone, The mountain mahogany plant was 4' high. Manitou Experimental Forest… shrub 1.52 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site broad‐leaf mahogany montanus 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in Its root system had a maximum Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Chubbs stony‐ Arizona Festuca 3‐5cm litter, limestone, The fibrous root system of Arizona fescue Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 0.94 exavation drawings 20% N slope 1.5‐2.1 39.1017 ‐105.0904 2377 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest Loam site fescue arizonica 25cm dark stony‐ with fin soil in consisted of 780 individual roots... plant Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil evergreen Pseudotsuga NW loose fine grey sandstone, All systems had roots that penetrated the Manitou Experimental Forest… tree Douglas fir 0.82 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from needle‐leaf menziesii exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into shallow soil mass, trailed along the parent Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil deciduous Quaking Populus NW loose fine grey sandstone, from a tree that was 110 yrs old, 22' high, Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 0.73 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from broad‐leaf aspen tremuloides exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into and 7" d.b.h. Max penetration of the Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil evergreen Ponderosa Pinus NW loose fine grey sandstone, was 75 yrs old, 19' high, and 5" d.b.h. Its Manitou Experimental Forest… tree 0.85 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from needle‐leaf pine ponderosa exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into root system had a max penetration of 2.8' Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil evergreen woody ground Arctostaphylo NW loose fine grey sandstone, This plant had a very shallow root system Manitou Experimental Forest… Kinnikinnick 0.61 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from broad‐leaf cover s uva‐ursi exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into with max penetration of 2'. Most of the Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil Mountain Muhlenbergi NW loose fine grey sandstone, plant was 0. 9' high and 6" in diameter. Its Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 0.82 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from muhly a montana exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into roots penetrated to a max depth of 2.7' Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil deciduous Mountain Cercocarpus NW loose fine grey sandstone, The mountainmahogany plant was 5' high. Manitou Experimental Forest… shrub 1.07 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from broad‐leaf mahogany montanus exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into Max penetration of the roots was 3.5' and Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Berndt and Front Range mountain Skeletal soil Arizona Festuca NW loose fine grey sandstone, The fibrous root system of Arizona fescue Manitou Experimental Forest… perennial bunch grass 0.79 exavation drawings 0.1‐0.15 39.1555 ‐105.0799 2545 Gibbons, 1958 Rockies, near forest from fescue arizonica exposure 7‐ sand on fractured into consisted of 308 individual roots. The plant Missouri Gulch Watershed, lat‐lon Bhattachan et Kalahari subtropical deciduous tree, small silver cluster‐ Terminalia S. bank thick, Root depth has 95% roots fitted by Shakawe 0.61 exavation yes 539 6 25 ‐18.3642 21.8419 1002 al., 2012 Desert, NW. dry forest broad‐leaf tree, tree, tree leaf, sericea, Okavango homogeneous authors except Kuke where roots Bhattachan et Kalahari subtropical deciduous tree, tree, silver cluster‐ Terminalia at the foot thick, Kuke 2.00 exavation yes 439 5 ‐20.9767 22.4800 1065 do not follow exponential ‐ so it is al., 2012 Desert, W. dry forest broad‐leaf tree, tree leaf, lace serecia, hill of ridge homogeneous extrapolated from Fig.3. WT depth Bhattachan et Kalahari subtropical deciduous shrub, small box thorn, Lycium near playa thick, Tshane 1.88 exavation yes 358 5 ‐24.0169 21.8689 1122 differ from others. In Okavango al., 2012 Desert, W. dry forest broad‐leaf tree, shrub black thorn, species, with salt homogeneous Bhattachan et Kalahari subtropical deciduous shrub, small three Rhigozum near dry thick, (Shakawe), WT is near surface Bokspits 1.08 exavation yes 177 6 100 ‐26.8942 20.6983 854 al., 2012 Desert, SW. dry forest broad‐leaf tree, tree, tree thorns, trichotomum, river bed homogeneous (Bauer, 2004; McCarthy, 2006; NE Oregon, temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus on gentle N‐ pumicite sitl, Lateral roots in top 12" of pumicite soil... Starkey Experimental Forest was Bishop, 1962 tree 0.99 exavation drawings basalt 1 45.2435 118.5494 1258 US evergreen needle‐leaf pine contorts facing slope basalt clay / Tolo vertical roots extended to the rock layer at readily located on Google Earth. Bleby et al., Edwards savannah evergreen or Texas live Quercus excavatio calcreous soil, Cretaceous All species had shallow lateral roots near The study shows roots penetrating tree 20 drawings 630 0 0.2 30.9167 ‐99.9000 623 2010 Plateau, Cen. and nearly oak, gum fusiformis, n and cave karst limestone the surface and deep tap roots to at least calcreous rocks to great depths and Bobich & near Tucson, U. Arizona Fouquieria on a gentle The root systems of the excavated ocotillos same site as Cannon 1913 work, Arid desert perennial shrub Ocotillos 0.29 exavation drawings 32.2167 ‐111.0833 903 Huxman, AZ Desert splendens S‐facing were generally very shallow, with no roots but giving no info on soil or precip Inverness‐ temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio Root growth of many species is inhibited in the 1972 paper has a site plot… Boggie, 1977 1 tree 0.10 yes 0.11 deep peat plantation 57.1407 ‐4.7366 209 shire, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine contorta n the presence of excessive soil moisture but used to locate sites Inverness‐ temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio Boggie, 1977 2 tree 0.15 yes 0.19 deep peat plantation 57.1407 ‐4.7366 209 it is well established that the oxygen O concentration and root mass are shire, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine contorta n deficiency usually accompanying this Inverness‐ temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio measured at difference depth to Boggie, 1977 3 tree 0.20 yes 0.25 deep peat plantation 57.1407 ‐4.7366 209 condition is the main factor affecting plant shire, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine contorta n well below WT, showing high Inverness‐ temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio growth... Earlier work on these plots Boggie, 1977 4 tree 0.40 yes 0.33 deep peat plantation 57.1407 ‐4.7366 209 correlation between the two shire, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine contorta n showed evidence of dieback at the Bonal et al., French Tropical DVD‐site evergreen Eperua O‐18 and double dry on top of reddish‐brown The two species clearly differed in the lat‐lon off (in the ocean), site tree 3.50 no 2900 1500 5.1758 ‐52.9121 75 2000 Guiana rainforest (deep vertical broad‐leaf falcata soil pit Aug‐Nov, Feb‐ small hill sandy‐loamy to vertical distribution of the rooting systems. selected to be "near Petit‐Saut Bonal et al., French Tropical DVD‐site evergreen Dicorynia O‐18 and double dry on top of reddish‐brown E. falcata developed a strong tap‐root dam" and "altitude 30m", and from tree 1.60 no 2900 1500 5.1758 ‐52.9121 75 2000 Guiana rainforest (deep vertical broad‐leaf guianensis soil pit Aug‐Nov, Feb‐ small hill sandy‐loamy to which can prospect deep horizons, down to Poszwa (2002) "30 km west from In D. guianensis, the rooting system Bonal et al., French Tropical SLD‐site evergreen Eperua O‐18 and double dry downslope clayey‐silty compact Kourou"; the closest to 30m tree 2.00 no 2900 1500 1 5.1657 ‐52.8932 56 densely colonised the upper horizon, with 2000 Guiana rainforest (shallow broad‐leaf falcata soil pit Aug‐Nov, Feb‐ of the hill alterite with laterite elevation is 34m in this area Bonal et al., French Tropical SLD‐site evergreen Dicorynia O‐18 and double dry downslope clayey‐silty compact long and abundant lateral roots (up to 17 PET from Poswa (2002); WT should tree 1.00 no 2900 1500 1 5.1657 ‐52.8932 56 2000 Guiana rainforest (shallow broad‐leaf guianensis soil pit Aug‐Nov, Feb‐ of the hill alterite with laterite m), while depths of root prospection were be very shallow but no data Bornman et Olifants Mediterrane 200m on sucullent samphires, Sarcocornia loam on silt‐ Where the groundwater was accessible water table read from Fig 3(b) for herb 1.20 soil cores yes Hummock 0.6‐1.1 ‐31.7060 18.2064 4 al., 2004 Estuary, W‐ an, wetland transect‐3 halophyte or pillansii loam, then sand (<1.5 m) and had a low ion concentration Hummock and (c) for inter‐ Bornman et Olifants Mediterrane 100m on sucullent samphires, Sarcocornia Inter‐ clay‐loam on (<80 mS/cm), S. pillansii extended its roots hummock; roots observed at Tract‐ herb 1.20 soil cores yes 0.4‐0.9 ‐31.7050 18.2060 2 al., 2004 Estuary, W‐ an, wetland transect‐3 halophyte or pillansii Hummock loam, then silt‐ down to the water‐table, where a suitable 3, 100m and 200m points Bornyasz et Southern Mediterrane Santa evergreen coast live Quercus newly 97 ‐ 720 90% in Oct‐ base of an coarse‐loamy, granite, highly 0.24 ‐ Roots were confined to the fracture spaces picked a site at 231m elevation, on tree >4 yes 33.4379 ‐117.1824 231 al., 2005 California, US an woodland Margarita broad‐leaf oak agrifolia exposed (mean 355) Apr ESE to SE well‐drained fractured and 1.0 within each of the weathered bedrock the road, and near the reserve plantation on 9yr old tree evergreen forest Red Eucalyptus trench deep sandy One year after planting the root system location too coarse, site chosen at Bouillet, 2002 Coastal Congo tree 4.00 yes 1200 5 on a flat hill ‐4.1533 11.6888 77 ploughed site broad‐leaf Gum x PF1 (hybrid E. wall (85%) arenosols, extended to depth beyond 3 m, although highest point within 1o box in Breda et al., temperate Champenoux deciduous Quercus trench on very silty‐clay loam Temporal variation of soil water content trench stopped at 1.6m; max depth NE France tree sessile oak 2.00 yes 48.7338 6.3261 237 1995 broadleaf forest, 30‐ broard‐leaf petraea wall gental slope (30cm), was measured down to ‐200 cm, inferred from soil water depletion Breda et al., temperate Champenoux deciduous pedunculate Quercus trench on very silty‐clay loam NE France tree 1.60 yes 48.7338 6.3261 237 1995 broadleaf forest, 30‐ broard‐leaf oak robur wall gental slope (30cm), Briones et al., Chihuahuan Mapimí evergreen creosote Larrea trench 72% falls in 2 % to 6 % clay loam calcareous location at 1100m elevation, near arid desert shrub > 0.75 yes 264 0.8‐1.2 26.4893 ‐103.4374 1100 1996 desert, N‐C Biosphere broad‐leaf bush, tridentata wall Jun‐Sep sloping (0.25m) on claystone the centr of the lat‐lon box Briones et al., Chihuahuan Mapimí tobosa, Hilaria trench 72% falls in 2 % to 6 % clay loam calcareous location at 1100m elevation, near arid desert perennial tussock grass 0.73 yes 264 0.8‐1.2 26.4893 ‐103.4374 1100 1996 desert, N‐C Biosphere tobosagrass mutica wall Jun‐Sep sloping (0.25m) on claystone the centr of the lat‐lon box Briones et al., Chihuahuan Mapimí Opuntia trench 72% falls in 2 % to 6 % clay loam calcareous location at 1100m elevation, near arid desert perennial cactus prickly pear 0.28 yes 264 0.8‐1.2 26.4893 ‐103.4374 1100 1996 desert, N‐C Biosphere rastrera wall Jun‐Sep sloping (0.25m) on claystone the centr of the lat‐lon box Cananea, xeric site‐B deciduous velvet Prosopis 67% in Jul‐ bottom of a groundwater recharge occurred from given lon is off by 9 degrees; should Brunel, 2009 tree 5.00 O‐18 no 507 5.0‐10.0 thick alluvium 30.9688 ‐110.2815 1560 Mexico, near shrubland (bottom), broard‐leaf mesquite velutina Oct small winter precipitation, although more than be 110W (Cananea, Mexico), not Cananea, xeric site‐S Grama, and Bouteloua 67% in Jul‐ on top of alluvium, with At Site S, δ18O of xylem water indicates The sites are separated by 1km; Brunel, 2009 perennial grass 0.30 O‐18 no 507 30.0‐40.0 30.9660 ‐110.2829 1533 Mexico, near shrubland (summit), three awns sp., and Oct terrace, much gravel and that trees were using either groundwater, rooting depth at site‐B inferred Bucci et al., Patagonia, Brachyclados excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to Predawn Phi‐Leaf ranged from ‐4.0 MPa It shows difference across species dry steppe evergreen cushion shrub <1m no 178 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 2009 NW Santa caespitosus n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 for shallow rooted shrubs to ‐1.0 MPa for at a single site. .. Rooting depth Bucci et al., Patagonia, Euphorbia excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to dry steppe deciduous dwarf shrub <1m no 178 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 deep rooted shrubs, suggesting that roots varied greatly across species, but 2009 NW Santa collina n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 of the latter have access to bundant woody plants in general have Bucci et al., Patagonia, Mulinum excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to dry steppe deciduous cusion shrub <1m no 178 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 moisture, whereas shallow‐rooted shrubs deeper roots; larger woody plants 2009 NW Santa spinosum n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 Bucci et al., Patagonia, Sencecio excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to are adapted to use water mainly by small have deeper roots than smaller dry steppe evergreen small shrub <1m no 178 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 2009 NW Santa filagionoides n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 rainfall events... Every event generates a woody plants. .. It also shows roots Bucci et al., Patagonia, Adesmia excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to pulse of moisture, which, depending on the No water table depth given, but dry steppe evergreen tall shrub <2m no 188 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 2009 NW Santa boronioides n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 rain amount and evaporation, can last a Fig.2 shows increasing dry‐season Bucci et al., Patagonia, Colliguaya excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to C. integerrima has a conspicuous tap root dry steppe evergreen tall shrub 2.00 no 188 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 soil moisture with depth at nearly 2009 NW Santa integerrima n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 that penetrates to a depth of about 200 cm saturation at 3m depth; discussion Bucci et al., Patagonia, Lycium excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to L. chilense has numerous roots that reach dry steppe deciduous tall shrub 1.50 no 188 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 also hints GW as source: 2009 NW Santa chilense n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 depths of 150 cm but none of them Bucci et al., Patagonia, Berberis excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to The root systems of S. johnstonii and B. "consistent with earlier dry steppe evergreen tall shrub >2.5 no 188 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 2009 NW Santa heterophylla n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 heterophylla have a prominent single axis observations (Soriano, 1987, 1990, Bucci et al., Patagonia, Schinus excavatio gravely sandy calcareous 0.8‐1 to Percolation is frequent in Patagonia Schulze 1996)". Schulze talks about dry steppe evergreen tall shrub >2.5 no 188 6 3 ‐46.5167 ‐71.0500 400‐420 2009 NW Santa johnstonii n loam or gravely stony layer 1.2‐1.5 because most precipitation occurs during WT 2‐3m deep. Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as Usually from 2 to 6 vertical roots of each root extended to 30' as suggested tree Asiatic elm Ulmus pumila 9.14 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.5898 ‐101.6189 1001 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf n loam layer wind break elm grew straight down through the in Fig.1 as they are still strong Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Osage Toxylon excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as The vertical roots were followed to a depth root extended to 32' ‐ there are still tree 9.75 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.5972 ‐101.6189 999 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf orange pomiferum n loam layer wind break of 27' through a calcareous layer. In an 6 large roots at bottom of pit Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Eastern red Juniperus excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as Under one tree, 11 roots extended through rooting depth extended to 26' from tree 7.92 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.5888 ‐101.6367 1006 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf cedar virginlana n loam layer wind break the calcareous layer and continued 25' in Table‐1 Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Robinia excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as From 4‐7 of these deep‐penetrating roots rooting depth extended to 28' from tree Black locus 8.53 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.6118 ‐101.6187 999 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf pseudoacacia n loam layer wind break extended vertically throught he calcareous 26' in Table‐1 Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Russian excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as The deepest root excavated was 12.5 feet, tree Morus alba 3.96 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.6166 ‐101.5999 995 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf mulberry n loam layer wind break with only a few completely penetrating the Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Thornless Gleditsia excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as Depth of penetration of vertical roots of tree 3.35 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.6333 ‐101.6376 1009 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf honey locust triacanthos n loam layer wind break the living tree was slightly over 11 feet and Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Seedling Prunus excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as The deepest root penetrated to 7.7 feet, tree 2.44 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.5912 ‐101.6129 999 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf apricot armerdaca n loam layer wind break but the majority were in the first 6 feet of Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Fraxinus excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as These roots did not penetrate the tree Ash 1.83 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.5740 ‐101.6472 1011 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf species n loam layer wind break calcareous layer at any place for more than Bunger & Oklahoma temperate deciduous Western Juglans excavatio Richfield silt calcareous planted as The deepest root penetrated 5.6 feet, but tree 1.83 drawings 335 1.5‐2.1 36.6021 ‐101.5875 992 Thomson, Pan Handle, steppe broad‐leaf black walnut ruvestris n loam layer wind break none penetrated the calcareous layer more Live fine roots of both species showed Büttner & temperate deciduous European Fagus 7.2cm O, on Here the nutrient poor mineral soil NW Germany tree 0.60 soil cores yes 730 52.7504 10.5039 115 highest densities in the upper, less Leuschner, deciduous broad‐leaf beech, sylvatica sandy, acidic, may have caused roots to be Büttner & temperate deciduous sessile oak, Quercus 7.2cm O, on decomposed OF horizon of the organic NW Germany tree 0.60 soil cores yes 730 52.7500 10.5000 119 mostly in the thick organic layer Leuschner, deciduous broad‐leaf Cornish oak, petraea sandy, acidic, profile… and declined sharply downwards Canham et al., Whiteman Mediterra evergreen candlestick Banksia deep medium‐ The Gnangara groundwater mound In‐growth bags at multiple depths tree 3.70 soil cores yes 778 6 3‐3.75 ‐31.8000 115.9333 48 2012 Park, SW woodland broad‐leaf banksia attenuata coarse sand underlies the park, supporting groundwater to monitor root response to water Canham et al., Whiteman Mediterra evergreen holly‐leaved Banksia deep medium‐ dependent ecosystems including large table rise‐fall. Growth seen at tree 3.70 soil cores yes 778 6 3‐3.75 ‐31.8000 115.9333 48 2012 Park, SW woodland broad‐leaf banksia ilicifolia coarse sand areas of phreatophytic Banksia woodland… deepest bag (3.6m) following the Sonoran Amaranthus excavatio some NAM and top of flat adobe clay, The penetration of the roots of the cactus rooting depth is mean of 22 obs Cannon, 1911 arid desert Tumamoc Hill annual herb 0.15 284 lava rock <0.5 32.2163 ‐111.0048 874 Desert, palmeri, n photos winter rain hills amlpais (from type lie within 2 to 5 cm. of the surface across specimen and species ‐ Sonoran perennial, Echinocactus excavatio some NAM and top of flat adobe clay, mean across individuals and Cannon, 1911 arid desert Tumamoc Hill herb 0.20 284 lava rock <0.5 32.2163 ‐111.0048 874 Desert, some wislizenii, n photos winter rain hills amlpais (from species: 20, 25, 15, 15, 15, 14, 20, Sonoran semi‐ Encelia excavatio some NAM and top of flat adobe clay, Cannon, 1911 arid desert Tumamoc Hill shrub brittlebush 0.55 284 lava rock <0.5 32.2163 ‐111.0048 874 only one specimen Desert, evergreen Farinosa n photos winter rain hills amlpais (from Sonoran perennial, saguaro, Carnegiea excavatio some NAM and long side from 0.3‐ mean across individuals and Cannon, 1911 arid desert Bajada perennial herb 0.55 284 adobe clay caliche 32.2151 ‐110.9985 807 Desert, some Pencil gigantea, n photos winter rain slopes 0.5 down species: 30, 30, 77, 50, 35, 36, 123, Sonoran evergreen Covillea excavatio some NAM and long side from 0.3‐ mean across individuals and Cannon, 1911 arid desert Bajada shrub 0.68 284 adobe clay caliche 32.2151 ‐110.9985 807 Desert, broad‐leaf tridentata, n photos winter rain slopes 0.5 down species: 53, 18, 37.5, 38, 100, 180, Sonoran Floodplain, evergreen Snakewood, Condalia excavatio some NAM and floodplain, Where there is considerable depth of soil 170 (Covillea), 75 (Koberliniea), 180 Cannon, 1911 arid desert shrub 1.36 284 sand, adobe 32.2369 ‐111.0205 733 Desert, Santa Cruz broad‐leaf etc. spathulata, n photos winter rain bottom land and the water table is close to the surface, (Condalia), 136 (Ziziphus), 120 Sonoran Floodplain, deciduous velvet Prosopis excavatio some NAM and floodplain, The most deeply placed roots of Prosopis Cannon, 1911 arid desert tree 5.0‐8.0 284 sand, adobe 32.2369 ‐111.0205 733 Desert, Santa Cruz broad‐leaf mesquite velutina, n photos winter rain bottom land known to the writer are those of plants Northern On the plain Acanthyllis excavatio some on the flat The largest specimen studied possessed a on the plain south of Laghouat, Cannon, 1913 arid desert perennial shrub 0.30 198 33.4888 2.9419 863 Sahara, south of the tragacanthoi n photos plain tap‐root 3 cm. in diameter at the crown. near the road Northern Deverra excavatio some on the stony desert Deverra scoparia was found to have a main Cannon, 1913 arid desert near Ghardaia perennial herb 0.20 114 32.5703 3.9124 485 east of the city, along the road Sahara, scoparia n photos hamada with little soil root running directly downward 20 cm. Northern east of Esfand, wild Peganum excavatio some fine sand, then hard The first specimen of Peganum studied in Cannon, 1913 arid desert perennial herb 0.30 114 mid valley 0.2 32.4089 3.9250 401 Sahara, Ghardaia, mid rue, Syrian harmala n photos hard layer, then stratum this habitat was about 30 cm. high and in Northern east of evergreen Haloxylon excavatio some fine sand, then hard The shoot of the specimen of Haloxylon Cannon, 1913 arid desert shrub saxaul 0.31 114 mid valley 0.2 32.4039 3.9254 402 Sahara, Ghardaia, mid needle‐leaf articulatum n photos hard layer, then stratum examined was about 50 cm. high; its Northern east of evergreen Henophyton excavatio some fine sand, then hard The shoot of the plant was about 30 cm. Cannon, 1913 arid desert shrub 0.75 114 mid valley 0.2 32.4051 3.9310 400 Sahara, Ghardaia, mid needle‐leaf deserti n photos hard layer, then stratum high, and, in spite of the long dry season, Northern east of Esfand, wild Peganum excavatio some fine sand, then hard A gnarled main root was foimd to take a Cannon, 1913 arid desert perennial shrub 0.27 114 mid valley 0.2 32.3908 3.9466 394 Sahara, Ghardaia, mid rue, Syrian harmala n photos hard layer, then stratum zigzag course through 27 cm. of hardpan to Northern on the hills evergreen Haloxylon excavatio some The root‐system of Haloxylon scoparium, Cannon, 1913 arid desert shrub saxaul 1.13 199 on the hill 34.8731 5.7160 142 Sahara, NW of Biskra needle‐leaf scoparium n photos as has already been seen to be the case Northern on the hills Esfand, wild Peganum excavatio some One of these was Peganum harmala, Cannon, 1913 arid desert perennial herb 0.61 199 on the hill 34.8731 5.7160 142 Sahara, NW of Biskra rue, Syrian harmala n photos whose roots v/ere examined at Ghardaia. Northern on the hills downy Plantago excavatio some Its root‐system was also studied with the Cannon, 1913 arid desert perennial herb 0.71 199 on the hill 34.8731 5.7160 142 Sahara, NW of Biskra plantain albicans n photos following results : The tap‐root is strongly Cannon and Mesa land, N. mountain top of Mesa evergreen pinon pine, Pinus edulis, uranium top of flat thin soil on a fractured On the buttes of La Ventana Mesa the coal top of North Butte, near western tree 19.81 no 457 ~20 35.8420 ‐106.9562 2231 Starrett, 1956 New Mexico forest La Ventana, needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus as tracer mountain well‐fractured sandstone is capped by a well‐fractured 65‐foot part where tree samples taken. Cardinael et N. of subhumid inter cropping deciduous Juglans trench flat, 1 silty deep The site is near the Lez river watershed and site give is in narual forests; moved tree Black walnut > 4.0 yes 951 5.0 ‐ 7.0 6.00 43.7240 4.0426 74 al., 2015 Montpellier, Mediterrane site: trees broad‐leaf regia×nigra L. wall to 4m degree alluvial fluvisols, the depth from the soil surface to the to Restinclières, an inter‐cropping Cardinael et N. of subhumid inter cropping Durum Triticum trench flat, 1 silty deep water table usually oscillates between 5 m patch with "east‐west orientation" annual grass > 1.6 yes 951 5.0 ‐ 7.0 6.00 43.7240 4.0426 74 al., 2015 Montpellier, Mediterrane site: trees wheat turgidum L. wall to degree alluvial fluvisols, in winter and7minthesummer. similar to Fig.1a but higher SW South xeric across fence small‐leaf Leipoldtia excavatio yes, + sandy loam over crumbling Vertical separation in the rooting the fence can be located on GE; Carrick, 2003 perennial 0.18 135 ~ 0.3 ‐30.4128 18.2497 1105 Africa shrubland, of different succulent schultzei n drawings loose bedrocks bedrock morphologies of the three shrubs is clearly nearest site to the given lat‐lon, SW South xeric across fence small‐leaf Ruschia excavatio yes, + sandy loam over crumbling both Ruschia and Leipoldtia are Carrick, 2003 perennial 0.28 135 ~ 0.3 ‐30.4128 18.2497 1105 Africa shrubland, of different succulent robusta n drawings loose bedrocks bedrock predominantly shallow but lateral rooting… SW South xeric across fence Hirpicium excavatio yes, + sandy loam over crumbling Roots that extended to a depth > 30 cm Carrick, 2003 perennial shrub 0.4 135 ~ 0.3 ‐30.4128 18.2497 1105 Africa shrubland, of different alienatum n drawings loose bedrocks bedrock were not sampled. Only one Hirpicium Carter and Prince Harrington Lolium coring, flat farm fine sandy loam 7yrs after At the end of the study in November, 2007, grass moves SOC deeper into the cropland perennial grass tall fescue > 0.9 yes 1077 46.3333 ‐63.1667 54 Gregorich, Edward Research arundinaceu and land on glacial till grass the depth of root penetration was profile Castellanos et W coast tropical Estacion de deciduous Bursera trench dry seaon 30% SW‐ sandy loam, low The soil consists of a 50‐100 cm deep sandy site chosen on SW‐facing slope tree 0.9 yes 707 hardpan 0.5‐1 19.4990 ‐105.0472 58 al., 1991 Mexico, near deciduous Biologia broad‐leaf excelsa, excavatio Nov‐Jun facing slope O loam with low organic matter content (1‐ near road at the institute; max root Castelli et al., central riparian Big Creek, wet Nebraska Carex Aquic perennial sedge 0.6 soil pit yes 480 0.1 39.3244 ‐117.1211 2146 2000 Nevada medow meadow sedge nebrascensis, cryoboroll, Castelli et al., central riparian Big Creek, Kentucky Poa pratensis Aquic cumulic perennial grass 0.3 soil pit yes 480 0.29 39.3244 ‐117.1211 2146 2000 Nevada medow mesic bluegrass ssp. cryoboroll, Castelli et al., central riparian Big Creek, dry Muhlenbergi Aquic perennial grass Mat muhly 0.67 soil pit yes 480 0.20 39.3244 ‐117.1211 2146 2000 Nevada medow meadow a richardsonis cryoboroll, Castelli et al., central riparian Big Creek, Artemisia Pachic perennial shrub sagebrush 0.91 soil pit yes 480 0.25 39.3244 ‐117.1211 2146 2000 Nevada medow sage brush tridentata cryoboroll, Castelli et al., central riparian Corral Nebraska Carex perennial sedge 1.3 soil pit yes 510 0.03 Haplocryoll 39.1204 ‐116.8107 2377 2000 Nevada medow Canyon, wet sedge nebrascensis, Castelli et al., central riparian Corral Kentucky Poa pratensis Aquic cumulic perennial grass 1.28 soil pit yes 510 0.33 39.1204 ‐116.8107 2377 2000 Nevada medow Canyon, mesic bluegrass ssp. haplocryoll Castelli et al., central riparian Corral Muhlenbergi Pachic perennial grass Mat muhly 0.85 soil pit yes 510 0.30 39.1204 ‐116.8107 2377 2000 Nevada medow Canyon, dry a richardsonis haplocryoll Castelli et al., central riparian Corral Artemisia Pachic perennial shrub sagebrush 0.52 soil pit yes 510 0.90 39.1204 ‐116.8107 2377 2000 Nevada medow Canyon, sage tridentata haplocryoll Cattanio et Combu Isl, lowland evergreen Dicotyledono soil pit + high point, heavier (more These observations suggest that root author report topo range of 3‐4m, High tree 3.5 yes 2800 ‐1.5011 ‐48.4700 15 al., 2004 near Belem, tropical broad‐leaf us sp (92%).; coring tidal clay) biomass occurred below the 1 m sampling but on GoogleEarth the elevation is Cattanio et Combu Isl, lowland evergreen Dicotyledono soil pit + middle The presence of relatively high root max depth extrapolated from Fig3 Intermediate tree 3 yes 2800 sandy clay ‐1.5035 ‐48.4629 14 al., 2004 near Belem, tropical broad‐leaf us sp (92%).; coring point, tidal biomass deep in the soil profile is especially fine root profile; location guessed Cattanio et Combu Isl, lowland evergreen Euterpe soil pit + low point, this study did not detect a higher max depth extrapolated from Fig3 Low‐Lying tree 2.5 yes 2800 lighter (sandier) ‐1.5087 ‐48.4656 13 al., 2004 near Belem, tropical broad‐leaf oleracea; coring tidal concentration of root biomass near the soil fine root profile; location guessed Ceballos et Parana River natural, Scirpus 0.3m organic Vertical root distributions were very Lat‐lon given for the 3 forest stands wetland perennial tall grass club rush 0.30 soil cores yes 1100 river delta <0.3 ‐34.1390 ‐58.7091 3 al., 2012 Delta, undrained giganteus over mineral contrasting between wetlands and tree but not wetland sites. Rooting data Ceballos et Parana River drained, deciduous eastern Populus excavatio drained 0.3m organic drained plantations mirroring soil organic carbon given for the mean of 3 sites, so the wetland tree 1.00 yes 1100 1‐2.5m ‐34.1516 ‐58.7197 5 al., 2012 Delta, poplar broad‐leaf cottonwood deltoides n high over mineral and distribution patterns. While marshes roots center of each landcover type is Cerri and Central tropical Instituto evergreen pleateau yellow latosols, 75% of total roots is located in the first 50 known as Bacia Modelo, near tree >5 3 trenches yes 2100 Jul‐Sep low ‐2.5970 ‐60.0496 124 Volkoff, 1987 Amazon, by rainforest Nacional da broad‐leaf with deep, well‐ cm and 90% in the first 100 cm. Plant Manaus, where several other Chapman, South evergreen common Calluna on the well‐developed The upper 20 cm of the soil profile contain the elevation of 15m in Chapman‐ heathland shrub 0.5 soil cores yes 50.7185 ‐2.1368 15 1970 England, broad‐leaf heather, vulgaris, Ulex heath humus iron 92% of the total root system 1967 is used to locate a heath site Chapman, South First dune evergreen common Calluna soil cores xy in UK national grid ref, heathland shrub 0.3 yes dune ridge dune sand 50.6638 ‐1.9518 5 1979 England, ridge, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, and blocks converted to lat‐lon at Chapman, South Second dune evergreen common Calluna soil cores all rooting deph data is from Fig.1, heathland shrub 0.6 yes dune ridge dune sand 50.6674 ‐1.9518 5 1979 England, ridge, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks soil organic matter profile Chapman, South Third dune evergreen common Calluna soil cores heathland shrub 1.5 yes dune ridge dune sand 50.6692 ‐1.9568 5 1979 England, ridge, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks Chapman, South Furzebrook evergreen common Calluna soil cores near ridge heathland shrub 1.8 yes dune sand 50.6664 ‐2.1047 30 dimorphic roots 1979 England, Road broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks top Chapman, South evergreen common Calluna soil cores 100m away dimorphic roots; the elevation is heathland Studland A shrub 1.7 yes dune sand 50.6602 ‐1.9632 10 1979 England, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks from lake switched with Studland C, from 15 Chapman, South evergreen common Calluna soil cores on saddle of heathland Studland B shrub 1.3 yes dune sand 50.6593 ‐1.9660 8 dimorphic roots 1979 England, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks a ridge Chapman, South evergreen common Calluna soil cores 200m from dimorphic roots; the elevation is heathland Studland C shrub 2 yes dune sand 50.6557 ‐1.9618 15 1979 England, broad‐leaf heath vulgaris, Ulex and blocks lake switched with Studland A, from 10 Cheyney, Northern deciduous excavatio hilltop, 5‐ By far the greater part of the roots are in Site chosen near road, on ridge Boreal forest shrub rose bush Rosa blanda 0.98 no coarse sand 47.1684 ‐95.1649 486 1929, 1932 Minnesota broad‐leaf n 7m above the upper 6 inches of soil. The roots of between road and a swamp, in a Cheyney, Northern deciduous June berry, Amelanchier excavatio hilltop, 5‐ forest patch 150ft from the swamp, Boreal forest shrub 0.61 no coarse sand 47.1684 ‐95.1649 486 lousewort, grasses, strawberries, aster, 1929, 1932 Minnesota broad‐leaf choke sanguinea, n 7m above twin flower, false lily‐of‐the‐valley, ladies and 5‐7m above the swamp Cheyney, Northern evergreen Pinus excavatio hilltop, 5‐ Boreal forest tree Jack pine 1.68 drawings coarse sand 47.1684 ‐95.1649 486 tobaccod, warf dogwood,and bearberry are 1929, 1932 Minnesota needle‐leaf banksiana n 7m above feet high Cheyney, Northern lousewort, Pedicularis excavatio hilltop, 5‐ almost entirely within the first 6 inches. Boreal forest perennial grass, herbs 0.15 no coarse sand 47.1684 ‐95.1649 486 1929, 1932 Minnesota grasses, aquilina, n 7m above The roots of the others are very largely in Christina et Itatinga, São evergreen Eucalyptus soil cores 6 mon dry sandy, deep Cretaceous 3.5 yr old Early vertical tree growth was found to be same sites as Laclau, 2013…but plantation sandy soil site tree flooded gum 15.8 yes 1367 top of a hill 17.5 ‐23.0225 ‐48.5995 869 al., 2011 Paulo, SE broad‐leaf grandis + season Ferralsols (>10 sandstone plantation, fast above and below ground, reaching different trees… rooting and water Christina et Itatinga, São evergreen Eucalyptus soil cores 6 mon dry sandy, deep Cretaceous 6 yr old The root front, as well as height growth, same sites as Laclau, 2013…but plantation sandy soil site tree flooded gum 14 yes 1367 top of a hill 16 ‐23.0243 ‐48.5989 861 al., 2011 Paulo, SE broad‐leaf grandis + season Ferralsols (>10 sandstone plantation, followed a similar pattern up to 42 months different trees… rooting and water Christina et S~ao Paulo evergreen Eucalyptus 85% in Oct‐ deep Ferralsols Cretaceous this is a modeling study but nearly plantation tree flooded gum 16 yes 1430 hill top 16 ‐22.9678 ‐48.7278 750 al., 2016 State, SE broad‐leaf grandis May on Cretaceous sandstone all the variables are also measured Claus & Leinefelde, C. temperate oldest of 3 deciduous European Fagus soil coring Very gently Stagnic to Haplic 111yr old At all age‐classes of the Leinefelde site, lat‐lon pinpointed by elevation; tree 0.5 yes 750 51.3333 10.3723 468 George, 2005 Germany deciduous stand broad‐leaf beech, sylvatica, to 30cm to gently Luvisol (O rich, shelterbelt there were very few roots in the thin max depth extrapolated from Fig.2 Claus & Tharandt, E. temperate oldest of 4 evergreen Norway Picea abies, soil coring Very gently Dystric to Dystri‐ 97yr old The organic layer was thicker in Tharandt lat‐lon pinpointed by elevation; tree 0.6 yes 820 50.9271 13.4897 486 George, 2005 Germany deciduous stand needle‐leaf spruce Deschampsia to 30cm to gently Stagnic plantation than in Leinefelde and Roccarespampani max depth extrapolated from Fig.2 Claus & Roccarespam temperate oldest of 3 deciduous Turkey oak, Quercus soil coring Flat to very Luvisol with high 16yr old, At the Roccarespampani site, the same lat‐lon pinpointed by elevation; tree 0.7 yes 936 42.4027 11.9249 175 George, 2005 pani, C. Italy deciduous stand broad‐leaf Austrian oak cerris, to 30cm gently clay content coppiced trend was apparent, although the decrease max depth extrapolated from Fig.2 Cline et al. Hanford, SC Arid Lands evergreen sagebrush / Artemesia soil cores gentle, east‐ Ritzville silt‐ Through the summer, transpiration site guessed to be on the same shrub‐steppe shrub > 1.6 yes 220 46.5804 ‐119.8299 396 1977 Washington Ecology needle‐leaf bluebunch tridentata / to 1.6m facing slope loam continued in the wheatgrass community slope but higher at 396m elevation Cline et al. Hanford, SC Arid Lands Bromus soil cores gentle, east‐ Ritzville silt‐ invaded the cheatgrass community because the site guessed to look like abandoned shrub‐steppe annual grass cheatgrass 0.8 yes 192 46.5782 ‐119.7908 305 1977 Washington Ecology tectorum to 1.6m facing slope loam abandoned plants die by mid‐May. The cheatgrass farmland at 305m elevation within North Temperate evergreen excavatio early There is a preponderancoef the smallest Coile, 1937 Duke Forest tree loblolly pine Pinus taeda L 0.91 yes loam over clay 36.0291 ‐78.9912 149 max depth extrapolated from Fig.4 Carolina, mixed forest needle‐leaf n cultivated, size‐classo f roots (<0.1 inch in diameter) North Temperate evergreen shortleaf Pinus excavatio sandy loam, clay early a heavy, compact, plastic clay B horizon, Coile, 1937 Duke Forest tree 1.02 yes 36.0251 ‐78.9790 152 max depth extrapolated from Fig.4 Carolina, mixed forest needle‐leaf pine echinata Mill. n loam, then clay cultivated, the physical nature of the B horizon makes North Temperate deciduous post oak, Quercus excavatio loam, clay loam, early The clay of the B horizon is extremely Coile, 1937 Duke Forest tree 0.91 yes 36.0216 ‐78.9805 161 max depth extrapolated from Fig.4 Carolina, mixed forest broad‐leaf blackjack stellata n then clay cultivated, plastic, and water movement through it is North Temperate deciduous white oak, Q. alba L., Q. excavatio early soil developed from igneous rock, deeply Coile, 1937 Duke Forest tree 1.42 yes clay 36.0239 ‐78.9974 165 max depth extrapolated from Fig.4 Carolina, mixed forest broad‐leaf black oak, velutina n cultivated, weathered; The open, friable character of North Temperate deciduous red gum, Liquidambars excavatio sandy clay loam, early The deep penetration of all roots is max depth extrapolated from Fig.4; Coile, 1937 Duke Forest tree 2.44 yes 36.0180 ‐78.9882 181 Carolina, mixed forest broad‐leaf yellow tyracilgua L ., n then sandy loam cultivated, especially noticeable in this soil, which is a fluctuating water table within Comino & NW Italy, temperate meadow Festuca excavatio foothill, till / This research investigates the stabilizing Site A perennial grass 2.0‐3.0 no 1092 sand/silt 44.8194 7.3186 357 Druetta, 2010 foothill of broadleaf fescue, pratensis, n? alluvium 10‐ action offered by grass roots, which in the Comino & NW Italy, temperate meadow Festuca excavatio foothill, till / This research investigates the stabilizing Site B perennial grass 2.0‐3.0 no 1092 sand/gravel 44.8264 7.3028 402 Druetta, 2010 foothill of broadleaf fescue, pratensis, n? alluvium 10‐ action offered by grass roots, which in the Comino & NW Italy, temperate meadow Festuca excavatio foothill, till / This research investigates the stabilizing Site C perennial grass 2.0‐3.0 no 1092 silt/sand 44.7972 7.2781 437 Druetta, 2010 foothill of broadleaf fescue, pratensis, n? alluvium 10‐ action offered by grass roots, which in the Coughenour Turkana subtropical deciduous excavatio bank of a The larger trees occur only near ephemeral Rooting depth from Fig.3. Location tree Acacia tortilis 3.5 yes 200 deep sandy soils 2.1916 36.1430 530 et al., 1990 County, NW dry forest broad‐leaf n large river streambeds or rivulets; Tap roots were approximate. Lacking info on exact Coughenour Turkana subtropical deciduous Acacia excavatio occurring most often on upland nonriparian site locations, only the deepest root tree 2.4 yes 300 upland deep sandy soils 2.2763 36.2652 636 et al., 1990 County, NW dry forest broad‐leaf reficiens n sites; A small fraction of unaccounted total of each species is recorded, Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil needle‐and‐ trench 305‐308 635‐760 Two to seven white‐t o cream‐coloured perennial bunch grass Stipa comata 1.1 drawings level loam 50.4098 ‐107.7897 762 Lots of guess work in the exact Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone thread grass wall across sites across sites main roots support each shoot of the location. It is easy to locate the few Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil needle‐and‐ trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass Stipa comata 0.99 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 bunch. Some penetrate vertically, but black soil and brown soil sites and Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone thread grass wall across sites across sites others descend at various oblique angles to Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown needle‐and‐ trench 305‐308 635‐760 identify their features (knoll, level, perennial bunch grass Stipa comata 0.63 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 reach positions 1 8‐36 cm laterally from the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone thread grass wall across sites across sites lower slope etc.) and assign the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown needle‐and‐ trench 305‐308 635‐760 central axis of the plant, before turning sites accordingly, it is difficult to perennial bunch grass Stipa comata 1.07 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone thread grass wall across sites across sites abruptly downward. Some of thel atter are locate sandy and gravelly sites, Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown needle‐and‐ trench 305‐308 635‐760 so nearly horizontal that they reach depths perennial bunch grass Stipa comata 0.85 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 particularly the sites in the dark Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone thread grass wall across sites across sites of only 5 ‐10 cm in their lateral journey. brown soils zone with many Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 1.27 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 possible sites fitting the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites This more vigorous and more mesophytic Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 description. Thus the rough perennial bunch grass 1.02 drawings lower slope loam 50.3864 ‐107.6228 752 grass occurs only in the far northern Great Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites Plains and is most abundant in dark brown locations are identified that are on Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 On Google Earth, these area, perennial bunch grass 0.85 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 loam soils of the Canadian prairies; The Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites particularly the dark brown and mean maximum depth of penetration is mean maximum depth of penetration is Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 black soil zones, are dotted with perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 similar to that of S. comata, but in the two Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites potholes, so dense that it is Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 instances where these species were perennial bunch grass 0.68 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 sometimes difficult to have an Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites studied in the same excavation S. sparteav unbroken flat piece of land. Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 ar. curtiseta was the deeper by 18 and 28 perennial bunch grass 1.05 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 Strangely the study never Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites cm; The effect of increased southern Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 mentioned drainage conditions and perennial bunch grass 0.8 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 exposure is to produce deeper roots, while Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites their influence on roots. Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 the more mesic situation on lower slopes sites with natural vegetation perennial bunch grass 0.8 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites and northern exposures reduced their selected to represent the 1965 Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Porcupine Stipa spartea trench 305‐308 635‐760 depth perennial bunch grass 1.4 drawings level gravel subsoil 52.5213 ‐106.9281 519 condition, but the place is so Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone grass var. curtiseta wall across sites across sites farmed today that it is sometimes Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 Excavations of eighty‐seven root systems in perennial 1.27 drawings level loam 50.4098 ‐107.7897 762 difficult; keep this in mind when Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites nine Saskatchewan stands have revealed Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 that shoots of this sod‐forming grass comparing with observed rooting perennial 1.37 drawings lower slope loam 50.3864 ‐107.6228 752 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites originate from tough, wiry rhizomes; Depth depth ‐ annual crops likely have Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 much shallower roots than perennial 0.68 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 of rooting varies considerably with climate, Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites soil and topographic position (Table 1). In reported here, particularly with the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.65 drawings knoll loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 ordinary upland sites maximum depth was Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 usually 120‐150 cm, but in sand it was only perennial 1.52 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites 60‐90 cm (Fig. 2). The shallower depth in Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming western Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.55 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 sand was associated with oblique Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass smithii wall across sites across sites penetration of the major roots, before they Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.52 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.42 drawings lower slope loam 50.3864 ‐107.6228 752 It occurs as a dominant principally in the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites moister parts of the grassland in the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.12 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 'Prairie Provinces' of Canada. During the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 present study1 20 root systems were perennial 1.22 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites examined in seventeen stands. The data Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 indicate that the root system is very similar perennial 1.42 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites to that of A . smithii. These two species Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.3 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 were more deeply penetrating than any Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 other dominant with which either was perennial 1.15 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites associated on loam soils Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil sod‐forming thickspike Agropyron trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 1.1 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous wheatgrass dasystachyu wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 It is the most xerophytic grass in the perennial blue grama 0.85 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites Canadian prairies, dominating in Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial blue grama 0.75 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 unmodified grasslands only on relatively Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites arid sandy loam soils, but being the major Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial blue grama 0.9 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 species in overgrazed pasture lands. Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 Observations of fifty root systems in perennial blue grama 0.38 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites thirteen locations in Saskatchewan during Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 the present study corroborate the dense, discussed the influence of topo perennial blue grama 0.75 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites widely spreading nature of the root system. position: roots on hilltops are wider Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 and shallower compared to roots in perennial blue grama 0.6 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 Of particular significance in relation to its Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites lower slopes Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 drought resistance is the occurrence of perennial blue grama 0.4 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites numerous, horizontally positioned roots Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil sod‐forming Bouteloua trench 305‐308 635‐760 which grow radially in all directions from perennial blue grama 0.53 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone rhizomatous gracilis wall across sites across sites the bases of stems. This characteristc is Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings level loam 49.9261 ‐109.5363 762 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.75 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites On the basis of a study of thirty‐three Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 plants in ten stands it can be concluded Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 that this species exhibits the least perennial bunch grass 0.33 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites extensive root system of the major grasses Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 of this region. The most common maximum perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites depth was 60 cm, with the majority of the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 roots ending within 30 cm of the surface. Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 maximumd epthw as from3 3 to 75 cm perennial bunch grass 0.58 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil prairie Koeleria trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.65 drawings level gravel subsoil 52.5213 ‐106.9281 519 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Junegrass cristata wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Rough Festuca trench 305‐308 635‐760 thep rincipal climax dominant within the perennial bunch grass 1.02 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Fescue scabrella wall across sites across sites black soils of Alberta, western Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Rough Festuca trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.6 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Saskatchewan and north‐central Montana; Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Fescue scabrella wall across sites across sites Rhizomes emerge either laterally or from Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Rough Festuca trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial bunch grass 0.68 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 underneath the crown. These radiate in all Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Fescue scabrella wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Rough Festuca trench 305‐308 635‐760 directions and give rise to new shoots perennial bunch grass 0.8 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Fescue scabrella wall across sites across sites usually within a few centimetres of the Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Rough Festuca trench 305‐308 635‐760 parent; During the present study seventeen perennial bunch grass 1.1 drawings level gravel subsoil 52.5213 ‐106.9281 519 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Fescue scabrella wall across sites across sites plants were examined in six stands. The Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 0.65 drawings level loam 49.9261 ‐109.5363 762 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 0.68 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 C. eleocharis is the most abundant sedge in Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites the Canadian prairies; This species is a sod Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 0.35 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 former with rhizomes reaching 30 cm long; Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 Roots arise from the bases of clumps and perennial 0.35 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites from shoot‐free nodes on the rhizomes, Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 but the former roots penetrate more perennial 0.5 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites deeply. Many smaller and shorter roots Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 0.6 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 grow from the bases of shoots and radiate Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 to occupy the soil to a depth of 8‐15 cm for perennial 0.38 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites a distance up to 25 cm from the clump. Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil sedge, sod needle‐leaf Carex trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial 0.65 drawings level gravel subsoil 52.5213 ‐106.9281 519 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone forming sedge eleocharis wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown green Stipa trench 305‐308 635‐760 It grows under conditions of more soil‐topo zone inferred from author perennial bunch grass 1.1 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone needlegrass viridulias wall across sites across sites dependable moisture supply than is usual statement of moist sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sod‐forming prairie Calamovilfa trench 305‐308 635‐760 is characteristic of recently disturbed sand; soil‐topo zone inferred from author perennial 1.8 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone rhizomatous sandreed longifolia wall across sites across sites propagates by tough, wiry rhizome; The statement of sandy sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown sand Sporobolus trench 305‐308 635‐760 a nother species on recently stabilized soil‐topo zone inferred from author perennial bunch grass 0.78 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone dropseed cryptandrus wall across sites across sites sand, but with extremely fine roots arising statement of sandy sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 most abundant forb. The central axis of the perennial woody shrub 1.47 drawings level loam 49.1008 ‐109.9123 882 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites plant develops a tap root system while Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial woody shrub 1.02 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 adventitious roots are produced from the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites horizontal stems. The relative extent of Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial woody shrub 0.81 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 development of the thick, deeplyp Reporting contradicting results: Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites enetrating tap root and its largest roots in arid sites are deeper AND Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 enetrating tap root and its largest roots in arid sites are deeper AND perennial woody shrub 0.88 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites branches, as compared to the mass of shallowers than more mesic sites. Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 fibrous roots developing in the surface What's going on? Also mentioned perennial woody shrub 0.51 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites layers of soil, is determined apparently by that occasional deep penetration of Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial woody shrub 1.47 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 habitat characteristics. In locations where rain water can lead to deep roots. Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites moisture is often deficient near the surface Also mentioned the plasticity of the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial woody shrub 0.78 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 of the soil, but where occasional moisture roots. Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 penetration to considerable depth permits perennial woody shrub 0.66 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites establishment of deep roots, the tap root Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil fringed Artemisia trench 305‐308 635‐760 system is well developed. However, tap perennial woody shrub 0.66 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone sagebrush, frigida wall across sites across sites roots are not found where deep Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.68 drawings level loam 49.1008 ‐109.9123 882 the second most abundant forb in the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites Canadian Mixed Prairie, possesses tap Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.66 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 roots that ranged from 30 to 95 cm in Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 depth. Depth of root penetration was perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.41 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites greatest in the well developed soils of level Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 areas and lower slopes (Table 5, Fig. 6). In It is puzzling that here the roots are perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.3 drawings knoll loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites shallow soil of slopes the roots sometimes shallower and wider in sandy soils! Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.76 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 did not exceed 30 cm in depth. In sandy Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites soils the depth of rooting was restricted to Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.56 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 41 cm, but the laterals were usually much Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown spiny phlox, trench 305‐308 635‐760 more dense and more widely spreading perennial forb Phlox hoodii 0.41 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone carpet phlox wall across sites across sites than in soils of finer texture Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 0.61 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 0.78 drawings lower slope loam 50.3864 ‐107.6228 752 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites This species has a generalized root system Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 0.91 drawings level loam 52.2223 ‐107.7828 693 composed of both tap root and fibrous Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 roots (Table 5, Fig. 7). Unlike the two forbs perennial forb 0.48 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites already discussed, the root system of this Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 species is most extensive under the cool, perennial forb 0.86 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites mesic conditions of the Fescue Prairie and Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 0.68 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 mesic micro‐environments within the Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Mixed Prairie. The shallowest rooting Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 0.51 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 occurred in arid situations caused by Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 climatic location or topographic position. perennial forb 0.81 drawings level loam 52.6939 ‐107.8172 554 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Black Soil Pasque Anemone trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial forb 1.22 drawings level gravel subsoil 52.5213 ‐106.9281 519 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Flower patens var. wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 has a tap root 4‐6 mm in diameter which perennial subshrub 0.93 drawings level loam 49.0290 ‐109.8397 864 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites gives rise to five to nine thinner lateral Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 roots within a few centimetres of the soil perennial subshrub 1.3 drawings knoll loam 49.5654 ‐109.4951 1130 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites surface. These run obliquely downward to Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial subshrub 0.51 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 produce a lateral spread commonly Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites between 10 and 25 cm in the surface 30 cm Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial subshrub 0.66 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 of soil. The range in maximum depth was Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 from 42 to 130 cm. Both the depth of perennial subshrub 0.51 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites penetration and the extent of lateral Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown broom Gutierrezia trench 305‐308 635‐760 perennial subshrub 0.86 drawings north slope loam 51.8188 ‐106.2573 543 spread tended to be greater in drier Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone snakeweed, diversifolia wall across sites across sites climate and in exposed locations Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil acy Haplopappus trench 305‐308 635‐760 a thick woody tap root 5‐8 mm in diameter perennial subshrub 1.6 drawings level loam 49.0290 ‐109.8397 864 Rooting depth from Fig. 8 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone tansyaster spinulosus wall across sites across sites and dark brown in colour was found to be Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown hairy false Chrysopsis trench 305‐308 635‐760 The tap root is 3‐10 mm in diameter and perennial subshrub 2.4 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone goldenaster villosa wall across sites across sites penetrates vertically. Abundant, small, Coupland & southern Canadian lesser Selaginella trench 305‐308 635‐760 S. densa is a clubmoss that grows in dense perennial forb 0.2‐0.5 drawings Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies spikemoss, densa wall across sites across sites mats that sometimes occupy 50% of the Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown Missouri Solidago trench 305‐308 635‐760 propagates by a tough, woody rhizome; perennial forb 1.32 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone goldenrod, missouriensis wall across sites across sites Roots (0.3‐0.8 mm in diameter) are Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Thermopsis trench 305‐308 635‐760 This legume( Fig. 8) propagates by very perennial forb, legumous 1.7 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone thermopsis rhombifolia wall across sites across sites tough, light coloured, rhizomes 3 ‐5 mm in Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown prairie Thermopsis trench 305‐308 635‐760 diameter. Roots descend at intervals of 8‐ perennial forb, legumous 0.75 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone thermopsis rhombifolia wall across sites across sites 30 cm from locations near the base of a Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown white heath Aster trench 305‐308 635‐760 the tough, wiry rhizomes vary from 2 to 5 perennial forb 0.8 drawings knoll loam 51.7463 ‐106.7275 516 rooting depth from Fig. 7 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone aster ericoides wall across sites across sites mm in diameter; These give rise to light Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown lemon Psoralea trench 305‐308 635‐760 This legume (Fig. 10) is effective as sand perennial forb, legumous 1.22 drawings lower slope loam 52.1391 ‐106.7899 501 rooting depth from Fig.10 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone scurfpea lanceolata wall across sites across sites binder, due to an extensive network of Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown dotted Liatris trench 305‐308 635‐760 two to four laterals originate from the perennial forb 1.3 drawings south slope loam 52.0770 ‐106.2829 538 rooting depth from Fig.10 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone gayfeather, punctata wall across sites across sites thicker part of the tap root (Fig. 10). These Coupland & southern Canadian Brown Soil Biennial, scarlet Sphaeralcea trench 305‐308 635‐760 characterized by a deeply penetrating, subshrub 1.8 drawings level loam 49.0290 ‐109.8397 864 Rooting depth from Fig. 9 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Zone Perennial globemallo coccine wall across sites across sites sparsely branched tap root which Coupland & southern Canadian Dark Brown rush Lygodesmia trench 305‐308 635‐760 This composite is characteristic of sandy Rooting depth from Fig. 9; makes perennial subshrub 3 drawings level sand 49.7591 ‐109.5000 971 Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies Soil Zone skeletonpla Juncea wall across sites across sites soil. The tap root is 2‐9 mm in diameter sense that sandy soils favor deeper Coupland & southern Canadian field Equisetum trench 305‐308 635‐760 Other species encountere during this study perennial forb 3 drawings Johnson, 1965 Saskatchewan Prairies horsetail arvense wall across sites across sites which were judged to belong to this group Cuevas et al., tropical Pine evergreen Caribbean Pinus coring + in‐ no dry gental (5%) 48% clay, 31% plantation In both forests the majority of fine roots max depth extrapolated from live Puerto Rico tree 0.4 yes 3810 18.3049 ‐65.8382 350 1991 rainforest Plantation needle‐leaf pine caribaea growth season SW facing silt, 21% sand after crops were in the top 10 cm of soil. Secondary fine root biomass in Fig 7 Cuevas et al., tropical Secondary evergreen Tabebuia coring + in‐ gental (5%) 33% clay, 41% secondary values for the secondary forest were max depth extrapolated from live Puerto Rico tree 0.5 yes 3810 18.3238 ‐65.8352 350 1991 rainforest Forest Site broad‐leaf heterophylla growth SW facing silt, 26% sand forest after similar to those reported by Klinge and fine root biomass in Fig 7 Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Regosols (sandy‐ Devono‐ The shallowest soils (type 7) experienced a elevation and precip linearly plantation 7 tree Douglas‐fir 0.6 yes 1300 0.3‐0.6 46.0997 4.4276 900 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall gravely), stone Dinatian rapid linear decrease of TFR biomass interpolated; location picked by Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Cambic Devono‐ For type 6, the TFR biomass decreased plantation 6 tree Douglas‐fir 0.6 yes 1215 46.0860 4.4132 810 10 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall Arenosols Dinatian continuously and rapidly according to soil Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Dystric Cambisol granite/sands plantation 5 tree Douglas‐fir 0.8 yes 1132 46.0745 4.4556 720Types 4 and 5 presented a comparable 9 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall (loamy clay) tone profile, with a fine‐root concentration in Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Dystric Cambisol Devono‐ plantation 4 tree Douglas‐fir 0.9 yes 1049 0.61‐0.9 46.0500 4.4107 630the A‐horizon 10 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall (loamy clay), on Dinatian Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Cambisols Devono‐ The profile of type 3 resembled that of type plantation 3 tree Douglas‐fir 0.9 yes 966 46.0447 4.5121 540 14 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall (loamy‐sand), Dinatian 1, but it gained much lower values. Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Cambisols Devono‐ The root biomass slowly decreased with plantation 1 tree Douglas‐fir 1.2 yes 883 0.91‐1.2 46.0183 4.4910 450 10 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall (loamy‐sand), Dinatian soil depth for types 1 and 2. They both Curt et al., eastern evergreen Pseudotsuga trench Cambisols Devono‐ Douglas‐fir seems to be a pliable and plantation 2 tree Douglas‐fir 1.3 yes 800 >1.2 46.0000 4.4992 350 13 trees 2001 France needle‐leaf menziesii wall (loamy‐sand) on Dinatian adaptive species: variation in habit and Dai et al., Xinjiang evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon O18 The sand dune site was 11 m higher than location best to reconcile"345m arid desert dune valley large shrub C4 3.8 no 70–180 25% as snow >2000 dune valley 3.8 dune sand 44.5583 87.7857 435 2015 province, needle‐leaf saxaul, ammodendro isotope the inter‐dune site, with the groundwater elevation" and "dune top is 11m Dai et al., Xinjiang succulent Haloxylon O18 table at about 4 m for the inter‐dune above dune valley" and the given arid desert dune ridge large shrub C4 white saxaul 15 no 70–180 25% as snow >2000 dune crest 15 dune sand 44.5384 87.8029 446 2015 province, stem/no leaf persicum isotope lowland and 15 m for dune crest. lat‐lon; rooting depth inferred from Danjon et al., S. of drained Landes de evergreen maritime Pinus excavatio 3D on a ridge, drained It has a shallow winter water table and tree 0.9 900 0.5‐1.3 0.9 iron pan 0.9 44.4893 ‐0.9419 54 exact location of each of the 24 2005 Bordeaux, plantation Gascogne needle‐leaf pine pinaster n imaging better‐ moor and experiences water shortage during late excavated gtrees are not given, but Danjon et al., S. of drained Landes de evergreen maritime Pinus excavatio 3D drained When the sinkers reached the hard pan, tree 0.92 900 mid slope 0.3‐1.1 0.7 iron pan 0.9 44.4930 ‐0.9483 48 discussion of topo‐sequence is 2005 Bordeaux, plantation Gascogne needle‐leaf pine pinaster n imaging moor and they produced several dozen roots running Danjon et al., S. of drained Landes de evergreen maritime Pinus excavatio 3D in a trough, drained informative; 3 locations are chosen tree 0.98 900 0.1‐0.9 0.5 44.4953 ‐0.9517 38 2005 Bordeaux, plantation Gascogne needle‐leaf pine pinaster n imaging pooly‐ moor and based on Fig.1 and discussions Da Silva et al., N of Manaus, evergreen access road to evergreen Cabbage Euterpe excation Jul‐Oct can clay rich Oxisols a solitary palm reported as the most longitude given is 11‐35 west, in tree 1 no 2547 lower slope ‐2.5940 ‐60.2121 80 2015 Brazil tropical INPA field broad‐leaf Palm precatoria to 1m be dry on plateau, abundant tree species in the Amazon; In the E Atlantic ocean. So location Das & Pusa, Bihar, agrisivicultur Research evergreen Auri, Earleaf Acacia soil cores 80% fall in tree/crop root distribution for five, four‐year‐old mean rooting depth of 5 trees; WT tree 2 yes 1160 sandy loam 25.9833 85.8000 53 Chaturvedi, NE India e: trees farm, broad‐leaf acacia, auriculiformis + monsoon Jun‐ intercroppi agroforestry tree species... Root spread should be shallow here but it is not Das & Pusa, Bihar, agrisivicultur Research evergreen Neem, Azadirachta soil cores 80% fall in tree/crop mean rooting depth of 5 trees; WT tree 1.2 yes 1160 sandy loam 25.9833 85.8000 53 exceeded the crown cover for all tree Chaturvedi, NE India e: trees farm, broad‐leaf Nimtree, indica + monsoon Jun‐ intercroppi species. The first order lateral roots were should be shallow here but it is not Das & Pusa, Bihar, agrisivicultur Research drought‐ Orchid tree, Bauhinia soil cores 80% fall in tree/crop mean rooting depth of 5 trees; WT tree 1 yes 1160 sandy loam 25.9833 85.8000 53 more horizontal than the second order. The Chaturvedi, NE India e: trees farm, deciduous Camel's variegata + monsoon Jun‐ intercroppi should be shallow here but it is not Das & Pusa, Bihar, agrisivicultur Research deciduous Red Silk‐ Bombax soil cores 80% fall in tree/crop length and diameter of the main root were mean rooting depth of 5 trees; WT tree 1.6 yes 1160 sandy loam 25.9833 85.8000 53 Chaturvedi, NE India e: trees farm, broad‐leaf Cotton; Red ceiba + monsoon Jun‐ intercroppi highest in A. indica (108.3 cm) and B. ceiba should be shallow here but it is not Das & Pusa, Bihar, agrisivicultur Research evergreen Wendalendia soil cores 80% fall in tree/crop (23.2 cm) respectively. Maximum length of mean rooting depth of 5 trees; WT tree 2.1 yes 1160 sandy loam 25.9833 85.8000 53 Chaturvedi, NE India e: trees farm, broad‐leaf exserta + monsoon Jun‐ intercroppi lateral roots was recorded in B. variegata should be shallow here but it is not Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, alpine Polygonum moist This plant possesses a deeply imbedded, rhizomatous roots; Typical habitats alpine tundra perennial forb 0.3 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3613 ‐106.2945 3283 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern bistort viviparum meadow short rhizomea bout 7 mm. in diamete; include moist short grassland, Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, leaf‐succulent, alpine Lewisia moist Lewisia has a thick fleshy tap root in whicha alpine tundra perennial 0.1 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3613 ‐106.2945 3283 likes moist sites 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern storage roots lewisia, pygmaea (A. meadow great quantity of starch is stored; In Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, leaf‐succulent moss Silene acaulis scree slope, From the crown of a young plant prostrate It grows mainly in dry, gravelly alpine tundra perennial 0.2 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3605 ‐106.2914 3304 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern and evergreen campion, Linn on eastern branches arise which fork repeatedly, and localities, but also in damper Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, spring Arenaria Many lateral branches originate from a synonym of Minuartia verna (L.) alpine tundra perennial forb 0.15 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3707 ‐106.2756 3373 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern sandwort aequicaulis A. crown about two centimeters below the Hiern. grow in otherwise Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Arenaria This mat plant is one of the most abundant alpine tundra perennial forb 0.4 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern sajanensis "alpines" in the central Rockies. From the Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Rocky Paronychia The root system of this plant is very alpine tundra perennial leaf‐succulent 0.31 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern Mountain pulvinata A. extensive but otherwise lacks distinctive Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Few‐seeded Draba The primary root and each of the few Widespread on rocky ridges and alpine tundra perennial leaf‐succulent 0.26 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern Draba oligosperma laterals produces a system of intricately montane slopes, often down to the Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, wormleaf Sedum The principal branches of this succulent‐ It can be found in many types of alpine tundra perennial leaf‐succulent 0.1 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern stonecrop stenopetalum leaved species are decumbent, and in rocky habitat, such as cliffs, talus, Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, diamondleaf Saxifragra moist A great many blackish, firm‐textured roots Moist places in sagebrush‐covered alpine tundra perennial forb 0.1 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3538 ‐106.3144 3337 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern saxifrage romboidea meadow which radiate symmetrically outward and slopes to subalpine Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, mountain Potentilla moist Several shoots may arise from buds at the alpine tundra perennial forb 0.48 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3538 ‐106.3144 3337 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern meadow diversifolia meadow base of the crown which is about one to Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Potentilla moist The strong tap root of this species usually alpine tundra perennial forb 0.35 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3538 ‐106.3144 3337 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern pinnatisecta meadow gives rise to two or more laterals at a depth Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Sieversia A closely crowded row of adventitious alpine tundra perennial forb 0.37 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 clonal roots 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern turbinata roots arises from each of these oblique Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Trifolium The root system of this clover is both alpine tundra perennial legume forb Parry Clover 0.24 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 N‐fixing nodules 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern parryi extensive and diffuse, while also beneath Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Shaggy Leaf Trifolium The primaryr oot systemc onsists of a alpine tundra perennial legume forb 0.38 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 N‐fixing nodules 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern Trifolium dasyphyllum thoroughly tangled mass of root branches Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, pygmyflowe Androsace There are few annuals in the alpine tundra, alpine tundra annual forb 0.1 exavation drawings scree slope stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern r, subumbellata but among these Androsace is one of the Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, forb, matt Phlox sunny open This plant has a tap root which gives rise to alpine tundra perennial tufted phlox 0.35 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3530 ‐106.2942 3293 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern forming caespitosa woodland a great many finely branched whitish Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Rocky Polemonium scree slopes At a depth of about eight to ten alpine tundra perennial forb 0.55 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern Mountain confertum and talus centimeters the strong tap root of this lant Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, arctic Eritrichium scree slopes The tap root, which is about 2 to 4 mm. in alpine tundra perennial forb 0.24 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern alpine, argenteum and talus diameter, is smooth, rigid, nd unbranched Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, forb, dwarf Erigeron scree slopes At a depth of less than a decimeter the tap alpine tundra perennial 0.09 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern rhizomous mountain compositus and talus root has completely divided into a diffuse Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, featherleaf Erigeron scree slopes This plant produces a tap root which gives alpine tundra perennial forb 0.28 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern fleabane pinnastisectu and talus rise to laterals of almost equal size.; A few Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Old Man of Rydbergia moist This compositep ossessesa stout tap root alpine tundra perennial forb 0.2 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3538 ‐106.3144 3337 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern the grandiflora meadow which tapers rapidly. The thickness of the Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, forb, Bear River Erigeron sunny open From the short, erect caudex, which in alpine tundra perennial 0.1 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3530 ‐106.2942 3293 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern rhizomous fleabane ursinus woodland older specimens becomes branched, there Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, Common Achillea scree slopes From the seedlingo f this plant amaze of alpine tundra perennial forb 0.16 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern yarrow subalpina and talus horizontal subterraneans tems radiates in Daubenmire, Medicine scree slope, alpine Atremisia scree slopes The primary root system practically Assuming that the specimen alpine tundra perennial forb 0.25 exavation drawings stony scree 41.3418 ‐106.3256 3247 1941 Bowel Range, on eastern sagebrush scopulorum and talus disappears with age, the plant depending selected for illustrationw as in each David et al., near Évora, Mediterrane Herdade da evergreen sweet acorn Quercus sap flow, 90% in Oct‐ very shallow fractured crown Tree roots must thus have direct access to site moved to match given tree 13 no 665 1760 13‐15 14 0.3 38.5265 ‐8.0184 243 2004 SE Lisbon, an woodland Mitra broad‐leaf oak rotundifolia stem Apr (0.3m deep) gneiss pruned, the 13m deep water table in order to elevation and to aforesst; rooting David et al., near Lisbon, Mediterrane Companhia evergreen Quercus excavatio mostly in Oct‐ well‐drained Results showed a dimorphic root system site moved closer to 15m elevation; tree cork oak 6.5 drawing 708 1347 1.5‐4.5 4.5 38.8337 ‐8.8189 19 2013 Portugal an woodland das Lezirias broad‐leaf suber L. n Apr deep Haplic with a network of superficial roots linked to most comprehensive study with Davidson et Tapajos, Para, Tropical Tapajos evergreen deeply Active water uptake by deep roots to root activity infered from soil water tree 18.00 soil cores yes 2000 6 (Jul‐Dec) plateau ‐2.8978 ‐54.9528 198 al., 2011 Brazil seasonal National broad‐leaf weathered approximately 18 m depth can be inferred depletion; pertaining to the forest, Davis et al., Tasmania, evergreen Monterey soil coring krasnozem, On these five soils Pinus radiata exhibited tree height=17.5m, dbh=24.0cm; tree savana Stoodley tree Pinus radiata 0.90 yes 1200 mid slope plantation ‐41.4018 146.4315 200 1983 Australia needle‐leaf pine to 80cm basic, igneous, similar plasticity of root form. Soil organic location guessed to be in neet‐rows Davis et al., Tasmania, evergreen Monterey soil coring groundwater tree height=15.2m, dbh=13∙9cm; tree savana Strahan tree Pinus radiata 0.90 yes 1200 depression 0.8 plantation ‐42.1433 145.3131 14 matter content provided the best 1983 Australia needle‐leaf pine to 80cm podzol, deep correlation with root concentration wn the location guessed to be in Davis et al., Tasmania, evergreen Monterey soil coring podzol, tree height=9.7m, dbh=13∙5cm; tree savana Long Hill 1 tree Pinus radiata 0.90 yes 1200 broad crest plantation ‐41.3915 146.5210 300 five sites. The high correlation is likely to be 1983 Australia needle‐leaf pine to 80cm sedimentary location guessed to be on the Davis et al., Tasmania, evergreen Monterey soil coring base of podzol, due to the favourable moisture and tree height=8.9m, dbh=10.1cm; tree savana Long Hill 2 tree Pinus radiata 0.90 yes 1200 plantation ‐41.3744 146.5149 271 1983 Australia needle‐leaf pine to 80cm slope sedimentary nutritional environments, where organic location guessed to be at the base Davis et al., Tasmania, evergreen Monterey soil coring podzol, acid matter levels are greater, and to the tree height=15.2m, dbh=24.0cm; tree savana Mt. Helen tree Pinus radiata 0.90 yes 1200 mid slope plantation ‐41.2611 147.5203 443 1983 Australia needle‐leaf pine to 80cm igneous observed preference for roots to grow location guessed to be on midslope temporate deciduous Acer soil glacial till, silty Examination of root distributions obtained rooting depth inferred from author Dawson, 1993 Ithaca, NY tree sugar maple 1.5 yes near creek 1.25‐8 fragipan 0.25‐1.3 42.4428 ‐76.4935 127 hardwood broad‐leaf saccharum cores/pits loam, from soil cores and pits revealed that some notes (below hardpan of 1.3m, Dawson & SW Australia, Mediterra evergreen Banksia H isotope, deep The shallow lateral roots and deeply in a natural open Banksia woodland site‐1 tree Banksia 1.8‐2.6 photos 1.8‐2.6 ‐31.5500 115.6833 24 Pate, 1996 near Perth woodland broad‐leaf prionotes excavatio Bassendean penetrating tap (sinker) roots obtained on deep Bassendean sand near Dawson & SW Australia, Mediterra evergreen Eucalyptus H isotope, deep sand on water of different origins over the course given lat‐lon off ‐ not pointing to site‐2 tree Eucalyptus 5 photos 4‐6 4.5 ‐34.7927 116.0706 59 Pate, 1996 near Perth woodland broad‐leaf globulus, E. excavatio gravel of a winter‐wet/summer‐dry annual cycle. 310km south of Perth (177km east‐ Upper P., plantation on evergreen Pinus excavatio level, slow very fine sandy trees I and II had favorable moisture 14 yrs old, 8.5 feet high, max lateral Day, 1941 Boreal forest tree red pine 0.79 drawings plantation 46.3382 ‐84.2262 179 Michigan Dunbar Forest needle‐leaf resinosa n subsoil loam conditions in that early seasons oil 10.3 feet.. Lat‐lon approx Upper P., plantation on evergreen Pinus excavatio level, slow very fine sandy moisture was not excessive and late season 14 yrs old, 11 feet high, max lateral Day, 1941 Boreal forest tree red pine 1.01 drawings plantation 46.3382 ‐84.2262 179 Michigan Dunbar Forest needle‐leaf resinosa n subsoil loam soil moisture was usually adequate… sinker 14.6 feet.. Lat‐lon approx Upper P., plantation on evergreen Pinus excavatio level, slow very fine sandy Tree III was exposed to excessive moisture 13 yrs old, 6 feet high, max lateral Day, 1941 Boreal forest tree red pine 0.49 drawings plantation 46.3382 ‐84.2262 179 Michigan Dunbar Forest needle‐leaf resinosa n subsoil loam in the early part of the growing season… 14.3 feet… Lat‐lon approx Upper P., Natural site evergreen Pinus excavatio Pine plain, It will be noted that trees IV and V have 12 yrs old, 6.3 feet high, max lateral Day, 1941 Boreal forest tree red pine 1.89 drawings leached sand 46.3067 ‐84.2462 196 Michigan off Dunbar needle‐leaf resinosa n good the largest root systems despit the fact 17.5 feet… Lat‐lon approx Upper P., Natural site evergreen Pinus excavatio Pine plain, that they are not the largest trees nor are 14 yrs old, 5.3 feet high, max lateral Day, 1941 Boreal forest tree red pine 1.52 drawings leached sand 46.3067 ‐84.2462 196 Michigan off Dunbar needle‐leaf resinosa n good they any older than the other trees. They 18.3 feet… Lat‐lon approx Dell et al., Jarrahdale, Mediterra undisturbed evergreen Eucalyptus excavatio yes + 80% in 5 upland gavelly sand A dense mat of surface roots occupied the best illustration of root channels, tree jarrah 14.00 1000 granite 14 ‐32.3383 116.0904 273 1983 W.A., forest forest, upland broad‐leaf marginata n + coring photos winter mon position (0.3m), on shallow topsoil (30 cm deep). Sinker roots, repeatedly used by roots, rich in Dell et al., Jarrahdale, Mediterra undisturbed evergreen Eucalyptus excavatio yes + 80% in 5 lowland gravely sand Fine roots were recovered to 40 m at the author: "our observation of a tree jarrah 40 1000 15 granite 40 ‐32.3426 116.0882 243 1983 W.A., forest forest, broad‐leaf marginata n + coring photos winter mon position (1.3m), on downslope site (Fig. 6). These roots potentiometric surface at 15 m in a Derbel and Central Saharian xerophytic Calligonum excavatio no rain Jun‐ The coarse root systems of C. polygonoides Longitude gives 79" ‐ interpreted as perennial phog 2.2 drawings 47 dune sand 33.4911 8.7969 27 Chaieb, 2012 Tunisia desert shrub polygonoides n Aug were characterized by an intensive shallow 49"… tap root short but lateral Derbel and Central Saharian perennial, xerophytic Ephedra excavatio no rain Jun‐ E. alata showed a dual strategy, that is, 1.9 drawings 47 dune sand 33.3803 8.7393 44 Chaieb, 2012 Tunisia desert evergreen shrub alata ‐ alenda n Aug development of a deep taproot with Derbel and Central Saharian xerophytic Anthyllis excavatio no rain Jun‐ Anthyllis henoniana was a tap‐rooted perennial 1.2 drawings 47 reg loamy sand 33.2847 9.6914 203 Chaieb, 2012 Tunisia desert shrub henoniana n Aug perennial shrub. Its short pivot root Derbel and Central Saharian xerophytic Henophyton excavatio no rain Jun‐ The root system of H. deserti was both perennial 1.6 drawings 47 deflation sand 33.2847 9.7114 197 Chaieb, 2012 Tunisia desert shrub deserti n Aug deep and surface branched. It was North‐Central bush Ipomoea excavatio most conspicuous of the larger species on Most of the work was done on the Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial small shrub 1.85 drawings on dunes sand 35.4248 ‐106.6531 1652 Arizona morning‐ leptophylla n the dunes and throughout most of the dunes in the vicinity of the Santa North‐Central prickly Salsola excavatio dune occupies much of the soil around the Root systems of 13 species were Dittmer, 1959 arid desert annual herb 0.67 drawings caly / graval 35.4415 ‐106.6512 1622 Arizona Russian pestifer A. n margin margins of dunes; It is characterized by a examined from several sites North‐Central Silverleaf solanum excavatio shallow sand with hard grows in shallow sandy areas where the The dunes extend for about 20 Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial herb 1.14 drawings caliche 35.3818 ‐106.6305 1685 Arizona nightshade elaeagnifoliu n sandy areas caliche ground is quite solidly p acked, often in miles along an intermittent stream North‐Central Texas Croton excavatio shifting found rathera bundantly on the shifting Dittmer, 1959 arid desert annual herb 0.32 drawings sand 35.3837 ‐106.5931 1641 Arizona croton texensis n dune sand dune sands. It develops a long tap root with North‐Central rubber Chrysothamin excavatio side of 12' sand, graval, the tallest of the shrubs growing in the Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial shrub > 3.92 drawings 35.3808 ‐106.5814 1618 roots penetrated all hard layers Arizona rabbitbrush, us nauseosus n tall bank hard clay, then dune area. The root system is North‐Central flatspine Franseria excavatio loose dune The plant has a conspicuous tap root which Dittmer, 1959 arid desert annual herb 1.54 drawings sand 35.3798 ‐106.5960 1670 Arizona burr acanthicarpa n sand is very deep‐penetrating (Fig. 6). This root North‐Central small‐leaf Sphaeralcea excavatio dune compact sand‐ a large tap root and several major roots Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial shrub 0.8 drawings 35.3913 ‐106.5923 1624 Arizona globemallo parviflora A. n margin clay arising from the base of the plant. The tap North‐Central Dalea excavatio loose dune grows freely in the loose sand with its long Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial shrub broom dalea 1.52 drawings sand 35.3985 ‐106.6469 1655 Arizona scoparia A. n sand slender and sparingly‐branched roots often North‐Central Abrojo, Opuntia excavatio dune commonly found on the margins in the Dittmer, 1959 arid desert perennial cactus 0.91 drawings sand 35.4432 ‐106.6595 1630 Arizona Candelabru arborescens n margin more compact sandy clay soils. It is one of Do et al., Sahel, semi‐ Umbrella soil 39 mature individuals located in a 1‐ha northern Senegal, near village arid desert tree Acacia tortilis 25 no 280 >2000 31 deep and sandy 16.3333 ‐15.4167 26 2008 northern evergreen or thorn acacia samples area protected since 1989… Acacia tortilis Souilene (16°20′ N, 15°25′W, 5–10 Donovan et Mono Lake, deciduous Chamisa, Chrysothamn soil pits little in Jun‐ 2km from 2‐3.6m dune Both shrub species are phreatophytic, site moved 0.36km from given lat‐ arid desert shrub 4 to 1m 160 3.4 ‐ 5.0 4.2 38.0817 ‐118.9632 1958 al., 1996 California broad‐leaf rubber us nauseosus and cores Aug the closed sand on lake indicating that they are generally rooted lon (to minute) to be at 1958m Donovan et Mono Lake, deciduous greasewood Sarcobatus soil pits little in Jun‐ 2km from 2‐3.6m dune Roots of both species penetrate much elevation and at the same distance arid desert shrub 4 to 1m 160 3.4 ‐ 5.0 4.2 38.0817 ‐118.9632 1958 al., 1996 California broad‐leaf , seepwood, vermiculatus and cores Aug the closed sand on lake deeper than 1m and were occasionally from lake shore Dorji et al., near Nam Tso alpine Kobresia falls mainly We defined K. pygmaea as a shallow‐ The mean annual temperature is ‐ perennial sedge bog sedges 0.1 unclear no 415 30.7175 91.0407 4872 2013 lake, central meadow pygmaea Jun‐Sep rooted, early‐flowering species because it 0.6°C; permafrost likely Dorji et al., near Nam Tso alpine Potentilla falls mainly We defined P. saundersiana as a shallow‐ perennial herb 0.1 unclear no 415 30.7175 91.0407 4872 2013 lake, central meadow saundersiana Jun‐Sep rooted, mid‐flowering species because it Dorji et al., near Nam Tso alpine Astragalus falls mainly We defined A. rigidulus as a deeprooted, perennial herb 0.3 unclear no 415 30.7175 91.0407 4872 2013 lake, central meadow rigidulus Jun‐Sep late‐flowering species because it has a Dorji et al., near Nam Tso alpine Potentilla falls mainly We defined P. fruticosa as a deep‐rooted, deciduous shrub 0.3 unclear no 415 30.7175 91.0407 4872 2013 lake, central meadow fruticosa Jun‐Sep mid‐flowering species because it is a shrub Denali East Branch of deciduous Setchell’s Salix excavatio mostly in ephemeral This willow is found in the Alaska Range a drawing shows rooting depth of Douglas, 1989 Taiga clonal shrub 0.1 drawing 360 sandy ‐gravelly 63.5051 ‐149.9788 980 National Park, Toklat River broad‐leaf willow setchelliana n summer gravel bars and western Yukon Territory on gravelly 6cm; author states up to 10cm, the Denali the Teklanika deciduous Setchell’s Salix excavatio mostly in ephemeral and sandy substrata. Vertical shoots given lat‐lon moved to a bar and to Douglas, 1989 Taiga clonal shrub 0.1 drawing 360 sandy ‐gravelly 63.6871 ‐149.5889 750 National Park, River broad‐leaf willow setchelliana n summer gravel bars (ramets) arise from a horizontal root match given elevation Drexhage & N. Harz temperate north‐facing evergreen Norway root evenly 12 degree N‐ Devonian The maximum depth of skeletal roots this study focuses on structural tree Picea abies 1 to 1m 1315 Coarse textured 3.5 51.6850 10.4205 514 Gruber, 1998 Mountain, forest slope needle‐leaf spruce excavatio distributed facing slope sandstone varied between 0.5 and 1.0 m on the north‐ roots only (woody skeleton roots); Drexhage & N. Harz temperate south‐facing evergreen Norway root evenly 18 degree S‐ Devonian facing slope and between 0.7 and 0.8 m on excavation terminated where tap tree Picea abies 0.8 to 1m 1315 Coarse textured 3.5 51.6818 10.4173 514 Gruber, 1998 Mountain, forest slope needle‐leaf spruce excavatio distributed facing slope sandstone the southfacing roots is thinner than 5mm; annual Drexhage & N. Harz temperate evergreen Norway root evenly 5 degree Devonian plateau site tree Picea abies 0.8 to 1m 1315 Coarse textured 3.5 51.6831 10.4199 585 slope (Fig. 3). The maximum rooting depth root growth rates measured by Gruber, 1998 Mountain, forest needle‐leaf spruce excavatio distributed plateau sandstone measured on the plateau area was 0 8 m rings Dumortier, temperate Acute Carex acuta, no profile, The investigation was carried out in two Belgium wet site perennial grass 0.2 soil cores yes alluvial plain 0 ‐ 0.6 51.1004 3.6702 4 1991 wetland Sedge, …, Glyceria humus (0.1m) hayfields in the nature reserve 'Bourgoyen‐ Dumortier, temperate Yorkshire Holus no profile, Belgium dry site perennial grass 1 soil cores yes alluvial plain 0 ‐ 0.9 51.1009 3.6671 6 1991 wetland fog, sweet lanatus, humus (0.1m) Du et al., SE China, subtropic rhizomatous Diplopterygiu < 0.3 thesoilwascut perennial cutting no 1964 monsoonal 29.2452 118.1220 409 location is center of box given 2010 Gutian evergreen forb m glaucum (rhizome) down near temperate on edge of deciduous rhizomtous shining Rhus excavatio evenly limy and sandy in propogates largely by long rhizomatous "growth water is present in the Duncan, 1935 1.42 drawing 1016 39.1137 ‐86.6567 269 Bloomingdale deciduous forests broad‐leaf shrub sumac, copallina L. n distributed clay or mixture abandoned roots; laterals end with dense clusters of soils nearly all times; all the roots near temperate deciduous Climbing Rosa setigera excavatio evenly near the top limy and sandy in seven lateral roots, extending horizonally non‐glciated terrain of southern Duncan, 1935 open pastures shrub 0.64 drawing 1016 39.0917 ‐86.6346 252 Bloomingdale deciduous broad‐leaf prairie rose, Michaux n distributed of a grassy clay or mixture abandoned to upto 1.35m; numerous secondary Indiana near temperate old pastures, deciduous Climbing Rosa setigera excavatio evenly old pasture limy and sandy in the 5 laterals are similar to above; the tap Duncan, 1935 shrub 1.57 drawing 1016 39.0765 ‐86.1494 220 Bloomingdale deciduous in Brown broad‐leaf prairie rose, Michaux n distributed on top of a clay or mixture abandoned root, the deepest of any found, extended near temperate deciduous rhizomtous Allegheny Rubus excavatio evenly limy and sandy in many branching laterals; canes arise from Duncan, 1935 forest edge 1.03 drawing 1016 39.1146 ‐86.5829 221 canes biennial, roots perennial Bloomingdale deciduous broad‐leaf shrub blackberry, allegheniensi n distributed clay or mixture abandoned superficial laterals forming the crown, from near temperate deciduous large‐tooth Populus excavatio evenly on top or limy and sandy in many root suckers as far as 13.1m away Duncan, 1935 hilltop tree 1.2 drawing 1016 39.0646 ‐86.6254 288 Bloomingdale deciduous broad‐leaf or big‐tooth grandidentat n distributed side of hills clay or mixture abandoned from parent; the vertical roots are rather near temperate on top of deciduous Sassafras, Sassafras excavatio evenly on top of limy and sandy in extensive network of lateral roots with Duncan, 1935 small tree 1.35 drawing 1016 39.0192 ‐86.6003 289 Bloomingdale deciduous ridges broad‐leaf White officinale n distributed ridges clay or mixture abandoned suckers; pernicious week tree near temperate deciduous stolonous Coralberry, Symphoricarp excavatio evenly hilly limy and sandy in produces numerous stolons or runners "Weaver and Kramer (32) found Duncan, 1935 hilly sites 1.18 drawing 1016 39.1487 ‐86.4628 249 Bloomingdale deciduous broad‐leaf shrub Indian os orbiculatus n distributed localities clay or mixture abandoned which root at intervals in the course over that this plant in Nebraska near temperate deciduous large climbing common Smilax excavatio evenly limy and sandy in spread by numerous rhizomes which send Duncan, 1935 old pasterures 1.5 drawing 1016 39.0397 ‐86.5124 223 Bloomingdale deciduous broad‐leaf vine greenbrier rotundifolia L. n distributed clay or mixture abandoned up shoots in intervals; feeding roots Dupuy & Central grass deciduous Acacia rhizobia Up to now, it has been generally observed Fine roots abundance seems to Louga tree Acacia albida 34 soil coring 300 farm fields 34 15.6357 ‐16.2646 43 Dreyfus, 1992 Senegal, savanna broad‐leaf albida profile that populations of rhizobia were restricted correlate with rhizobium Dupuy & Central grass deciduous Acacia rhizobia abundance. The two clusters of Diokaul tree Acacia albida 16.5 soil coring 500 farm fields 16.5 15.3682 ‐16.5186 50 to the upper soil horizons, mostly because Dreyfus, 1992 Senegal, savanna broad‐leaf albida profile studies were focused on annual crops with high rhizobia populations near the Dupuy & South deciduous Acacia rhizobia clearly rhizobia are more abundant tree savanna Djinaki tree Acacia albida 4.5 soil coring 1100 paddy fields 4.5 12.9557 ‐16.4591 12 relatively shallow root systems. When Dreyfus, 1992 Senegal, broad‐leaf albida profile in moist soil, likely because there Dupuy & South tropical deciduous Acacia rhizobia dealing with deeply rooting trees, root presence is inferred from Kabrousse tree Acacia albida 1.5 soil coring 1500 paddy fields 1.5 12.3502 ‐16.7166 6 Dreyfus, 1992 Senegal, rainforest broad‐leaf albida profile rhizosphere microorganisms, including rhyzobium presence in root Mpumalanga, site‐1, less evergreen Eucalyptus relatively 53‐79% sand, plantation, at Site 1, it is evident that significant soil Frankfort State Forest...rooting Dye, 1996 plantation tree flooded gum >8 unclear no 1459 granite >38m ‐24.8167 30.7167 1610 N. South sandy, 4yr old broad‐leaf grandis flat ridge ferralsols recharge water uptake was occurring, particularly at depth inferred from soil water Mpumalanga, site‐2, 2km evergreen Eucalyptus relatively 56‐93% sand, plantation, There was relatively little change in soil Dye, 1996 plantation tree flooded gum >28 unclear no 1459 granite >38m ‐24.8283 30.7146 1730 2km from site‐1, with sandier soil… N. South away, sandier, broad‐leaf grandis flat ridge ferralsols recharge water uptake with increasing soil depths to Eamus et al., near Darwin, tropical Humpty Doo evergreen Darwin Eucalyptus 95% in Nov‐ infertile loamy lat‐lon so messed up! 120 tree >4 trench yes 1651 ‐12.5780 131.1139 44 2002 Australia Eucalypt site broad‐leaf Stringybark tetrodonta Mar sand south???? that given for Humpty Eamus et al., near Darwin, tropical Humpty Doo evergreen Cooktown Erythrophleu 95% in Nov‐ infertile loamy trench depth is 2m, but Fig.2 root tree (legume) >3 trench yes 1651 ‐12.5780 131.1139 44 2002 Australia Eucalypt site broad‐leaf Ironwood m Mar sand biomass profiles are used to project Vancouver temperate Chemainus evergreen western Tsuga silty loam, on hardpan of The study was conducted in the Cowichan Eis, 1974 tree 1.25 excavated yes well drained ~1.00 0.8‐0.9 48.8113 ‐123.9977 178 rootind depth is mean of 9 trees Island, evergreen silt loam needle‐leaf hemlock heterophylla gravely silty impervious Lake ar~a on Vancouver Island, British Vancouver temperate Chemainus evergreen western red silty loam, on hardpan of a high water table during winter and spring mean of 9 trees; frequent mottling Eis, 1974 tree Thuja plicata 1.19 excavated yes well drained ~1.00 0.8‐0.9 48.8113 ‐123.9977 178 Island, evergreen silt loam needle‐leaf cedar gravely silty impervious in Chemainus soils formed a barrier to root and the mentioning of roots Vancouver temperate Chemainus evergreen Pseudotsuga silty loam, on hardpan of Eis, 1974 tree Douglas‐fir 1.32 excavated yes well drained ~1.00 0.8‐0.9 48.8113 ‐123.9977 178 rootind depth is mean of 6 trees Island, evergreen silt loam needle‐leaf menziesii gravely silty impervious Vancouver temperate Shallow evergreen western Tsuga excessively Bedrock of lateral roots often crossed rock crevices, Eis, 1974 tree 0.37 excavated yes 0.25 48.8244 ‐123.9926 354 rootind depth is mean of 9 trees Island, evergreen organic forest needle‐leaf hemlock heterophylla drained volcanic but the tap root had a tendency to Vancouver temperate Shallow evergreen western red excessively Bedrock of Mature trees on shallow organic soil (Table Eis, 1974 tree Thuja plicata 0.37 excavated yes 0.25 48.8244 ‐123.9926 354 rootind depth is mean of 9 trees Island, evergreen organic forest needle‐leaf cedar drained volcanic 1) averaged 6‐9 km of fine roots. Vancouver temperate Shallow evergreen Pseudotsuga excessively Bedrock of Eis, 1974 tree Douglas‐fir 0.37 excavated yes 0.25 48.8244 ‐123.9926 354 rootind depth is mean of 6 trees Island, evergreen organic forest needle‐leaf menziesii drained volcanic Vancouver temperate Shawnigan evergreen western Tsuga hydraulic gentle stony (20%) fine cemented three trees (3 different species) of not too unlike the earlier study, the three Eis, 1987 tree 0.85 yes 1.2 48.8007 ‐124.1341 183 Island, evergreen stony sandy needle‐leaf hemlock, heterophylla, excavatio slopes by sand to loamy sand different size growing in similar soil and species are lumped together Vancouver temperate Chemainus evergreen western Tsuga hydraulic 1.2m loamy in Chemainus soil, having about 1.2 m of Originally all trees had a well‐ Eis, 1987 tree 1.2 yes valley floor 2.3 ‐ 3.5 2.9 48.8127 ‐124.1337 167 Island, evergreen silt loam needle‐leaf hemlock, heterophylla, excavatio sand over stone‐free, fine loamy sand over the same developed taproot, but with Vancouver temperate Sallow sandy evergreen western Tsuga hydraulic rough stony (40%) On hillsides, root penetration is restricted Root density decrease with depth, Eis, 1987 tree 0.6 yes andesite 0.3 ‐ 0.5 48.7975 ‐124.1144 264 Island, evergreen soil on needle‐leaf hemlock, heterophylla, excavatio mountain sandy loam or by bedrock, which is seldom deeper than then increases sharply just above off Lake temperate U. Wisconsin excavatio drained The tract was part of a peat marsh dyked Elliott, 1924 annual grass corn Zea mays 0.3 drawing flat 0.76 peat soil 43.1254 ‐89.4434 270 Mendota, broadleaf Marsh n with tiles off from Lake Mendota and under‐drained Ellsworth & central subtropical Sandhill evergreen myrtle oak / Quercus coring to 61% in Jun‐ on high well‐drained, burned depth of water uptake did not differ cores too shallow, esp for sandy tree > 1.5 no 1346 24.3 +/‐ 0.1 24.3 27.1880 ‐81.3364 65 Sternberg, Florida scrub forest Recently broad‐leaf sand live myrtifolia 1.5m, Sep sand ridge acid, sands, 2002 between deciduous and evergreen species; soils; evergreen or deciduous did Ellsworth & central subtropical Sandhill deciduous scrub Carya coring to 61% in Jun‐ on high well‐drained, burned when deciduous woody species had leaves, not differ in uptake depth in upper tree > 1.5 no 1346 24.3 +/‐ 0.1 24.3 27.1880 ‐81.3364 65 Sternberg, Florida scrub forest Recently broad‐leaf hickory / floridana 1.5m, Sep sand ridge acid, sands, 2002 they accessed principally deep water soils (<1.5m deep) but they may Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, excavatio in winter and rocky and Roots drawn from field excavations at the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub Stoebaria sp. 0.16 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port n spring hilly Augrabies, near Port Nolloth, Northern where roots were excavated, not Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, Enarganthe excavatio in winter and rocky and Cape Province. Soil catenas are similar at the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub 0.1 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port actonaria n spring hilly both sites, with shallow rocky soils on the where roots were excavated, not Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, Zygophyllum excavatio in winter and rocky and the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub 0.17 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 bajada (apron veld) slopes grading into Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port prismatocarp n spring hilly deeper sandy soils below. Except in run‐on where roots were excavated, not Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, excavatio in winter and rocky and the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub Ruschia sp. 0.05 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 situations or deep coarse Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port n spring hilly where roots were excavated, not Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, Cephalophyll excavatio in winter and rocky and soils with high rates of infiltration, both the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub 0.07 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port um sp. n spring hilly chamaephytes and phanerophytes in the where roots were excavated, not Esler & Namaqualand Augrabies, Euphorbia excavatio in winter and rocky and the site lat‐lon moved to Augrabies leaf‐succulent shrub 0.2 drawing 162 sandy ‐28.6024 20.3227 626 Succulent Karoo have surprisingly shallow Rundel, 1999 , South Africa near Port wallichii n spring hilly rooting profiles... Few species in our field where roots were excavated, not Esler & Mojave excavatio mostly in on the side granite alluvium Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 Midhill site perennial clumping grass Hilaria rigida 0.4 drawing 145 35.1000 ‐115.4833 1288 Root drawn from Cody‐1986. The first site Rundel, 1999 Desert, n spring of a wash >30 deep is located on both sides of a wash which from which root data is reproduced is located on both sides of a wash which Esler & Mojave stem Opuntia excavatio mostly in on the side granite alluvium Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 Midhill site shrub 1.47 drawing 145 34.8000 ‐115.6333 1227 runs north off the Mid Hills between Rundel, 1999 Desert, succulent ramossissima n spring of a wash >30 deep from which root data is reproduced Esler & Mojave deciduous turpentine Thamonosma excavatio mostly in on the side granite alluvium Mexican Water Spring and Chicken Water Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 Midhill site shrub 1.3 drawing 145 34.8000 ‐115.6333 1227 Rundel, 1999 Desert, broad‐leaf broom montana n spring of a wash >30 deep Spring. The procedure was repeated at from which root data is reproduced Esler & Mojave Granite deciduous California Eriogonum excavatio mostly in two sites near the base of the Granite Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 shrub 1.1 drawing 145 level terrain granite alluvium 35.1000 ‐115.4833 1288 Rundel, 1999 Desert, Mountain site broad‐leaf Buckwheat fasciculatum n spring Mountains… some 38 km from the Mid from which root data is reproduced Esler & Mojave Granite deciduous rayless Acamptopap excavatio mostly in Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 shrub 1 drawing 145 level terrain granite alluvium 35.1000 ‐115.4833 1288 Hills site... The greater above‐ground Rundel, 1999 Desert, Mountain site broad‐leaf goldenhead pus n spring structural diversity in the Mojave Desert is from which root data is reproduced Esler & Mojave Granite deciduous spiny Mendora excavatio mostly in Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 shrub 1.3 drawing 145 level terrain granite alluvium 35.1000 ‐115.4833 1288 reflected in its greater range of rooting Rundel, 1999 Desert, Mountain site broad‐leaf menodora spinescens n spring from which root data is reproduced Esler & Mojave Granite evergreen Mojave Yucca excavatio mostly in depth and form in below‐ground Site loation taken from Cody‐1986 small tree 0.6 drawing 145 level terrain granite alluvium 35.1000 ‐115.4833 1288 Rundel, 1999 Desert, Mountain site broad‐leaf yucca or schidigera n spring architecture (Figure 3). from which root data is reproduced Estrada‐ Merida city, subtropical limestone drought‐ …, Gumbo‐ Neomilspaugi root count exposed rocky, shallow The laja layer is very hard but dissolution roots penetrates into karst tree 9 no 9.3 laja layer 0.3‐2.5 20.9049 ‐89.6340 6 Medina et al., Yucatán, dry forest quarry deciduous limbo a on quarry quarry walls (0.3m), red, karst features and fractures allow roots to limestone to tap GW Fan et al., Xinjiang xeric Karelinia soil north slope chloride‐sulfate In contrast, the deep‐rooted C3 species K. root mass distribution peaks at perennial C3 grass 1.6 yes 134 1877 2.5 44.7151 85.3785 356 2012 Uygur, NW shrubland caspica sample Tianshan saline soi caspica had a larger root/shoot ratio that 1.0m depth Fan et al., Xinjiang xeric Atriplex soil north slope chloride‐sulfate As a shallow‐rooted C4 species, A. tatarica root massdistribution peaks at annual C4 grass 0.75 yes 134 1877 2.5 44.7151 85.3785 356 2012 Uygur, NW shrubland tatarica sample Tianshan saline soi displayed lower stomatal conductance, 0.15m depth Farrington et Near Perth, Meditarrane Banksia evergreen trees, tall Banksia soil coring 90% in Apr‐ humus podzol: organic The site is on a dune slope of Banksia given lat‐lon is off, SW of site in the 8 yes 800 1843 dune top 10.8‐12 11.4 6 ‐31.5212 115.8536 86 al., 1989 Western an woodland woodland on broad‐leaf shrubs, ground attenuata, B. to water Oct leached grey hardpan woodland with a permanent water table at ocean; given map is used to locate Farrington et Near Perth, Meditarrane Banksia evergreen trees, tall Banksia soil coring 90% in Apr‐ humus podzol: organic Core samples taken from three profiles at Authors note that "depth to water 8 yes 800 1843 dune slope 8.3‐9.3 8.8 6 ‐31.5263 115.9111 78 al., 1989 Western an woodland woodland mid broad‐leaf shrubs, ground attenuata, B. to water Oct leached grey hardpan the top, middle and bottom of the slope table, which ranged from 4 to 12m Farrington et Near Perth, Meditarrane Banksia evergreen trees, tall Banksia soil coring 90% in Apr‐ sbovr dune humus podzol: organic Variation in water table depth over the over the site, had little effect on 4.9 yes 800 1843 4.3‐5.4 4.9 6 ‐31.5382 115.9370 70 al., 1989 Western an woodland woodland broad‐leaf shrubs, ground attenuata, B. to water Oct bottom leached grey hardpan range present at the site (4‐12m) had little total evaporation." ET did not vary Near Ruston, temperate PH‐1: upland deciduous loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, soil coring well‐ loamy sand, on fine roots were found in the deepest 6.5km SE of Ruston; this study also Farrish, 1991 tree > 0.9 yes 32.4760 ‐92.5934 78 N. Louisiana mix forest mixed forest broad‐leaf, southern Quercus to 0.9m drained clay loam, on sampling layer; Based on extrapolation differentiate fine roots, and Near Ruston, temperate PH‐2: upland deciduous loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, soil coring well‐ loamy sand, on There was also a significant difference in 2.5km from PH‐1, maintaining Farrish, 1991 tree > 0.9 yes 32.4591 ‐92.6120 79 N. Louisiana mix forest mixed forest broad‐leaf, southern Quercus to 0.9m drained clay loam, on both fine root biomass and surface area 6.5km radius from Ruston Near Ruston, temperate BH: deciduous water oak, Quercus soil coring on fluvial loamy sand, on 76% of biomass and 81% of surface area 56 north of Ruston on the Farrish, 1991 tree > 1.0 yes 0‐1.5 32.9921 ‐92.8801 40 N. Louisiana mix forest bottomland broad‐leaf sweetgum, nigra, to 1.0m floodplain silt loam, poorly‐ was located in the upper 40 em of soil; 5‐ floodplain of Corney Creek, the February et Namaqualand ecotone Swart Ruschia excavatio nutrient poor The proportion of root material that max rooting depth extrapolated perennial shrub 1 yes 116 ‐30.5333 18.7167 873 al., 2011 , W. South between T'nouroebos robusta n coarse sands belongs to shrubs was significantly higher from Fig. 3 using last 3 points February et Namaqualand ecotone Stipagrostas excavatio nutrient poor The proportion of root material that may max rooting depth extrapolated perennial C4 grass 1.2 yes 116 ‐30.5333 18.7167 873 al., 2011 , W. South between brevifolia n coarse sands be attributed to grasses is lower in the top from Fig. 3 using last 3 points February et near Darwin, broadleaved evergreen Eucalyptus soil pit to sandy loams Where water is not limiting to tree growth, Eucalyptus dominate; tree roots tree >0.6 yes 1708 laterite 0.6 ‐12.4095 130.9204 41 al., 2013 Australia woody broad‐leaf tetrodonta, 0.6m derived from such as at our study site, fire exclusion will dominate over annual‐perennial W of Tsavo thorn deciduous Adansonia gully bank no or little near These calculations give the following a study demonstrating the amazing Fenner, 1980 emergent tree Baobab 1.8 no 496 ‐2.3289 38.1472 670 Natl Park, S bushland broad‐leaf digitata exposure rain May‐Oct bottom of dimensions: height of tree 32.0 m; length storage capacity of Baobad; like Fisher et al., Caxiuana tropical evergreen soil pits to 10 (in wet yellow Oxisol, stony/lateri The site elevation is 15m above river level Natural site has roots >10m deep, nautral site > 10 yes 2272 3.0 ‐ 4.0 ‐1.7176 ‐51.4600 50 2007 National rainforest broad‐leaf 10m season) 75–83% sand, te layer in the dry season, and the water table has site with 50% through‐fall stop at Foldats & tropical site 7 with evergreen chaparro, Curatella excavatio dry season high The principal physical factors determining "The main roots of the species run N Venezuela tree or shrub 5.0 no 1.7 ‐ 7.4 4.6 8.8538 ‐67.3775 94 Rutkis, 1975 savanna WTD obs broad‐leaf, curata or americana n Nov‐Apr macropores, the phenology of Curatellaa mericana close to the soil surface and may Foldats & tropical site 7 with evergreen Byrsonima excavatio dry season heavier soil, low In the Biological Station, chaparros and "the root system of manteco is N Venezuela tree or shrub manteco <5 no 1.7 ‐ 7.4 4.6 8.8538 ‐67.3775 94 Rutkis, 1975 savanna WTD obs broad‐leaf crassifolia n Nov‐Apr macropores, mantecos live in the same macroclimate. shallower than that of chaparro; Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian Desert Stipa rain mostly in coarse textured species Shrubs have deep roots and absorb water perennial bunch grass 0.5 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 Rooting depth from Fig.1 Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe needle grass speciosa fall and with gravel and removed/ from deeper layers whereas grasses with Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian rain mostly in coarse textured species their shallow roots take up water from perennial bunch grass Stipa humilis 0.45 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe fall and with gravel and removed/ upper soil layers. Water resources in these Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian rain mostly in coarse textured species perennial bunch grass Poa ligularis 0.7 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 two layers have different seasonal Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe fall and with gravel and removed/ dynamics and consequently shrubs and Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian neneo, black Mulinum rain mostly in coarse textured species perennial shrub 0.95 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 grasses are linked to two distinct resources. Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe grass, grass spinosum fall and with gravel and removed/ Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian Adesmia rain mostly in coarse textured species Species in Patagonia show high degree of perennial shrub 1.4 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe volckmanni fall and with gravel and removed/ niche complementarity as a result of traits Flombaum & INTA Rio Patagonian Yuyo moro, Senecio rain mostly in coarse textured species perennial shrub 1.7 unclear no 170 ‐45.6833 ‐70.2667 430 affecting carbon, water, microclimate, and Sala, 2012 Mayo, steppe rosemary, filaginoides fall and with gravel and removed/ nitrogen dynamics of the ecosystem. Follett et al., SE North excavatio poorly Fossum sandy As previously discussed, site A was poorly lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land A annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.52 yes 0.57‐1.46 1.33 crops 46.1359 ‐98.1233 407 1974 Dakota n drained loam aerated particularly below 30 cm. Although westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio poorly Fossum sandy General notes: Ten sites, representing a lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land B annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.73 yes 0.96‐1.85 1.71 crops 46.1358 ‐98.1327 408 1974 Dakota n drained loam range of water table conditions, were westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio poorly to Hamar sandy Roots at site C (Fig. 2B) suggest that depth lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land C annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.72 yes 1.13‐2.02 1.89 crops 46.1327 ‐98.1422 410 1974 Dakota n somewhat loam of rooting did not continue to proceed as westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio poorly Fossum fine General notes: Root distribution was lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land D annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.82 yes 1.27‐2.16 2.02 crops 46.1398 ‐98.1495 414 1974 Dakota n drained sandy loam observed to be highly dependent upon westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio poorly Fossum loamy lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land E annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.81 yes 1.37‐2.26 2.12 crops 46.1327 ‐98.1599 415 1974 Dakota n drained fine sand westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio moderately Hecla loamy Root systems at sites F and J were deeper lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land F annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.81 yes 1.42‐2.31 2.18 crops 46.1421 ‐98.1642 416 1974 Dakota n well drained sand than at site C, apparently as a result of westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio moderately Hecla loamy fine lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land G annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.91 yes 1.64‐2.54 2.4 crops 46.1294 ‐98.1763 417 1974 Dakota n well drained sand westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio moderately Hecla loamy fine lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land H annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.91 yes 1.79‐2.67 2.54 crops 46.1424 ‐98.1754 422 1974 Dakota n well drained sand westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio moderately Hecla loamy lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land I annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.83 yes 1.80‐2.69 2.56 crops 46.1271 ‐98.1940 426 1974 Dakota n well drained sand westward Follett et al., SE North excavatio moderately Hecla loamy fine Root systems at sites F and J were deeper lat‐lon aprox on line from Oakes crop land J annual grass corn Zea mays L. 0.85 yes 1.88‐2.77 2.64 crops 46.1191 ‐98.1998 425 1974 Dakota n well drained sand than at site C, apparently as a result of westward Frangi & Lugo, Puerto Rico, subtropical evergreen montane Prestoea soil pits + coarse with clay Almost pure palm stands are found on location determined by given tree 1 yes 3870‐4700 floodplain 0.25‐2.00 1.12 18.2795 ‐65.7587 750 1985 Luquillo floodplain broad‐leaf palm montana coring lenses steep slopes and in floodplains of mountain elevaton on GoogleEarth, on norh‐ Franzluebbers central managed Coastal’ Cynodon Org C 15 ha forest nearest ~15ha upland field is perennial grass > 1.5 soil coring 1250 1560 sandy loam 33.3514 ‐83.4042 169 & Georgia, US pasture bermudagra dactylon, profile upland field converted selected; SOC obs only ‐ roots Freycon et al., Central semi‐ Mbaiki, semi‐ sapele or Entandrophra trench dry season in top of a Ferralsols gravel at 1‐ weathered In the present study, wewere unable to emergent tree >10 yes 1740 1.0‐3.0 4 3.8775 17.9056 564 differentiating fine vs. coarse roots 2015 African deciduous profile‐1 deciduous sapelli gma wall Nov‐Mar plateau developed on 3m, on sandstone reach themaximumrooting depth and, Freycon et al., Central semi‐ Mbaiki, semi‐ sapele or Entandrophra trench dry season in top of a Ferralsols gravel at 1‐ weathered Rooting depth was observed down to a Deep rooting could also enable the emergent tree 8 yes 1740 1.0‐3.0 4 3.8856 17.9036 586 2015 African deciduous profile‐2 deciduous sapelli gma wall, plus Nov‐Mar plateau developed on 3m, on sandstone depth of 8m in the Ferralsol at Mbaiki 2; roots to reach the water table, Freycon et al., Central semi‐ Ngotto, semi‐ sapele or Entandrophra trench dry season in top of a Arenosols In the two topsoil profile at the Ngotto whose depth is estimated to range emergent tree 3 yes 1740 4.0208 17.1719 637 2015 African deciduous profile‐1 deciduous sapelli gma wall Nov‐Mar plateau developed on site,we observed a dense root mat; from 8 to 25 m (Bonsor & Freycon et al., Central semi‐ Ngotto, semi‐ sapele or Entandrophra trench dry season in top of a Arenosols Rooting depth was observed down to a At Ngotto, we were obliged to stop emergent tree 5.2 yes 1740 4.0278 17.1600 626 2015 African deciduous profile‐2 deciduous sapelli gma wall, plus Nov‐Mar plateau developed on depth of 5.20 m in the Arenosol at Ngotto 2 digging at a depth of 3m, due to Gaines et al., Shale Hills temperate deciduous oak, maple, Quercu, Acer, soil coring evenly ridge, well well‐draines silt fractured Based on multiple lines of evidence, root length sampling was done on ridge tree 1 yes 1006 ~0.5 40.6421 ‐77.9065 278 2015 CZO, central mixed broad‐leaf pine Pinus species to 0.99m distributed drained loam, shale shale of many including stable isotope natural abundance, N‐facing slope near outlet Gaines et al., Shale Hills temperate deciduous oak, maple, Quercu, Acer, soil coring evenly mid slope, well‐draines silt fractured sap flux and soil moisture depletion this is a good examle of per‐humid mid slope tree 1 yes 1006 ~1.0 40.6425 ‐77.9072 269 2015 CZO, central mixed broad‐leaf pine Pinus species to 1.09m distributed well drained loam, shale shale of many patterns with depth, the majority of water climate with frequent rain and Gaines et al., Shale Hills temperate deciduous oak, maple, Quercu, Acer, soil coring evenly valley, not fine loam, fractured Due to seasonally saturated conditions, valley tree 1 yes 1006 0.5 ~2.0 40.6428 ‐77.9075 260 2015 CZO, central mixed broad‐leaf pine Pinus species to 1.02m distributed as well higher clay shale of many valley soils had redoximorphic features at Salt River, C. Riparian evergreen or five‐stamen Tamarix excavatio higher bank sandy loam 3', introduced Where the water table is deep, tamarisk beautiful scaled‐drawings, like Gary, 1963 higher bank tree 3.66 yes 3.05 33.5337 ‐111.6244 414 Arizona forest deciduous Tamarisk pentantra n with 10' caly 1.5', sandy species produced long tap roots, and branch root Sprakling and Reed; 5 trees of 11ft Salt River, C. Riparian evergreen or five‐stamen Tamarix excavatio lower bank clay 1', introduced development is vertical in direction. Radial Gary, 1963 lower bank tree 0.64 yes 0.76 33.5543 ‐111.6279 411 one 17ft tall 4in diameter tree Arizona forest deciduous Tamarisk pentantra n with sand/gravel 2' species or horizontal spread of the branch roots is Salt River, C. Riparian lower bank deciduous seep‐willow Baccharis excavatio lower bank clay 1', The plant is seldom found away from Gary, 1963 shrub 0.58 yes 0.76 33.5539 ‐111.6252 411 8 plants of 10ft tall and 1" diameter Arizona forest (2.5' above broad‐leaf baccharis glutinosa n (2.5' above sand/gravel 2' sources of perennial surface water...All Salt River, C. Riparian sandy site rhizomatous Pluchea excavatio sandy site Lateral root development was exhibited on Gary, 1963 evergreen arrowweed 1.31 yes 1.22 sand 33.5546 ‐111.6227 412 3 plants of 6' tall and 0.7" diameter Arizona forest with 4' WTD shrub sericea n with 4' WTD all plants excavated. Most arrowweed Gaze et al., Sahel, SW grass 4km W of deciduous Guiera soil sandy (2‐5m weathered regeneratin This sandy soil was 2 to 5 m deep overlying roots for G. s. are not followed shrub >3.5 yes 585 2294 2‐3% slope 32 2.0 ‐ 5.0 13.2265 2.2567 214 1998 Niger savanna ICRISAT broad‐leaf senegalensis samples deep) laterite g natural a weathered laterite layer. Below this was a below 2m (Fig.2) but water Gaze et al., Sahel, SW grass 4km W of annual and herbs and Cassia soil sandy (2‐5m weathered regeneratin maximum depth of wetting front in 1993 is given longitude off ‐ should be 2 0.4 yes 585 2294 2‐3% slope 32 2.0 ‐ 5.0 13.2283 2.2538 214 1998 Niger savanna ICRISAT perennial grass mimosoides, samples deep) laterite g natural 3.75 ‐ 4.0m (Table‐1) degree E, not 20; there is a photo Gemmer, W. Florida, subtropical evergreen Longleaf Pinus excavatio sandy coastal The tap‐root was five and a half feet long, Figure shows max depth at 7 feet; tree 2.13 drawing 30.5701 ‐86.6001 50 1928 Choetawhatc moist forest needle‐leaf pine palustris n plain stocky, and a firm anchor for the little tree. location at the center of the Gentile et al., temporate Festuca evenly mixed The maximum rooting depth was greater extrapolated from Fig.1 ‐ very S. Uruguay perennial grass tall fescue 1.7 soil coring yes 1100 silty clay loam ‐34.3320 ‐57.6834 61 2003 grassland arundinacea distributed cropping than 1 m for each of the species. All three uncertain Gentile et al., temporate Medicago evenly mixed Tall fescue and chicory had a large number extrapolated from Fig.1 ‐ very S. Uruguay perennial herb alfalfa 2 soil coring yes 1100 silty clay loam ‐34.3320 ‐57.6834 61 2003 grassland sativa L. distributed cropping of root axes present in the top 20 cm, uncertain Gentile et al., temporate Cichorium evenly mixed extrapolated from Fig.1 ‐ very S. Uruguay perennial herb chicory 1.8 soil coring yes 1100 silty clay loam ‐34.3320 ‐57.6834 61 2003 grassland intybus L. distributed cropping uncertain Germon et al. S France, Mediterrane alley‐cropping deciduous eastern Juglans mini min Jul, max silty clay (25 % crop‐tree Deep (>2.5 m) root growth occurred at two the lat‐lon given is in a forest on tree 4.7 no 873 5.0 ‐ 7.0 6 43.7047 4.0343 62 2016 Restinclières an woodland plot broad‐leaf black walnut regia×nigra rhizotron Sep‐Dec clay 60 % silt) intercroppi distinct periods, at bud break in spring and ridge top; moved to nearest inter‐ Gevorkiantz Northern Cutfoot evergreen Pinus excavatio ...root washing studies on the Cutfoot The author did not conduct the Boreal forest tree jack pine 2.9 no 47.5458 ‐94.0635 413 et al., 1943 Minnesota Experimental needle‐leaf banksiana n Experimental Forest near Deer River, study but report "Conducted by H. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐1, or Site‐ evergreen creosotebus Larrea excavatio 8 month dry upper loamy, with petrocalcic Radial spread of both roots > 2 m…some root depth read from Fig.13 in Gile shrub 1.6 drawings 247 0.3 32.4709 ‐106.7538 1400 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland C in Gile et al. broad‐leaf h tridentata n season bajada, 4% gravel‐stone horizon angled upward to <7 cm of surface. Several et al., 19988 (Site‐C) Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐1, or Site‐ semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry upper loamy, with petrocalcic most tarbush roots were above petrocalcic root depth read from Fig.14 in Gile shrub tarbush 1.00 drawings 247 0.3 32.4709 ‐106.7538 1400 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland C in Gile et al. deciduous cernua n season bajada, 4% gravel‐stone horizon horizon but were traced into the et al., 19988 (Site‐C) Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐2, or Site‐ evergreen creosotebus Larrea excavatio 8 month dry toe of 2 calcic Roots of both plants extended through root sketch shown in Fig.2; root not shrub 5.50 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8 and 2.3 32.4828 ‐106.7369 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland A in Gile et al., broad‐leaf h tridentata n season bajada, 1% horizons calcic horizon… root of one traced to a followed below 5m but appears Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐2, or Site‐ semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry toe of 2 calcic A few roots of a tarbush 0∙9 m tall and 1∙2 A drawing of this root system shrub tarbush 3.50 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8 and 2.3 32.4828 ‐106.7369 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland A in Gile et al., deciduous cernua n season bajada, 1% horizons min diameter were excavated at Site‐2… appears in Gile et at. (1998). Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐2, or Site‐ silver‐leaf Solanum excavatio 8 month dry toe of 2 calcic Root systems of tobosa and three perennial perennial herb 1.10 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8 and 2.3 32.4828 ‐106.7369 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland A in Gile et al., nightshade, elaeagnifoliu n season bajada, 1% horizons forbs were excavated at Site 2. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐3, or Site‐ evergreen creosotebus Larrea excavatio 8 month dry on bajada, fine sandy Most roots occurred in upper 1m. Roots of shrub 2.00 drawings 247 32.4886 ‐106.7515 1334 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland B in Gile et al., broad‐leaf h tridentata n season 2% slope loamy separate plants were highly intermingled, Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐3, or Site‐ semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry on bajada, fine sandy Roots of a plant 1∙2 m tall and 0∙9 m in shrub tarbush 1.50 drawings 247 32.4886 ‐106.7515 1334 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland B in Gile et al., deciduous cernua n season 2% slope loamy diameter excavated… Tarbush roots were Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Site‐3, or Site‐ desert Zenia excavatio 8 month dry on bajada, fine sandy Roots of perennial forb desert zinnia and perennial herb 1.10 drawings 247 32.4886 ‐106.7515 1334 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland B in Gile et al., zinnia, acerosa, n season 2% slope loamy shrub‐like broom snakeweed... had short Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric semi‐ tarbush, Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Tarbush roots spread laterally ~2∙2 m and root depth from Fig.5, Fig.6 and Site‐4 shrub 3.00 drawings 247 fine loamy 32.5227 ‐106.7435 1315 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland deciduous Berlandier's cernua, n season bajada, horizon some grew at upward angles to <2 cm of Fig.7, site on road ‐ easy to locate Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Bouteloua excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Radial extension was about 40 em and a Site‐4 perennial grass black grama 0.45 drawings 247 fine loamy 32.5227 ‐106.7435 1315 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland eriopoda n season bajada, horizon few roots reached the top of the calcic Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Dasyochloa excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Roots had a lateral spread of 29 cm and Site‐4 perennial grass fluffgrass 0.30 drawings 247 fine loamy 32.5227 ‐106.7435 1315 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland pulchella n season bajada, horizon reached 30 cm depth. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Muhlenbergi excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Bush muhly roots extended laterally 40 em Site‐4 perennial grass bush muthly 0.65 drawings 247 fine loamy 32.5227 ‐106.7435 1315 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland a porteri n season bajada, horizon and to 65 em depth (Fig. 7) Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric red Aristida excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Red threeawn roots extended laterally 94 Site‐4 perennial grass 0.95 drawings 247 fine loamy 32.5227 ‐106.7435 1315 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland threeawn purpurea n season bajada, horizon em and to the top of the calcic horizon (Fig. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric desert holly, Perezia nana, excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Site 5 is dominated by tarbush and the Site‐5 perennial herb 1.00 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.7‐2.5 32.5244 ‐106.7488 1316 site just off road Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland sicklepod Hoffmansegg n season bajada, horizon stoloniferous, sod‐forming burrograss… Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Talinurn excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Three flameflower tubers, one of which is Site‐5 perennial herb flameflower 0.70 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.7‐2.5 32.5244 ‐106.7488 1316 root depth from Fig.8 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland angustissimu n season bajada, horizon shown in Fig. 8, were excavated and the Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Although not illustrated, roots of Site‐5 shrub tarbush 3.00 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.7‐2.5 32.5244 ‐106.7488 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland deciduous cernua n season bajada, horizon burrograss were traced to a depth of 1 m Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Several major branches traced through the Site‐6 shrub tarbush 5.50 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8‐1.2 32.5280 ‐106.7502 1316 site just off road Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland deciduous cernua n season bajada, horizon calcic horizon, which extended from about Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Pleuraphis excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Tobosa roots had well developed first‐ Site‐6 perennial grass tobosa 1.00 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8‐1.2 32.5280 ‐106.7502 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland mutica n season bajada, horizon order branches and spread laterally about Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Scleropogon excavatio 8 month dry toe of argillic Roots of burrograss had a lateral spread of Site‐6 perennial grass burrograss 1.10 drawings 247 fine loamy 0.8‐1.2 32.5280 ‐106.7502 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland brevifolius n season bajada, horizon about 20 em and penetrated into the calcic Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen crucifixion Koeberlinia excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe At Site 8 roots of a large crucifixion thorn Site‐8 shrub 6.00 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5458 ‐106.7310 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland photo stem thorn spinosa n season slope, 0.5% plant 1∙5 m tall and 2∙5 min diameter were Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric semi‐ Flourensia excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe Roots of a tarbush plant 78 em tall and 65 Site‐8 shrub tarbush 2.20 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5458 ‐106.7310 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland deciduous cernua n season slope, 0.5% em in diameter were excavated at site 8 Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric wrinkled Sphaeralcea excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe Root systems of two wrinkled globemallow Site‐8 perennial herb 1.60 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5458 ‐106.7310 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland globemallo hastulata n season slope, 0.5% plants about 15 em tall… Nine major Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial Muhlenbergi excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe Roots of ear muhly at Site 8 originated in Site‐8 grass ear muhly 1.25 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5458 ‐106.7310 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland rhizomatous a arenacea n season slope, 0.5% clusters from nodes on a stolon at 7 cm Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen crucifixion Koberlinia excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe roots of 2 small crucifixion thorn… Tap Site‐9 shrub 3.30 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5444 ‐106.7259 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland photo stem thorn spinosa n season slope, 0.5% roots of both well‐developed. tap root of Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen four‐wing Atriplex excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe Roots of a four‐wing saltbush plant 1∙5 m Site‐9 shrub 3.50 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5444 ‐106.7259 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf saltbush canescens n season slope, 0.5% tall and 1 m in diameter with a 5 em tall, 50 Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial sod‐ Scleropogon excavatio 8 month dry fan‐toe Roots of burrograss at Site 9 penetrated to Site‐9 burrograss burrograss 0.96 drawings 247 fine silt 32.5444 ‐106.7259 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland forming brevifolius n season slope, 0.5% 96 em depth but were abundant only to 60 Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric deciduous honey Prosopis excavatio 8 month dry Mesa mosaic of sandy petrocalcic The well‐developed tap roots of the three Site‐17 tree 3.00 drawings 247 32.6745 ‐106.8661 1337 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf mesquite glandulosa n season surface, 2% or coarse‐loamy horizon old mesquite plants penetrated to the level Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric deciduous honey Prosopis excavatio 8 month dry argillic Calcic pebbles and blocks were found at 78 Site‐12 tree 5.20 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf mesquite glandulosa n season horizon cm depth but the extremely dense and Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric broom Gutirrezia excavatio 8 month dry argillic The broom snakeweed plant portrayed in Site‐12 perennial herb 2.40 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland snakeweed sarothrae n season horizon Fig. 14 was 36 cm tall and 60 cm in Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric soap tree excavatio 8 month dry argillic The access trench at Site 12 provided an Site‐12 perennial herb Yucca elata 0.90 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland yaca n season horizon opportunity to excavate roots of a soap Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial mesa Sporobolus excavatio 8 month dry argillic At Site 12 the root systems of black grama, Site‐12 grass 1.05 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Fig. 20 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bunch, sod‐ dropseed, flexuosus, n season horizon mesa dropseed [Spombolus flexusosus Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric rattlesnake Euphorbia excavatio 8 month dry argillic One of the common perennial forbs at Site Site‐12 perennial herb 0.83 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Fig.21 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland weed albomatginat n season horizon 12 was rattlesnake weed (EuphoTbia Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Hymenopapp excavatio 8 month dry argillic Both first‐order branches and the two Site‐12 perennial herb wooly‐white 0.86 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6060 ‐106.8411 1326 Fig.21 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland us flavescens n season horizon branches of the tap root were traced to Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen four‐wing Atriplex excavatio 8 month dry argillic Another second‐order branch with a Site‐14 shrub 3.50 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6001 ‐106.8507 1327 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf saltbush canescens n season horizon beginning diameter of 2∙3 mm was traced Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric purple Nama excavatio 8 month dry argillic Although the top of the tap root was 4 mm Site‐14 annual herb 0.80 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6001 ‐106.8507 1327 Fig.24 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland curlleaf hispidum n season horizon in diameter it was only 0∙6 mm in diameter Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Linum excavatio 8 month dry argillic The f1ax plant was 23 em tall and had a Site‐14 annual herb flax 0.60 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.78‐2 32.6001 ‐106.8507 1327 Fig.24 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland australe n season horizon very sparse root system. The root was 2∙3 Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen Krameria excavatio 8 month dry argillic The plants were parasitic and large Site‐13 shrub three fans 0.60 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Fig. 19 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf lanceoLata n season horizon numbers of haustoria were attached to Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Cooley's Desmanthus excavatio 8 month dry argillic Two of these branches penetrated through Site‐13 perennial herb 2.10 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Fig.22 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bundleflowe cooleyi n season horizon the petrocalcic horizon to depths of 1∙9 and Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Caesalpinia excavatio 8 month dry argillic The tap root, which branched at 1∙ 5 m, Site‐13 perennial herb caesalpinia 1.95 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Fig.22 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland jamesii n season horizon was traced through a fracture in the Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric excavatio 8 month dry argillic From 60 to 90cm depth the numerous first‐ Site‐13 perennial herb dwarf dalea Dalea nana 1.30 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Fig.22 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland n season horizon and second order branches grew in all Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Aphanosteph excavatio 8 month dry argillic The 21 em tall faintcrown plant had a Fig.24. Author notes "The depths Site‐13 annual herb faintcrown 1.40 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland us n season horizon prominent tap root 0∙7 mm in diameter at attained by faintcrown and purple Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric spectacle‐ Dimorphocar excavatio 8 month dry argillic The 24cm tall spectacle‐pod plant had a Site‐13 annual herb 0.80 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.9‐2.1 32.6000 ‐106.8435 1329 Fig.24 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland pod pa wislizenii n season horizon number of relatively short horizontal Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric twin‐leaf Cassia excavatio 8 month dry argillic tap root traced into a fissure in the Site‐15 perennial herb 1.70 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.85 32.6049 ‐106.8481 1319 Fig. 23 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland senna bauhinioides n season horizon petrocalcic horizon to a depth of 85 cm. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric silverleaf Solanum excavatio 8 month dry argillic The deeper rooted plant shown in Fig. 23 Site‐15 perennial herb 2.40 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.85 32.6049 ‐106.8481 1319 Fig.23 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland nightshade elaeagnifoliu n season horizon ended at 2∙14 m depth with a terminal Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric excavatio 8 month dry argillic in Fig. 26 even first‐order branches Site‐16 perennial herb leatherweed Croton pousii 1.40 drawings 247 0.25% slope coarse‐loamy 0.75 32.5931 ‐106.8610 1334 Fig.26 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland n season horizon sometimes grew upward for an appreciable Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric deciduous honey Prosopis excavatio 8 month dry argillic A few roots from a mesquite plant 68 em Site‐16 tree 2.60 drawings 247 0.25% slope coarse‐loamy 0.75 32.5931 ‐106.8610 1334 Fig.25 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broadleaf mesquite glandulosa n season horizon tall and 1.5 min diameter were excavated Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric deciduous honey Prosopis excavatio 8 month dry lake basin, fine silty, a mesquite is invading a tobosa and Site‐11 tree 5.50 drawings 247 32.5918 ‐106.7415 1321 on the road, north of site‐10 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broadleaf mesquite glandulosa n season nearly level paleosol at 3.2m burrograss dominated ephemeral lake Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric wooly excavatio 8 month dry lake basin, fine silty, a A few first‐order branches originated above Site‐11 perennial herb Iva dealbata 3.10 drawings 247 32.5918 ‐106.7415 1321 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland sumpweed n season nearly level paleosol at 3.2m 1 m depth but there was a notable lack of Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric longleaf Ephedra excavatio 8 month dry calcic Roots were traced outward 7∙1 m from the Site‐7 perennial herb 5.10 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Fig.28 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland ephedra trifurca n season horizon root crowns and one second‐order branch Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial, purple Aristida excavatio 8 month dry calcic Roots traced to 1∙3 m depth… One tap root Site‐7 grass 1.70 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bunch threeawn purpurea n season horizon was traced to 1∙7 m depth where it Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric wrinkled Sphaeralcea excavatio 8 month dry calcic Roots arose from a 2∙6 mm diameter Site‐7 perennial herb 3.40 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland globemallo hastulaw n season horizon rhizome at 6 cm depth… Another tap root Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric desert Zinnia excavatio 8 month dry calcic The tap root, with an upper diameter of 3∙3 Site‐7 perennial herb 1.50 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland zinnia grandiflora n season horizon mm, was traced to 1∙5 mm depth (Fig. 29). Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric excavatio 8 month dry calcic At 77 cm depth the tap root divided into Site‐7 perennial herb leatherweed Croton pottsii 1.60 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland n season horizon several branches about 1 mm in diameter, Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric broom Gutirrezia excavatio 8 month dry calcic a 35 cm tall broom snakeweed. .. a Site‐7 perennial herb 1.50 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 0.6‐2 32.5362 ‐106.7505 1316 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland snakeweed sarothrae n season horizon number of 2 to 3 mm diameter first‐order Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial sod‐ Bouteloua excavatio 8 month dry ridge top, calcic Root systems of the above species are half way from junction to head Site‐10 grass black grama 1.60 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.38 32.5680 ‐106.7431 1322 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland forming eriopoda n season 1% slope horizon illustrated in Fig. 30. Roots of Lehmann quarter Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial, spike Sporobolus excavatio 8 month dry ridge top, calcic lovegrass and spike dropseed were traced Site‐10 grass 1.30 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.38 32.5680 ‐106.7431 1322 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bunch dropseed contractus n season 1% slope horizon to depths of 1∙2 and 1∙3 m, respectively. Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial, Lehmann Eragrostis excavatio 8 month dry ridge top, calcic Site‐10 grass 1.20 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.38 32.5680 ‐106.7431 1322 Black grama roots were traced to 1∙6 m Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bunch lovegrass lehmanniana n season 1% slope horizon depth Roots of all three species had large Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric excavatio 8 month dry ridge top, calcic Leatherweed was common at Site 10 and Site‐10 perennial herb leatherwee Croton pottsii 1.78 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.38 32.5680 ‐106.7431 1322 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland n season 1% slope horizon roots of one plant are shown in Fig. 31. At Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric Psilostrophe excavatio 8 month dry ridge top, calcic The rather massive root crown had a Site‐10 perennial herb paperflower 1.76 drawings 247 coarse‐loamy 1.38 32.5680 ‐106.7431 1322 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland tagetina n season 1% slope horizon diameter of 11∙4 mm and the tap root was Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric evergreen Torrey's Ephedra excavatio 8 month dry Overall, the gypsum was dense but some Site‐18 shrub 0.70 drawings 247 0.5% slope gypsum soil 32.6870 ‐106.7872 1320 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland broad‐leaf ephedra torreyana n season areas were so dense that roots did not Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric perennial, Sporobolus excavatio 8 month dry Roots traced to 19 cm depth but most Site‐18 grass gypgrass 0.19 drawings 247 0.5% slope gypsum soil 32.6870 ‐106.7872 1320 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland bunch nealleyi n season spread horizontally up to 53 em between 4 Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric White Sands Nerisyrenia excavatio 8 month dry Major roots had beginning diameters of Site‐18 perennial herb 0.62 drawings 247 0.5% slope gypsum soil 32.6870 ‐106.7872 1320 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland mustard linearifolia n season about 1∙ 3 mm but terminal portions were Gibbens and Chihuahuan xeric scarlet Gaura excavatio 8 month dry The White Sands mustard plant was 13 cm Site‐18 perennial herb 0.47 drawings 247 0.5% slope gypsum soil 32.6870 ‐106.7872 1320 Lenz, 2001; Desert, New shrubland gaura coccinea n season tall. The tap root had a diameter of 1∙65 British semi‐arid Guban Ged perennial, Adenium excavatio below the In the vertical plane the roots reached an site moved slightly to match given Glover, 1950 shrub 1.40 drawings 250 alluvial sand 10.1225 45.2053 579 Somaliland desert Dobo succulent somalense n escaarpmen overall lateral development of 3.4 metres elevation (lat‐long was given as British semi‐arid 5 miles E of perennial, excavatio The plant examined was 15 cm high with a Glover, 1950 herb Aloe sp. 0.65 drawings 450 on plateau alluvial sand 9.5918 44.122 1338 Somaliland desert Hargeisa on succulent n fleshy horizontal rhizome 45 cm long and 5 British semi‐arid Guban Ged perennial, excavatio below the From the surface down to about 8cm the site moved slightly to match given Glover, 1950 herb Caralluma sp. 0.50 drawings 250 alluvial sand 10.1225 45.2053 579 Somaliland desert Dobo succulent n escaarpmen soil was slightly darker due to the presence elevation (lat‐long was given as British semi‐arid Guban Ged perennial, excavatio below the There was a low sand mound at the base of site moved slightly to match given Glover, 1950 herb Euphorbia sp. 0.70 drawings 250 alluvial sand 10.1225 45.2053 579 Somaliland desert Dobo succulent n escaarpmen the plant. The overall lateral extent of the elevation (lat‐long was given as British semi‐arid Guban Ged perennial, Sansevieria excavatio below the A mass of coarse fibrous roots emerged site moved slightly to match given Glover, 1950 herb 0.90 drawings 250 alluvial sand 10.1225 45.2053 579 Somaliland desert Dobo succulent ehrenbergii n escaarpmen from the junction of the rhizome with the elevation (lat‐long was given as Glover et al., unfertilized Plant root C, measured at the Niles field location slightly moved to grass / C. Kansas, US crop land Niles Site perennial grass 26 species 2.00 soil coring yes 38.9676 ‐97.4732 364 2010 , harvested site, was 6.7 times greater and the rooting crop boundary (lat‐lon‐given falls in Glover et al., winter Triticum C. Kansas, US crop land Niles Site annual grass 1.00 soil coring yes fertilized 38.9677 ‐97.4724 364 2010 wheat aestivum Greenland & near Kade, S moist semi‐ Diospyro level area of silty clay, silty‐ ironstone 50yr old location guessed by elevation and tree 1.65 soil coring yes 1650 0.23 6.0776 ‐0.8467 152 Kowal, 1960 Ghana tropical deciduous spp., mid lower sandy clay, concretions secondary slope aspect, to be in a forest not Gries et al., Taklamakan Tamarix deciduous Tamarix Water‐saturated soil was detected at a the statement left suggests that arid desert shrub Saltcedar 21.90 not clear no 35 2600 dune top 22.7 silt 37.049 80.747 1362 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf ramosissima depth of 5m at the T. ramosissima site… capillary firnge is 5‐4.2=0.8m; since Gries et al., Taklamakan Tamarix deciduous Tamarix No actual root data is given, so arid desert shrub Saltcedar 13.20 not clear no 35 2600 midslope 14 silt 37.0594 80.7405 1353 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf ramosissima rooting depth is assumed to be Gries et al., Taklamakan Tamarix deciduous Tamarix arid desert shrub Saltcedar 10.80 not clear no 35 2600 lower slope 11.6 silt 37.0686 80.7279 1348 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf ramosissima Gries et al., Taklamakan Tamarix deciduous Tamarix arid desert shrub Saltcedar 6.50 not clear no 35 2600 dune valley 7.3 silt 37.0810 80.7231 1343 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf ramosissima Gries et al., Taklamakan Populus deciduous Euphrates Populus Water‐saturated soil was detected at a the statement left suggests that arid desert tree 22.15 not clear no 35 2600 dune top 23.7 silt 36.9897 80.7226 1371 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf Poplar, euphratica depth of 7.25 m at the P. euphratica site… capillary firnge is 9.8‐7.25=1.55m; Gries et al., Taklamakan Populus deciduous Euphrates Populus No actual root data is given, so arid desert tree 15.25 not clear no 35 2600 midslope 16.8 silt 37.0000 80.7162 1360 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf Poplar, euphratica rooting depth is assumed to be Gries et al., Taklamakan Populus deciduous Euphrates Populus arid desert tree 10.65 not clear no 35 2600 lower slope 12.2 silt 37.0057 80.6880 1358 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf Poplar, euphratica Gries et al., Taklamakan Populus deciduous Euphrates Populus arid desert tree 8.25 not clear no 35 2600 dune valley 9.8 silt 37.0111 80.6694 1355 2003 Desert, W. transect broad‐leaf Poplar, euphratica Groeneveld & Owen Valley, Torrey's Atriplex trench arid valley 2.2 (top of two sites: artificially flooded or arid desert natural site halophytic shrub 2 drawings sandy 36.8162 ‐118.1494 1164 Crowley, 1988 CA saltbush torreyi wall + soil floor cap rise at natural; only natural site used; lat Groeneveld & Owen Valley, grey Chrysothamn trench arid valley 2.5 (top of Typically, this species differs from Atriplex and lon read from Google Earth arid desert natural site perennial shrub 2.4 drawings sandy 36.8162 ‐118.1494 1164 Crowley, 1988 CA rabbitbrush us nauseosus wall + soil floor cap rise at torreyi by having less strongly expressed with WTD in 2.5m range nearest to Haase et al., Mediterra mostly leaf‐ yellow Retama lithium Water containing lithium chloride as a The field site is in the Rambla SE Spain near well‐4 shrub 28 no 218 valley floor 28 sand, gravel 37.1333 ‐2.3667 655 1996 shrubland less broom sphaerocarpa chloride chemical tracer was applied to the bottom Honda, a valley with ephemeral Near evergreen western Pinus excavatio on S slope Gravelly: Loose 286 seedlings studied but data Haasis, 1921 arid desert tree 0.66 drawings basalt 35.2581 ‐111.6734 2261 Flagstaff, needle‐leaf yellow pine ponderosa n below San or loamy, given for 3 only… the oldest, a 4yr Zululand, subtropical evergreen Caribbean Pinus excavatio photo + aged 16 1/2 yrs (Fig. 2). Tree height about Haigh, 1966 plantation tree 5.00 825 deep sand plantation ‐27.9255 31.5841 507 extrapolated to 16' from Fig.2 South Africa dry forest needle‐leaf pine caribaea n drawings 70' ... Excavation was stopped at a depth of Zululand, subtropical evergreen excavatio photo + aged 15 yrs (Fig.4, plate‐1), tree height only trees > 5yr old are included Haigh, 1966 plantation tree slash pine Pinus elliottii 4.57 825 deep sand plantation ‐27.9265 31.5826 504 South Africa dry forest needle‐leaf n drawings about 60', taproots were found to end at a here, all lat‐lon guessed Zululand, subtropical evergreen lemon‐ Eucalyptus excavatio photo + aged 5 1/2 yrs (Fig.5).. Tree height about 20 only trees > 5yr old are included Haigh, 1966 plantation tree 0.94 825 0.91 deep sand plantation ‐27.9266 31.5840 471 South Africa dry forest broad‐leaf scented citriodora n drawings feet. Two trees were excavated both of here, all lat‐lon guessed Zululand, subtropical evergreen lemon‐ Eucalyptus excavatio photo + which had strongly developed taproots and only trees > 5yr old are included Haigh, 1966 plantation tree 1.55 825 1.52 deep sand plantation ‐27.9262 31.5849 494 South Africa dry forest broad‐leaf scented citriodora n drawings side roots. In each case the tap roots ended here, all lat‐lon guessed Hao et al., Guangdong subtropical evergreen Castanopsis excavatio yes + lateritic red Pioneer tree roots in the first stage of 7 species excavated but maximum tree 0.7 1927 23.1333 112.5833 97 2006 Province, moist forest broad‐leaf chinensis n + soil photos earth rich in natural succession were of two types, one depth reported only for 1 of them The S. vulgaris plants in the lowland with He & Zhang, Inner fixed evergreen Savin Sabina excavatio 80% fall Jun‐ desert due Research station location was arid desert shrub 1.04 no 360 1230–2650 dune slope sand 39.0015 109.1421 1317 the highest water content showed the 2003 Mongolia, sandland needle‐leaf Juniper or vulgaris n Sep to humans found in Liu et al., 2010; chose He & Zhang, Inner shifting evergreen Savin Sabina excavatio 80% fall Jun‐ desert due shallowest rooting profile with ca. 90% of arid desert shrub 1.02 no 360 1230–2650 dune top sand 39.0035 109.1415 1320 nearest site with given elevation 2003 Mongolia, sandland needle‐leaf Juniper or vulgaris n Sep to humans the roots occurring in the top 60 cm of soil, (<1350m) and relief (<10 im He & Zhang, Inner evergreen Savin Sabina excavatio 80% fall Jun‐ desert due whereas the plants in the fixed sandland arid desert lowland shrub 0.86 no 360 1230–2650 dune valley sand 39.0005 109.1431 1315 300mx300m area) 2003 Mongolia, needle‐leaf Juniper or vulgaris n Sep to humans with the lowest water content showed the Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Tie evergreen Adenostorna excavatio drawings sandy loam, on hard but Its root system was generally found to be More authors' notes: Chaparral shrub Chamise > 2.45 summit 0.6‐1.5 34.3896 ‐118.0816 1513 al., 1955 Bernardino Summit site needle‐leaf fasciculaturn n + photos loose rock deeply deeply penetrating… Fine roots were Measurements and observa‐ tions Hellmers et San Gabrial / road cut ‐ City evergreen Adenostorna drawings face of road either gravel observed in tiny cracks in unweathered made on 68 plants at 14 locations Chaparral shrub Chamise 7.62 road cut 34.1864 ‐117.1777 795 al., 1955 Bernardino Creek needle‐leaf fasciculaturn + photos cuts terraces or rock 25 feet below the surface… Some in the San Gabriel and San In road cuts, roots were observed to a Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Tie evergreen Eastwood Arctostaphylo excavatio drawings sandy loam, on hard but Bernardino Mountains showed the Chaparral shrub > 2.74 summit 0.6‐1.5 34.3896 ‐118.0816 1513 depth of 17 feet. Roots of this species al., 1955 Bernardino Summit site broad‐leaf marizainita s glandalosa n + photos loose rock deeply following: 1. Chaparral species and Hellmers et San Gabrial / road cut ‐ City evergreen Eastwood Arctostaphylo drawings face of road either gravel seemed able to penetrate into rock cracks Chaparral shrub 5.18 road cut 34.1864 ‐117.1777 795 their root systems can be placed al., 1955 Bernardino Creek broad‐leaf marizainita s glandalosa + photos cuts terraces or too fine for roots of chamise. Adventitious Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Chaparral Ceanothus excavatio drawings loose coarse Lowe The specimens excavated had sparsely into three categories: (a) woody, Chaparral shrub > 3.66 0.45 34.2249 ‐118.1095 1372 al., 1955 Bernardino Mount Lowe broad‐leaf whitethorn leucoderuis n + photos sand (0.15m), granodiorit, branched, deeply penetrating root systems. usu‐ ally sprouting shrubs with Hellmers et San Gabrial / road cut ‐ evergreen Chaparral Ceanothus drawings face of road either gravel This plant differed from most of the other Chaparral shrub 3.66 road cut granitic 34.3055 ‐118.2610 599 deep‐penetrating and wide‐ al., 1955 Bernardino Tujunga broad‐leaf whitethorn leucoderuis + photos cuts terraces or chaparral species in having a prominent tap spreading systems; (b) woody, Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Christmasbe Photinia excavatio drawings north side litter, humus weathered One shrub of this species only 2.5 feet high Chaparral large shrub > 1.98 0.6‐1.8 34.2269 ‐118.1600 762 usually non‐ sprouting shrubs with al., 1955 Bernardino Brown broad‐leaf rry arbutifolia n + photos of rounded (0.08‐0.15m) on Wilson diorite was excavated at the Brown Mountain site. Hellmers et San Gabrial / road cut ‐ evergreen Canyon live Quercus drawings face of road either gravel This tree species was observed only on shallow but wide‐spreading Chaparral tree 7.32 road cut granitic 34.3055 ‐118.2610 599 al., 1955 Bernardino Tujunga broad‐leaf oak chrysolepis + photos cuts terraces or road cuts, where roots were found at a systems; and (c) subshrubs with Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Califorinia Quercus excavatio drawings north side litter, humus weathered The root system was extensive and shallow, fibrous systems. 2. Roots Chaparral shrub > 2.44 0.6‐1.8 34.2269 ‐118.1600 762 al., 1955 Bernardino Brown broad‐leaf scrub oak dumosa n + photos of rounded (0.08‐0.15m) on Wilson diorite contained many branches up to 3 inches in of some species grew through frac‐ Hellmers et San Gabrial / road cut ‐ evergreen Califorinia Quercus drawings face of road either gravel diameter. These large roots were Chaparral shrub 8.53 road cut granitic 34.3055 ‐118.2610 599 tures in the rock or through al., 1955 Bernardino Tujunga broad‐leaf scrub oak dumosa + photos cuts terraces or somewhat contorted and usually angled weathered rock to a depth of at Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ the evergreen Bigberry Arctostapliylo excavatio drawings sandy loam The major roots of this nonsprouting Chaparral shrub > 2.59 anorthosit 0.91 34.1969 ‐118.0831 1006 least 28 feet. Subterranean rock al., 1955 Bernardino Colby site broad‐leaf manzanita s glallca n + photos (0.15m), loose species were large laterals radiating in all Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Hoaryleaf Ceanothus excavatio drawings north side litter, humus weathered The root system of this nonsprouting crevices were often filled with a Chaparral shrub > 1.37 0.6‐1.8 34.2269 ‐118.1600 762 al., 1955 Bernardino Brown broad‐leaf ceanothus crassifolius n + photos of rounded (0.08‐0.15m) on Wilson diorite species was shallow and composed of mat of living roots. 3. The depth of Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Tie evergreen Mojave Ceanothus excavatio drawings sandy loam, on hard but had roots similar to hoary‐ leaf ceanothus Chaparral shrub > 1.37 summit 0.6‐1.5 34.3896 ‐118.0816 1513 soil and the extent to which the al., 1955 Bernardino Summit site broad‐leaf Desert greggii var. n + photos loose rock deeply except that the spread of the root systems underlying rock is weathered and Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Hairy Ceanothus excavatio drawings north side litter, humus weathered had prominent tap roots and many well‐ Chaparral shrub > 1.83 0.6‐1.8 34.2269 ‐118.1600 762 al., 1955 Bernardino Brown broad‐leaf ceanothus olihgaitlis n + photos of rounded (0.08‐0.15m) on Wilson diorite branched but relatively short laterals… The Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Tie evergreen Birchleaf Cercocarpus excavatio drawings sandy loam, on hard but The root systems were sparsely branched, Chaparral shrub > 1.52 summit 0.6‐1.5 34.3896 ‐118.0816 1513 al., 1955 Bernardino Summit site broad‐leaf mountain‐ betuloides n + photos loose rock deeply widely spreading, and confined mainly to Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Bush Diplacus excavatio drawings steep east‐ coarse, loose Lowe The much‐branched, shallow fibrous root Chaparral subshrub > 0.76 >4 34.2726 ‐118.1864 1097 al., 1955 Bernardino George's Gap broad‐leaf monkeyflow longiflorus n + photos facing slope gravel granodiorite system of this subshrub extended Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Thickleaf Eriodictyon excavatio drawings steep east‐ coarse, loose Lowe The only specimen of this subshrub Chaparral subshrub > 1.37 >4 34.2726 ‐118.1864 1097 al., 1955 Bernardino George's Gap broad‐leaf yerbasanta crassifolium n + photos facing slope gravel granodiorite excavated was growing in deep gravel at Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen California Eriogonum excavatio drawings steep east‐ coarse, loose Lowe In the deep soil at the George's Gap site, Chaparral subshrub > 1.22 >4 34.2726 ‐118.1864 1097 al., 1955 Bernardino George's Gap broad‐leaf buckwheat fasciculatum n + photos facing slope gravel granodiorite the roots penetrated 4 feet and extended Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Summer Lotus excavatio drawings north side litter, humus weathered The 2 plants of deerweed excavated at the Chaparral subshrub Deerweed > 1.13 0.6‐1.8 34.2269 ‐118.1600 762 al., 1955 Bernardino Brown deciduous scoparious n + photos of rounded (0.08‐0.15m) on Wilson diorite Brown Mountain site differed from the Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen excavatio drawings steep east‐ coarse, loose Lowe The single specimen of this sub‐shrub Chaparral subshrub White sage Salvia apiana > 1.52 >4 34.2726 ‐118.1864 1097 al., 1955 Bernardino George's Gap broad‐leaf n + photos facing slope gravel granodiorite studied had developed a shallow root Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ evergreen Salvia excavatio drawings clay loam, on The root system of this subshrub closely Chaparral subshrub Black sage > 0.61 old terrace hardpan 1‐1.5 34.2341 ‐117.7312 762 al., 1955 Bernardino San Dimas broad‐leaf mellifera n + photos hardpan, cracks resembled that of white sage except that Hellmers et San Gabrial / hydraulic ‐ Chaparral Yucca excavatio drawings loose coarse Lowe This species had a spreading fibrous root Chaparral perennial subshrub > 0.76 0.45 34.2249 ‐118.1095 1372 al., 1955 Bernardino Mount Lowe yucca whipplei n + photos sand (0.15m), granodiorit, system with most roots concentrated in Hendrick & N. lower temperate southern deciduous sugar and Acer minirhizot Alfic and Typic shallow roots were responsible for the southern site has dimorphic root tree > 1.0 yes 850 43.6667 ‐86.1500 264 Pregitzer, peninsula, hardwood forest broad‐leaf red maple, saccharum, rons to Haplorthods on majority of total production and mortality. production all yr except spring Hendrick & N. lower temperate northern deciduous sugar and Acer minirhizot Entic and Typic Nearly half of all roots growing and dying in tree > 1.0 yes 810 44.3833 ‐85.8333 302 Pregitzer, peninsula, hardwood forest broad‐leaf red maple, saccharum, rons to Haplorthods on the 1 ‐m profile occurred in the upper 20 Heyward, east of subtropical typical evergreen longleaf Pinus excavatio drawings deep sand (96‐ Drainage is excessive over most of the mean rooting depth of 6 saplings is tree 4.32 30.4940 ‐86.7071 24 1933 Pensacola, moist forest longleaf pine needle‐leaf pine palustris n + photo 98%) area… The straight downward course of the 1.73m (range: 51‐108"), only one Heyward, east of subtropical typical evergreen longleaf Pinus excavatio drawings deep sand (96‐ taproot, with but minor deviations in mean rooting depth of 6 trees is tree 1.91 30.4984 ‐86.7005 32 1933 Pensacola, moist forest longleaf pine needle‐leaf pine palustris n + photo 98%) direction, is typical for the trees 1.53m, excluding tree X which was Heyward, east of subtropical site poorly evergreen longleaf Pinus excavatio drawings deep sand (96‐ mean rooting depth of 3 trees is tree 0.74 0.71 30.4910 ‐86.7023 13 examined...Perhaps the most striking 1933 Pensacola, moist forest drained by a needle‐leaf pine palustris n + photo 98%) characteristic of hoth the laterals and the 0.63m (range 22‐29"). Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Protea excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, location moved slightly to z=400m; tall shrub >3 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Re‐seeder 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf neriijolia n Aug with quartzite mean of 2 specimens Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, tall shrub Protea repens >3 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Re‐seeder mean of 2 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Leucadendro excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, mid‐high shrub >3.5 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a lignotuber 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf n salignum n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Erica excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, mid‐high shrub 0.40 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Re‐seeder mean of 2 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf plukenetii n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Cliffortia excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, mid‐high shrub 1.50 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Re‐seeder mean of 2 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf ruscifolia n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Otholobium excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, mid‐high shrub 1.50 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a lignotuber 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf fruticans n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, geophyte Aristea major 1.45 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a rhizome mean of 6 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed evergreen Watsonia excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, geophyte 0.40 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a corm mean of 2 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland broad‐leaf pyramidata n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed grass Ischyrolepis excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, perennial 0.20 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a stolen mean of 3 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland (graminoid) gaudichaudia n Aug with quartzite Higgins et al., E of Cape mountain 4m closed grass Terraria excavatio 60% in May‐ loamy sand, perennial 0.88 yes 1700 sandstones ‐33.9479 18.9218 400 Resprouts from a creeping rhizome mean of 4 specimens 1987 Town, South fynbos, shrubland (graminoid) bromoides n Aug with quartzite Hipondoka et Kalahari evergreen black thorn, Acacia Both sites showed a healthy grass cover, The field sites are located in the the north site tree 1.5 soil pits yes 400 deep sand ‐22.3974 21.7208 1088 al., 2003 Sandveld of broad‐leaf … mellifera, with no sign of overgrazing… The root deep Kalahari Sandveld of Hipondoka et Kalahari Botswana. The first site is ~ 80km the north site perennial grass 1.1 soil pits yes 400 deep sand ‐22.3974 21.7208 1088 profiles exhibited more abundant and al., 2003 Sandveld of dominant grass roots in the surface soil, south of Ghanzi. lat‐lon guessed ‐ Hipondoka et Kalahari the south evergreen Kalahari‐ Acacia The second site is located further tree 1.6 soil pits yes 365 deep sand ‐24.0029 21.8617 1123 especially down to 30‐cm depth, even in al., 2003 Sandveld of site broad‐leaf sand Acacia, luederitzii, A. south, near Tshane. lat‐long Hipondoka et Kalahari the south the pits located under the tree canopies… guessed ‐ just outside and north of perennial grass 1 soil pits yes 365 deep sand ‐24.0029 21.8617 1123 al., 2003 Sandveld of site Tree roots are more abundant under tree the town Tshane, at a site with Hironaka Gem County, semi‐arid Bromus growth 3o slope Brent silt loam, site guessed to on a west‐facing slope on annual bunchgrass cheatgrass 0.91 no 381 43.9227 ‐116.4728 792 1961 Idaho pasture tectorum cloth bags facing west developed on an alluvial fan with 792m elevation near crop Hironaka Gem County, semi‐arid medusahea Elymus caput‐ growth 3o slope Brent silt loam, site guessed to on a west‐facing slope on annual bunchgrass 1.02 no 381 43.9227 ‐116.4728 792 1961 Idaho pasture d medusae cloth bags facing west developed on an alluvial fan with 792m elevation near crop Hironaka Gem County, semi‐arid desert Agropyron growth 3o slope Brent silt loam, site guessed to on a west‐facing slope on perennial grass 0.74 no 381 43.9227 ‐116.4728 792 1961 Idaho pasture crested desertorum cloth bags facing west developed on an alluvial fan with 792m elevation near crop Hironaka Gem County, semi‐arid intermediat Agropyron growth 3o slope Brent silt loam, site guessed to on a west‐facing slope on perennial grass 0.81 no 381 43.9227 ‐116.4728 792 1961 Idaho pasture e intermedium cloth bags facing west developed on an alluvial fan with 792m elevation near crop Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Lithraea excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed The deep rooting pattern of L. caustica is root biomass is still increasing with >> 0.6 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs caustica n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous very obvious. Roots with diameters > 2.5 depth at 0.63m Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Cryptocarya excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed Cryptocarya alba is different: Most of the > 0.6 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs alba n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous stronger roots were found in the 20‐40 cm Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Coiliguaya excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed Colliguaya odorifera is shallow rooting with > 0.6 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs odorifera n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous most of the stronger roots growing in the Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Baccharis excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed root biomass is still increasing with >> 0.6 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs rosmarinifolia n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous depth at 0.63m Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Mutisia excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed At 60cm depth further excavation proved 0.2 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs retusa n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous to be nearly impossible; At this depth fine Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Haplopappus excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed roots were rare but considerable numbers 0.4 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs sp. n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous of thicker roots, mostly from Lithraea Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Satureja excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed 0.2 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 caustica, were found penetrating the 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs gilliesii n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous deeper soil layers; approximately five Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Talguenea excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed root biomass is still increasing with >> 0.6 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 times the shoot biomass of Lithraea 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs quinquenerd n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous depth at 0.63m Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed caustica is found below ground; intricate Stachys sp. 0.2 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous meshwork, and grafts were frequently Hoffmann, near Mediterrane evergreen sclerophyllous Trichacereus excavatio 27° NE compact, hard, decomposed 0.3 yes 350 0.63 ‐33.0685 ‐70.9999 1073 observed at crossings not only between 1978 Santiago, an, Chilean broad‐leaf shrubs chiloensis n facing slope clay‐sand‐gravel‐ igneous roots of the same shrub but also between Holdo & North tree savanna upper catena, deciduous Brachystegia excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ There were marked differences in root max rooting depth data from Fig.5. tree Msasa 2.6 drawings 650 on hill top ‐18.6413 27.0328 1065 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical woodland broad‐leaf spiciformis n Nov‐Mar textured profile depth and shape among trees found Only upper and lower catena Holdo & North tree savanna upper catena, deciduous African Guibourtia excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ that trees shift their relative root mass water logging could be a cause of tree 1.7 drawings 650 on hill top ‐18.6413 27.0328 1065 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical woodland broad‐leaf Rosewood, coleosperma n Nov‐Mar textured allocation to deeper soil as a function of shallow rooting in the valleys. Holdo & North tree savanna upper catena, deciduous Mukusi, Baikiaea excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ there was a clear indication of increasing But no groundater measurements tree 2.1 drawings 650 on hill top ‐18.6413 27.0328 1065 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical woodland broad‐leaf Rhodesian plurijuga n Nov‐Mar textured species richness and basal area up the are taken Holdo & North tree savanna lower catena, deciduous Burkea excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ maximum tree size increased up the locations are easily found on GE to shrub Wild syringa 0.9 drawings 650 lower slope ‐18.6434 27.0336 1050 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical low shrubs broad‐leaf africana n Nov‐Mar textured catena… a sequence of species match the right elevation at end Holdo & North tree savanna lower catena, deciduous Ochna excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ this is a great study on vegetation‐ shrub Lekkerbreek 1.25 drawings 650 lower slope ‐18.6434 27.0336 1050 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical low shrubs broad‐leaf pulchra n Nov‐Mar textured catena relations Holdo & North tree savanna lower catena, deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio falls mostly in deep, medium‐ shrub 1.2 drawings 650 lower slope ‐18.6434 27.0336 1050 Timberlake, province, W / subtropical low shrubs broad‐leaf leaf or silver sericea n Nov‐Mar textured near Banf, mountain Coarser soils, evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio lower loamy fine It shows that deep penetration is not Deepest roots of mature trees are Horton, 1958 tree 3.51 drawings 3.51 51.0211 ‐115.0710 1486 Canadian forest Tree 10 needle‐leaf pine contorta n foothills (at sand/gravel/clay essential for fair height growth. Its lateral reported here in this soil group near Banf, mountain Finer soils, evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio lower loam/clay/clay Tree 19 had a secondary set of lateral roots Deepest roots of mature trees are Horton, 1958 tree 1.52 drawings 1.52 51.0277 ‐115.0377 1411 Canadian forest Tree 19 needle‐leaf pine contorta n foothils loam/stony clay in the finer stratum at the two‐foot level reported here in this soil group near Banf, mountain Peat soils, evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio peat/boulder Soil water for Tree 25 is stagnant (a half‐ Tree 25 is chosen (285yrs old), Horton, 1958 tree 0.70 drawings half bog 0.46 50.9940 ‐115.0765 1385 Canadian forest Tree 25 needle‐leaf pine contorta n pavement/clay/ bog). Rooting is definitely restricted by the oldest in this soil group. Water Hosegood & north of evergreen Sydney blue Eucalyptus loam, deep, free‐ All compartments were situated on the Sampling stopped at 15' depth but plantation tree 6.10 soil coring yes volcanic 5 ‐1.2187 36.6436 2073 Howland, Nairobi, broad‐leaf gum saligna draining latosol same slope and subjected to the same soil significant root mass suggests Hosegood & north of evergreen Mexican loam, deep, free‐ The soil profile was capable of being fully The location guessed by selecting a plantation tree Pinus patula 6.10 soil coring yes volcanic 5 ‐1.2187 36.6436 2073 Howland, Nairobi, needle‐leaf weeping draining latosol exploited by the roots, although immature point closest to the 1S, 37E lat‐lon, Hosegood & north of evergreen Mexican Cupressus loam, deep, free‐ full root penetration in depth was achieved but at right elevation (2073m, or plantation tree 7.62 soil coring yes volcanic 5 ‐1.2187 36.6436 2073 Howland, Nairobi, needle‐leaf cypress benthamii draining latosol by all species regardless of the marked 6800ft) to the NE, at a place that Hosegood & north of evergreen Mexican Cupressus loam, deep, free‐ plantation tree 7.62 soil coring yes volcanic 5 ‐1.2187 36.6436 2073 looked like tree plantations NW of Howland, Nairobi, needle‐leaf White Cedar lusitanica draining latosol Muguga Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree deciduous Prunus exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt the plum has 2 root systems, a swell Author: after mid monsson, a Howard, 1925 tree plum 4.90 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf persica by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ developed superficial system in the surface colloidal condition of the soil Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree deciduous Prunus exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt the distribution of superficial and deep root Howard, 1925 tree peach 4.70 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 develops; the pore spaces near the India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf communis by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ systems, and the periodicity of root activity surface become water‐logged and surface become water logged and Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree deciduous custard Anona exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt the root system of custard apple is very Howard, 1925 tree 4.29 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 percolation stops; the plants soon India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf apple squamosa by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ similar to that of plum and peach; in the 12 Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree evergreen Mangifera exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt root distribution and periodicity of root respond to the altered soil Howard, 1925 tree mango 4.70 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf indica by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ activities of this evergreen resemble those conditions; the absorbing roots in Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree evergreen Psidium exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt there is an abundant superficial system, the lower layers die; the soil acts as Howard, 1925 tree Guava 4.40 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf gurava by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ which gives off numerous branches, which vast reservoir of water and make Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree evergreen Nephelium exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt mostly like the others, but the deep root Howard, 1925 tree Litchi 3.80 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 up for the uneven rain; trees burst India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf litchi by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ system is less strongly developed; Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree evergreen exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt similar to litchi, but deep roots are even into activity in Mar‐May, hot and Howard, 1925 tree sour lime Citrus medica 2.00 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ less developed; strong aversion to clay; the dry part of the year, perhaps the Pusa, N Bihar, orchards and tree evergreen Eriobotrya exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt the two root system and perodicity is most striking feature of vegetation Howard, 1925 tree Loquat 4.90 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5 orchards 25.9837 85.6804 58 India, on the rice fields experiment broad‐leaf japanica by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ similar to mango; roots found 1 feet below in this area; when grass is planted Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical deciduous Indian Dalbergia exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt two kinds of roots occurred ‐ a well‐ an forest in Pusa Research Howard, 1925 forest site tree 4.50 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9886 85.6879 59 India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf Rosewood sissoo by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ developed surface system which was then Institute, N Bihar, India is chosen Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical deciduous Indian Phyllanthus exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt all the forest trees are similar to the fruit Howard, 1925 forest site tree 5.80 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9886 85.6879 59 India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf gooseberry emblica by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ trees with 2 root systems; the deep root Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical evergreen Tree Millingtonia exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt best example of tree repairing deep roots Howard, 1925 forest site tree 5.20 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9886 85.6879 59 India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf Jasmine, hortensis by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ damaged by the continued rise of water Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical deciduous Melia exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt the deep roots of this tree differs from Howard, 1925 forest site tree Indian lilac 4.00 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9886 85.6879 59 India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf azadirachta by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ others ‐ they do not grow vertically dwon Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical evergreen Indian Ficus exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt Howard, 1925 forest site tree 4.90 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9851 85.6912 59 deep root repair observed India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf banyan, benghalensis by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical semi‐ Ficus exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt Howard, 1925 forest site tree sacred fig 5.80 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9851 85.6912 59 deep root repair observed India, on the monsoon evergreen, religiosa by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical deciduous Tectona exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt Howard, 1925 forest site tree teak 4.00 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9851 85.6912 59 deep root repair observed India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf grandis by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ Pusa, N Bihar, subtropical deciduous Flame of the Butea exposure descriptiv mostly in Jun‐ ridges, on calcareous silt Howard, 1925 forest site tree 5.20 1207 1.1 ‐ 6.1 5.2 25.9851 85.6912 59 deep root repair observed India, on the monsoon broad‐leaf Forest, frondosa by e, with Oct monsoon old alluvium loam, 75% sand‐ Hubble et al., SW Western Mediterrane evergreen Eucalyptus exposure We present our own evidence of Karri location of Jewel cave found on Jewel cave tree Karri >20 no ‐34.2739 115.0985 80 2010 Australia, an wood land broad‐leaf diversicolour in cave roots (Eucalyptus diversicolour) presenting GoogleEarth Hubble et al., Victoria, subtropical Goulburn evergreen River Red Eucalyptus exposure the Australian River Red Gum E. tree >7 no river bank 8.0 ‐ 9.0 ‐37.0306 145.1330 150 2010 Australia dry forest River broad‐leaf Gum camuldulensi by bank camuldulensis which is common to Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side The soil was wetted at least down to the Hulbert, 1955 winter annual bunchgrass cheatgrass 2.00 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 Perce County, thrub‐steppe tectorum LiCl tracer, winter of caliche layer during the winter; The long Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side roots were found to be so nearly straight Hulbert, 1955 winter annual bunchgrass field brome 1.50 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 location guessed to be on the south‐ Perce County, thrub‐steppe japanicus LiCl tracer, winter of and vertical; Roots were found to be very facing side of the river, 4 mi N of Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid annual / meadow Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side abundant in the top 2 to 3 din of soil, Hulbert, 1955 grass 1.50 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 Lewiston, near an old highway by Perce County, thrub‐steppe biennial brome commutatus LiCl tracer, winter of becoming gradually sparser in the deeper Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid annual / poverty Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side farm fields at 350m elevation; hint Hulbert, 1955 grass 1.50 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 layers. B. japonicus had a greater Perce County, thrub‐steppe biennial brome sterilis LiCl tracer, winter of on wetting depth to be the depth Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid rattlesnake Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side proportion of roots at the 8‐14 dm depths Hulbert, 1955 annual grass 1.50 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 of caliché Perce County, thrub‐steppe brome brizaeformis LiCl tracer, winter of than the others; Judging by the results of Lewiston, Nez semi‐arid Bromus soil pits, mostly in S‐facing side Hulbert, 1955 annual grass bald brome 1.50 yes 381 sand/silt loam caliche 1.5 46.4378 ‐117.0053 350 the first method, it is believed that all these Perce County, thrub‐steppe racemosus LiCl tracer, winter of data from the lithium method are less than Imai et al., Sabah, lowland Deramakot evergreen Dipterocarp soil pits no mean of 3 Acrisols poor in Tertiary We excavated three soil pits down to 1 m max rooting depth extrapolated tree 1.10 yes 3500 5.3667 117.4167 156 2010 Malaysian tropical rain Forest broad‐leaf spp. and core pronounced positions nutrients, well sedimentary deep under closed canopy at each of the from 1m profile Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and District Park evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured tree live oak 5.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.2137 ‐97.8630 241 Lat‐lon given in Table‐1, but the 1999 Edwards woodland Cave broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous values seem off, with 141' and 85" Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Seven Room deciduous Texas Cedar Ulmus cave shallow, fractured tree 5.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.6707 ‐97.6907 232 etc. ..emailed author but did not 1999 Edwards woodland Cave broad‐leaf Elm crassifolia exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Pearson's Lost deciduous Sugar Celtis cave shallow, fractured receive response... assuming that tree 6.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0443 ‐98.4895 414 1999 Edwards woodland Cave broad‐leaf Hackberry laevigata exposure calcareou Cretaceous the strange minute and second Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Pearson's Lost evergreen Ashe cave shallow, fractured values are simply decimal minutes, tree Juniper ashei 6.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0443 ‐98.4895 414 1999 Edwards woodland Cave needle‐leaf Juniper exposure calcareou Cretaceous lat‐lon thus obtained...but they are Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured Spyglass Cave tree live oak 6.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.2567 ‐97.7910 174 highly questionable...some in the 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Ashe cave shallow, fractured middle of cities/towns... elevation Cotterell Cave tree Juniper ashei 7.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.3693 ‐97.7632 269 1999 Edwards woodland needle‐leaf Juniper exposure calcareou Cretaceous from Google... Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and deciduous Quercus cave shallow, fractured Cotterell Cave tree Durand oak 7.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.3693 ‐97.7632 269 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf sinuata exposure calcareou Cretaceous A case of roots penetrating deep Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and deciduous Texas Cedar Ulmus cave shallow, fractured through fractured limestone Mystery Hole tree 7.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0298 ‐98.5063 424 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf Elm crassifolia exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and deciduous Texas Cedar Ulmus cave shallow, fractured Sour Cave tree 7.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0393 ‐98.4800 409 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf Elm americana exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Ashe cave shallow, fractured Sour Cave tree Juniper ashei 7.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0393 ‐98.4800 409 1999 Edwards woodland needle‐leaf Juniper exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Thurtle Shell evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured tree live oak 8.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0422 ‐98.4805 403 1999 Edwards woodland Cave broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Cave of Many deciduous Texas Cedar Ulmus cave shallow, fractured tree 9.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0420 ‐98.5052 428 1999 Edwards woodland Names broad‐leaf Elm crassifolia exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Natural evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured tree live oak 9.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 29.6920 ‐98.3417 316 1999 Edwards woodland Bridge (south) broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured Sweet Cave tree live oak 11.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0395 ‐98.4808 410 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured Cicurina Cave tree live oak 14.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 31.0472 ‐98.5042 404 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured Powell's Cave tree live oak 18.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 30.9282 ‐99.9155 627 1999 Edwards woodland broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., Cent‐Eastern savanna and Honey Creek evergreen Quercus cave shallow, fractured tree live oak 22.00 no 600‐800 <0.2 29.8353 ‐98.5192 403 1999 Edwards woodland Cave broad‐leaf fusiformis exposure calcareou Cretaceous Jackson et al., savanna and Bouteloua Each site contained adjacent grassland and All depth given contains 95% roots, Jornada, NM grass patch perennial grass Black Grama 1.70 soil coring yes 230 32.4966 ‐106.7848 1376 2002 woodland eriopoda shrub/woodland communities where not max Jackson et al., savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, management practices have contributed to LTER site, lat‐lon given in 0.1 Jornada, NM woody stand tree 5.40 soil coring yes 230 32.4965 ‐106.7847 1376 2002 woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, woody plant expansion into native degree, points chosen across Jackson et al., savanna and Bouteloua Rooting depths, nematode distributions, LTER site, lat‐lon given in 0.1 Sevilleta, NM grass patch perennial grass Black Grama 0.60 soil coring yes 277 34.2694 ‐106.7383 1582 2002 woodland eriopoda and the integrated depth of soil cation degree, points chosen across Jackson et al., savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, uptake all changed substantially with LTER site, lat‐lon given in 0.1 Sevilleta, NM woody stand tree 2.00 soil coring yes 277 34.2694 ‐106.7383 1583 2002 woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, woody plant invasion (Table 1). Mean 95% degree, points chosen across Jackson et al., Central Plains savanna and Bouteloua CPER=Central Plains Experimental grass patch perennial grass Blue grama 0.90 soil coring yes 322 40.8853 ‐104.6948 1669 rooting depths were 2m deeper on average 2002 Experimental woodland gracilis for the woody vegetation at the six paired Range, Shortgrass Steppe LTER Jackson et al., Central Plains savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, Along the precipitation gradient, woody CPER=Central Plains Experimental woody stand tree 4.00 soil coring yes 322 40.8852 ‐104.6948 1669 2002 Experimental woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, plant invasion increased contents of SOC Range, Shortgrass Steppe LTER Jackson et al., savanna and feather and soil organic nitrogen (SON) at the drier The 200,000‐ha Waggoner ranch is Vernon, TX grass patch perennial grass Stipa sp. 0.90 soil coring yes 660 33.8993 ‐99.3993 376 2002 woodland grass, sites, and decreased them at the wetter the long‐term research site for the Jackson et al., savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, The 200,000‐ha Waggoner ranch is Vernon, TX woody stand tree 5.80 soil coring yes 660 33.9005 ‐99.3984 374 2002 woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, the long‐term research site for the Jackson et al., savanna and little Schizachyriu The Riesel site maintained by the Riesel, TX grass patch perennial grass 0.80 soil coring yes 840 31.4995 ‐96.6010 146 2002 woodland bluestem m scoparium USDA/ Agriculture Research Jackson et al., savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, The Riesel site maintained by the Riesel, TX woody stand tree 2.80 soil coring yes 840 31.4997 ‐96.6008 146 2002 woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, USDA/ Agriculture Research Jackson et al., savanna and beard grass, Andropogon Only Engeling showed no evidence of The Gus Engeling Wildlife Engeling, TX grass patch perennial grass 3.30 soil coring yes 1070 31.9001 ‐95.8994 109 2002 woodland bluestem sp. increased rooting depths with woody plant Management Area operated by the Jackson et al., savanna and evergreen mesquite, Prosopis, Relatively wet grasslands are often highly The Gus Engeling Wildlife Engeling, TX woody stand tree 2.50 soil coring yes 1070 31.8999 ‐95.9001 107 2002 woodland broad‐leaf creosote, Larrea, productive, allocating a large proportion of Management Area operated by the Jaramello et Tuxtlas, SE tropical Primary evergreen Nectandra soil pits Mar‐May < well‐drained, undisturbe conducted in the Los Tuxtlas Region in the extrapolated below 1m by plotting tree 2.00 yes > 4000 18.5833 ‐95.0833 333 al., 2003 Mexico rainforest Forests (3 broad‐leaf ambigens, and coring 150mm/mon coarse‐textured d state of Veracruz, Mexico, within the the mean distribution in Table‐4; Jaramello et Tuxtlas, SE tropical Secondary evergreen Panicum soil pits Mar‐May < well‐drained, recovering All root size classes were present the plot locations are not given so tree 1.10 yes > 4000 18.5488 ‐95.0546 78 al., 2003 Mexico rainforest Forests (8, 20, broad‐leaf maximum, and coring 150mm/mon coarse‐textured forest after throughout the profile but some of them the mean of 3 plots are used to Jaramello et Tuxtlas, SE tropical Pastures (12, Paspalum soil pits Mar‐May < well‐drained, pasture In three microplots in pasture, we only perennial grass 0.90 yes > 4000 18.5408 ‐95.1036 613 represesnt rooting depth at 3 sites al., 2003 Mexico rainforest 20, 28yr) conjugatum, and coring 150mm/mon coarse‐textured after clear sampled to a depth of 80 cm because of found on GoogleEarth matching the Jennings, Phuduhudu, Borehole No. evergreen Motlopi or Boscia deep well deep sandy In 1958 the writer retrieved living rootlets no borehole lat‐lon given. The lat‐ tree 68 ‐ 141 no 141 calcrete ‐23.9500 22.9712 1118 1974 cen. Kalahari, 1028 broad‐leaf Shepherd's albitrunca bores soils, finer in from an unused borehole (No. 1028) at lon of Phuduhudu is entered here Jennings, near Werda, Borehole No. evergreen Motlopi or Boscia deep well deep sandy The writer has also recovered tree roots lat‐lon of Werda, in southern tree 30 ‐ 78.6 no 97.5 calcrete ‐25.2608 23.3172 1031 1974 S. Kalahari 1197 broad‐leaf Shepherd's albitrunca bores soils, finer in from a borehole at Eersterus (No. 1197), Kalahari, is entered here; Jimenez et al., Colombian tropical Amacayacu evergreen Terra firme ingrowth clay loam / the terrain is slightly undulated and tree 0.5 no 3335 2 ‐3.7200 ‐70.3100 105 Did not mention how the max 2009 Amazon rainforest National broad‐leaf species + Endostagnic uniform, with soils moderately deep, well depths are obtained but given in Jimenez et al., Colombian tropical Amacayacu evergreen Terra firme ingrowth clay loam / the clay loam soil forest, with less tree 0.5 no 3335 2 ‐3.7200 ‐70.3000 110 Table‐1. Fine roots data are 2009 Amazon rainforest National broad‐leaf species + Endostagnic limitation in soil resources, showed a lower Jimenez et al., Colombian tropical Biological evergreen Caatinga ingrowth loamy sand / obtained from ingrow cores tree 1 no 3335 2 ‐4.0100 ‐69.9100 130 2009 Amazon rainforest Station Zafire, broad‐leaf species + Orteinic Podzol inserted to 20cm depth only… Jipp et al, Paragominas, tropical matual forest evergreen 171 species Leguminosae, deep soil upper slope clay (Latosol), ironstone The maximum depth of rooting in this authors: "the water table is more tree >18 yes 1803 6 2400 5.0‐12.0 natural ‐2.9176 ‐47.3564 133 1998 Para, NE rainforest site broad‐leaf in 5ha Sapotaceae, shaft of terrace on ironstone, (plinthite) forest has not yet been determined, but than 40m below the surface Jipp et al, Paragominas, tropical Guinea Panicum deep soil upper slope clay (Latosol), ironstone deforested, The pastures that are replacing mature soil water at 8m depth lags rainfall pasture site perennial grass 6 yes 1803 6 2400 5.0‐12.0 ‐2.9271 ‐47.3500 125 1998 Para, NE rainforest grass, maximum, shaft of terrace on ironstone, (plinthite) regularly forest in eastern Amazonia appear to be by 1mon in dry soil to 3mon in wet Jobbagy & Pampas, temperate evergreen River Red Eucalyptus The deepest tree roots in the plantation plantation tree 5.70 soil coring no 980 upland 5.8 silty loam plantation ‐36.0333 ‐57.8383 30 Jackson, 2004 Argentina steppe broad‐leaf Gum camaldulensi were found at 5–6m depth, coincident with Jobbagy & Pampas, temperate native typical the upper boundary of a fully reduced perennial grass 1.70 soil coring no 980 lower 1.7 silty loam ‐36.0308 ‐57.8363 10 Jackson, 2004 Argentina steppe grassland composition (gley) sediment layer of blue‐greenish color Jobbagy et al., Central semi‐ Prosopis O and H low less than 0.1 based on isotopic evidence, assumed to be desert (oasis) A tree algarrobo 7.70 no 156 9 9.5 sandy ‐32.3685 ‐68.0358 553 2011 Monte, evergreen flexuosa isotopes interdune m at least top of the capillary zone Jobbagy et al., Central semi‐ Prosopis O and H (extremely) less than 0.1 based on isotopic evidence, assumed to be desert (oasis) B tree algarrobo 5.00 no 156 9 6.8 sandy ‐32.4267 ‐68.0118 559 2011 Monte, evergreen flexuosa isotopes low m at least top of the capillary zone Jobbagy et al., Central semi‐ Prosopis O and H low less than 0.1 based on isotopic evidence, assumed to be desert (oasis) C tree algarrobo 5.30 no 156 9 7.1 sandy ‐32.3955 ‐68.0366 554 2011 Monte, evergreen flexuosa isotopes interdune m at least top of the capillary zone Johnson et al., outside seasonal‐dry Parque evergreen Hoopvine, Trichostigma Jan‐Apr Ancon clay with Deeper coring revealed that the deeper Reported waterlogging at 60cm liana 0.60 soil coring no 1800 0.6 8.9856 ‐79.5469 27 2013 Panama, tropical Natural broad‐leaf black basket octandrum (150mm) ≥ 25% clay and ≥ layers, consisting of water‐logged, very fine‐ interpretated to represent Johnson et al., outside seasonal‐dry Parque evergreen wild cashew Anacardium Jan‐Apr Ancon clay with grained soil, were almost completely Here is a case that the shallow‐ host tree 0.60 soil coring no 1800 0.6 8.9856 ‐79.5469 27 2013 Panama, tropical Natural broad‐leaf or espavé excelsum (150mm) ≥ 25% clay and ≥ devoid of roots at a depth of 60 cm, so we rooting, likely due to water‐logging, Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ mountain Antennaria excavatio A minimum of twenty plants of each GE zoom‐in is messed up here, tundra perennial forb 0.095 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland intermediate everlasting, dioica n species was carefully excavated to retain as preventing seeing the polygons of 3‐ Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ alpine excavatio tundra perennial forb Bartsia alpina 0.016 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland intermediate bartsia, n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ grass Lappland Calamagrosti excavatio The samples from stable ground were tundra perennial 0.033 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland stable site (rhizomatous) reedgrass s lapponica n collected from tundra areas with Betula Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ hair‐like Carex excavatio The samples from disturbed ground at tundra perennial grass 0.029 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved sedge capillaris n Kamasjaure were collected on systems of Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ forb (forming moss bell Cassiope excavatio Only one of the species, Cassiope tundra perennial 0.090 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland intermediate moss‐like heather hypnoides n hypnoides, had a vertical tap root Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ Arctic bell‐ Cassiope excavatio The roots of dwarf shrubs were shorter and tundra evergreen drawrf shrub 0.013 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland intermediate heather, tetragona n more horizontal than those of the other life Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ excavatio tundra perennial tufted grass Hard Fescue Festuca ovina 0.034 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland stable site n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ excavatio tundra perennial tufted grass Hard Fescue Festuca ovina 0.039 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ northern Lycopodium excavatio tundra perennial forb 0.023 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved firmoss, fir selago n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ Lapland Pedicularis excavatio tundra perennial forb 0.011 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland stable site lousewort lapponica n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ blue heath, Phyllodoce excavatio tundra evergreen drawrf shrub 0.029 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland intermediate purple coerulea n Jonasson & Sweedish Abisko ‐ forb alpine Polygonum excavatio Sampling at Abisko took place on stable site moved slightly to non‐forest tundra perennial 0.021 no permofrost 68.3486 18.8083 385 Callaghan, Lapland stable site (rhizomatous) bistort viviparum n ground with graminoids, mostly Carex areas with z=385m Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ alpine Polygonum excavatio tundra perennial forb 0.015 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved bistort viviparum n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ deciduous shrub net‐leaved Salix excavatio tundra 0.018 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved broad‐leaf (prostrate, willow, reticulata n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ forb European Solidago excavatio tundra perennial 0.046 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Solidago virgaurea had the thickest roots Callaghan, Lapland stable site (rhizomatous) goldenrod, virgaurea n Jonasson & Sweedish Abisko ‐ Scottish Tofieldia excavatio tundra perennial forb 0.015 no permofrost 68.3486 18.8083 385 Callaghan, Lapland stable site asphodel, pusilla n Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ Scottish Tofieldia excavatio Tofieldia pusilla differed from the other tundra perennial forb 0.019 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland frost heaved asphodel, pusilla n species studied by having curled roots, Jonasson & Sweedish Kamasjaure ‐ deciduous common Vaccinium excavatio tundra shrub 0.007 no permofrost 68.5000 20.2500 640 Callaghan, Lapland stable site broad‐leaf bilberry, myrtillus n Jones et al., Monroe swamp N and S site mixed broad‐ Magnolia 50cm soil periodically When averaged over 19 mo and all sites, location very vague (county); no tree 0.50 yes 608 ‐ 1189 0 ‐ 0.35 0.2 31.5586 ‐87.4895 11 1996 county, SW forest data lumped and needle‐ virginiana, cores flooded live‐root mass was greater on higher info on soil properties Morogoro, E. subtropical soil coring mostly in Nov‐ near the sandy loams, 2yr old tree; extralopated from fig Jonsson, 1988 farm land annual crop grass maize Zea mays 0.80 yes 870 farm land ‐6.8316 37.6333 496 Tanzania dry forest to 1m May river poor in Org and 1 Morogoro, E. subtropical tree evergreen Cassia soil coring mostly in Nov‐ near the sandy loams, tree 2yr old tree; extralopated from fig Jonsson, 1988 legume tree kassod tree 0.90 yes 870 ‐6.8376 37.6308 498 Tanzania dry forest plantation broad‐leaf siamea to 1m May river poor in Org and plantation 1 Morogoro, E. subtropical tree evergreen Forest Red Eucalyptus soil coring mostly in Nov‐ near the sandy loams, tree 2yr old tree; extralopated from fig Jonsson, 1988 tree 1.40 yes 870 ‐6.8376 37.6276 498 Tanzania dry forest plantation broad‐leaf Gum tereticornis to 1m May river poor in Org and plantation 1; E. camoldulensis data not Morogoro, E. subtropical tree evergreen white Leucaena soil coring mostly in Nov‐ near the sandy loams, tree 6yr old tree; extralopated from fig Jonsson, 1988 legume tree 1.50 yes 870 ‐6.8418 37.6297 502 Tanzania dry forest plantation broad‐leaf leadtree leucocephala to 1m May river poor in Org and plantation 1 Morogoro, E. subtropical tree deciduous to chilean Prosopis soil coring mostly in Nov‐ near the sandy loams, tree 2yr old tree; extralopated from fig Jonsson, 1988 legume tree 1.00 yes 870 ‐6.8437 37.6301 504 Tanzania dry forest plantation semi‐ mesquite chilensis to 1m May river poor in Org and plantation 1 Joslin et al., temperate west ORR deciduous white oak, Quercus alba soil coring All sites are upland‐oak forests; Cores were sites roughly located based on the Oak Ridge, TN tree > 0.9 yes 1358 upland 35.9150 ‐84.3902 303 2006 broad‐leaf sites broard‐leaf chestnut L.. Q. prinus to 0.9m divided into four mineral soil‐depth EOS article by Trumbore et al., Joslin et al., temperate deciduous white oak, Quercus alba soil coring intervals (0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90 cm); 2002; coring seems to encounter Oak Ridge, TN east ORR sites tree > 0.9 yes 1358 upland 35.9875 ‐84.2854 300 2006 broad‐leaf broard‐leaf chestnut L.. Q. prinus to 0.9m Averaging across all sites, approx. 50% of andbestoppedatrockymaterial; Kalisz et al., Cumberland temperate beech‐ deciduous beech, Fagus yes, fine evenly well‐drained interbed Root abundance (LA; length per unit The max root depths are not tree 1.35 soil pits 1170 1.5 37.4500 ‐83.1333 415 1987 Plateau, E. mixed forest dominated broard‐leaf hickory, oak, grandifolia, vs. coarse distributed stony sandy sandstone, ground surface area) increased along the different among mesic, transitional, Central temperate evergreen common Juniperus excavatio SE facing In sandy soils, the 94yr old juniper develops The great asynmetry toward Karasz, 1996 7 tree 0.98 drawing 550 sand 46.8444 19.1626 94 Hungary, mixed forest needle‐leaf juniper communis L. n sandy slope a shallow, extensive root system. About downhill is remarkable, explaining Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, tugai ravennagras Erianthus soil riparian Graminaceous Tugai plants, such as This is about the tugai vegetation dry steppe perennial grass 1.25 drawing 37.2453 68.3834 325 Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association s, elephant ravennae monolith zone Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. and association. Tugay, also spelt tugai, Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, tugai wild Saccharum soil riparian Graminaceous Tugai plants, such as is a form of riparian forest or dry steppe perennial grass 1.0 ‐ 1.5 no 37.2211 68.3036 325 Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association sugarcane, spontaneum monolith zone Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. and woodland associated with fluvial Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, halophyte Halostachus soil Annual halophytes develop a tap root dry steppe perennial shrub 2.40 drawing on salt flat 37.2120 68.5235 325 from Fig.1B Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association caesia monolith which does not penetrate deeper than 1 5‐ Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, tugai deciduous Populus soil riparian Trees, such as Populus pruinosa Schrenk too bad there is no water table dry steppe tree 4.0 ‐ 6.0 no 37.2618 68.3643 330 Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association broard‐leaf pruinosa monolith zone and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Tugai data ‐ it is likely that what the Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, tugai deciduous or silver berry, Elaeagnus soil riparian indicators) are deeply rooted ( 4‐6 m) and authors meant by "soil water" is dry steppe small tree 4.0 ‐ 6.0 no 37.2826 68.4280 330 Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association evergreen oleaster, angustifolia monolith zone have extremely ramified tap root systems. groundwater Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, evergreen Juniperus soil higher slope Their tap roots, which reach very dry soil or dry steppe forests tree juniper 4.00 no 4 37.1699 68.2879 338 Molotkovski, W Tajikistan needle‐leaf spp. monolith with the mother rock at a depth of 4 m, do not Karimov & Pamiro‐Alay, semi savanna Rheum soil away from A strong root system is developed by many dry steppe perennial forb 0.62 drawing 37.2234 68.2853 395 Fig. !C Molotkovski, W Tajikistan association maximoviczii monolith riparian of these plant species, in which organic Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sago palm, Cycas excavatio 32yr old 1.5m tall; roots flatten out small shrub 1.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf king sago, revoluta n on top of C horizon horizontally Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate deciduous ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba excavatio 40yr old 14m tall; deep roots tree 2.50 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf broard‐leaf ginkgo tree, Linn. n vertical in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen kaya, Torreya excavatio 14yr old 9m tall; deep roots vertical tree 2.00 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Japanese nucifera Sieb. n in B horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Taxus excavatio 50yr old 11m tall; deep roots tree 2.00 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf yew, cuspidata n vertical in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Taxus excavatio 30yr old 3m tall; end roots vertical small tree 1.20 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf yew, cuspidata n in B Hhorizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen English yew, Taxus excavatio 50yr old 9m tall; end roots vertical tree 1.60 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf European baccata Linn. n into C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen yew plum Podocarpus excavatio 40yr old 9m tall; end roots vertical tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, macrophyllus n into C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Asian Podocarpus excavatio location estimated; 50yr old 15m Kagoshima tree 2.50 drawing loam 31.5980 130.5506 91 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf bayberry nagi Zoll. et n tall; end roots vertical in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen monkey Araucaria excavatio 35yr old 4m tall; shallow lateral tree 0.60 drawing sandy soil 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf puzzle tree, araucana K. n roots, all in A horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate Ogasawara evergreen hoop pine, Araucaria excavatio sandy loam to location estimated; 50yr old 16m tree 3.20 drawing 27.0702 142.2163 237 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf National Park needle‐leaf colonial cunninghamii n sand tall; very deep, strong single tap Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Abies excavatio 50yr old 13m tall; end roots vertical tree Nikko fir 1.80 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf homolepis n into C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Abies firma excavatio sand loam to 36yr old 14m tall; several deep tap tree momi fir 3.30 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Sieb. et Zucc. n humus loam roots with fine branches near end Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Abies excavatio location estimated; 60yr old 14m Asahikawa tree Sakhalin fir 1.70 drawing loam 43.7521 142.3496 120 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf sachalinensis n tall; end roots vertical ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Abies mariesii excavatio location estimated; 40yr old 10m Hachimantai tree Maries' fir 1.40 drawing sandy loam 39.9430 141.0857 285 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Mast. n tall; end roots vertica into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Veitch's fir, Abies veitchii excavatio on steep shallow sandy location estimated; 80yr old 17m Mt. Fuji tree 1.50 drawing volcanic 35.3715 138.6965 2164 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Veitch's Lindl. n slope loam on volcanic tall; end roots vetical into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Veitch's fir, Abies veitchii excavatio on steep shallow sandy location estimated; 80yr old 19m Mt. Fuji tree 1.20 drawing volcanic 35.3715 138.6965 2164 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Veitch's Lindl. n slope loam on volcanic tall; end roots vetical into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Veitch's fir, Abies veitchii excavatio on steep shallow sandy location estimated; 80yr old 17m Mt. Fuji tree 0.60 drawing volcanic 35.3715 138.6965 2164 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Veitch's Lindl. n slope loam on volcanic tall; much smaller and sparser roots Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen southern Tsuga excavatio 63yr old 15m tall; end roots vertical tree 1.90 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Japanese sieboldii Carr. n in B horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen northern Tsuga excavatio 80yr old 16m tall; end roots vertical tree 1.40 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Japanese diversijolia n in C horizaon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Tsuga excavatio 35yr old 8m tall; roots through 2.5 tree 1.40 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf hemlock, canadensis n paleosol sequences, dense fine Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Jezo spruce, Picea excavatio 90yr old 16m tall; extentive shallow tree 1.10 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Yezo spruce, jezoensis var. n roots ending in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Picea excavatio 85yr old 15m tall; extentive shallow tree 0.80 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf bush spruce maximowiczii n roots ending in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Alcock Picea bicolor excavatio 60yr old 14m tall; extentive shallow tree 0.80 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf spruce Mayr (Picea n roots ending in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Koyama's Picea excavatio 70yr old 16m tall; extensive lateral tree 1.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf spruce koyamai n roots; several vertical roots through Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Norway Picea exelsa excavatio 80yr old 16m tall; extentive shallow tree 1.30 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf spruce Link. (Picea n roots penetrating 2 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Norway Picea exelsa excavatio 47yr old 10m tall; several branching tree 2.30 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf spruce Link. n tap roots ending in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Morinda Picea excavatio 60yr old 14m tall; shallow roots all tree 1.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf spruce, smithiana n in A horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate deciduous Japanese Larix excavatio sand loam to 55yr old 19m; large shallow lateral tree 2.30 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf larch, leptolepis n humus loam roots; deep roots vertical into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate deciduous Japanese Larix excavatio sand loam to 30yr old 14m; large shallow lateral tree 1.00 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf larch, leptolepis n humus loam roots ending in A horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Korean red Pinus excavatio 45yr old 14m tall; depp tap roots tree 2.90 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, densiflora n into C horizon ending in fine Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Korean red Pinus excavatio 40yr old 16m tall; two very deep tree 3.50 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, densiflora n tap roots penetrating 3 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Korean red Pinus excavatio 30yr old 2m tall; small shallow tree 0.70 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, densiflora n roots mostly in A, flatten out at B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen black pine, Pinus excavatio 40yr old 15m tall; 2 tap roots tree 2.30 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Japanese thunbergii n branching into C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen black pine, Pinus excavatio 45yr old 16m tall; two very deep tree 3.30 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Japanese thunbergii n tap roots penetrating 3 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen five‐needle Pinus excavatio 50yr old 15m tall; finely branched tree 1.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, pentaphylla n roots ending in B horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen five‐needle Pinus excavatio 30yr old 5m tall; roots penetrating tree 1.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, pentaphylla n 2.5 paleosols with denser roots in A Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus excavatio 60yr old 16m tall; roots penetrating tree Korean pine 2.30 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf koraiensis n 3 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus excavatio 60yr old 15m tall; roots penetrating tree Korean pine 2.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf koraiensis n 3 paleosols, ending in C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Siberian Pinus pumila excavatio 25yr old 2m tall; shallow roots all in shrub 0.50 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf dwarf pine, Regel n A horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus rigidrt excavatio 50yr old 14m tall; evenly fine tree pitch pine 2.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Mill. n branched roots ending in C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus rigidrt excavatio 60yr old 18m tall; deep roots tree pitch pine 3.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Mill. n penetrating 3 paleosols, ending in C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 30yr old 10m tall; many tap roots tree 2.80 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n penetrate nearly 2m into C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 55yr old 19m; large shallow lateral tree 0.90 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n root plate with fine roots going Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 55yr old 16m tall; like above, but tree 1.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n fine roots reached much deeper, Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 55yr old 18m tall; like above, but tree 1.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n one tap penetrated 2.5 paleosol, Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 55yr ??m tall; land steeply sloping, tree 1.20 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n strong tap roots went down, Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen eastern Pinus strobus excavatio 45yr old 15m tall; tap roots ending tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white pine, Linn. n in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Bunge's Pinus excavatio 35yr old 3.5m tall; strong tap roots tree 1.20 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, bungeana n ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio 50yr old 15m tall; many deep tree loblolly pine 2.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Linn. n vertical roots penetrate vertically Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio 40yr old 15m tall; deep tap root tree loblolly pine 3.50 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Linn. n penetrated 3 paleosols into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus taeda excavatio 35yr old 17m tall; miltiple tap roots tree loblolly pine 3.80 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Linn. n penetrated 3 paleosols and 1 whole Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen longleaf Pinus excavatio 50yr old 16m tall; 2 strong tap tree 2.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine palustris Mill. n roots penetrate deep into C, Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen maritime Pinus excavatio 45yr old 15m tall; 2 tap roots tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, cluster pinaster n penetrate nearly 2m deep into C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Bhutan Pinus griffithii excavatio 50yr old 14m tall; shallow lateral tree 1.30 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf pine, blue McCleland n roots with short vertical roots Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Jack pine, Pinus excavatio 40yr old 14m tall; shallow roots on tree 2.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf grey pine, banksiana n sloping soil with a few deeper Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Pinus excavatio 60yr old 14m tall; strong tap root tree Scots pine 2.00 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf sylvestris n ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Luchu pine, Pinus excavatio sandy loam to 25yr old 7m tall; very sparsely tree 3.20 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Okinawa luchuensis n loam branched, tap roots penetrate over Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen deodar Cedrus excavatio 40yr old 14m tall; evenly tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cedar, deodara n distributed roots ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen deodar Cedrus excavatio 16m tall; few tap roots penetrating tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cedar, deodara n and terminating in 3 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Keteleeria excavatio 60yr old 12m tall; numerous strong tree 4.10 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf davidiana n lateral roots bend sharply Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Sciadopitys excavatio 60yr old 8m tall; evenly distributed tree 1.80 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf umbrella‐ verticillata n roots ending in C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Cryptomeria excavatio 50yr old 16m tall; several tap roots tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf sugi pine or japonica D. n ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Cryptomeria excavatio 25yr old; evenly distributed, with tree 1.80 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf sugi pine or japonica D. n many fine roots, few large roots, Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen China‐fir Cunninghami excavatio 40m old 8m tall; even roots, tap tree 1.60 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf (though not a lanceolata n roots ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate Tokyo U deciduous dawn Metasequoia excavatio location estimated; 25yr old 8m tree 2.40 drawing sandy loam 35.7187 139.7452 946 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf learning needle‐leaf redwood glyptostroboi n tall; even roots ending vertically in Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen coastal Sequoia excavatio loam, sandy 50yr old 12m tall; many tap roots tree 2.60 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf redwood, sempervirens n loam ending in C vertically Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate deciduous baldcypress, Taxodium excavatio 40yr old 16m tall; very deep and tree 2.80 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress, distichum n vertical tap roots ending with fine Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Thuja excavatio 40yr old 11m tall; shallow even tree 1.20 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Thuja standishii n roots ending in C Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen northern Thuja excavatio 25yr old 5m tall; shallow roots tree 1.00 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white‐cedar occidentalis n mostly in A, large lateral roots bend Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen northern Thuja excavatio 8m tall; roots penetrating and tree 1.40 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf white‐cedar occidentalis n ending in 2 paleosols, with dense Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Chinese Biota excavatio 45yr old 8m tall; boney roots with small tree 1.40 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf thuja, orientalis n fine roots attached, ending on top Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Chinese Biota excavatio 40yr old 14m tall; roots penetrate 2 small tree 1.10 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf thuja, orientalis n paleosols with dense roots in each Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen false Thujopsis excavatio 60yr old 16m tall; one deep tap tree 1.90 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf arborvitae, dolabrata n root penetrate into rocky saprolite Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Chamaecypar excavatio 65yr old 17m tall; dense fine roots tree 1.50 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress, is obtusa n ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Chamaecypar excavatio 18m tall; dense roots penetrated tree 1.70 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress, is obtusa n 1.5m into rocky saprolite! Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Chamaecypar excavatio 40yr old 15m tall; roots into 2 tree 0.80 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress, is obtusa n paleosols, with dense roots in each Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Japanese Chamaecypar excavatio 40yr old 14m tall; roots into 2 tree 0.90 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress, is obtusa n paleosols, with dense roots in each Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sawara Chamaecypar excavatio 30yr old 3m tall; shallow roots tree 0.50 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress is pisifera var. n ending in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sawara Chamaecypar excavatio 60yr old 15m tall; even and ense tree 1.00 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress is pisifera n roots through 2 paleosols Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sawara Chamaecypar excavatio 30yr old 9m tall; even roots ending tree 1.10 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress is pisifera var. n in B horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sawara Chamaecypar excavatio 40yr old 9m tall; even roots less tree 1.20 drawing humus loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress is pisifera var. n dense, through A,B, and A again Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen sawara Chamaecypar excavatio 25yr old 8m tall; fin roots ending in tree 1.10 drawing loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress is lawsoniana n B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Monterey Cupressus excavatio 70yr old 12m tall; strong vertical tree 1.80 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf cypress macrocarpa n roots reaching top of C horizon Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen shore Juniperus excavatio 35yrs old 0.8m tall; shallow roots shrub 0.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf juniper conferta Parl. n ending in shallow B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Bonin Juniperus excavatio 30yr old 0.6m tall; sparse woody shrub 0.40 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf Islands taxifolia n roots reaching top of B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen needle Juniperus excavatio on a slope location estimated; 35yr old 6m Okayama small tree 0.70 drawing sandy loam 34.6583 133.9476 77 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf juniper utilis Koidz. n with tall; extensive lateral roots in B Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen savin Sabina excavatio location estimated; 70yr old 15m Miura tree 1.80 drawing sandy loam 35.2426 139.6448 89 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf Peninsula needle‐leaf juniper, chinensis n tall; strong roots with fine branches Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen Chinese Juniperus excavatio 10yr old 3.4m; fine even roots small tree 0.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf juniper chinensis var. n ending in B; no large woody roots Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen yan bai (yan Sabina excavatio 60yr old 1.2m; sparse wavey large small tree 0.70 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf juniper) sargentii n woody roots have fine branches; Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen pu di bai Sabina excavatio 30yr old 1.2m; sparse wavey, and shrub 0.60 drawing sandy loam 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf (paving procumbens n mostly lateral large woody roots Karizumi, Nine‐state, temperate evergreen red cedar, Sabina excavatio 30yr old 5m tall; even roots ending tree 1.20 drawing 1979 Hokkaido, broadleaf needle‐leaf eastern virginiana n in B rhizomatous lesser Selaginella excavatio Karrfalt, 1981 New York? perennial 0.01 photos herb clubmoss, selaginoides n Veracruz, seasonal evergreen legume tree, Guanacaste, Eterolobium soil coring nearly all in coastal In the field, total fine root biomass to all location inferred fronm "At the Kellman, 1990 Modern Dune 2.50 yes 1300 dune sand 19.3805 ‐96.3176 22 Mexico (La tropical broad‐leaf, tree, Spanish cyclocarpum, to 2m Jun‐Sept dunes depths sampled was significantly larger in research site a fossil dune has been Veracruz, seasonal Fossil Dune, evergreen legume tree, Guanacaste, Eterolobium soil coring nearly all in coastal dune sand, with the recent sand than in the weathered; Kellman, 1990 1.50 yes 1300 caliche 1.3‐1.8m 19.3395 ‐96.3173 21 Rooting depth from Fig.3 Mexico (La tropical more broad‐leaf, tree, Spanish cyclocarpum, to caliche Jun‐Sept dunes higher clay These data indicate that, in weathered Kenzo et al., Sarawak, secondary Niah Forest evergreen Endospermu excavatio secondary rooting depth of most individuals was less This species is represented at the tree 2.30 no 2800 Sandy loam 3.6506 113.6997 45 2009 Malaysia growth Reserve broad‐leaf m diadenum n growth than 1m (Figure 4e). Only several species Niah forest site, mentioned by Kenzo et al., Sarawak, secondary road side, in evergreen Fagraea excavatio secondary such as Fagraea racemosa and This is a pioneer species, most likely tree 1.20 no 2400 Sandy loam 4.2361 114.0627 60 2009 Malaysia growth Sungai Liku broad‐leaf racemosa n growth Endospermum diadenum showed relatively present at the road side site as Mbeya Peak, Afromontane evergreen umDakane, Apodytes excavatio evenly near Mbeya Gneissic‐derived deep Vertical roots and some rootlets Kerfoot, 1963 Mbeya Peak tree 6.10 no 1651 ‐8.8612 33.4205 2438 SW Tanzania forest broad‐leaf White Pear dimidiata n distributed Peak sandy loam weathered penetrating deep weathered schist and Near Mediterrane site‐3, evergreen Eucalyptus quarry 80% in 5 on a steep gravely sand laterite The results indicate that jarrah has a dense The best illustration of dimorphic Kimber, 1974 tree jarrah 14.90 yes 1000 15 1.2‐2.5m ‐32.3511 116.0485 215 Jarrahdale, W an dry forest Jarrahdale broad‐leaf marginata wall winter mon slope, (1.2m), laterite (‐ duracrust lateral root system confined to the gravel roots, but no max depth data for Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen pinon pine / Pinus edulis / naural fractured sandstone All location data inferred from Plate arid desert Area 17 tree 2.13 no 37.7332 ‐111.0935 1801 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus uranium sandstone and /limestone 7, a detailed map of the study area Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen naural fractured sandstone arid desert Area 16 tree pinon pine Pinus edulis 7.62 no 37.7260 ‐111.1100 1678 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf uranium sandstone and /limestone Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen pinon pine / Pinus edulis / naural fractured sandstone arid desert Area 15 tree 15.24 no 37.7532 ‐111.1068 1855 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus uranium sandstone and /limestone Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen pinon pine / Pinus edulis / naural fractured sandstone arid desert Area 12 tree 18.29 no 37.8328 ‐111.2254 1866 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus uranium sandstone and /limestone Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen pinon pine / Pinus edulis / naural fractured sandstone arid desert Area 5 tree 21.34 no 37.9892 ‐111.2174 1984 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus uranium sandstone and /limestone Kleinhampl & Canyon Land, evergreen pinon pine / Pinus edulis / naural fractured sandstone arid desert Area 19 tree 33.53 no 37.8781 ‐111.0312 1563 Koteff, 1960 S. Utah needle‐leaf juniper Juniperus uranium sandstone and /limestone Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid evergreen big Artemeisia excavatio base of sandy‐loam to Tap‐root with wel l‐developed laterals in site‐2 shrub 2.50 yes 176 46.5327 ‐119.6300 203 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata n alluvial fan silty loam the upper meter Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid deciduous gray Chrysothamn excavatio base of sandy‐loam to Strong tap‐ root with few laterals in upper site‐2 shrub 2.50 yes 176 46.5327 ‐119.6300 203 rabbitbrush us nauseosus 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe broad‐leaf Chrysothamn n alluvial fan silty loam meter Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid deciduous green excavatio midslope to sandy‐loam to Strong tap‐ root with few laterals in upper site‐1 shrub us 1.60 no 176 46.5566 ‐119.5004 180 soil texture based on other studies rabbitbrush 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe broad‐leaf viscidiflorus n river silty loam meter at the same site (e.g., Link) and Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid deciduous antelope Purshia excavatio base of sandy‐loam to Tap‐root with a number of small lateral site‐2 shrub 3.00 no 176 46.5327 ‐119.6300 203 author notes that soil texture is bitterbrush tridentata 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe broad‐leaf Atriplex n alluvial fan silty loam roots in upper meter Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid deciduous spiny excavatio base of sandy‐loam to Apparently not tap ‐rooted ; many woody similar across the 4 sites; max site‐2 shrub (Grayia) 1.95 no 176 46.5327 ‐119.6300 203 hopsage rooting depth is based on profile 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe broad‐leaf spinosa n alluvial fan silty loam roots in upper meter Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid needle and excavatio midslope to sandy‐loam to Fibrous shallow roots appear to have data for species, and the rest given site‐1 perennial grass Stipa comata 1.60 no 176 46.5566 ‐119.5004 180 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe thread grass n river silty loam mycorrhizal sheath as mean of more than one samples Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid indian rice Oryzopsis excavatio further sandy‐loam to Fibrous root system extends about one site‐3 perennial grass 1.25 no 176 46.4716 ‐119.3672 152 +/‐ std, but estimated to a single grass hymenoides 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe n downslope silty loam meter laterally from the center of the plant value by Samples et al 2015, who Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid Aster excavatio sandy‐loam to Weak tap‐root which tapers to single‐root site‐4 perennial forb / subshrub hoary aster 1.55 no 176 near river 46.4926 ‐119.2917 134 appear to have direct access to 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe canescens n silty loam size at a depth generally about 10‐20 cm. Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid turpentine Cymopterus excavatio midslope to sandy‐loam to Strong storage tap‐ root which smells of data being in the same lab; site‐1 perennial forb / subshrub 1.60 no 176 46.5566 ‐119.5004 180 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe cymopterus terebinthinus n river silty loam "bitter carrot." Grows more or less locations of samples are estimated: Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid Carey's Balsamorhiza excavatio sandy‐loam to Strong storage tap‐root which does not site‐4 perennial forb / subshrub 1.50 no 176 near river 46.4926 ‐119.2917 134 zooming in GE, the sites with more 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe balsamroot careyana n silty loam grow vertically, but tends to be at an angle larger shrubs likely are the sites of Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid snowy Eriogonum excavatio sandy‐loam to Hany laterals at about 5‐ 10 cm below the site‐4 perennial forb / subshrub 1.50 no 176 near river 46.4926 ‐119.2917 134 large shrub samples, and vice 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe buckwheat niveum n silty loam surface; tap‐root at 10 em is no larger than Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid summer Russian excavatio base of sandy‐loam to Tap‐ root strong but many laterals present versa. Also have seasonal profiles site‐2 forb Salsola kali 2.09 yes 176 46.5327 ‐119.6300 203 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe annual thistle n alluvial fan silty loam at all depths, especially late in the season for 4 species Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid summer Ambrosia excavatio midslope to sandy‐loam to Tap‐root , but tapers rapidly, many thread‐ site‐1 forb bursage 1.80 yes 176 46.5566 ‐119.5004 180 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe annual acanthicarpa n river silty loam like laterals Klepper et al., Hanford, SC semi‐arid summer prickly Latuca excavatio further sandy‐loam to Shallow, weak tap‐root; many small site‐3 forb 0.85 no 176 46.4716 ‐119.3672 152 1985 Washington shrub‐steppe annual lettuce serriola n downslope silty loam laterals, especially in upper few cm Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site common Phragmites excavatio hummock in the study site is a bog‐fen system. wetland perennial grass 0.70 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike reed australis n for the bog Authors mention that the soils are Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site Chinese Miscanthus excavatio hummock in wetland perennial grass 0.25 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 water‐logged, but no water table 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike silver grass, sinensis n for the bog data given. The site is a pond with Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site bog‐bean, Menyanthes excavatio hummock in wetland perennial herb 0.30 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 bogs on Google Earth. The Value of 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike buckbean trifoliata n for the bog Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site Lobelia excavatio hummock in 0.2m is taken here from Fig 3 for it wetland perennial herb 0.15 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike sessilifolia n for the bog seems to be the mean root reach. Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site deciduous panicled Hydrangea excavatio hummock in wetland shrub 0.20 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 Rooting depth data from Fig.3 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike broad‐leaf hydrangea paniculata n for the bog Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site evergreen shrub or small Japanese excavatio hummock in wetland Ilex crenata 0.18 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike broad‐leaf tree holly, box‐ n for the bog Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site evergreen Japanese Pinus excavatio hummock in wetland tree 0.13 no 1581 0.2 peat 35.0586 135.7693 75 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike needle‐leaf red pine densiflora n for the bog Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site common Phragmites excavatio Thus, the significance of Phragmites’ deep wetland perennial grass 2.50 no 1581 fen 0.2 peat 35.0579 135.7722 82 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike reed australis n for rooting is that nutrients from deeper soils Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site bog‐bean, Menyanthes excavatio wetland perennial herb 1.20 no 1581 fen 0.2 peat 35.0579 135.7722 82 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike buckbean trifoliata n for Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site Rabbit‐ear excavatio wetland perennial herb Iris laevigata 0.30 no 1581 fen 0.2 peat 35.0579 135.7722 82 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike iris n for Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site bur Bidens excavatio wetland annual herb 0.05 no 1581 fen 0.2 peat 35.0579 135.7722 82 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike marigold, frondosa n for Kohzu et al., northern Mizoro Site annual or Isachne excavatio wetland herb bloodgrass 0.15 no 1581 fen 0.2 peat 35.0579 135.7722 82 2003 Kyoto City, (Mizorogaike perennial globosa n for Kokoreva, Kazakhstan, deciduous Dzhungarian Crataegus excavatio clayey dry steppe tree 4.00 drawing 43.2418 76.9905 1000 powerful lateral roots which penetrate to a location guessed, to be in a natural 1996 northern broard‐leaf Hawthorn songorica C. n chernozem, depth of 4 m for Crataegus songorica and forest at 1000m elevation, near the Kokoreva, Kazakhstan, deciduous Almaty Crataegus excavatio clayey dry steppe tree 6.40 drawing 43.2418 76.9905 1000 more than 6 m for C. almaatensis universities 1996 northern broard‐leaf hawthorn songorica C. n chernozem, Koteen et al., Marin Mediterrane Tennessee rhizomatous yes to dry season 0‐2% slope, sandy loam, sandstone we found consistently higher stocks of location moved 200m to east to be perennial Agrostis halli 0.70 soil coring 900 37.8610 ‐122.5225 220 2011 County, N‐C an grassland Valley site, grass 0.5m May‐Sept NE facing sandstone/shale /shale carbon in soils of the native perennial grass on NE facing slope with z=220m Koteen et al., Marin Mediterrane Tennessee yes to dry season 0‐2% slope, sandy loam, sandstone community relative to the non‐native location moved 200m to east to be perennial bunch grass Festuca rubra 0.70 soil coring 900 37.8610 ‐122.5225 220 2011 County, N‐C an grassland Valley site, 0.5m May‐Sept NE facing sandstone/shale /shale annual community, particularly at soil on NE facing slope with z=220m Koteen et al., Marin Mediterrane Tennessee Avena yes to dry season 0‐2% slope, sandy loam, sandstone invasive annual grass root system concentrated in location moved 200m to east to be annual grass 0.50 soil coring 900 37.8610 ‐122.5225 220 2011 County, N‐C an grassland Valley site, barbata, 0.5m May‐Sept NE facing sandstone/shale /shale European the top 10–20 cm of soil on NE facing slope with z=220m Koteen et al., Marin Mediterrane Bolinas Nassella yes to dry season 0‐5% slope, sandy loam, sandstone location given very accurate! (on S perennial grass 0.70 soil coring 900 37.9310 ‐112.6730 168 2011 County, N‐C an grassland Lagoon pulchra, 0.5m May‐Sept S facing sandstone/shale /shale facing slope with z=168m) Koteen et al., Marin Mediterrane Bolinas Brachypodiu yes to dry season 0‐5% slope, sandy loam, sandstone invasive location given very accurate! (on S annual grass 0.50 soil coring 900 37.9310 ‐112.6730 168 2011 County, N‐C an grassland Lagoon m 0.5m May‐Sept S facing sandstone/shale /shale European facing slope with z=168m) Krishnamurth Patancheru, subtropical semi‐ shrub /small Barbados Jatropha soil yes + sandy clay loam The rooting depth was 1.4 m with a greater lat‐lon moved 1km to E to match 1.40 265 17.5012 78.2790 519 y et al., 2012 S.C. India dry forest evergreen tree Nut, Purging curcas sampling photos to clay, gravel root length distribution at the surface soil... reported elevation of 549m, in a Kubota et al., temperate the 1500m deciduous Japanese Fagus moderately andesite and only regional precip given ‐ should central Japan tree 0.25 unclear no 2100 facing NE 36.8417 138.7347 1500 2005 broadleaf site broard‐leaf beech crenata water‐retentive basalt differ among the 3 sites of ver Kubota et al., temperate deciduous Japanese Fagus moderately andesite and Rooting depths are assumed the central Japan the 900m site tree 1.50 unclear no 2100 facing NE 36.8889 138.7694 900 2005 broadleaf broard‐leaf beech crenata water‐retentive basalt same as "rooting zone depth" given Kubota et al., temperate deciduous Japanese Fagus facing N; on moderately andesite and no soil texture given for the hiest central Japan the 550m site tree 0.40 unclear no 2100 36.9222 138.7661 550 2005 broadleaf broard‐leaf beech crenata a river water‐retentive basalt and lowest sites, but mentioned coastal temperate evergreen Pseudotsuga excavatio well drained, The plots are located 3 km north of the city Kuiper, 1992 tree Douglas‐fir 0.8 no 52.0796 5.6498 36 Netherland broadleaf needle‐leaf menziesii n dry, brown of Ede, in the central part of The Kutschera‐ near semiarid leaf succulent Windhoek excavatio highland In warmer regions with a semiarid or arid position guessed to be in the evergreen Aloe littoralis 0.4 drawing ‐22.5925 16.9966 1659 Mitter, 1996 Windhoek, desert shrub Aloe n partly climate roots often grow only horizontally highlands near Windhoek, Kutschera‐ near Uis Myn, semiarid Commiphora excavatio SW slope In warmer regions with a semiarid or arid position guessed to be on SW slope evergreen shrub myrrh 0.35 drawing ‐21.2141 14.8564 802 Mitter, 1996 Namibia desert saxicola n without climate roots often grow only horizontally high above valley Kutschera‐ Swakopmund, no leaf, Acanthosicyo excavatio dry valley Plants in dry desert valleys with great position guesses to be on a dry arid desert shrub nara 4.75 drawing ‐22.6893 14.5278 7 Mitter, 1996 Erongo, photosyntheti s horrida n above sea‐ fluctuations of ground water level, without valley floor near the mouth 7m Laclau et al., N. of Poite evergreen Eucalyptus dry season deep Ferralic From the 2001 paper: There was both site picked in plantation 80m plantation tree white gum > 6.0 trech wall yes 1200 plantation ‐4.5895 11.8491 80 2004, 2001 Noire, Congo broad‐leaf alba x hybrids May‐Sept Arenosols, 85% vertical and horizontal anisotropy in the elevation 20km N of Pointe Noire; Laclau et al., Itatinga, São evergreen Eucalyptus trench sandy, deep Cretaceoussa 6 yr old Soil cores showed that the deepest roots lat‐lon moved 3.5km to east to plantation sandy soil site tree flooded gum 12 yes 1360 6 14 >10 ‐23.0226 ‐48.6083 850 2013 Paulo, SE broad‐leaf grandis wall + soil Ferralsols (>10 ndstone plantation, reached a depth of 11.4 ± 1.6m at 2.1years z=850m; same sites as Christina, Laclau et al., Itatinga, São evergreen Eucalyptus trench clayey, deep 6 yr old The mean FRD (find root density) down to excavation stopped at 10m but Fig. plantation clayey soil site tree flooded gum 11 yes 1360 6 14 basalt >10 ‐23.0770 ‐48.6361 850 2013 Paulo, SE broad‐leaf grandis wall + soil Ferralsols (>10 plantation, a depth of 10m was 40% higher in the 3b and Fig. 4D and E suggest much Lamont et al., Bot River, Mediterrane Bot River, evergreen small tree or Leucadendro excavatio Humus, sand Roots were excavated 0.35m from the base Bot River is the only natural setting Yellow Tulip >0.6 yes sandstone 0.6 ‐34.3000 19.1500 40 1984 South Africa an, fynbos of natural stand broad‐leaf shrub n laureolum n and gravel, rocks of a 1.8 m high plant about 13 years old, in this study of potted experiments Lawson et al., NE Ghana, tropical tree mid‐slope site mixed Burkea excavatio midslope, 5o sandy loam, on sandstone, frequently Marked concentration of tree roots was tree 0.9 yes 1‐4m 9.4024 ‐1.9846 165 From Fig.16b and 17 1968 Mole Reserve savanna only deciduous/ev africana, n slope facing loam, on clay phyllites, burnt observed at a depth of 20‐30 cm, i.e. Lawson et al., S Ghana, near moist semi‐ upper slope‐ semi‐ Celtis soil 2 dry season humus‐10cm, phyllite (fine‐ some The three sites showed marked differences From Fig 14. Roots are deeper than tree 0.6 yes 1700 upper slope 6.1503 ‐0.9119 193 1970 Kade, Agr Res desiduous Bekwai series evergreen mildbraedii, monoliths (Jan, Aug) well‐drained grained timber in the total quantity of roots and also show; assumed to end in the next Lawson et al., S Ghana, near moist semi‐ middle slope‐ semi‐ Piptadeniastr soil 2 dry season humus‐10cm, phyllite (fine‐ some showed variation in the size class 10cm for site 1 and 3, and next tree 0.7 yes 1700 mid slope 6.1537 ‐0.9103 180 1970 Kade, Agr Res desiduous Nzima series evergreen umaf monoliths (Jan, Aug) well‐drained grained timber distribution of the roots particularly in the 20cm for site 2; dominant species Lawson et al., S Ghana, near moist semi‐ lower slope semi‐ Carapa soil 2 dry season humus‐10cm, phyllite (fine‐ potery A grey sandy light clay or loamy soil WTD inferred from mottled soils tree 0.6 yes 1700 lower slope 0.5 6.1572 ‐0.9086 169 1970 Kade, Agr Res desiduous alluvium, evergreen procera, monoliths (Jan, Aug) poorly‐drained grained evidence of developed in local alluvium; often under and author's mentioning of shallow Lee and N‐central temperate sandy‐clay‐ Bouteloua excavatio yes + sandy clay loam, protected Despite the fact that the soil surface is not Given lat‐lon wrong (put you perennial bunch grass Blue grama 0.92 321 40.8634 ‐104.6055 1649 Laurenroth, Colorado, steppe loam location gracilis n + soil drawings 67% sand, 13% from cattle completely covered by the aboveground 250km NW Fort Collins, not 6km Lee and N‐central temperate sandy‐loam Bouteloua excavatio yes + sandy loam, 79% protected The primary differences between locations lat‐lon picked on sandy soil patch perennial bunch grass Blue grama 1.1 321 40.8759 ‐104.6206 1653 Laurenroth, Colorado, steppe location gracilis n + soil drawings sand, 10% silt from cattle were the greater depth of root with sparser and larger plants, as Lee and N‐central temperate sandy‐clay‐ deciduous broom Gutierrezia excavatio yes + sandy clay loam, protected On the SCL location, G. sarothrae had lat‐lon picked on a sandy clay soil sub shrub 1.05 321 40.8634 ‐104.6055 1649 Laurenroth, Colorado, steppe loam location broad‐leaf snakeweed sarothrae n + soil drawings 67% sand, 13% from cattle lateral roots which extended 20‐40 cm patch 2km SE of sandy site Lee and N‐central temperate sandy‐loam deciduous broom Gutierrezia excavatio yes + sandy loam, 79% protected the only G. sarothrae individual excavated sandier soils seem to favor both sub shrub 2.05 321 40.8759 ‐104.6206 1653 Laurenroth, Colorado, steppe location broad‐leaf snakeweed sarothrae n + soil drawings sand, 10% silt from cattle on the SL location had roots which shallow root concentration AND Lee and N‐central temperate sandy‐loam evergreen Four‐wing Atriplex excavatio yes + sandy loam, 79% protected A. canescens possesses a very large shrub 2.03 321 40.8759 ‐104.6206 1653 Laurenroth, Colorado, steppe location broad‐leaf saltbush canescens n + soil drawings sand, 10% silt from cattle diameter tap root which extends to the LeRoux et al. Cote d'Ivoire, Lamto deciduous Gus sonia flat, near sandy, tropical water uptake by both grass and shrub site is flat and near a large tree savanna shrubs 2 soil cores yes 1210 Dec‐Jan 6.2167 ‐5.0333 72 1995 wetern Africa Reserve broad‐leaf barteri, river ferrugineous species was consistently from the top soil meandering river; soil water profile LeRoux et al. Cote d'Ivoire, Lamto Hyparrhenia flat, near sandy, tropical layer in this humid savanna. Similar no water competition and vertical tree savanna perennial bunch grass 1.7 soil cores yes 1210 Dec‐Jan 6.2167 ‐5.0333 72 1995 wetern Africa Reserve diplandra, river ferrugineous patterns of soil water uptake by these two partitioning as suggested by the 2‐ Lewis and Placer Mediterrane Well 3BN, deciduous live, blue, Quercus tritiated in a metamorphos diamond core drill holes which penetrate The 1962 and 63 injections in 3 tree 5.88 no 7.41 1.0‐2.0 38.9819 ‐121.2267 474 Burgy, 1964 County, CA an woodland 1961 injection broad‐leaf valley oak wislizenii, Q. water in howllow ed the fractured and jointed metamorphic wells formed a triangle, one near Lewis and Placer Mediterrane Well 6A, 1961 deciduous black, blue Q. kellogii, Q. tritiated in a hill side metamorphos tree 11.31 no 12.83 1.0‐2.0 38.9786 ‐121.2256 655 rock well into the saturated zone. These the top of the SW‐facing slope (I‐ Burgy, 1964 County, CA an woodland injection site broad‐leaf oak douglasii water in facing NE ed holes provide observation wells for B1), and the other near the valley Lewis and Placer Mediterrane Well I‐B1, deciduous live, blue Quercus tritiated near top of metamorphos tree 20.39 no 21.92 1.0‐2.0 38.9827 ‐121.2244 585 groundwater measurements and access for bottom (I‐B2 slightly lower, and I‐ Burgy, 1964 County, CA an woodland 1962 + 1963 broad‐leaf oak wislizenii, Q. water in a SW‐facing ed Lewis and Placer Mediterrane Well I‐B2, deciduous live, blue Quercus tritiated at the lower metamorphos the injection of tritiated water into the B3 higher); The author suggests tree 14.94 no 16.46 1.0‐2.0 38.9822 ‐121.2259 474 Burgy, 1964 County, CA an woodland 1962 + 1963 broad‐leaf oak wislizenii, Q. water in bottom of ed groundwater zone... In all the injection that the capillary rise is about 5 Lewis and Placer Mediterrane Well I‐B3, deciduous live, blue Quercus tritium at the upper metamorphos tests, significant amounts of tritiated water feet, which should be deducted tree 15.45 no 16.98 1.0‐2.0 38.9817 ‐121.2253 479 Burgy, 1964 County, CA an woodland 1962 + 1963 broad‐leaf oak wislizenii, Q. tracer in bottom of ed have been found in the water extracted when estimating rooting depths; Lichtenegger Kleve, temperate Eryngium excavatio on river Hear the end of the pole root a tassel habitat: dry grassy areas near the perennial thorny forb field eryngo 4.30 drawing deep alluvium 51.8243 6.1278 14 & Kutschera‐ Germany, forest campestre n terrace shaped ramification may be found, if the coast Lichtenegger Scorzonera excavatio on river The root shape of S. villosa (Fig.2) is perennial forb 1.15 drawing deep alluvium & Kutschera‐ villosa n terrace adapted to a very dry soil. The thicker first Lichtenegger small Pulsatilla excavatio on river black earth with In black earth areas with a wide and crusty perennial forb 0.80 drawing & Kutschera‐ pasque pratensis n terrace a wide and lime horizon the grov1th of the pole root Lichtenegger goldilocks excavatio on river moderately due to changes in temperature, daylength perennial forb Aster linosyris 0.52 drawing & Kutschera‐ aster n terrace deep to cleep and moisture during the year, the lateral Lichtenegger German Genista excavatio on river betiveen black The pole root grows deeper, with habiat: Thickets, poor pastures and perennial forb 0.90 drawing & Kutschera‐ Greenweed germanica n terrace earth and brown increasing moisture. If temperature is high heaths Lichtenegger Common Anthyllis excavatio on river If the amount of nutrients is not sufficient perennial legumous forb 1.70 drawing & Kutschera‐ kidneyvetch, vulneraria n terrace to strengthen the lateral roots, they stay Lichtenegger Trigonella excavatio on river perennial legumous forb 2.00 drawing brown earth & Kutschera‐ balancae n terrace Lichtenegger in north of Astragalus excavatio on steep The wide cone shaped root volume can be perennial shrub 1.50 drawing & Kutschera‐ Caucasus, denudatus n slope found on plants which are groidng on Lichtenegger hawkbits (in Leontodon excavatio Cone shaped, downwards dilated root location guessed to be in non‐ Istria, Croatia perennial forb 0.75 drawing red earth 44.9347 13.8479 69 & Kutschera‐ the tuberosus n types are formed, if the soil is temporarily forested nature area of red earth Lichtenegger north of rush Chondrilla excavatio It is characteristic for plants which are able perennial forb 2.40 drawing black earth & Kutschera‐ Eurgenland, skeletonwee juncea n to grow deeply if the surface is too dry. Lichtenegger Trifolium excavatio If the roots grow only just under the perennial legumous forb clover 1.25 drawing & Kutschera‐ trichocephalu n surface, so that the less branched pole root Lichtenegger in north of Mediterrane Carum excavatio alpine, NW In high mountain regions the pole root may perennial forb 1.10 drawing 1850 & Kutschera‐ Caucasus, an woodland caucasicum n Caucasus not be branched at all in the uppermost soil Lichtenegger near Hainz, temperate Orcanette Onosma excavatio on sand If a more or less horizontally spreading root location gussed to be in "Mainz biennial forb 1.30 drawing sand 50.0135 8.2103 124 & Kutschera‐ Germany forest sands arenarium n terraces system exists,... the root is still growing Sand Dunes " Nature reserve Lichtenegger Spanish excavatio Eeg shaped root types are formed, if there habitat: shallow, well‐drained, light perennial forb Silene otites 0.50 drawing & Kutschera‐ Catchfly n is less rooting at depth and less rooting calcareous soils Lichtenegger Primula excavatio moist and cold Umbrella shaped root types are formed, if habitat: open woods and shaded perennial forb primrose 0.21 drawing & Kutschera‐ vulgaris n soil the roots, after growing downwards in a hedgerows Lichtenegger forb (an western Dactylorhiza excavatio On warmed peat soil, roots orginating Marsh perennial 0.09 drawing peat soil habitat: nitrogen‐poor marsh areas & Kutschera‐ orchid) marsh majalis n deeper grow upwards in a bow. Therefore Lichtenegger Scotch Calluna excavatio alpine/subal If the depth of rooting is very small but Alpine perennial shrub 0.30 drawing & Kutschera‐ heather vulgaris n pine lateral spreading is very large, a discoid Lichtenegger, temperate Carinthian stemless Carlina excavatio lowland It is shown that in climatic zones with Table‐2 gives profile of many S. Austria perennial forb 4.08 yes 46.6442 14.2883 450 1996 broadleaf basin carline acaulis n valley distinct seasons, the depth of root species, contrasting the alpine vs. Lichtenegger, temperate Heiligenblut stemless Carlina excavatio subalpine coline elevation zones. Without S. Austria perennial forb 1.23 no 47.0438 12.8348 1420 penetration in the soil mainly depends on 1996 broadleaf region carline acaulis n slope the degree to which the ground is warmed exact elevation data the location Lichtenegger, temperate GroBglockner stemless Carlina excavatio S. Austria perennial forb 0.66 yes alpine slope 47.0483 12.7678 2070 up and on the intensity of temperature cannot be even guessed, so only 1996 broadleaf region carline acaulis n those with both rooting depth and Lichtenegger, temperate alpine Avena excavatio fluctuations. Warm lowland soils have elevation and rooting depth from S. Austria alpine belt perennial grass 0.30 drawing alpine slope 46.8932 12.8579 1990 1996 broadleaf oatgras versicolor n deeper roots than the cooler soils from Fig.4 Lichtenegger, temperate Dwarf Potentilla excavatio yes + subalpine higher altitudes. The shallower roots at elevation from Fig.5, rooting depth S. Austria subalpine belt perennial forb 0.55 46.9158 12.8871 1640 1996 broadleaf Yellow aurea n drawing slope high altitudes are correlated with denser from Table‐2 Lieffers & Central evergreen Picea peat block peat to depth The study area is located 40 km east of locations well defined by map in boreal forest dry tree black spruce 0.6 yes 508 0.59‐0.95 0.8 55.1681 ‐114.2769 598 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf mariana sampling examined Slave Lake, Alta., along Provincial Highway Fig.1 Lieffers & Central evergreen Picea peat block peat to depth Samples were restricted to hummocks boreal forest medium tree black spruce 0.3 yes 508 0.17‐0.7 0.5 55.1647 ‐114.2816 597 WTD from time series plot in Fig.2 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf mariana sampling examined because it was assumed that most of the Lieffers & Central evergreen Picea peat block peat to depth Clearly, roots of black spruce and tamarack boreal forest wet tree black spruce 0.2 yes 508 0.02‐0.39 0.22 55.1620 ‐114.2850 596 max rooting depth from Tab.3 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf mariana sampling examined penetrate deeper in peatlands when the Lieffers & Central evergreen Picea peat block peat to depth In general, trees on sites with greater this is a very nice study on how boreal forest very wet tree black spruce 0.3 yes 508 0‐0.16 0.14 55.1786 ‐114.3365 617 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf mariana sampling examined depth of water table had higher growth local WTD variations constrain Lieffers & Central deciduous tamarack, peat block peat to depth Deep roots, even though they make up a boreal forest dry tree Larix laricina 0.6 yes 508 0.59‐0.95 0.8 55.1681 ‐114.2769 598 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf eastern sampling examined small portion of the total biomass of fine Lieffers & Central deciduous tamarack, peat block peat to depth We speculate that the increase in the fine boreal forest medium tree Larix laricina 0.4 yes 508 0.17‐0.7 0.5 55.1647 ‐114.2816 597 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf eastern sampling examined roots in the surface layers of the sites with Lieffers & Central deciduous tamarack, peat block peat to depth Rooting depth was strongly correlated with boreal forest wet tree Larix laricina 0.3 yes 508 0.02‐0.39 0.22 55.1620 ‐114.2850 596 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf eastern sampling examined depth to water table. On wet sites, roots of Lieffers & Central deciduous tamarack, peat block peat to depth There was a strong positive correlation boreal forest very wet tree Larix laricina 0.3 yes 508 0‐0.16 0.14 55.1786 ‐114.3365 617 Rothwell, Alberta, CA needle‐leaf eastern sampling examined between fine root biomass and depth of Link et al. Hanford, SC semi‐arid Bromus excavatio mostly in fall loamy sand on burned 6yr The greatest depth of roots observed for annual bunch grass cheatgrass 0.5 no 160 46.4056 ‐119.3333 134 1990 Washington shrub‐steppe tectorum L. n / winter coarse sand ago large individuals of cheatgrass was 45 to 50 Link et al. Hanford, SC semi‐arid Sandberg’s Poa excavatio mostly in fall loamy sand on burned 6yr cm, which reaches into the coarse sand perennial grass 0.35 no 160 46.4056 ‐119.3333 134 1990 Washington shrub‐steppe bluegrass sandbergii n / winter coarse sand ago zone of the profile. The greatest depth Link et al. Hanford, SC semi‐arid evergreen spiny Grayia mostly in fall integrated root biomass down to 195cm shrub 2.15 soil coring yes 160 dune crest silty loam 46.5836 ‐119.7329 245 1994 Washington shrub‐steppe broad‐leaf hopsage spinosa / winter was significantly greater under the G. Link et al. Hanford, SC semi‐arid evergreen big Artemesia mostly in fall spinosa coppice dunes than under the A. shrub 2.15 soil coring yes 160 dune swale silty loam 46.5838 ‐119.7342 243 1994 Washington shrub‐steppe needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata / winter tridentata swales (9x more, esp. in top Liu et al., central near Tazhong deciduous Tamarix excavatio flat dune The sight on the ground is high mobile a low spot in a dune valley in arid desert tree 1.4 no 37 3639 1.3 sand 39.1105 83.6697 1083 2008 Taklimakan, station,Taklim broad‐leaf taklamakane n valley compound sand hill. The ground water is nearest the given lat‐lon is selected Root length density of grevillea, senna and Livesley et al., Nyabeda, grass evergreen southern Grevillea trench very fine, inter‐ elevation seems 100m higher on tree > 3.0 yes 1800 0.1000 34.5667 1330 maize was greatest in the topsoil and 2000 western savanna broad‐leaf silky oak, robusta wall to kaolinitic, 73% cropping GE; caution: trees only 3 years old; Livesley et al., Nyabeda, grass deciduous Spectacular Senna trench very fine, inter‐ generally decreased exponentially with small tree > 3.0 yes 1800 0.1000 34.5667 1330 A classi example of deep soil, 2000 western savanna broad‐leaf cassia, spectabilis wall to kaolinitic, 73% cropping depth. Root length density of both tree abundant rain, and exponential Livesley et al., Nyabeda, grass soil coring very fine, inter‐ species decreased in the topsoil during the annual grass corn Zea mays 1.6 yes 1800 0.1000 34.5667 1330 profile 2000 western savanna to 1.8m kaolinitic, 73% cropping cropping season (Figures 3 and 4) López et al. Mediterrane Prades evergreen evergreen Quercus ilex minirhizot mostly in well structured 0.0‐0.8‐ Fine root density was higher in the 50–60‐ site slightly moved to be NE facing NE Spain tree > 0.6 yes 537 1051 NE facing 41.2183 0.9176 700 2001 an dry forest Experimental broad‐leaf oak, holly L. ron winter clay‐loam 1.5 cm depth interval than in the 40–50‐cm at 650‐750m elevation; soil water Low and sclerophyuou evergreen Banksia excavatio deep, freely the mass of sinker roots remained A study site was chosen 280 km SW Australia tree Banksia 8 yes 530 8 ‐29.8667 115.2500 83 Lamont, 1990 s scrub‐heath broad‐leaf hookeriarra / n drained, podzol substantial and ropped little with north of Perth, W.A. and 6 km Lyford and Central MA, temperate Prospect Hill deciduous very gentle fine sandy loam, Woody roots are up to 25 meters long... found a map of prospect hill track tree red maple Acer rubrum 3.5 soil pits no 42.5345 ‐72.1922 342 Wilson, 1964 Harvard deciduous Track, broad‐leaf SW facing free drained and Each full grown root fan bears from 1 to 5 showing compartments on Harvard Ma et al., Yulin, Shaanxi F‐5, not deciduous jujube, red Ziziphus 50% in July‐ S facing sandy loam At each sampling point, a soil core method Given lat‐lon way off (wrong dry steppe tree 10 soil coring yes 490 1574 plantation 38.3265 109.7091 1102 2013; 2014 Province, C. irrigated or broad‐leaf date, jujube Sept upper (1.2m rain using a LuoYang shovel was employed... province). Ma‐2014 gives Yulin MacDougal, Sequoia mountain Crescent evergreen giant Sequoia upturned on the edge High water level in the bog with tree 1.83 no granite 36.5547 ‐118.7483 2045 1937 National Park, forest Meadow needle‐leaf sequoia, gigante root plate of Crescent accompanying softening of the soil was an Cambridgeshi temperate Buff Wood, herb, dog's Mercurialis excavatio well‐ chalky boulder‐ Examination of the root profiles of excellent analysis on water‐logging, Martin, 1968 perennial > 0.15 no 52.1371 ‐0.1270 90 re, England deciduous Mercurialis woodland mercury perennis n drained clay Mercurialis perennis shows that in the or what are the true causes Cambridgeshi temperate Buff Wood, herb, dog's Mercurialis excavatio poorly chalky boulder‐ Mercurialis areas the roots of this species including O stress, CO2 toxicity, Martin, 1968 perennial < 0.10 no 52.1359 ‐0.1326 71 re, England deciduous Primula woodland mercury perennis n drained clay extend to a depth of 15 cm or more; this is ferrous and manganous ion toxicity Martin and Central desert sedge grass, Nebraska Carex minirhizot aquic Large yearly and seasonal differences Corral Canyon perennial 0.4 no 310 60% as snow 0‐1.2 0.4 39.1204 ‐116.8107 2368 Chambers, Nevada, US reparian grass sedge, nebrascensis, ron cryoborrols to among water tables largely determined the roots only observed to 0.45cm; Martin and Central desert sedge grass, Nebraska Carex minirhizot aquic rooting activity and depth in these mesic values here extrapolated according Cahill Canyon perennial 0.6 no 310 60% as snow 0‐1.5 0.6 39.4660 ‐117.0334 2325 Chambers, Nevada, US reparian grass sedge, nebrascensis, ron cryoborolls meadows and influenced treatment to the authors' statement that root Martin and Central desert Emigrant sedge grass, Nebraska Carex minirhizot aquic perennial 0.8 no 310 60% as snow 0‐2.4 1.4 39.5098 ‐117.0183 2174 responses. Little rooting activity occurred activities tracked the water table Chambers, Nevada, US reparian Canyon grass sedge, nebrascensis, ron cryoborolls within or at the surface of the water table Matthes‐ S.Ontario, temperate on cliff face at evergreen eastern Thuja excavatio on nearly The results showed that the majority of location from Briand‐1991, not the small tree 0.35 no no soil lime stone 0 43.5081 ‐79.9299 306 Sears & Canada broadleaf Jail needle‐leaf white cedar, occidentalis n vertical cliff trees grew in rock without soil or in very site given (Guelph) which is a Mauer and Krtny, E Czech evergreen Pseudotsuga excavatio cambisol, plantation 80yr old stand tree Douglas‐fir 1.51 no flat land granodiorite plantation 49.2921 16.7472 454 a mature stand near Krtny Palatova, Republic needle‐leaf menziesii n mesotrophic, McLaughlin et southern temperate Bruce County, evergreen Pinus trench The mean rooting depth on healthy sites At all paired sites (healthy vs. sick), tree red pine 1.33 no 1.5 silty loam plantation 44.4722 ‐80.3611 496 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf Grey‐Sauble needle‐leaf resinosa wall was 195 cm, significantly deeper than the forest stands are picked with one McLaughlin et southern temperate Bruce County, evergreen Pinus trench Near Grey‐Sauble Conservation tree red pine 1.19 no 1.5 silty loam plantation 44.4707 ‐80.3619 496 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf Grey‐Sauble needle‐leaf resinosa wall Authority nearest to the location McLaughlin et southern temperate Simcoe evergreen Pinus trench on the Baxter 249b site scattered Large forests nearest the town of tree red pine 1.97 no loamy sand plantation 44.1505 ‐79.8877 218 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall windthrow of living trees was also Baxter is chosen McLaughlin et southern temperate Simcoe evergreen Pinus trench Large forests nearest the town of tree red pine 1.64 no loamy sand plantation 44.1510 ‐79.8869 218 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall Baxter is chosen McLaughlin et southern temperate Simcoe evergreen Pinus trench The large forest stands near tree red pine 1.51 no gravely loam plantation 44.5017 ‐79.8589 227 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall Phelpston is chosen McLaughlin et southern temperate Simcoe evergreen Pinus trench The large forest stands near tree red pine 1.79 no gravely loam plantation 44.4990 ‐79.8585 227 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall Phelpston is chosen McLaughlin et southern temperate Dufferin evergreen Pinus trench tree red pine 1.84 no sand plantation 44.2530 ‐80.0663 283 The forest near Randwick is chosen al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall McLaughlin et southern temperate Dufferin evergreen Pinus trench tree red pine 1.43 no sand plantation 44.2544 ‐80.0603 283 The forest near Randwick is chosen al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall McLaughlin et southern temperate Northumberla evergreen Pinus trench Near Ganaraska Forest Centre; tree red pine 1.4 no sand plantation 44.0767 ‐78.5031 268 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf nd County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall hard to tell healthy from sick McLaughlin et southern temperate Northumberla evergreen Pinus trench Near Ganaraska Forest Centre; tree red pine 1.6 no sand plantation 44.0767 ‐78.5031 268 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf nd County, needle‐leaf resinosa wall hard to tell healthy from sick McLaughlin et southern temperate Norfolk evergreen Pinus trench fine sand / Could not locate Miller Lumber; a tree red pine 1.31 no plantation 42.9218 ‐80.3190 232 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, Miller needle‐leaf resinosa wall sandy loam plantation‐like forest stand (with McLaughlin et southern temperate Norfolk evergreen Pinus trench fine sand / Could not locate Miller Lumber; a tree red pine 1.51 no plantation 42.9214 ‐80.3170 232 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf County, Miller needle‐leaf resinosa wall sandy loam plantation‐like forest stand (with McLaughlin et southern temperate York Region, evergreen Pinus trench location picked closest to point tree red pine 1.12 no sand plantation 44.1432 ‐79.3371 237 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf North 30b, needle‐leaf resinosa wall given in fig.1 McLaughlin et southern temperate York Region, evergreen Pinus trench location picked closest to point tree red pine 0.99 no sand plantation 44.1401 ‐79.3291 237 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf North 30b, needle‐leaf resinosa wall given in fig.1 McLaughlin et southern temperate Parry Sound evergreen Pinus trench gravely sandy Water deficit (possibly combined with bark location picked closest to point tree red pine 1.2 no plantation 46.0013 ‐79.4334 335 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf District, Gurd needle‐leaf resinosa wall loam beetle attack) was determined as the cause given in fig.1 McLaughlin et southern temperate Parry Sound evergreen Pinus trench gravely sandy Water deficit (possibly combined with bark location picked closest to point tree red pine 1.36 no plantation 45.9969 ‐79.4316 335 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf District, Gurd needle‐leaf resinosa wall loam beetle attack) was determined as the cause given in fig.1 McLaughlin et southern temperate Durham evergreen Pinus trench location picked closest to point tree red pine 1.29 no sand plantation 44.1615 ‐79.1235 246 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf Region, needle‐leaf resinosa wall given in fig.1 McLaughlin et southern temperate Durham evergreen Pinus trench location picked closest to point tree red pine 1.35 no sand plantation 44.1575 ‐79.1224 246 al., 2011 Ontario, broadleaf Region, needle‐leaf resinosa wall given in fig.1 McQuilkin, Pinelands, pine barrens Lebanon State evergreen excavatio ridge top, Lakewood sand on sterial and dry ridge top; and active this study has photos of pine tree pitch pine Pinus rigida 2.74 no 39.8879 ‐74.5089 48 1935 central NJ of coastal Forest needle‐leaf n excessive (coastal plain mycorrhizae were collected as deep as 7 seedling roots that are tap roots McQuilkin, Pinelands, pine barrens Lebanon State evergreen excavatio lower slope, Lakewood sand tree pitch pine Pinus rigida > 1.52 no 39.8911 ‐74.4935 39 on lower but still well drained site only in yr‐1, starting lateral roots in 1935 central NJ of coastal Forest needle‐leaf n good (coastal plain yr‐2, with lateral roots McQuilkin, Pinelands, pine barrens Lebanon State evergreen excavatio steep slope Lakewood sand the presence of mycorrhizae far below a tree pitch pine Pinus rigida 2 no 0.91 39.9049 ‐74.5007 37 progressively getting longer, 1935 central NJ of coastal Forest needle‐leaf n on water (coastal plain permanent water table is even more McQuilkin, Pinelands, pine barrens Lebanon State evergreen excavatio flat valley Lakewood sand It is possible that conditions in the pine stronger, more branched, then tree pitch pine Pinus rigida 1.52 no 0.2 39.9174 ‐74.5152 28 1935 central NJ of coastal Forest needle‐leaf n bottom (coastal plain barrens permit a greater degree of aeration manu sinker roots reach same McQuilkin, Pinelands, pine barrens Lebanon State evergreen shortleaf Pinus excavatio ridge top, Lakewood sand It occurs in mixture with P. rigida and the tree 2.74 no 39.8879 ‐74.5089 48 1935 central NJ of coastal Forest needle‐leaf pine echinata n excessive (coastal plain oaks, or, locally, in almost pure stands. McQuilkin, Near Mount temperate Mont Alto evergreen partial on high raw, podsolized, (compare to sandy coastal plains) Vertical site estimated to be on a ridge by tree pitch pine Pinus rigida 1.07 no 39.8263 ‐77.4824 595 1935 Alo, S. mixed forest State Forest needle‐leaf excavatio ridges in stony, and high roots were generally weaker in both the road in the state forest Tooele Valley, arid valleys margin of succulent Allenrolfea excavatio on low large tap root; usually preferring a slightly Meinzer, 1927 shrub pickleweed 0.61 drawing 0.61 clay 40.6503 ‐112.3958 1285 Utah of the US SW Great Salt alkali‐ occidentalis n hummocks better drained and less saline soil Tooele Valley, arid valleys margin of succulent, big Saroobatm excavatio furhter back practically certain that greasewood location constrained by plate‐I of Meinzer, 1927 shrub 1.09 drawing 40.6169 ‐112.3411 1308 Utah of the US SW Great Salt deciduous greasewood vermdoulatus n from the habitually sends its well‐developed taproot Kearney et al. (1914) where the Escalante arid valleys Hendrickson perennial Medicago excavatio valley edge in the NE. % sec. 36, T. 28 S., R. 11 W.; The using EarthPoint Township KMZ on Meinzer, 1927 forb alfafa 2.74 drawing 1.92 ‐ 2.80 2.59 38.3371 ‐113.0355 1523 Valley, Utah of the US SW alfafa farm forage sativa n at base of capillary fringe is 3.5 feet or a little more in GoogleEarth Mendes et al., SC Portugal, Mediterra evergreen Quercus alluvial AR interspersed Cork oak relies upon a dimorphic root elevation given 22m, lower than Belmonte tree cork oak 2.50 629 2.5 ‐ 3.8 3 38.8819 ‐8.7969 31 2016 Tagus valley woodland broad‐leaf suber L. valley with Stagnic system which allows the access and use of GE. Rooting depth here is inferred ‐ Mendes et al., SC Portugal, Mediterra Carro evergreen Quercus alluvial Haplic Arenosols groundwater resources during the summer no direct measurements. tree cork oak 2.00 629 2.0 ‐ 3.1 2.5 38.8358 ‐8.8172 24 2016 Tagus valley woodland Quebrado broad‐leaf suber L. valley (AR) on sand dry season Correlation between cork rings and Mensah & tropical semi‐ Esukawkaw semi Ohlorophora excavatio yes + A well developed tap‐root was present in depth inferred from the profile (Fig S Ghana tree Iroko 1.1 6.3333 ‐0.7500 176 Jenik, 1968 deceduous Forest evergreen excelsa n drawings all mature trees excavate at both research 4) and statemnet that sinker roots Mensah & tropical semi‐ U of Ghana semi Ohlorophora excavatio yes + sites; A mighty tap‐root remained; We The deeper root at site‐1 near Kade S Ghana tree Iroko 3.5 6.1667 ‐0.9167 188 Jenik, 1968 deceduous Agricultural evergreen excelsa n drawings could not follow the full depth of its is chosen; depth inferred from Fig Mensforth & S. South Mediterra evergreen Swamp Melaleuca root obs swamp, Water uptake concentrated in deeper parts lat‐lon given is in the center city of small tree 0.5 yes 0.8 ‐36.2918 140.0765 27 Walker, 1996 Australia shrubland broad‐leaf Paperbark halmaturoru chamber + with of soil profile when groundwater was at its Keith. Moved to 30km SW of Keith, Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna sparse tree evergreen small thorny Desert Schaefferia 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic The decrease in root biomass with 1.4 yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6695 ‐98.1883 77 location approximate al., 1998 Texas parkland cluster site broad‐leaf shrub Yaupon, cuneifolia corning Sept claypan horizon increasing soil depth was exponential in Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna sparse tree deciduous small thorny Texas Ziziphus 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic Root densities of species in discrete location approximate; rooting 1.6 yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6695 ‐98.1883 77 al., 1998 Texas parkland cluster site broad‐leaf shrub buckthorn obtusifolia corning Sept claypan horizon clusters (claypan present) were typically depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna sparse tree evergreen small thorny Desert 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic 2H and 18O values of stem water from all location approximate; rooting Celtis pallida 2 yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6695 ‐98.1883 77 al., 1998 Texas parkland cluster site broad‐leaf shrub Hackberry corning Sept claypan horizon plants in groves were lower than those of depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna sparse tree deciduous honey Prosopis 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic Groundwater (>60 m below the surface) location approximate; rooting legume tree 2.1 yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6695 ‐98.1883 77 al., 1998 Texas parkland cluster site broad‐leaf mesquite glandulosa corning Sept claypan horizon was sampled from four wells on the La depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna sparse tree evergreen understory Zanthoxylum 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic location approximate; rooting Wild Lime 1.6 yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6695 ‐98.1883 77 al., 1998 Texas parkland cluster site broad‐leaf shrub fagara corning Sept claypan horizon depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree evergreen understory Texas Porlieria 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil location approximate; rooting 1.2 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf shrub Guaiacum angustifolia corning Sept 2m deep depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree evergreen small thorny Desert Schaefferia 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil location approximate; rooting 1.2 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf shrub Yaupon, cuneifolia corning Sept 2m deep depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree deciduous small thorny Texas Ziziphus 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil location approximate; rooting 2 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf shrub buckthorn obtusifolia corning Sept 2m deep depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree evergreen small thorny Desert 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil location approximate; rooting Celtis pallida 1.6 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf shrub Hackberry corning Sept 2m deep depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree deciduous honey Prosopis 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil while P. glandulosa roots were abundant location approximate; rooting legume tree 2.4 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf mesquite glandulosa corning Sept 2m deep throughout the 200 cm sampling depth, depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna dense tree evergreen understory Zanthoxylum 1.5m 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam soil location approximate; rooting Wild Lime 1.4 yes 720 1540 > 60 27.6667 ‐98.2010 81 al., 1998 Texas parkland grove site broad‐leaf shrub fagara corning Sept 2m deep depth from fig5 Midwood et near Alice, S. savanna 70% in Apr‐ sandy loam over argillic location approximate; rooting grass patches perennial C4 grass 1.8 soil coring yes 720 1540 > 60 0.40 27.6712 ‐98.1990 79 al., 1998 Texas parkland Sept claypan horizon depth from fig 4 Montoroi et Khon Kaen, tropical evergreen Dipterocarp Dipterocarpu deep well mostly May‐ sand layer over densely deforested The distribution of root biomass as a dimorphic roots clearly shown PBK1, hill top tree > 32 yes 1634 hill top 20 (current) 0.70 16.3307 102.7430 183 al. 2016 NE Tailand savanna / broad‐leaf us s forest boring Oct claey layer over fractured farm land function of depth indicates a high amount under hill top; water table has risen Montoroi et Khon Kaen, tropical PBk5, mid evergreen Dipterocarp Dipterocarpu deep well mostly May‐ sand layer over densely deforested of root biomass at a depth ranged from 20 after deforestation which has tree 26 yes 1634 mid slope 13 (current) 2.50 16.3330 102.7432 177 al. 2016 NE Tailand savanna / slope broad‐leaf us s forest boring Oct claey layer over fractured farm land m to 32 m; The current presence of a water preserved the roots 60yrs after Mooney et al., Pampa del evergreen Prosopis excavatio center of It is proposed that in its native habitat, there is a dense rooting mat that arid desert legume tree Tamarugo > 3.5 no <1 5.0‐12.0 plantation ‐20.5420 ‐69.6584 980 1980 Tamarugal, broad‐leaf tamarugo n basin where there is essentially no precipitation, may serve as storage at night; soil Moore et al., xeric native evergreen honey Prosopis soil fitted deep to very Permanent groundwater tables are far exact plot locations not given; 95% S. Texas shrub 2.25 600 > 30 28.4519 ‐99.1841 148 2010 shrubland vegetation broad‐leaf mesquite glandulosa, corning curve deep, sandy below the root zone (30+ m) and do not root depth in deepest of 6 cores Mordelet et W African semi Bridelia soil pit dry season on the sandy, burned Tree density increases along a catena from this study has monthlyl root Côte d’Ivoire under canopy small tree 1 yes 1200 6.2189 ‐5.0245 95 al., 1997 humid deciduous ferruginea, (0.2x0.2m Dec‐Feb plateau gravel/stone annually a herbaceous savanna underneath a profiles for 13 months Mordelet et W African semi Bridelia soil pit dry season base of sandy, burned Tree and grass root distributions widely same site as Le Roux, 1995, but Côte d’Ivoire open savanna small tree 1.2 yes 1200 6.2193 ‐5.0192 83 al., 1997 humid deciduous ferruginea, (0.2x0.2m Dec‐Feb plateau, gravel/stone annually overlapped and both were mostly located with seasonal rooting profiles Mordelet et W African Hyparrhenia soil pit dry season on the sandy, burned all max rooting depth extrapolated Côte d’Ivoire under canopy perennial tuft‐grass, C4 0.75 yes 1200 6.2189 ‐5.0245 95 al., 1997 humid spp. and (0.2x0.2m Dec‐Feb plateau gravel/stone annually from the fig3 Mordelet et W African Hyparrhenia soil pit dry season base of sandy, burned Côte d’Ivoire open savanna perennial tuft‐grass, C4 0.8 yes 1200 6.2193 ‐5.0192 83 al., 1997 humid spp. and (0.2x0.2m Dec‐Feb plateau, gravel/stone annually Moreno‐ subtropical Valdivian rain evergreen coihue, Nothofagus yes to 10% in fertile, well fine root biomass of N. dombeyi declined "Parque Nacional Puyehue" helped S. C. Chile tree 0.8 soil coring 3500 ‐40.6518 ‐72.1480 580 Chacon & moist forest forest in broad‐leaf coigüe dombeyi 0.8m summer drained, derived significantly more steeply with depth than put the site on a location more like Mulia & N. of subhumid Ve´ze´nobres deciduous hybrid Populus soil coring mostly in sandy alluvial In both our plots, the alluvial water table site moved to a nearby tree tree 3 yes 1172 3.0 ‐ 4.0 3.50 plantation 44.0297 4.1661 138 Dupraz, 2006 Montpellier, Mediterrane site broad‐leaf poplar euramericana to 3m winter fluvisol, 8% clay, was 3–4 m deep at the end of the summer, plantation at 138m elevation; Mundell et al., near Roblin, Priarie deciduous trembling Populus trench subxeric silty in nearest forest to lat‐lon given; tree 0.111 no 475 51.2149 ‐101.3327 552 2007 Manitoba, CA posholes broad‐leaf aspen tremuloides wall clay Orthic Gray the site is amongst many water‐ Mundell et al., near Roblin, Priarie deciduous beaked Corylus trench subxeric silty filled potholes, appears pooly shrub 0.081 no 475 51.2149 ‐101.3327 552 2007 Manitoba, CA posholes broad‐leaf hazel cornuta wall clay Orthic Gray drained, but drainage was not Nardini et al., Trieste, NE temperate deciduous mahaleb Prunus The Bac Cave is 16mdeep and extends for the other 2 species uptake water Bac Cave tree 13 cave soil no clay cave soil limestone 45.6333 13.8667 400 2016 Italy hardwood broad‐leaf cherry, St mahaleb about 130 m. The base is covered by clay between surface rain and deep Nepstad et Paragominas, tropical "degrated" evergreen Leguminosae, deep soil S. facing deeply not "well Roots were most abundant near the soil same site as Jipp (1998) which has tree 12 yes 1803 6 2400 ‐2.9270 ‐47.3588 130 al., 1994 Para, NE rainforest pasture site broad‐leaf Sapotaceae, shaft gentle slope weathered clay managed" surface, as expected, but were found in no "degraded pasture" data; a site Nesterova, Zailiisky Rhodiola location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial alpine shrub 0.3 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 1996 Alatau Range, coccinea Most typical in the alpine belt are low‐grass given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Carex and mixed grass alpine meadows. Alpine location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial 0.55 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 1996 Alatau Range, herb melanantha plants are characterised by shallow root given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Dracocephalu location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial 0.38 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 systems (to a depth of 55 cm) influenced by 1996 Alatau Range, herb m imberbe soil water availability and a short growing given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Papaver location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial ice poppy 0.35 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 period (Table 1 ). The branching of alpine 1996 Alatau Range, herb croceum given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Leontopodiu plant roots location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial 0.23 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 1996 Alatau Range, herb m is abundant and roots are formed of the given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Cobresia location guessed by max elevation dry steppe Alpine belt perennial grass 0.16 trench no alpine slope 43.0722 77.0651 3470 3rd to 5th order. 1996 Alatau Range, capilliformis given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky evergreen shrub to small Turkestan Juniperus sub alpine location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Subalpine belt 1.6 trench no 43.1102 77.0780 2540 1996 Alatau Range, needle‐leaf tree juniper, turkestanica slope given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Phlomis sub alpine In the subalpine belt, high‐grass and mixed location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Subalpine belt perennial forb 0.55 trench no 43.1102 77.0780 2540 1996 Alatau Range, oreophila slope grass meadows predominate. The given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Alchemilla sub alpine predominance of rhizomatous types of location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Subalpine belt perennial 0.37 trench no 43.1102 77.0780 2540 1996 Alatau Range, herb obtusa slope below‐ground organs with the roots spread given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous alpine sub alpine location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Subalpine belt perennial Poa alpina 0.38 trench no 43.1102 77.0780 2540 close to the surface is more frequent in the 1996 Alatau Range, grass meadow‐ slope alpine and subalpine belts. given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous Polygonum sub alpine location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Subalpine belt perennial 0.06 trench no 43.1102 77.0780 2540 1996 Alatau Range, herb nitens slope given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky evergreen Schrenk's Picea forested The number of species in the forest belt is location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt tree 1.5 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 1996 Alatau Range, needle‐leaf spruce, schrenkiana slope higher, a variety of plant forms occurs given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky deciduous rhizomatous Rosa forested (trees, shrubs and grasses) and the degree location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt burnet rose 2 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 1996 Alatau Range, broad‐leaf shrub spinosissima slope of root‐system penetration increases (to a given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Hypericum forested location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt perennial forb 0.74 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 depth of 350 cm). Among graminaceous 1996 Alatau Range, scabrum slope plants there are many species rooted near given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Lesser Thalictrum forested location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt perennial forb 0.42 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 the surface influenced by frequent 1996 Alatau Range, meadow‐ collinum slope given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Cotoneaster forested precipitation. Many graminaceous plants of location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt perennial shrub 3.5 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 1996 Alatau Range, megalocarpa slope the forest belt are characterised by the given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky rhizomatous brittle Cystopteris forested location guessed by elevation range dry steppe Forest belt perennial 0.19 trench no 43.1689 77.0138 1438 disappearance of the tap root with age and 1996 Alatau Range, forb bladder‐ filix‐fragilis slope change of the tap‐root system to the given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest deciduous Malus mixed The abundance of species and vital forms in location guessed by min elevation dry steppe tree wild apple 7.2 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 1996 Alatau Range, belt broad‐leaf sieversii shrub/tree plant communities of the forest‐shrub belt given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest deciduous Turkestan Acer mixed location guessed by min elevation dry steppe tree 5.1 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 with a large high participation of trees and 1996 Alatau Range, belt broad‐leaf Shrub semenovii shrub/tree shrubs intensifies the differentiation of the given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest deciduous Armeniaca mixed location guessed by min elevation dry steppe tree Wild apricot 3.6 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 below‐ground sphere. Particularly the tree 1996 Alatau Range, belt broad‐leaf vulgaris shrub/tree given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest deciduous Iberian Spiraea mixed root systems penetrate deeply into the soil location guessed by min elevation dry steppe shrub 2 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 1996 Alatau Range, belt broad‐leaf spirea hypericifolia shrub/tree (to a depth of 720 cm) . Most species here given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest Artemisia mixed are characterised by a tap‐root system, less location guessed by min elevation dry steppe perennial shrub 1.4 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 1996 Alatau Range, belt santolinifolia shrub/tree frequently by a rhizomatous root system given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest Ajania mixed location guessed by min elevation dry steppe perennial shrub 1.2 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 and for graminaceous species by a fibrillose 1996 Alatau Range, belt fastigiata shrub/tree given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest Kentucky mixed type. The branching is intensive and location guessed by min elevation dry steppe perennial grass Poa pratensis 0.42 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 1996 Alatau Range, belt bluegrass shrub/tree proceeds up to the formation of the roots given and vegetation type on Nesterova, Zailiisky Shrub forest rhizomatous Carex mixed of the 3rd to 6th order, in the trees it can location guessed by min elevation dry steppe perennial 0.4 trench no 43.2286 76.9848 1000 1996 Alatau Range, belt sedge turkestanica shrub/tree reach the 7th to 8th order (Table 1 ). The given and vegetation type on Neykova et Mt. Kenya trench on crest of a clay Haplic max depth not reached; single crop crop land Kithoka annual grass corn Zea mays L. > 1.4 yes 1500 ‐ 2400 crops 0.1191 37.6706 1457 al., 2011 area, C Kenya wall plateau Nitisols derived and inter‐cropping with legume Neykova et Mt. Kenya trench almost level clay rich Vitric max depth not reached; single crop crop land Thuura annual grass corn Zea mays L. > 1.4 yes 1500 ‐ 2400 crops 0.0649 37.7476 1159 al., 2011 area, C Kenya wall area Gleysols derived and inter‐cropping with legume Nicoll & Ray, evergreen Picea excavatio Rooting depth restricted by water table... given lat‐lon does not match z; Cumbria, U.K. plantation tree Sitka spruce 0.56 no 1300 slope 0‐14° 0.42 ‐ ? peat gley plantation 55.1000 ‐2.7919 200‐245 1996 needle‐leaf sitchensis n root system morphology adapted to resist moved NW to 200m; wtd is for Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed bulbous Phalaris managed The differences in rooting depth and root Hamilton site perennial bunch grass 1.4 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 mean of 4 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture canary aquatica pasture density between Hamilton and Warrak Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed cock's‐foot, Dactylis managed Hamilton site perennial C₃ bunch grass 0.92 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 mean of 2 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture orchard glomerata pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed Festuca managed Hamilton site perennial C₃ bunch grass tall fescue 1.37 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 mean of 3 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture arundinacea pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed perennial Lolium managed Hamilton site perennial bunch grass 1.15 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 mean of 2 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture ryegrass, perenne pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed tall Thinopymm managed this dataset has root density Hamilton site perennial bunch grass 1.32 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 2008 Australia pasture wheatgrass, ponticum pasture profiles Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed annual or Harlan Bromus managed Hamilton site grass 1.46 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 2008 Australia pasture perennial brome, stamineus pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed ribwort Plantago managed Hamilton site perennial herb 1.06 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 2008 Australia pasture plantain, lanceolata pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed weeping Microlaena managed Hamilton site perennial grass 1.12 soil coring yes 690 clay loam ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 2008 Australia pasture grass, stipoides pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed Pennisetum compacted managed The deepest rooting culttivar was Whittet Hamilton site perennial grass kikuyu grass 2.01 soil coring yes 690 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.8333 142.0167 192 2008 Australia pasture clandestinum stony‐ pasture kikuyu with a depth of at least 2 m Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed bulbous Phalaris compacted managed The higher root densities in the 0.1‐0.7 m Warrak site perennial bunch grass 0.94 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 mean of 4 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture canary aquatica stony‐ pasture soil layer at Warrak than at Hamilton (Table Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed cock's‐foot, Dactylis compacted managed Warrak site perennial C₃ bunch grass 0.87 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 mean of 2 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture orchard glomerata stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed Festuca compacted managed Warrak site perennial C₃ bunch grass tall fescue 0.92 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 mean of 3 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture arundinacea stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed perennial Lolium compacted managed Warrak site perennial bunch grass 0.76 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 mean of 2 cultivars 2008 Australia pasture ryegrass, perenne stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed tall Thinopymm compacted managed Warrak site perennial bunch grass 0.75 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 2008 Australia pasture wheatgrass, ponticum stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed annual or Harlan Bromus compacted managed Warrak site grass 0.82 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 2008 Australia pasture perennial brome, stamineus stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed ribwort Plantago compacted managed Warrak site perennial herb 0.88 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 2008 Australia pasture plantain, lanceolata stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed weeping Microlaena compacted managed Warrak site perennial grass 0.71 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 2008 Australia pasture grass, stipoides stony‐ pasture Nie et al., Victoria, S. managed Pennisetum compacted managed Warrak site perennial grass kikuyu grass 1.27 soil coring yes 550 0.7‐1.1 ‐37.2333 143.1167 309 2008 Australia pasture clandestinum stony‐ pasture Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Mulian semi‐ Radermacher excavatio 70‐80% in steep thin soil Hillslopes are characterized by steep slopes tree 0.62 no 1389 dolomite 0.1‐0.4 24.7250 108.3083 522 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment ‐ deciduous a sinica n May‐Sept midslope (<30cm), clay to (approximately 60 %) and shallow soils Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Mulian deciduous Alchornea excavatio 70‐80% in steep thin soil the three habitats were selected from shrub 0.37 no 1389 dolomite 0.1‐0.4 24.7250 108.3083 522 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment ‐ broad‐leaf trewioides n May‐Sept midslope (<30cm), clay to midslope positions on hillslopes of similar Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Mulian semi‐ Radermacher excavatio 70‐80% in steep 1m soil‐rock frag In all the three habitats, maximum rooting The relatively humid climate may tree 1.17 no 1389 dolomite 0.1‐0.4 24.7214 108.2985 393 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment ‐ deciduous a sinica n May‐Sept midslope mixture, depths were no deeper than 120 and 40 cm be the reason that roots did not Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Mulian deciduous Alchornea excavatio 70‐80% in steep 1m soil‐rock frag for the tree and shrub species, respectively. penetrate deeper into fractures. shrub 0.35 no 1389 dolomite 0.1‐0.4 24.7214 108.2985 393 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment ‐ broad‐leaf trewioides n May‐Sept midslope mixture, Maximum radial extents were extremely Earlier findings of such were in Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Guzhou semi‐ Radermacher excavatio 70‐80% in steep rock outcrops, The habitat is dominated by exposed rock tree 0.68 no 1389 limestone 0 24.9069 107.9432 509 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment, deciduous a sinica n May‐Sept midslope soil (loam) or with few soil patches midway to the top of Nie et al., NW Guangxi subtropical Guzhou deciduous Alchornea excavatio 70‐80% in steep rock outcrops, shrub 0.26 no 1389 limestone 0 24.9069 107.9432 509 2014 province, SW moist forest catchment, broad‐leaf trewioides n May‐Sept midslope soil (loam) or Niiyama et al., Malay tropical evergreen Sindora excavatio west‐facing The maximum depth of tap roots was tree 4 no 2000 Ultisol granite 2.9833 102.3000 121 2010 Peninsula rainforest broad‐leaf coriacea n slope about 4 m, which was recorded for the Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Arbutus elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow soil, Flysch/Schist: The soils in the area are shallow and are not direct measurement; max S. France 1 shrub 7 800 ‐ 1000 43.5575 3.2896 252 2010 an broad‐leaf unedo, Resis. uptake spring and with mostly layered mix of poorly developed with often only an AC or rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Arbutus elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow soil, Flysch/Schist: not direct measurement; max S. France 2 shrub 9 800 ‐ 1000 43.5601 3.2947 191 AR profile. The downward transition of soil 2010 an broad‐leaf unedo, Resis. uptake spring and with mostly layered mix of into weathered rock often has an indistinct rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Arbutus elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow soil, Flysch/Schist: not direct measurement; max S. France 3 shrub 7.5 800 ‐ 1000 43.5675 3.2867 638 boundary and tree roots often penetrate 2010 an broad‐leaf unedo, Resis. uptake spring and with mostly layered mix of rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen mixed herbs elec. soil water rain mostly in In low areas, Dolomite: deeply into weathered, fractured, or not direct measurement; max S. France 4 shrub 8 800 ‐ 1000 < 2 43.6326 3.2144 367 2010 an broad‐leaf and shrubs, Resis. uptake spring and loose sand of up gray Jurassic faulted rock. rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen mixed herbs elec. soil water rain mostly in In low areas, Dolomite: The top layer shows little difference, not direct measurement; max S. France 5 shrub 8.5 800 ‐ 1000 < 2 43.6355 3.2058 384 2010 an broad‐leaf and shrubs, Resis. uptake spring and loose sand of up gray Jurassic because some early September rainfall rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow acid Basalt: grazing not direct measurement; max S. France 6 shrub Quercus ilex 7 800 ‐ 1000 43.5927 3.2589 364 wetted the top part of the soil profile. The 2010 an broad‐leaf Resis. uptake spring and soils w. many quaternary pasture common pattern nowshows a three‐layer rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Arbutus elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow soil, Flysch/Schist: not direct measurement; max S. France 9 shrub 4.7 800 ‐ 1000 43.5631 3.2902 251 profile: a top layer with a high lateral 2010 an broad‐leaf unedo, Resis. uptake spring and with mostly layered mix of rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen mixed herbs elec. soil water rain mostly in In low areas, Dolomite: variability, a second layer with water not direct measurement; max S. France 10 shrub 11 800 ‐ 1000 < 2 43.6349 3.2157 365 2010 an broad‐leaf and shrubs, Resis. uptake spring and loose sand of up gray Jurassic abstraction by trees during the summer, rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Quercus ilex, elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow rocky Calcareous not direct measurement; max S. France 11 shrub 12 800 ‐ 1000 43.6208 3.2356 437 and a base with no change at all. The depth 2010 an broad‐leaf Quercus Resis. uptake spring and soils w. high clay sandstones: of each zone is very different for the rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Quercus ilex, elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow rocky Calcareous not direct measurement; max S. France 12 shrub 11 800 ‐ 1000 43.6172 3.2382 420 geological substrates in the study area (Fig. 2010 an broad‐leaf Quercus Resis. uptake spring and soils w. high clay sandstones: rooting depth taken as max depth 8) In the flysch and basalt the vegetation Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen Arbutus elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow soil, Flysch/Schist: 8). In the flysch and basalt, the vegetation not direct measurement; max S. France 13 shrub 10 800 ‐ 1000 43.5897 3.2802 374 2010 an broad‐leaf unedo, Resis. uptake spring and with mostly layered mix of uses water from the soil down to 4 m, with rooting depth taken as max depth Nijland et al., Mediterrane evergreen elec. soil water rain mostly in Shallow acid Basalt: grazing maximum extraction around 2 mdeep. On not direct measurement; max S. France 14 shrub Quercus ilex 3.7 800 ‐ 1000 43.5626 3.2808 297 2010 an broad‐leaf Resis. uptake spring and soils w. many quaternary pasture the calcareous sandstone,water is used rooting depth taken as max depth Niklas et al., Sonora, Mexican Pachycereus excavatio west‐facing The root system of P. pringlei is laterally arid desert succulent large cactus 1.15 no 29.0582 ‐112.0800 235 2002 Mexico, giant pringlei n bajada extensive but shallow;three large lateral Nilsen et al., Harper's Well, deciduous Honey Prosopis clay loam, then There is a permanent, stable groundwater authors note: "Harper's Well, our arid desert tree 4.0 ‐ 6.0 soil coring no valley floor 4.0 ‐ 6.0 33.0888 ‐115.9074 ‐30 1983 S. CA broad‐leaf Mesquite Glandulosa sand/clay lenses table which varies spatially between depths study site, lies at an elevation of ‐ Nippert et al., riparian deciduous Tamarix diurnal coarse silts to invasive Five Tamarix individuals in the vicinity Locations clearly marked on a map S. Kansas well 1.1 shrub salt cedar 0.34 no 560 floodplain 0 ‐ 0.5 0.34 37.0439 ‐99.7566 561 2010 forest broad‐leaf ramosissima well level medium sands shrubs (within 5 m) of each well were randomly in Butler et al., 2008 (Kansas GS Nippert et al., riparian deciduous Tamarix diurnal coarse silts to invasive The diel water table fluctuations decreased S. Kansas well 1.2 shrub salt cedar 1.45 no 560 floodplain 1.0 ‐ 1.6 1.45 37.0451 ‐99.7564 561 Open‐File Report 2008‐13); max 2010 forest broad‐leaf ramosissima well level medium sands shrubs very abruptly as the water table fell past rooting depth inferred from O18 Nippert et al., riparian deciduous Tamarix diurnal coarse silts to invasive the most likely explanation of changes in S. Kansas well 3.1 shrub salt cedar 0.85 no 560 floodplain 0.5 ‐ 1.1 0.85 37.0459 ‐99.7527 560 and WTD time series where below 2010 forest broad‐leaf ramosissima well level medium sands shrubs the strength of diel fluctuations is that Nippert et al., riparian deciduous Tamarix diurnal coarse silts to invasive groundwater uptake would be expected to a previous miminum depth diurnal S. Kansas well 3.2 shrub salt cedar 1.25 no 560 floodplain 0.9 ‐ 1.4 1.25 37.0471 ‐99.7520 559 2010 forest broad‐leaf ramosissima well level medium sands shrubs decrease as the water table dropped past cycles of WTD diminished in the Nobel & Southern NW Sonoran drought‐ xerophytic ocotillo, Fouquieria excavatio bimodal, late E facing The maximum rooting depth steadily Highest occurrence on E‐facing Agave Hill 0.42 no 220 33.6345 ‐116.3931 453 Zutta, 2005 California Desert deciduous shrub flaming splendens n summer, slope increased with plant height up to about slopes Nulsen et al., near Mediterrane evergreen chapped Eucalyptus 60% in May‐ sand/gravel, silicified granitic During drilling of a bore on the Catchment vertually no runoff, and no deep near site‐3 tree 28 drill core no 376 2200 1 ‐ 4.5 50 ‐33.1062 118.9937 317 1986 Newdegate an dry forest broad‐leaf mallee, sand pileata, E. Oct mottled, hard hardpan of Archaean 150 m south of neutron probe Site 3 in the drainage ‐ no groundwater under Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Buffalo Ziziphus lithium The Kalahari sandveld, on the western side drill hole 01 tree 8.00 no 437 8 loamy fine sand ‐22.3243 26.8402 1086 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf Thorn mucronata chloride of the escarpment, with thick sand and all drill‐hole locations are read off Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous lithium poorly developed drainage, deep from Fig. 5.1, in UTM, and drill hole 02 tree Blade thorn Acacia fleckii 28.00 no 437 36 loamy fine sand ‐22.4924 26.5081 1126 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf chloride groundwater; land mostly flat and slopes converted to lat‐lon on Google Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Kalahari Dichrostachys lithium The sandveld area is quite flat and is drill hole 03 tree 20.00 no 437 36 loamy fine sand ‐22.4924 26.5081 1126 Earth. UTM zone 35K 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf Christmas cinerea chloride dominated by free draining coarse to loamy Soil excavation not conducted. Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Silver Terminalia lithium fine Kalahary sands with high permeability, drill hole 04 tree 15.00 no 437 36 loamy fine sand ‐22.4924 26.5081 1126 Lithium (Li) is released at bottom of 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf Terminalia sericea chloride high infiltraiton rate and high retention Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Shepherd's Boscia lithium All trees in the vicinity of the injected drill drill holes besides trees, and its drill hole 07 tree 20.00 no 437 78 loamy fine sand ‐22.3942 26.3892 1214 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf tree albitrunca chloride holes show a clear and surprisngly fast content minitored in twiggs and Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous lithium response, which proves the transport of drill hole 08 tree Blade thorn Acacia fleckii 15.00 no 437 78 loamy fine sand ‐22.3942 26.3892 1214 leaves. Trees are 1.3 to 8.1m away 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf chloride the tracers from depths of at least the from the drill holes, but mosly Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous lithium drill hole 09 tree Blade thorn Acacia fleckii 15.00 no 437 78 loamy fine sand ‐22.3942 26.3892 1214 within 5m. Tracor is taken up in one 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium day in all trees except for one (T13) drill hole 10 tree 35.00 no 437 78 loamy fine sand ‐22.3942 26.3892 1214 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride where injection was at 70m deep Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Shepherd's Boscia lithium (sharp rise in day‐3). The depth of drill hole 10 tree 35.00 no 437 78 loamy fine sand ‐22.3942 26.3892 1214 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf tree albitrunca chloride tracer release (top of 3m‐long Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium drill hole 11 tree 55.00 no 437 79 loamy fine sand ‐22.3626 26.4662 1225 perferated casing) is taken as 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium rooting depth (at least that deep). drill hole 12 tree 40.00 no 437 79 loamy fine sand ‐22.3506 26.4550 1228 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride It could also be upward capillary Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Shepherd's Boscia lithium rise that brought the deep tracers drill hole 13 tree 40.00 no 437 79 loamy fine sand ‐22.3402 26.4321 1223 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf tree albitrunca chloride to the shallower roots. In any Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium drill hole 14 tree 70.00 no 437 80 loamy fine sand ‐22.3134 26.4283 1221 event, these depths indicate that 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride exploited by the roots if indirectly Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Shepherd's Boscia lithium drill hole 15 tree 70.00 no 437 80 loamy fine sand ‐22.3134 26.4283 1221 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf tree albitrunca chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium drill hole 16 tree 47.00 no 437 80 loamy fine sand ‐22.3134 26.4283 1221 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Securidaca lithium drill hole 17 tree violet tree 60.00 no 437 76 loamy fine sand ‐22.2770 26.4759 1228 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf longipeduncu chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Securidaca lithium drill hole 18 tree violet tree 40.00 no 437 76 loamy fine sand ‐22.2770 26.4759 1228 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf longipeduncu chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree evergreen Securidaca lithium drill hole 19 tree violet tree 30.00 no 437 77 loamy fine sand ‐22.2770 26.4759 1228 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf longipeduncu chloride Obakeng, Kalahari grass/tree deciduous Camel Acacia lithium drill hole 20 tree 20.00 no 437 76 loamy fine sand ‐22.2770 26.4759 1228 2007 sandveld, E. savanna broad‐leaf thorn, erioloba chloride Ohnuki et al., Kampong tropical evergreen Dipterocarpu trench flat terrace loamy sand, on DEF1 tree 10.00 yes 2.0 ‐ 9.4 12.7992 105.4612 89 2008 Thom evergreen broad‐leaf s costatus, wall 10m above sandy‐caly loam, Oliveira et al., 35km S. of Cerrado Cerrado evergreen semi‐closed soil coring galery clayey red Two adjacent ecosystems (<1 km apart) sites are at Reserva Ecologica do trees 5.75 yes 1500 May‐Sept ‐15.9550 ‐47.8888 1100 2005 Brasilia, Brazil (grass/tree denso broad‐leaf canopy forest + deep forest latossol (Oxisol) were selected on the basis of contrasting Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Oliveira et al., 35km S. of Cerrado evergreen grass soil coring clayey red plinthite Campo sujo is a grassy vegetation with Max root depth suggested to be Campo sujo grasses 4.00 yes 1500 May‐Sept open slope 4.00 ‐15.9457 ‐47.8868 1100 2005 Brasilia, Brazil (grass/tree broad‐leaf ecosystem + deep latossol (Oxisol) layer interspersed small shrubs (maximum the depth of the plinthite layer Oosterbaan & temperate deciduous Quercus trench Reclaimcd peat reclaimed Unhealthy oak trees were found to be most Netherland Hardenberg tree English oak 0.90 no 0.8 ‐ 1.9 52.5572 6.5692 22 Nabuurs, deciduous broad‐leaf robur wall soil with sandy peatland prevalent on sites with a high groundwater Oosterbaan & temperate deciduous Quercus trench Reclaimcd peat reclaimed Netherland Ulvenhout tree English oak 0.80 no 0.4 ‐ 1.9 51.5833 4.6950 17 level (i.e. < 40cm below the surface) in the Nabuurs, deciduous broad‐leaf robur wall soil with sandy peatland spring… At the 5 locations several common root depth data taken from Fig. 4; Oosterbaan & temperate deciduous Quercus trench Moist humus reclaimed Netherland Staphorst tree English oak 0.60 no 0.25 ‐ 1.9 52.6505 6.2036 4 tendencies can be found. In the first place lat‐lon approximate from Fig.1 and Nabuurs, deciduous broad‐leaf robur wall podsol soil peatland Oosterbaan & temperate Wieringermee deciduous Quercus trench Moist humus reclaimed depth of the root system is closely related Google Earth Netherland tree English oak 0.50 no 0.2 ‐ 1.8 52.8964 5.0208 2 Nabuurs, deciduous r broad‐leaf robur wall podsol soil peatland to groundwater class, as Figure 4 Oosterbaan & temperate deciduous Quercus trench Moist, reclaimed illustrates. On wet soils (groundwater class Netherland De Boom tree English oak 0.40 no 0.2 ‐ 1.2 52.0979 5.4091 2 Nabuurs, deciduous broad‐leaf robur wall moderately acid peatland Ill or V) the root systems are 30‐ 40cm Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 6yr old evergreen Cecropia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary root system characterized by the presence Fig.1‐2, pioneer species; lat‐lon too tree 0.30 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf distachya n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth of distinct aerial stilt roots; all adventitious coarse, site location guided by Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 14yr old evergreen Cecropia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary tree 0.18 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108organs which develop on young saplings Fig.1‐3, pioneer species 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf ficifolia n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth and later emerge at a higher level near Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 14yr old evergreen Cecropia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary tree 0.17 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108lenticels on stem. These organs create an Fig.1‐4. pioneer species 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf sciadophylla n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 37yr old evergreen Cecropia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary arch‐like structure and become rooted in tree 0.26 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 Fig.1‐5, pioneer species 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf sciadophylla n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth the soil more than 1 m away; successively Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 6yr and 14yr evergreen Vismia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary Juvenile taproots hardly penetrate below a 3 specimen (Fig.3‐2,3,4), pioneer tree 0.28 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical old regrowth broad‐leaf macrophylla n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth depth of 0.3 m, but in mature trees they species Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 14yr old evergreen Vismia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary can reach down to 1 m; The root system in 2 specimen (Fig.3‐5,7), pioneer tree 0.35 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf japurensis n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth Vismia species is generally poor in species Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 18yr old evergreen Vismia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary tree 0.55 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108branching and is characterized by geotropic Fig.3‐6, pioneer species 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf glaziovii n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth laterals growing from the coarse Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 14yr and 18yr evergreen Miconia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary Older specimens often display thickened 4 specimen (Fig.5‐2,3,4,5), pioneer tree 0.46 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical old regrowth broad‐leaf poeppigii n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth plagiotropic roots which spread on the soil species Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 37yr old evergreen Goupia excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary characterized by a robust stump base and 2 specimen (Fig.7‐2,3), climax tree 0.70 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf glabra n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth adjacent root spurs; the root skeleton is species Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 14yr and 37yr evergreen Clathrotropis excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary Deeply penetrating taproot richly branched 3 specimen (Fig.9‐2,3,4), climax tree 1.08 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 2000 Amazonia, tropical old sites broad‐leaf macrocarpa n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth in its upper section dominates the root species Pavlis & Jenik, Colombian lowland 18yr old evergreen Brosimum excavatio yes + on low silt loam /loamy secondary A bunh of sinkers penetrates below the tree 1.50 3059 none ‐0.6132 ‐72.3778 108 Fig.11‐1, climax species 2000 Amazonia, tropical regrowth site broad‐leaf rubescens n, soil drawings terrace, 10‐ sand in A, clay regrowth maximum observed in other tree species Rexburg, E semi‐arid Ricks College evergreen big Artemesia excavatio <30% in May‐ Snake river sandy loam of Most of the root mass, over 80%, was Pearson, 1965 shrub 0.55 drawling 270 sheet lava 0.6 grazed 43.8127 ‐111.7916 1492 a case of bedrock stopping roots Idaho shrub‐steppe campus needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata n Sep plateau lava origin concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the soil Pelaez et al., La Pampa root shallow soil, overgrazed The root system of the two grass species dry steppe perennial tussock grass Stipa tenuis 0.60 yes 344 dry summer 744 well drained caliche 0.6 ‐38.7500 ‐63.7500 93 1994 Province, chamber medium to grassland, and C. microphylla is mainly distributed in Pelaez et al., La Pampa Piptochaetiu root shallow soil, overgrazed dry steppe perennial bunch grass speargrass 0.60 yes 344 dry summer 744 well drained caliche 0.6 ‐38.7500 ‐63.7500 93 the upper layers (10‐40cm) of the soil 1994 Province, m chamber medium to grassland, prifile, while that of P. caldenia descended Pelaez et al., La Pampa evergreen Condalia trench shallow soil, overgrazed Rooting depth from Fig.5a; this dry steppe shrub 0.55 drawings 344 dry summer 744 well drained caliche 0.6 ‐38.7500 ‐63.7500 93 through the soil profile to the caliche layer. 1994 Province, broad‐leaf microphylla wall medium to grassland, species has thick cuticle and very Pelaez et al., La Pampa deciduous legumous Prosopis trench shallow soil, overgrazed The main root of C. microphylla branched dry steppe calden 0.80 drawings 344 dry summer 744 well drained caliche 0.6 ‐38.7500 ‐63.7500 93 rooting depth from Fig. 5b 1994 Province, broad‐leaf shrub caldenia wall medium to grassland, at about 20‐30cm depth and some of the Pereira and grass evergreen Monterey excavatio level, no sandy loam, volcanic ash Kinale, Kanya plantation tree Pinus Radiata 4.57 drawings 1113 plantation ‐0.9173 36.6009 2621 Hosegood, savanna needle‐leaf Pine n surface clay, high‐perm and tuff Pereira and grass evergreen Monterey Cupresses excavatio level, no sandy loam, volcanic ash Kinale, Kanya plantation tree 4.57 drawings 1113 plantation ‐0.9250 36.0953 2617 root depth data take from fig 1. Hosegood, savanna needle‐leaf cypress macrocarpa n surface clay, high‐perm and tuff Pereira and grass native African Arundinaria excavatio level, no sandy loam, volcanic ash Kinale, Kanya perennial grass 3.96 drawings 1113 ‐0.9327 36.6045 2577 Hosegood, savanna bamboo Mountain alpina n surface clay, high‐perm and tuff near Tucson, Sonoran slopes of the deciduous Prosopis open‐pit roots in gravel root found in open mine pit, with all a mine pit closest to vegetation in Phillips, 1963 tree mesquite 53.00 no lower hill 73 31.8424 ‐111.0429 988 Arizona Desert Sierrita broad‐leaf juliflora mine between layers vegetation already stripped… Between the south and with the appearance Pinheiro et Caatinga soil‐veg‐assoc‐ deciduous Caesalpinia trench 70% in Feb‐ crystaline‐ The results showed that the effective depth effective depth reported: 90% root Aiuaba, Brazil tree catingueira 0.67 ‐ 0.78 no 560 2500 Acrisol 1‐2.5 ‐6.7000 ‐40.2800 535 al., 2013 (Savanna) 1 broad‐leaf pyramidalis wall Apr sedimentary of the Caatinga roots range from 0.60 m to area on 1x1m walls; elevation from Pinheiro et Caatinga deciduous Piptadenia trench 70% in Feb‐ crystaline‐ 0.78 m in non‐restrictive deep soils, three Aiuaba, Brazil SVA‐2 tree 0.60 ‐ 0.67 no 560 2500 Luvisol 0.8‐2.5 ‐6.7000 ‐40.2800 535 al., 2013 (Savanna) broad‐leaf obliqua wall Apr sedimentary times smaller than values commonly used Pinheiro et Caatinga evergreen Mimosa trench 70% in Feb‐ crystaline‐ Aiuaba, Brazil SVA‐3 tree Mimosa 0.36 no 560 2500 Regosol 0.4 ‐6.7000 ‐40.2800 535 in hydrological models. Vegetation adapted al., 2013 (Savanna) broad‐leaf tenuiflora wall Apr sedimentary to shallow soils presenting effective root Colorado, mountain Pingree Park evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio yes + on campus, gravely sandy At the Pingree Park site it was noted that campus/reservoir easily located, lat‐ Preston, 1942 tree 1.83 40.5691 ‐105.5927 2751 40km W of forest Campus site needle‐leaf pine contorta n drawings near fire loam, glacial the tap‐ root is normally strongly lon approx, mentioning drainage Colorado, mountain Hourglass evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio yes + on edge of gravely sand, In both sites the majority of the roots are in needed by well or trenche to Preston, 1942 tree 0.91 40.5766 ‐105.6302 2864 40km W of forest Lake site needle‐leaf pine contorta n drawings reservoir, 0‐ glacial morainic the upper few inches of soil, but the excavate deeper roots but water Ain Sefra, NW arid desert, Aristida excavatio In the Algerian Sahara it is characteristic of, Price, 1911 sand dune perennial grass Drinn 0.08 no sand dune dune sand 32.7378 ‐0.5998 1100 "few inches" is taken to be 3 inches Algeria Sahara pungens n and appears to be confined to, the sandy as Ain Sefra, NW arid desert, wall barley, Hordeum excavatio What is apparently a sand form of the Price, 1911 sand dune annual grass 0.1 no sand dune dune sand 32.7378 ‐0.5998 1100 Algeria Sahara false barley murinum L. n common barley‐grass of waste places was Minitoba Island at evergreen Picea excavatio well drained moss/leaf mold For comparison, the root systems of the on a well drained slope with a Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree black spruce 0.07 drawings frost table 1.7 56.0859 ‐96.4886 176 (Canada) and entrance of needle‐leaf mariana n slope with a (6cm), brown same species were also investigated in a south exposure, situated on a large Minitoba Island at evergreen white Picea excavatio well drained moss/leaf mold deep (several hundred feet) sandy soil in island at the entrance of the Nelson Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree 0.80 drawings frost table 1.7 56.0859 ‐96.4886 176 (Canada) and entrance of needle‐leaf spruce Canadensis n slope with a (6cm), brown the neighborhood of the Brule river near river into Split lake (about 56°23'N Minitoba Island at deciduous excavatio well drained moss/leaf mold Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree willow Salix sp. 0.80 drawings frost table 1.7 56.0859 ‐96.4886 176 the south shore of Lake Superior in Douglas lat. and 96°25'W long.) the soil was (Canada) and entrance of broad‐leaf n slope with a (6cm), brown County Wisconsin This tree is the not frozen above a depth of 170 Minitoba Brule River evergreen Picea excavatio The particular plant figured was found in It appears that black roots have Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree black spruce 0.12 drawings deep sandy soil 46.6986 ‐91.6055 218 (Canada) and Site needle‐leaf mariana n the deep, sandy soil near the Brule river in shallow rooting habits that are Minitoba Hill evergreen Pinus excavatio deep, thawed Jack pine ‐1 is a decided contrast to black "The individual represented in Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree jack pine 0.80 drawings 56.0480 ‐96.9086 184 (Canada) and overlooking needle‐leaf Banksiana n soil spruce. It is found on drier soils, deeper figure 1, of which practically all the Minitoba Brule River evergreen Pinus excavatio Jack pine ‐2, also figured practically It appears that jack pine prefers Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree jack pine 0.50 drawings deep sandy soil 46.6986 ‐91.6055 218 (Canada) and Site needle‐leaf Banksiana n complete, was found on the Brule river in deep soil, but can survive in shallow Minitoba Hill deciduous Larix excavatio deep, thawed in its root habit, essentially like black Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree Tamarack 0.10 drawings 56.0480 ‐96.9086 184 (Canada) and overlooking broad‐leaf Americana n soil spruce and like the spruce does not appear Minitoba shore of deciduous Betula excavatio fairly deep soil is apparently another shallow rooted plant. Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree Canoe birch 0.30 drawings 55.9148 ‐96.8379 183 lat‐lon moved closer to the lake (Canada) and Witchai lake broad‐leaf papyrifera n with the frost The one figured was found on the shore of Minitoba Split Lake evergreen white Picea excavatio deep soil on a has apparently a more flexible root habit. Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree 0.45 drawings 56.1075 ‐96.4951 168 this is tree 2 in figure 1… (Canada) and island, a needle‐leaf spruce Canadensis n slope The plant figured as (1) was found in the Minitoba Island at evergreen balsam Populus excavatio well drained frozen at 170cm maintains several trees on the same location not given, assumed to be Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree 0.42 drawings 56.0859 ‐96.4886 176 (Canada) and entrance of needle‐leaf poplar balsamifera n slope with a depth general root system... These roots at the Nelson river island site Minitoba Brule River evergreen excavatio is essentially a deep rooted form. Its tap Pulling, 1918 Boreal forest tree white pine Pinus strobus 0.40 drawings deep sandy soil 46.6986 ‐91.6055 218 (Canada) and Site needle‐leaf n root penetrates vertically with few far‐ Putz & seasonally evergreen Ficus pertusa, excavatio mostly in wet seasonally poorly drained During the 6 month dry season soil cracks N Venezuela liana strangler fig >2 no 1450 1.5 ‐ 2.5 8.5688 ‐67.5847 73 Holbrook, flooded broad‐leaf Ficus n season (May‐ flooded, mixture of clay commonly penetrate to a depth of 50 cm Querejeta et Northern subtropical semi‐ Cordia soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite highly mixed Meteoric precipitation infiltrates quickly Kampepén tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8333 ‐89.6528 11 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest deciduous dodecandra pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer permeable agroforests into the porous, permeable limestone Querejeta et Northern subtropical deciduous Enterolobium soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Soil‐Wlled cracks, crevices and cavities Kampepén tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8333 ‐89.6528 11 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cyclocarpum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer (from a few centimeters up to 50 cm in Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Brosimum soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite tree roots were mostly concentrated in the Kampepén tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8333 ‐89.6528 11 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf alicastrum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer upper soil and bedrock layers and were Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Talisia soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Dense mats of roots were found growing Kampepén tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8333 ‐89.6528 11 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf olivaeformis pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer along cracks in the bedrock. Sascab Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Ficus soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Root access to greater depths appeared to Kampepén tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8333 ‐89.6528 11 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cotinifolia pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer be strongly hampered by the thick Querejeta et Northern subtropical deciduous Enterolobium soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite highly mixed the tree species investigated used little or Santa Cruz tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8792 ‐89.6533 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cyclocarpum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer permeable agroforests no groundwater (0–11% on average) during Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Brosimum soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Santa Cruz tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8792 ‐89.6533 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf alicastrum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Ficus soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Santa Cruz tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 9 20.8792 ‐89.6533 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cotinifolia pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical deciduous Enterolobium soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite highly mixed Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cyclocarpum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer permeable agroforests Querejeta et Northern subtropical deciduous Spondias soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf purpurea pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical semi‐ Cordia soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest deciduous dodecandra pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Brosimum soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf alicastrum pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Talisia soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf olivaeformis pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Querejeta et Northern subtropical evergreen Ficus soil/rock no, some mostly fall in shallow, rocky, hard calcite Hocabá tree 2.0 ‐ 3.0 1000 20 20.8156 ‐89.2450 14 al., 2007 Yucatan, dry forest broad‐leaf cotinifolia pits + photos May‐Oct high OM layer Ram et al., deciduous Eucalyptus hand‐dug 80% in Jul‐ flat alluvial alluvial sandy To see the depth up to which Eucalyptus plantations easily found on Google NE India plantation Plantation‐1 tree Mysure gum 4.40 photo 500 4.95 plantation 28.8807 76.5249 231 2007 broad‐leaf tereticornis well Sep plain loam, with roots have penetrated in the soil profile, an Earth with exact layout as Fig.2. Rhineland‐ temperate evergreen Norway trench chart of periodic The three sites investigated are locations guessed to be in the Rastin, 1991 site IX tree Picea abies 1.5 0.7‐1.5 1 silty loam 50.5537 7.2672 56 Palatinate, forest needle‐leaf spruce wall root count water approximately 80 year old spruce forests lowland area of Rhineland‐ Rhineland‐ temperate evergreen Norway trench chart of periodic (Picea abies (L.) Karst) growing on soils Sd horizon is the "stagnant" or Rastin, 1991 site VIII tree Picea abies 1.20 0.6‐1.2 0.9 silty loam 50.5531 7.2652 59 Palatinate, forest needle‐leaf spruce wall root count water (silty loam) which developed from the water‐logged, taken as water table Rhineland‐ temperate evergreen Norway trench chart of no water all depths include the 10cm Humic Rastin, 1991 site III tree Picea abies 1.38 > 1.5 > 1.5 silty loam 50.5543 7.2623 62 same parent material (devonian clay stone Palatinate, forest needle‐leaf spruce wall root count logging with variable cover of slope deposits) but horizon Ray and temperate evergreen Picea peat flat and deep blanket The maximum rooting depth at each site Bad a Cheo, experimental Scotland site 3 tree Sitka spruce 0.25 yes 900 0.45 plantation 58.4304 ‐3.4262 94 Schweizer, mixed forest needle‐leaf sitchensis coring level peat was often considerably less than the plantation planted in 1968 on deep Ray and temperate evergreen lodgepole Pinus peat flat and deep blanket borehole water level, and was probably blanket peat within Rumster Scotland site 10 tree 0.45 yes 900 0.5 plantation 58.4296 ‐3.4267 94 Schweizer, mixed forest needle‐leaf pine contorta coring level peat artifitial Theinfluenced experiment by shallow was located water at levels Crookburn during Forest, Caithness, Scotland, Ray and NE Cumbria, temperate deep‐phase evergreen Picea excavatio peaty glay on lat‐lon not right: "(200‐245 m tree Sitka spruce 0.48 no ditches‐ 0.4 55.1000 ‐2.7833 212 in Kershope forest, north‐east Cumbria, Nicoll, 1998 UK mixed forest peaty glay site needle‐leaf sitchensis n by glacial till altitude, latitude 55°66'N, longitude Ray and NE Cumbria, temperate shallow‐phase evergreen Picea excavatio mounds, peaty glay on UK... Rooting depth corresponded with, but tree Sitka spruce 0.58 no 0.43 55.1000 ‐2.7833 212 2°47'W). On Google, "Kershope Nicoll, 1998 UK mixed forest peaty gley site needle‐leaf sitchensis n by trees glacial till was slightly deeper than, the winter water Forest" is at ~55°06'N=55.1N, Ray and NE Cumbria, temperate surface water evergreen Picea excavatio planted on peaty glay on table… (other studies by the same authors tree Sitka spruce 0.63 no 0.47 55.1000 ‐2.7833 212 2.7833W Nicoll, 1998 UK mixed forest gley site needle‐leaf sitchensis n by mounds; glacial till have noted that winter water table is Rawitscher, Emas Campo evergreen Andira deep wells deep, Since it was necessary to know the water‐ a legume; details in Fig.11 and soil small tree 18.00 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree broad‐leaf humilis (shafts) homogeneous content in the different layers we opened profiles in Fig.9 Rawitscher, Emas Campo evergreen Aristolochia deep wells deep, shrub 1.80 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599three wells reaching the ground water‐ Fig.13 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree broad‐leaf Giberti (shafts) homogeneous table at 17‐18 m. As the wells were drilled Rawitscher, Emas Campo semi‐ Stryphnoden deep wells deep, a legume; Fig.22 ‐ truncated at 2m tree 4.00 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 at the highest levels of the rolling land, 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree deciduous dron (shafts) homogeneous but it is so strong that I would Rawitscher, Emas Campo Echinolaena deep wells deep, ground‐water here could not be conducted perennial grass 1.50 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 Fig.22 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree sp. (shafts) homogeneous from lsewhere and must have been Rawitscher, Emas Campo Craniolaria deep wells deep, derived from the excess or the summer perennial herb 0.35 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 Fig.23 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree integrifolia (shafts) homogeneous rains in situ. The ground‐water table is Rawitscher, Emas Campo Vernonia deep wells deep, perennial herb 0.45 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599continuous, and the many wells that exist Fig. 24 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree grandiflora (shafts) homogeneous in the region for household purposes Rawitscher, Emas Campo evergreen Cochlosperm deep wells deep, small tree 1.40 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599indicate, in comparable cases, similar Fig.26 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree broad‐leaf um insigne (shafts) homogeneous Rawitscher, Emas Campo evergreen Attalea deep wells deep, depths of the same continuous ground‐ tree 0.60 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 Fig. 27 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree broad‐leaf, exigua Drude (shafts) homogeneous water. From this ground‐water there drains Rawitscher, Emas Campo evergreen Acanthococos deep wells deep, off throughout the year, even at the end of tree 0.55 drawings 1440 May‐Sept on a plateau 17‐18 18 ‐21.9479 ‐47.4338 599 Fig. 28 1948 (Pirassununga Cerrado (tree broad‐leaf, sp. (shafts) homogeneous the driest periods, water that feeds springs Rawitscher et near Caatinga (dry evergreen in the caper Capparis yco mostly in near a We collect leaves of Capparis YCO 12 noon translated from Portugues; location small tree 5.00 road cut no 475 ‐10.9736 ‐39.6354 271 al, 1952 Queimadas, bush) broad‐leaf? family Mart. May‐Sept stream on 12 December, a place not extremely guessed based on author Raz‐Yaseef et near deciduous Quercus excavatio most rain in foothills of slate and Water uptake from groundwater helps coarse roots only, detected with Chaparral tree blue oak 0.53 yes 562 3.0 ‐ 10.5 silty loam 0.45 38.4314 ‐120.9669 171 al., 2013 Sacramento, broad‐leaf douglasii n + GPR winter Sierra schist explain the incongruity of tree growth with GPR; lat‐lon given is wrong ‐ should van Rees & 7km NE of subtropical evergreen Pinus elliottii coring, on flat sandy spodosol, argillic 20yr old Slash pine taproots extended between 200 "Comparing the vertical root tree slash pine 3.30 yes 1330 0.8‐1.3 29.7046 ‐82.2546 53 Comerford, Gainsville, FL mixed forest needle‐leaf Engelm. var. trench, coastal plain poorly drained horizon plantation and 330 cm below the surface, (i.e., 1‐2.3 distribution of pine and palmetto van Rees & 7km NE of subtropical evergreen saw Serenoa coring, on flat sandy spodosol, argillic 20yr old Pine roots frequently grew inside large showed that both were deep, small palm 2.05 yes 1330 0.8‐1.3 29.7046 ‐82.2546 53 Comerford, Gainsville, FL mixed forest broad‐leaf palmetto repens trench, coastal plain poorly drained horizon plantation diameter (3‐5 mm), dead roots of extensive rooting species. It was Reynolds, near Oxford, temperate evergreen Pseudotsuga yes to SE facing coarse sand to Vertical soil profiles showed that these tree Douglas fir 1.40 coring 51.711 ‐1.2534 99 1970 UK, Bagley mixed forest needle‐leaf taxifolia 1.07m 1/18 slope sandy loam 2m latter horizons usually prevent Douglas fir Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid undistrubed evergreen big Artemesia 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ shrub 2.50 yes 224 clayey silt 43.8194 ‐112.8235 1465 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe site needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata tracer Jun Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid evergreen big Artemesia 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ aeolian sandy disturbed site shrub 2.25 yes 224 43.8542 ‐112.7309 1459 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata tracer Jun loam and loess Root depth and lateral spread were Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid undistrubed yellow Chrysothamo 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ perennial shrub 1.90 yes 224 clayey silt 43.8194 ‐112.8235 1465 determined for five plant species using Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe site rabbitbrush us vicidiflorus tracer Jun radiotracer techniques. Depth data only Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid yellow Chrysothamo 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ aeolian sandy disturbed site perennial shrub 2.00 yes 224 43.8542 ‐112.7309 1459 were collected from two additional species. locations guessed to be within the Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe rabbitbrush us vicidiflorus tracer Jun loam and loess Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid undistrubed basin Leymus 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), the INEL faciliaties/lands, one at a perennial grass > 1.6 yes 224 clayey silt 43.8194 ‐112.8235 1465 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe site wildrye cinerus tracer Jun deepest rooted species examined, had distrubed site (Test Area North), Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid basin Leymus 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ aeolian sandy roots extending to a depth of 225 cm. the other at an undistrubed site to disturbed site perennial grass > 2.0 yes 224 43.8542 ‐112.7309 1459 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe wildrye cinerus tracer Jun loam and loess Roots of Great Basin wildrye (Leymus the south at a comparable Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid undistrubed Elymus 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ perennial grass squirreltail > 1.0 yes 224 clayey silt 43.8194 ‐112.8235 1465 cinereus), the deepest rooted grass, were elevation Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe site elymoides tracer Jun Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid undistrubed bushy bird's Cordylanthus 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ detected to 200 cm. The maximum lateral annual forb 1.60 yes 224 clayey silt 43.8194 ‐112.8235 1465 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe site beak ramosus tracer Jun spread of both of these species was 100 cm Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid indian rice Oryzopsis 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ aeolian sandy and occurred at a depth of 40 cm. disturbed site perennial grass > 1.5 yes 224 43.8542 ‐112.7309 1459 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe grass hymenoides tracer Jun loam and loess Reynolds & E of Idaho semi‐arid crested Agropyron 32P radio 35% in Apr‐ aeolian sandy disturbed site perennial grass > 1.5 yes 224 43.8542 ‐112.7309 1459 Fraley, 1989 Falls, ID shrub‐steppe wheatgrass cristatum tracer Jun loam and loess Restom & Paragominas, Tropical evergreen Davilla excavatio dry in June‐ Oxisol: 70–80% secondary The deepest individual excavated had roots moved from given lat‐lon to a liana 10.00 no 1800 upland >40 ‐2.9837 ‐47.4153 132 Napstad, Para, Brazil rainforest broad‐leaf kunthii n Nov clay, 10–20% forest from as deep as 10 m...Deep rooting was shown forested area 7km NE of Richards & semi‐arid evergreen big Artemeisia excavatio sandy loam gravelly loam to The soil water potential data and mas rooting depth taken as 2.5 Logan, Utah shrub 2.50 yes 468 41.7536 ‐123.8000 1460 Caldwell 1987 shrub‐steppe needle‐leaf sagebrush tridentata n developed sandy loam experimental results suggest that at night because the profile excludeed Richter and piedmont‐ restored Calhoun evergreen soil on well O and A on deeply rooted, with pine roots observed at lat‐lon determined from Google tree loblolly pine Pinus taeda 4.00 no 1250 34.6374 ‐81.6630 150 Markewitz, coastal plains forest Experimental needle‐leaf sampling drained sandy E on 4‐meter depths. The hydrologic rooting Earth search for Calhoune Riestenberg, near temperate Delhi Site, deciduous Acer excavatio on 30‐ silty‐clay limeston and tree sugar maple 1.00 drawings 0.5 39.1012 ‐84.6650 227 From Fig 11 1994 Cincinnati, deciduous Sugar maple‐1 broad‐leaf saccharum n + trench degree colluvium shale Riestenberg, near temperate deciduous Fraxinus excavatio on 30‐ silty‐clay limeston and Few roots larger than 1 cm in diameter Delhi Site tree white ash > 2.0 drawings 0.5 39.1012 ‐84.6650 227 from Fig 18 1994 Cincinnati, deciduous broad‐leaf americana L. n + trench degree colluvium shale extend through soil 2 m below the ground Riestenberg, near temperate evergreen excavatio on 30‐ silty‐clay limeston and Delhi Site tree juniper Juniperus sp. 1.00 drawings 0.5 39.1012 ‐84.6650 227 from Fig 18 1994 Cincinnati, deciduous needle‐leaf n + trench degree colluvium shale Riestenberg, near temperate Spring Grove deciduous Acer excavatio on a 8‐ silty‐clay limeston and has a similar shallow rooting habit, even tree sugar maple > 0.6 drawings 1.5 39.1854 ‐84.5305 203 from Fig 12 and author notes 1994 Cincinnati, deciduous Site, Sugar broad‐leaf saccharum n degree colluvium shale though it grew in deeper colluvium than Riestenberg, near temperate Spring Grove deciduous Fraxinus excavatio on a 8‐ silty‐clay limeston and The branches extend to a depth of 1 m tree white ash > 1.1 drawings 1.5 39.1854 ‐84.5305 203 from Fig 13 and auther notes 1994 Cincinnati, deciduous Site broad‐leaf americana L. n degree colluvium shale below the ground surface and then Roberts & near temperate forb ground pine, Lycopodium excavatio drawing of The root system is extensive, one main root Lab study ‐ no site. The authors are perennial 0.13 41.6730 ‐73.9358 42 Herty, 1934 Poughkeepsie broadleaf (rhizomatous) groundceda complanatum n rhizome‐ and its branches occupying an area from VASSAR COLLEGE, Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Kalannie evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer uniform sand silcrete tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree Blue mallee 8.00 no 311 2542 upper slope 8 ‐30.1680 117.3701 343 depth of drilling 8m al., 2006 Western an upper slop broad‐leaf polybractea inferred drought over silcrete hardpan to reduce depth dried to wilting point; Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Kalannie evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer middle uniform sand silcrete tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree Blue mallee 2.00 no 311 2542 2 ‐30.1851 117.3679 320 depth of drilling 2m al., 2006 Western an middle slope broad‐leaf polybractea inferred drought slope over silcrete hardpan to reduce depth dried to wilting point; Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Narembeen evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 1m gravelly tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree Blue mallee 5.00 no 334 2169 granite 4 ‐31.9535 118.5244 362 depth of drilling 5m al., 2006 Western an north broad‐leaf polybractea inferred drought sandy loam, on to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Narembeen evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 1m gravelly tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree York gum 2.00 no 334 2169 granite 4 ‐32.0963 118.5539 300 depth of drilling 2m al., 2006 Western an east broad‐leaf loxophleba inferred drought sandy loam, on to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Narrogin evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 0.25‐0.6m sandy tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree oil mallee 9.00 no 507 1590 pallid zone 1.0‐2.0 ‐32.9998 117.1760 364 depth of drilling 10m al., 2006 Western an south broad‐leaf kochii ssp. inferred drought ferricrete gravel, to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane Narrogin evergreen brown Eucalyptus soil drying summer 0.5m gravelly tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil tree 4.00 no 507 1590 ‐32.9932 117.1696 336 depth of drilling 6m al., 2006 Western an north broad‐leaf mallee astringens inferred drought sandy on clay at to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 0.25‐0.6m sandy tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil Wickepin tree York gum 10.00 no 411 1826 pallid zone 1.0‐2.0 ‐32.8787 117.5699 336 depth of drilling 10m al., 2006 Western an broad‐leaf horistes inferred drought ferricrete gravel, to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 0.25‐0.6m sandy tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil Woodanilling tree oil mallee 8.00 no 490 1608 pallid zone 1.0‐2.0 ‐33.6175 117.2206 290 depth of drilling 8m al., 2006 Western an broad‐leaf kochii ssp. inferred drought ferricrete gravel, to reduce depth dried to wilting point Robinson et south‐west Mediterrane evergreen Eucalyptus soil drying summer 0.15m clay sand tree belts rooting depth inferred from soil Newdegate tree oil mallee 7.75 no 356 1933 ‐33.1028 118.7969 358 depth of drilling 10m al., 2006 Western an broad‐leaf kochii ssp. inferred drought on 0.5‐0.7m to reduce depth dried to wilting point Roering et al., S. Island, New Subtropical evergreen soutern soil slope of The transition from a thin, highly Fig3a indicates site elevation of 397‐ tree Nothofagus 0.50 no tephra on loess ‐42.4508 173.3584 360 2002 Zealand moist forest broad‐leaf beech sampling alluvial concentrated tephra layer at depth to less .392m, but the map given suggests Roering et al., S. Island, New Subtropical evergreen Podocarpace soil slope of concentrated, widely distributed tephra in a location at the 360m elevation tree podocarp 0.50 no tephra on loess ‐42.4508 173.3584 360 2002 Zealand moist forest needle‐leaf ae sampling alluvial the upper soil may result from soil mixing range Rood et al., British riparian deciduous black Populus river‐cut yes + eastern The floodplain forests were dominated by Elk River tree 0.65 1.5 49.5617 ‐114.9858 1134 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf cottonwood trichocarpa banks photos slope of cottonwoods and from mountain to prairie Rood et al., British riparian deciduous prairie Populus river‐cut yes + out on the St. Mary River tree 1.35 1.55 49.6158 ‐112.9014 840 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf cottonwood deltoides banks photos Priare in Rood et al., British riparian deciduous balsam Populus river‐cut yes + in the lat‐lon very pricise ‐ pinpoint river Bow River tree 1.25 50.8103 ‐113.5206 921 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf poplar balsamifera banks photos Potholes banks; water table location (or Rood et al., British riparian deciduous balsam Populus river‐cut yes + in the Bow River tree 0.90 50.8103 ‐113.5206 921 stream surface) was only give for 2 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf poplar balsamifera banks photos Potholes sites in Fig.1; Great data and Rood et al., British riparian evergreen white river‐cut yes + eastern Elk River tree Picea glauca 0.40 1.5 49.5617 ‐114.9858 1134 photos showing shallow rooting 2011 Columbia and forest needle‐leaf spruce banks photos slope of Rood et al., British riparian deciduous trembling Populus river‐cut yes + in the with shallow WTD and dimorphic Bow River tree 0.30 50.8103 ‐113.5206 921 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf aspen tremuloides banks photos Potholes rooting with deep WTD ‐ water Rood et al., British riparian deciduous narrowleaf Populus river‐cut yes + out on the table serves to confine or entice Oldman tree 1.40 49.6767 ‐112.8528 441 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf cottonwood angustifolia banks photos Priare in deeper roots. Rood et al., British riparian deciduous narrowleaf Populus river‐cut yes + out on the Waterton tree 0.75 49.5047 ‐113.3228 980 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf cottonwood angustifolia banks photos Priare in Rood et al., British riparian deciduous narrowleaf Populus river‐cut yes + just out of Castle River tree 1.15 49.5025 ‐114.0506 1148 2011 Columbia and forest broad‐leaf cottonwood angustifolia / banks photos the Rose et al., Southern Mediterrane Sequoia evergreen soil/rock mostly as NE‐facing granite, tree Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 3.75 no 760 coarse loamy 0.75 35.9690 ‐118.6296 157 same site as Hubbert et al 2001 2003 Sierras, CA an woodland National needle‐leaf sampling + snow in Nov‐ footslope fractured Rose et al., Southern Mediterrane Sequoia evergreen greenleaf Arctostaphylo soil/rock mostly as NE‐facing granite, isotope data shows root uptake shrub 2.00 no 760 coarse loamy 0.75 35.9690 ‐118.6296 157 2003 Sierras, CA an woodland National broad‐leaf manzanita s patula sampling + snow in Nov‐ footslope fractured above 2m Roupsard et Burkina Faso, tree savanna, The parkland deciduous Acacia Faidherbia trench <50mm/mon clay sand, on volcano‐ Roots were distributed through the tree 7.25 yes 924 2100 flat hilltop 7.5 ‐ 11 4.5 11.4336 ‐3.4006 354 al., 1999 west Africa Sahel of Dossi broad‐leaf albida albida wall Oct‐Mar clay silt, on silt, sedimentary, weathered rock, down to a depth of 7 m, Roux et al., Kamiesberg, woody scrub, Isoetes excavatio mostly in ephemeral The I. eludens population in the pool perennial forb 0.03 drawing 353 granite ‐30.4336 18.1061 1284 lat‐lon approx. 2009 N Cape, South classified as eludens n May‐Sep pool on consists of approximately 250 to 300 plants Rutherford, northern the Nylsvley deciduous Ochna excavatio mainly in well‐ sand, well sandstone light Biomass and distribution of 55 Ochna tree savanna small tree Lekkerbreek 2.2 no 630 2.2 ‐24.6667 28.7167 1100 1983 Transvaal, Nature broad‐leaf pulchra n summer drained drained with summer pulchra root systems were determined sand over bedrock; sand promotes Rutherford, northern the Nylsvley deciduous Burkea excavatio mainly in well‐ sand, well sandstone light Root distribution of Burkea africana was tree savanna tree Wild syringa 2.2 no 630 2.2 ‐24.6667 28.7167 1100 deep roots, but shallow bedrock 1983 Transvaal, Nature broad‐leaf africana n summer drained drained with summer studied to one side of a typical Rutherford, northern the Nylsvley deciduous clusterleaf, Terminalia excavatio mainly in well‐ sand, well sandstone light Root distribution of the characteristic stops roots tree savanna tree 2.2 no 630 2.2 ‐24.6667 28.7167 1100 1983 Transvaal, Nature broad‐leaf silver cluster‐ sericea n summer drained drained with summer superficial lateral root systems of three Sainju & Temperate oak‐pine deciduous chestnut Quercus soil pit to evenly thru Higher root density in the E horizon of oak‐ C. New Jersey tree 2.00 yes 1143 upland > 1.5 sand 39.6677 ‐74.6454 11 rooting depth extrapolated Good, 1993 mixed forest uplands broad‐leaf oak prinus, Q. 1.5m deep the year pine uplands as compared to the other Sainju & Temperate pine‐oak evergreen Pinus rigida, soil pit to evenly thru Shallow depth to the water table and the the first 3 sites are within 5km of C. New Jersey tree pitch pine 0.70 yes 1143 lowland 0.67 sand 39.6654 ‐74.6764 6 Good, 1993 mixed forest lowland needle‐leaf Acer rubrum, 1.5m deep the year compact layer limit the soil volume each. Sainju & Temperate pine‐oak evergreen Pinus rigida, soil pit to evenly thru C. New Jersey tree pitch pine 3 yes 1143 upland > 1.5 sand 39.6705 ‐74.7336 16 rooting depth extrapolated Good, 1993 mixed forest upland needle‐leaf Q. velutina, 1.5m deep the year Sainju & Temperate pine‐oak evergreen Pinus rigida, soil pit to evenly thru sand, firm clay because of the presence of a firm clay layer rooting depth extrapolated; this C. New Jersey tree pitch pine 1.5 yes 1143 lowland > 1.5 39.7278 ‐74.5718 15 Good, 1993 mixed forest plains needle‐leaf Q. 1.5m deep the year layer in C in the B horizon of pine‐oak plains, lower site is 13km from the other 3 sites San Carlos, tropical evergreen excavatio plinthite 15‐30cm to This topographic and pedologic diversity Sanford, 1989 tierra‐firme tierra‐firme 0.65 yes 3500 top of hills Oxisols 1.8986 ‐67.0510 95 Venezuela rainforest broad‐leaf n concretion saprolite supports three distinct forest types and San Carlos, tropical tierra‐firme / evergreen tierra‐firme / excavatio plinthite 15‐30cm to Tierra firme, caatinga, and bana forest Sanford, 1989 0.55 yes 3500 transition Oxisols 1.8989 ‐67.0504 92 Venezuela rainforest caatinga broad‐leaf caatinga n concretion saprolite types have 95, 95 and 85%, respectively, of San Carlos, tropical caatinga evergreen caatinga excavatio swales Drainage may be important in developing Sanford, 1989 0.6 yes 3500 deep Spodosols 1.8992 ‐67.0501 90 Venezuela rainforest (white sand) broad‐leaf (white sand) n between superficial root systems. San Carlos, tropical caatinga / evergreen caatinga / excavatio Productivity, species diversity, and canopy Sanford, 1989 0.6 yes 3500 transition deep Spodosols 1.8993 ‐67.0497 89 Venezuela rainforest bana broad‐leaf bana n height are lowest for bana compared to the San Carlos, tropical evergreen excavatio sandy excessively well‐ The distribution of fine roots throughout Sanford, 1989 bana bana 0.6 yes 3500 1.8994 ‐67.0492 90 Venezuela rainforest broad‐leaf n domes drained the soil profile in bana forest is probably a Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna deciduous Annona excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy The root systems of woody species in subshrub 0.7+‐0.2 drawings 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 mean of 10 samples 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf dioica A.St.‐ n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ savanna physiognomies in the Pantanal are Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna evergreen Casearia excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 1 no 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 shorter and lighter than those observed in 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf sylvestris Sw. n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna evergreen Cecropia excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy other savannas, due to the singular effect tree 1.2 drawings 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf pachystachya n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ of the higher water table level in relation to Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna evergreen Curatella excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy the soil surface. Most species in the tree 0.8 +/‐ 0.3 drawings 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 mean of 10 samples 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf americana L. n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ Pantanal are typical of savanna vegetation Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna semi‐ Dipteryx excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 1 drawings 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 occurring in Brazil’s central‐western 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, deciduous alata Vogel n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ plateau, such as..., which were described Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna evergreen Mouriri excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 0.7 +/‐ 0.2 no 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 by Rawitscher (1948) as having deep roots 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf elliptica n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna evergreen Sapium excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy (3 to 8 m). In these same species, we tree 1 no 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf haematosper n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ observed shorter roots (<1.4 m) in two Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna semi‐ Simarouba excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy savanna physiognomies in the Pantanal tree 1 no 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, deciduous versicolorA.St n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ wetland. This characteristic had already Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna deciduous Tabebuia excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 1.2 no 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 been observed by Dubs (1992) in savanna 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf aurea Benth. n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ forest of the Pantanal in eight savanna tree Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical savanna deciduous Zanthoxylum 1.4 (1.1 +/‐ excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy mean of 4 samples, max=1.4m tree drawings 1180 1.0 ‐ 2.5 1.75 ‐19.0119 ‐56.6415 103 species displaying root depths no greater 2014 Pantanal, savanna woodland, broad‐leaf rigidum 0.3) n Apr highest Spodosols, 94‐ ("The deepest recorded root Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Annona excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy than 1.2 m. This ‘‘shortness’’ of roots found subshrub 0.8 +/‐ 0.1 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 mean of 15 samples 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf dioica n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ in savanna physiognomies of the Pantanal Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Bowdichia excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 1 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 can be explained by the fact that the water 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf virgilioides n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ table is closer to ground level. According to Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody evergreen Byrsonima excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy subshrub 0.6 +/‐ 0.1 drawings 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102Gradella et al. (2009), the water table can mean of 10 samples 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf cydoniifolia n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Caryocar excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy reach 1.5 m below the soil surface in areas tree 0.7 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 This study shows how small 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf brasiliense n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ of semideciduous forest in the Pantanal, Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Diospyros excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy which probably limits the growth of plant differences in WTD leads clear tree 0.5 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf hispida A.DC. n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ roots... The physiognomies of savanna zonations of vegetation. It also has Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody evergreen Mouriri excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy other data such as root biomass tree 0.6 drawings 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 woodland and open woody savanna occur 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf elliptica n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ slightly below the topographic level of the and lateral extend. It nicely shows Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Stryphnoden excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy tree 0.7 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 forested areas; hence, these landscapes plasticity of roots to WTD ‐ same 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf dron n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ species with different rooting Salis et al., Nhecolândia Tropical open woody deciduous Tabebuia excavatio mostly Oct‐ below the sandy can be more influenced by the water table. tree 1.1 no 1180 0.5 ‐ 2.0 1.25 ‐18.9958 ‐56.6622 102 depth depending on WTD. 2014 Pantanal, savanna savanna, broad‐leaf aurea n Apr above zone, Spodosols, 94‐ We believe that the water table in the Satterlund, Upper P., swamp Cedar Creek evergreen white ceder, Thuja excavatio swamp near The results indicate that variations in site Type‐I swamps have nearly stable tree 0.27 yes 0.30 organic soils 46.2387 ‐89.0780 508 1960 Michigan forest Type‐II needle‐leaf black occidentalis / n Cedar Creek quality and species composition of swamp water table, occuring on low Satterlund, Upper P., swamp Cedar Creek evergreen white ceder, Thuja excavatio higher less developed The major action of groundwater upon Type‐II swamps have water table tree 0.54 yes 0.55 46.2408 ‐89.0770 515 1960 Michigan forest Type‐II needle‐leaf balsam fir, occidentalis / n swamp organic soil swamp forests is exerted directly upon tree rise and fall, with or without delay Schmid & near temperate deciduous European Fagus trench 333 in May‐ mean slope periodic 4cm O, clay compact Water saturation as indicated by signs of same site as the 2005 study by the mixed stand tree 1 Yes 843 0.6 48.0975 15.6633 480 Kazda, 2001 Wilhelmsburg broad‐leaf broad‐leaf beech sylvatica profile Sep of 10% with saturation loam, 40‐60% stagnic gleyic influence may periodically occur same author, but in mixed stand; Schmid & near temperate evergreen Norway trench 333 in May‐ mean slope periodic 4cm O, clay compact However, the root system of spruce was compitition makes spruce roots mixed stand tree Picea abies 0.80 Yes 843 0.6 48.0975 15.6633 480 Kazda, 2001 Wilhelmsburg broad‐leaf needle‐leaf spruce profile Sep of 10% with saturation loam, 40‐60% stagnic shallower in the mixture with beech. Beech shallower than beech Schmid & near temperate deciduous European Fagus trench 333 in May‐ mean slope periodic 4cm O, nutrient compact Maximum root density is reached in 10–20 Max rooting depth from Fig.2; pure stand tree 1.00 Yes 843 0.6 48.0972 15.6639 500 Kazda, 2005 Wilhelmsburg broad‐leaf broad‐leaf beech, sylvatica profile Sep of 10% with saturation rich Cambisol stagnic cm depth in the beech stand. Roots were periodic saturation below 0.6m Schmid & near temperate evergreen Norway trench 333 in May‐ mean slope periodic 4cm O, nutrient compact maximum abundance for the roots Max rooting depth from Fig.2; pure stand tree Picea abies 1.00 Yes 843 0.5 48.1001 15.6673 469 Kazda, 2005 Wilhelmsburg broad‐leaf needle‐leaf Spruce profile Sep of 10% with saturation rich Cambisol stagnic between 2 mm and 5 mm diameter (small periodic saturation below 0.6m evergreen white excavatio Gravelly 0‐6" sandy white spruce tend to have prominent tap The free software Earth Point Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐1 tree Picea glauca 1.12 drawings 46.0240 ‐88.0241 392 needle‐leaf spruce n ridge loam, 6‐24" roots and numerous sinker roots that allows overlaying section, range evergreen Abies excavatio Gravelly 0‐6" sandy like white spruce, balam fir has strong tap Sec. 23, T42N, R30W Dickinson Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐1 tree balsam fir 1.35 drawings 46.0240 ‐88.0241 392 needle‐leaf balsamea n ridge loam, 6‐24" roots and sinker roots and penetrate deep. County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy ridge 0‐6" sandy black spruce has feeble tap and sinker Sec. 3, T38N, R28W Menominee Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐2 tree black spruce 0.53 drawings 45.7172 ‐87.7553 280 needle‐leaf mariana n between loam, 6‐24" roots, regardless of soil texture and bulk County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio Sandy ridge 0‐6" sandy Sec. 3, T38N, R28W Menominee Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐2 tree Picea glauca 0.56 drawings 45.7148 ‐87.7469 291 needle‐leaf spruce n between loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy ridge 0‐6" sandy In the greenhouse experiment, only the Sec. 3, T38N, R28W Menominee Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐2 tree balsam fir 0.56 drawings 45.7127 ‐87.7391 298 needle‐leaf balsamea n between loam, 6‐24" seedlings in the sand survived County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy till 0‐6" loam, 6‐ Sec. 26, T42N, R30W Dickinson Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐3 tree black spruce 0.71 drawings 46.0071 ‐88.0234 373 needle‐leaf mariana n with many 24" sandy loam County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy till 0‐6" loam, 6‐ In all greenhouse experiments, only Sec. 26, T42N, R30W Dickinson Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐3 tree balsam fir 1.50 drawings 46.0071 ‐88.0234 373 needle‐leaf balsamea n with many 24" sandy loam hardpan seems to have a significant effect County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 23, T43N, R27W Dickinson Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐4 tree Picea glauca 0.84 drawings 46.1092 ‐87.6476 351 needle‐leaf spruce n moraine loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 23, T43N, R27W Dickinson Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐4 tree balsam fir 0.97 drawings 46.1092 ‐87.6476 351 needle‐leaf balsamea n moraine loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Till plain 0‐6" sandy Balsam fir is found on a wider range of Sec. 13, T47N, R42W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐5 tree balsam fir 0.84 drawings 46.4744 ‐89.4915 427 needle‐leaf balsamea n with loam, 6‐24" conditions than the others in the Lake County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio Till plain 0‐6" sandy Sec. 13, T47N, R42W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐6 tree Picea glauca 0.94 drawings 46.4635 ‐89.5097 430 needle‐leaf spruce n with loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio 0‐6" sandy Sec. 24, T47N, R42W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐7 tree Picea glauca 0.84 drawings Till plain 46.4615 ‐89.5099 431 needle‐leaf spruce n loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio 0‐6" sandy Sec. 24, T47N, R42W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐7 tree balsam fir 0.97 drawings Till plain 46.4491 ‐89.4920 431 needle‐leaf balsamea n loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 14, T48N, R32W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐8 tree Picea glauca 1.02 drawings 46.5506 ‐88.2632 528 needle‐leaf spruce n outwash loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 14, T48N, R32W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐8 tree balsam fir 1.32 drawings 46.5502 ‐88.2749 528 needle‐leaf balsamea n outwash loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 14, T48N, R32W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐9 tree black spruce 1.22 drawings 46.5633 ‐88.2761 500 needle‐leaf mariana n outwash loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen white excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 14, T48N, R32W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐10 tree Picea glauca 0.91 drawings 46.5554 ‐88.2818 504 needle‐leaf spruce n outwash loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Sec. 14, T48N, R32W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐10 tree balsam fir 0.94 drawings 46.5563 ‐88.2630 531 needle‐leaf balsamea n outwash loam, 6‐24" County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy Jack pine poles and saplings with black Water table data is given in Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐11 tree black spruce 0.51 drawings 0.76 46.6444 ‐88.5212 392 needle‐leaf mariana n outwash loam, 6‐24" sprunce samplings. High water table at 30‐ Appendix Table‐1; Sec. 14, T49N, evergreen Picea excavatio Thin glacial 0‐6" loam, 6‐ Sec. 33, T49N, R33W Baraga Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐12 tree black spruce 0.64 drawings 46.6001 ‐88.4393 492 needle‐leaf mariana n drift over 24" sandy loam County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy, well‐ 0‐6" sand, 6‐24" Sec. 7, T44N, R18W Schoolcraft Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐13 tree balsam fir 2.41 drawings 46.2203 ‐86.6014 248 needle‐leaf balsamea n developed sand County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sand, 6‐24" Sec. 20, T49N, R15W Alger County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐14 tree black spruce 0.66 drawings 46.6292 ‐86.2092 222 needle‐leaf mariana n former lake sand Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy ridge 0‐6" sand, 6‐24" Sec. 22, T47N, R9W Luce County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐15 tree black spruce 0.99 drawings 46.4551 ‐85.4197 238 needle‐leaf mariana n surrounded sand Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6" sandy Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐16 tree black spruce 0.51 drawings 46.3583 ‐88.8471 496 needle‐leaf mariana n ridge loam, 6‐24" Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐17 tree black spruce 0.43 drawings 46.3600 ‐88.8556 498 needle‐leaf mariana n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐17 tree balsam fir 0.89 drawings 46.3571 ‐88.8522 501 needle‐leaf balsamea n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐18 tree black spruce 0.36 drawings 46.3499 ‐88.8639 498 needle‐leaf mariana n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐18 tree balsam fir 0.61 drawings 46.3533 ‐88.8606 510 needle‐leaf balsamea n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐19 tree black spruce 0.41 drawings 46.3521 ‐88.8499 497 needle‐leaf mariana n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen white excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐19 tree Picea glauca 1.88 drawings 46.3603 ‐88.8640 504 needle‐leaf spruce n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Ice‐contact 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐19 tree balsam fir 3.00 drawings 46.3573 ‐88.8578 500 needle‐leaf balsamea n ridge 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen white excavatio Stoney and 0‐6" sandy loam, Sec. 1, T44N, R37W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐20 tree Picea glauca 1.02 drawings 46.2365 ‐88.8782 492 needle‐leaf spruce n gravelly 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Stoney and 0‐6" sandy loam, Sec. 1, T44N, R37W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐20 tree balsam fir 0.69 drawings 46.2380 ‐88.8844 500 needle‐leaf balsamea n gravelly 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Morainic 0‐6"loamy sand, indurated Sandy soils with indurated hardpan Sec. 3, T44N, R38W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐21 tree balsam fir 0.71 drawings 0.15 46.2356 ‐89.0430 520 needle‐leaf balsamea n ridge 6‐24" loamy layer beginning 6 inches down and about 6 County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy High water table probably impeded vertical Sec. 3, T44N, R38W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐22 tree black spruce 0.33 drawings 0.61 46.1943 ‐89.0025 539 needle‐leaf mariana n transition loam, 6‐24" root growth below 24 inches (caption of County, Michgan evergreen Abies excavatio Sandy 0‐6" sandy High water table probably impeded vertical Sec. 3, T44N, R38W Gogebic Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐22 tree balsam fir 0.69 drawings 0.61 46.1900 ‐89.0420 538 needle‐leaf balsamea n transition loam, 6‐24" root growth below 24 inches (caption of County, Michgan evergreen Picea excavatio Former lake 0‐6" clay loam, Sec. 12, T67N, R19W St. Louis Schultz, 1969 Minnesota Boreal forest N‐23 tree black spruce 0.76 drawings 48.3007 ‐92.7276 404 needle‐leaf mariana n bed 6‐24" clay County, Minnesota evergreen Picea excavatio Former lake 0‐6" silty clay Approx. 49 miles east of town of Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐24 tree black spruce 0.66 drawings 49.7603 ‐85.4142 224 needle‐leaf mariana n bed loam, 6‐24" silt Longlac, Ontario, along paved evergreen white excavatio Former lake 0‐6" silty clay Approx. 49 miles east of town of Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐24 tree Picea glauca 1.47 drawings 49.7615 ‐85.4302 240 needle‐leaf spruce n bed loam, 6‐24" silt Longlac, Ontario, along paved evergreen Abies excavatio Former lake 0‐6" silty clay Approx. 49 miles east of town of Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐24 tree balsam fir 1.40 drawings 49.7635 ‐85.4458 235 needle‐leaf balsamea n bed loam, 6‐24" silt Longlac, Ontario, along paved evergreen Picea excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 16 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐25 tree black spruce 0.56 drawings Till plain 49.5397 ‐86.5524 351 needle‐leaf mariana n 24" sand Ontario, near McLeod Lake evergreen white excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 16 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐25 tree Picea glauca 1.73 drawings Till plain 49.5413 ‐86.5650 360 needle‐leaf spruce n 24" sand Ontario, near McLeod Lake evergreen Abies excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 16 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐25 tree balsam fir 1.07 drawings Till plain 49.5379 ‐86.5761 362 needle‐leaf balsamea n 24" sand Ontario, near McLeod Lake evergreen Picea excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 48 miles southwest of Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐26 tree black spruce 0.53 drawings Till plain 49.2418 ‐87.1557 439 needle‐leaf mariana n 24" loam Longlac, Ontario, near Chorus Lake evergreen Picea excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 37 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐27 tree black spruce 1.19 drawings Till plain 49.4409 ‐87.2404 401 needle‐leaf mariana n 24" loam Ontairo, between Wintering Lake evergreen white excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 37 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐27 tree Picea glauca 1.78 drawings Till plain 49.4607 ‐87.2000 411 needle‐leaf spruce n 24" loam Ontairo, between Wintering Lake evergreen Abies excavatio 0‐6" silt loam, 6‐ Approx. 37 miles south of Longlac, Schultz, 1969 Ontario, CA Boreal forest N‐27 tree balsam fir 1.02 drawings Till plain 49.4520 ‐87.2206 418 needle‐leaf balsamea n 24" loam Ontairo, between Wintering Lake evergreen Picea excavatio Sandy 0‐6"loamy sand, Sec. 30, T46N, R36W Iron County, Schultz, 1969 Michigan Boreal forest N‐18 tree black spruce 0.41 drawings 46.3592 ‐88.8578 501 needle‐leaf mariana n transition 6‐24" loamy Michgan evergreen excavatio yes + fine sand (92%) plantation, Maximum depth of rooting was 2.6 m for location guessed, NE Florida, S of Schultz, 1972 NE Florida plantation an airlayer tree slash pine Pinus elliottii 2.3 1320 1 ‐ 2.2 2 30.1337 ‐81.4710 6 needle‐leaf n + core + photos for 2m, cap rise some airlayers (7 trees of 11‐12yr age) and 3.1 m Jacksonvil, where it looked like a seedling evergreen excavatio yes + fine sand (92%) plantation, All had moderate to extensive fan‐shaped location guessed, NE Florida, S of Schultz, 1972 NE Florida plantation tree slash pine Pinus elliottii 2.6 1320 1 ‐ 2.2 2 30.1270 ‐81.4738 6 from seed needle‐leaf n + core + photos for 2m, cap rise some roots from the capillary zone to below the Jacksonvil, where it looked like Schulze et al., Deciduous deciduous Nothofagus excavatio Glacial moraine Patagonia 1 tree or shrub lenga beech 1.75 yes 770 2 ‐44.8342 ‐71.7225 1080 1996 forest broad‐leaf pumila (tree n & volcanic; Schulze et al., Deciduous deciduous Antarctic Nothofagus excavatio Alluvial; +0.03‐0 Patagonia 2 tree or shrub 2.15 yes 520 2.2 ‐44.8547 ‐71.5819 960 1996 scrub broad‐leaf Beech antarctica (T: n m humus; 0‐ Schulze et al., Festuca bunch grass, Festuca excavatio Alluvial & Patagonia 3 perennial 1.80 yes 290 2.1 ‐44.8775 ‐71.3267 1160 1996 grassland cushion shrub pallescens n Moraine; +0.05‐ Schulze et al., Stipa Stipa excavatio Alluvial; +0. ‐0m Patagonia 4 perennial grass 2.80 yes 160 2.7 ‐45.4050 ‐70.2919 700 1996 grassland speciosa (G: n shrub & tussock; Schulze et al., Desert Nassauvia excavatio Alluvial; 0 ‐0.3 m Patagonia 5 perennial herb, subshrub Piche’s tail 2.80 yes 125 2.8 ‐45.4511 ‐69.8256 540 1996 grass/dwarf glomerulosa n clay with stones; Judaean Linaria location guessed to be in small Schwarz, 1938 arid desert annual forb 0.05 drawings 31.7431 35.4638 ‐369 Desert, Israel haelava vegetation Judaean Erucaria annuals have a small root‐system by Schwarz, 1938 arid desert annual forb 0.07 drawings 31.7431 35.4638 ‐369 location guessed Desert, Israel boveana comparison with their shoot development Judaean leaf succulent Aizoon Schwarz, 1938 arid desert annual 0.03 drawings 31.7431 35.4638 ‐369 location guessed Desert, Israel forb hispanicum Judaean leaf succulent Suaeda found on The whole root‐form of Suaeda is similar to Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial seepweed 0.09 drawings 31.7431 35.4638 ‐369 location guessed Desert, Israel forb asphaltica saline soil that of the Cacti as described by Cannon Judaean Zygophyllum on the bank This has the most extensive root‐system of Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub 1.68 drawings 31.7417 36.4473 ‐127 location guessed to be on Wadi Desert, Israel dumosum of a Wadi the plants here described. The bush Judaean Haplophyllum Haplophyllum, Heliotropium, Reseda, and location guessed to be in shrubery Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub 0.30 drawings 31.7357 35.4676 ‐391 Desert, Israel tuberculatum Erodium (figs. 6, 7, & 8). These plants have vegetation Judaean Heliotropium the same type of root‐system. The main location guessed to be in shrubery Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub 0.30 drawings 31.7357 35.4676 ‐391 Desert, Israel rotundifolium root penetrates more or less deeply into vegetation Judaean Reseda location guessed to be in shrubery Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial forb Showla 0.20 drawings 31.7357 35.4676 ‐391 the soil, curves through a right angle to Desert, Israel muricata continue growing horizontally In most vegetation Judaean The root‐system is similar to those of the location guessed to be in shrubery Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub Salsola rigida 0.35 drawings 31.7357 35.4676 ‐391 Desert, Israel last plants described, except that the root vegetation Judaean Retama found in This plant has a somewhat different root‐ location guessed to be closer to Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub 1.20 drawings 31.7462 35.4955 ‐411 Desert, Israel Retam deep soil system from that described above. From Dead Sea with deeper soils Judaean Mediterrane Atriplex foumd in This is the only desert perennial examined location guessed to be closer to Schwarz, 1938 arid desert perennial shrub 0.54 drawings 31.7462 35.4955 ‐411 Desert, Israel an saltbush Halimus deep saline by me which shows vegetative Dead Sea with deeper soils temperate deciduous Acer trench 66mm/mon SE slope, A1: dark gray silt Niagara The investigation was conducted during the Whychwood farm is easily located Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 1 tree sugar maple 1.22 yes 798 1.22 42.5858 ‐88.4543 293 hardwood broad‐leaf saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep 2.5 deg loam 4"; A2: limestone summers of I938, I939, and I940 at on GE temperate deciduous northern Quercus trench 66mm/mon S slope, 4.5 A1: dark gray silt Niagara Sixteen station types were investigated by depth to bedrock estimated from Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 5 tree, shrub 1.24 yes 798 1.24 42.5823 ‐88.4648 311 hardwood broad‐leaf red oak, borealis wall, Apr‐Sep deg loam 4"; A2: limestone the trench method of root‐dis‐ tribution the depth to C horizon (Table‐6) + temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon SE slope, A1: dark gray silt Niagara Root systems of herbaceous and woody Only the stations in Table‐6 are Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 7 tree, vine 1.12 yes 798 1.12 42.5826 ‐88.4694 310 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep 7.5 deg loam 4"; A2: limestone seedlings in the various station types were recorded here because the land temperate deciduous northern Quercus trench 66mm/mon S slope, 4.5 A1: dark gray silt Niagara Greatest concentration of the smallest Max rooting depth from Table‐2 Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 8 tree 1.17 yes 798 1.17 42.5742 ‐88.4745 277 hardwood broad‐leaf red oak borealis wall, Apr‐Sep deg loam 4"; A2: limestone roots, o.i‐i.o mm. in diameter, was in the A, which gives number of roots in temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon N slope, 3.5 A1: dark gray silt Niagara On root number and percentage root‐area Lack of O2 is thought to be the Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 11 tree 1.07 yes 798 1.07 42.5874 ‐88.4986 308 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep deg loam 4"; A2: limestone basis, horizons A, A2, B,, B2, and C, main reason that little roots are temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon NW slope, A1: dark gray silt Niagara Stations with more abundant ground cover Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 12 tree 1.17 yes 798 1.17 42.5918 ‐88.4885 293 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep 2.5 deg loam 4"; A2: limestone were char‐ acterized by larger root temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon NW slope, A1: dark gray silt Niagara Earthworm and cicada activities, Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 13 tree, vine 0.91 yes 798 0.91 42.5975 ‐88.4595 308 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, red saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep 13 deg loam 4"; A2: limestone particularly the former, were important temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon NE slope, A1: dark gray silt Niagara Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 14 tree 0.99 yes 798 0.99 42.5946 ‐88.4534 304 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep 4.5 deg loam 4"; A2: limestone temperate deciduous sugar Acer trench 66mm/mon S slope, 2.5 A1: dark gray silt Niagara Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 15 tree 1.04 yes 798 1.04 42.5811 ‐88.4990 296 hardwood broad‐leaf maple, saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep deg loam 4"; A2: limestone temperate deciduous Acer trench 66mm/mon SE slope, 7 A1: dark gray silt Niagara Scully, 1942 E. Wisconsin 16 tree sugar maple 1.04 yes 798 1.04 42.5748 ‐88.5187 290 hardwood broad‐leaf saccharum, wall, Apr‐Sep deg loam 4"; A2: limestone Maroua, Sudano‐ typical deciduous excavatio all in May‐ clay, 40‐45% A. seyal had a double underground system: "Sites were located in a small Seghieri, 1995 legumous tree Red acacia Acacia seyal 1.5 yes 600‐800 lower slope 10.3081 14.4134 419 extreme N Sahelian vertisol site broad‐leaf n to 1.5m Oct smectite, dry‐ superficial lateral roots and a taproot watershed, 30 km south of Maroua Maroua, Sudano‐ typical excavatio all in May‐ clay, 40‐45% As the rains fell, the drainage from the top this study tests the Walter 2‐layer Seghieri, 1995 annual grass annual grass 0.33 yes 600‐800 lower slope 10.3081 14.4134 419 extreme N Sahelian vertisol site n to 1.5m Oct smectite, dry‐ horizons was fast and important and the hypothesis Maroua, Sudano‐ degrated deciduous Lannea excavatio all in May‐ sandy‐silt, but anthropic the root system of Lannea humilis was not a site in the village, with a few Seghieri, 1995 shrub 0.60 yes 600‐800 lower slope 10.3161 14.3991 419 extreme N Sahelian vertisol site broad‐leaf humilis n to 1.5m Oct surface degradatio more than 20 em deep. Just below the tree scattered plants, is assumed Maroua, Sudano‐ degrated excavatio all in May‐ sandy‐silt, but anthropic In this region, a high spatial variability of Seghieri, 1995 annual grass annual grass 0.20 yes 600‐800 lower slope 10.3161 14.3991 419 extreme N Sahelian vertisol site n to 1.5m Oct surface degradatio soil water properties exists and free Maroua, Sudano‐ sandy‐clay deciduous white thorn excavatio all in May‐ sandy (0.4m), for Acacia hockii, surface roots (down to 50 Seghieri, 1995 legumous tree Acacia hockii 2.00 yes 600‐800 upper slope 10.2909 14.3978 431 max depth extrapolated from Fig.1 extreme N Sahelian ferruginous broad‐leaf acacia n to 1.5m Oct sandy‐clay deep em depth) were more abundant than deep Maroua, Sudano‐ sandy‐clay excavatio all in May‐ sandy (0.4m), A phenological study has shown previously, Seghieri, 1995 annual grass annual grass 0.30 yes 600‐800 upper slope 10.2909 14.3978 431 extreme N Sahelian ferruginous n to 1.5m Oct sandy‐clay deep on all three stations used in this study, that Shafroth et Sonoran Desert deciduous Fremont Populus excavatio stratas of coarse where a flare of roots spread atop a soil Bill Williams River in Western BW1 tree 1.40 drawings 130 Riparian 1.5 34.2800 ‐114.0563 145 al., 2000 Desert, grass/dwarf broad‐leaf cottonwood fremontii n and medium layer rich in organic material and silt Arizona; lat‐lon approximate, from Shafroth et Sonoran Desert deciduous Fremont Populus excavatio Root architecture has been shown to be a Fig.1 of the 1998 paper by the BW5 tree 0.65 drawings 175 Riparian 0.8 sands and gravel 34.2233 ‐113.8329 219 al., 2000 Desert, grass/dwarf broad‐leaf cottonwood fremontii n function of soil moisture conditions and same authors; Ppt interpolated Shafroth et Sonoran Desert deciduous Fremont Populus excavatio half gravel half BW7 tree 0.20 drawings 220 Riparian 0.4 34.2113 ‐113.7050 261 from gradient given. Water table in al., 2000 Desert, grass/dwarf broad‐leaf cottonwood fremontii n sand, coarsest 1995 is used here because this Shaver & Barrow, N. Tundra Biome perennial, Fisher's Dupontia root obs wet The growing season extends from mid‐June "Apparently, Dupontia tillers wet tundra grass 0.27 yes 71.2945 ‐156.6850 7 Billlings, 1975 costal Alaska Site‐2 rhizomatous tundragrass fisheri box (like meadow, to late August, the maximum depth of soil depend almost entirely on roots Shaver & Barrow, N. Tundra Biome perennial, Carex root obs wet thaw averaging about 30 cm. E. site is located from: wet tundra sedge water sedge 0.25 drawings 71.2945 ‐156.6850 7 Billlings, 1975 costal Alaska Site‐2 rhizomatous aquatilis box (like meadow, angustifolium produces many more roots http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/B/ Shaver & Barrow, N. Tundra Biome perennial, tall Eriophorum root obs wet "Roots of Eriophorum are annual, wet tundra grass 0.33 yes 71.2945 ‐156.6850 7 than does C. aquatilis or D. fischeri, and Billlings, 1975 costal Alaska Site‐2 rhizomatous cottongrass angustifolium box (like meadow, that new roots are continually added to its and an entirely new root system is N. Illinoise temperate rhizomatous giant bur‐ Sparganium excavatio along Skokie black muck or The depth of the water table in the reed In the rest of the reed swamp and Sherff, 1912 reed swamp reed 0.12 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian perennial reed eurycarpum n Stream partially swamp and the swamp meadow was in the swamp meadow the water N. Illinoise temperate Polygonum excavatio along Skokie black muck or the rhizomes of Polygonum Muhlenbergiiw A study of the subterranean organs Sherff, 1912 reed swamp perennial herb smartweed 0.10 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian muhlenbergii n Stream partially are usually at or near the surface of the of the reed swamp plants showed N. Illinoise temperate tuberous broadleaf Sagittaria excavatio along Skokie black muck or And since the depth of the water Sherff, 1912 reed swamp herb 0.15 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian perennial arrowhead, latifolia n Stream partially table may influence the depth of N. Illinoise temperate rhizomatous common Phragmites excavatio along Skokie black muck or the rhizomes of Phragmites( fig.5 ) shows Sherff, 1912 reed swamp reed 0.25 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 the above are more author notes near Lake riparian perennial reed communis n Stream partially another fact which probably is more N. Illinoise temperate stolonous Ranunculus excavatio along Skokie black muck or In many places the soil surface itself is this study reveals vertical Sherff, 1912 reed swamp herb Monkshood 0.03 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian perennial delphinifoliu n Stream partially occupied by the stolons of Ranunculus stratification of roots; with shallow N. Illinoise temperate water Sium excavatio along Skokie black muck or beautiful scaled drawings of many Sherff, 1912 reed swamp perennial herb 0.07 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian parsnip ciculaefolium n Stream partially species; but only where the N. Illinoise temperate rhizomatous yellow pond‐ Nymphaea excavatio along Skokie black muck or The rhizomes of Nymphaea advena (fig. 6) Sherff, 1912 reed swamp herb 0.25 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian perennial lily advena n Stream partially are usually 5‐10cm thick and lie mostly at a N. Illinoise temperate rhizomatous American Castalia excavatio along Skokie black muck or The rhizomes of Castalia odorata, while Sherff, 1912 reed swamp herb 0.25 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian perennial hite water odorata, n Stream partially smaller, lie at a similar depth (to N. Illinoise temperate Clayton's Galium excavatio along Skokie black muck or The creeping stems of Galium root upon Sherff, 1912 reed swamp perennial herb 0.02 drawings 0 ‐ 1.0 0.25 41.1247 ‐87.7753 190 near Lake riparian Bedstraw claytoni n Stream partially the soil surface, the rhizomes of Acorus lie N. Illinoise temperate meadow stolonous White doll's Boltonia excavatio transition black muck or harvested Sherff, 1912 herb 0.06 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1215 ‐87.7790 191 near Lake riparian swamp perennial daisy asteroides n from reed partially and burned N. Illinoise temperate meadow Ditch Penthorum excavatio transition black muck or harvested Sherff, 1912 perennial herb 0.01 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1215 ‐87.7790 191 near Lake riparian swamp Stonecrop sedoides n from reed partially and burned N. Illinoise temperate meadow marsh Proserpinaca excavatio transition black muck or harvested Sherff, 1912 perennial herb 0.02 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1215 ‐87.7790 191 near Lake riparian swamp mermaidwe palustris n from reed partially and burned N. Illinoise temperate meadow semiaquatic marsh Ludwigia excavatio transition black muck or harvested Sherff, 1912 herb 0.01 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1215 ‐87.7790 191 near Lake riparian swamp perennial seedbox, palustris n from reed partially and burned N. Illinoise temperate meadow semiaquatic water‐ Callitriche excavatio transition black muck or harvested Sherff, 1912 herb 0.01 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1215 ‐87.7790 191 near Lake riparian swamp perennial starworts palustris n from reed partially and burned N. Illinoise temperate Canada lily, Lilium excavatio slight slope black muck or As has already been stated, the flora of the Sherff, 1912 meadow perennial herb 0.10 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian wild yellow‐ canadense n away from partially meadow is highly diversified N. Illinoise temperate swamp Asclepia excavatio slight slope black muck or Sherff, 1912 meadow perennial herb 0.08 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian milkweed, incarnata n away from partially N. Illinoise temperate Kentucky excavatio slight slope black muck or Sherff, 1912 meadow perennial grass Poa pratensis 0.07 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian bluegrass, n away from partially N. Illinoise temperate excavatio slight slope black muck or Sherff, 1912 meadow perennial grass redtop? Agrostis alba 0.04 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian n away from partially N. Illinoise temperate Virginia Acalypha excavatio slight slope black muck or Sherff, 1912 meadow annual herb 0.02 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian threeseed virginica n away from partially N. Illinoise temperate common Eleocharis excavatio slight slope black muck or Sherff, 1912 meadow perennial grass 0.03 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1297 ‐87.7711 192 near Lake riparian spike‐rush, palustris n away from partially N. Illinoise temperate meadow Water Lycopus excavatio depressions black muck or Small, apparently open depressions are Sherff, 1912 perennial herb 0.03 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1065 ‐87.7665 189 near Lake riparian depressions horehound, americanus n on meadow partially numerous in the moist parts of the N. Illinoise temperate meadow Viola excavatio depressions black muck or Sherff, 1912 perennial herb dog violet 0.07 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1065 ‐87.7665 189 near Lake riparian depressions conspersa n on meadow partially N. Illinoise temperate meadow Hooded Viola excavatio depressions black muck or Sherff, 1912 perennial herb 0.06 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1065 ‐87.7665 189 near Lake riparian depressions Blue Violet, cucullata n on meadow partially N. Illinoise temperate meadow rhizomatous Blue Flag, excavatio depressions black muck or Sherff, 1912 herb Iris versicolor 0.10 drawings 0 ‐ 1.75 0.25 42.1065 ‐87.7665 189 near Lake riparian depressions perennial Harlequin n on meadow partially Shiponeni et N. Cape ecotone: Kougoedvlakt Stipagrostis excavatio yes + rain mostly in freely drained The top 10 cm of the root system of S. extending the root ball in Fig. 5b perennial C4 grass 0.95 116 hardpan 0.7 ‐30.2492 18.4183 921 al., 2011 Province, W. xeric shrub e brevifolia n drawings winter as sandy soil with brevifolia was made up of a dense tuft of suggests max depth of 0.95m; Shiponeni et N. Cape ecotone: Kougoedvlakt leaf Ruschia excavatio yes + rain mostly in freely drained had a taproot, recorded as deep as 55 cm... from Fig. 6b; location by searching perennial 0.55 116 hardpan 0.7 ‐30.2492 18.4183 921 al., 2011 Province, W. xeric shrub e succulent robusta n drawings winter as sandy soil with were primarily coarse, with ~ 70% of the De Riet on GE Shiponeni et N. Cape ecotone: Goegap leaf Leipoldtia excavatio yes + rain mostly in freely drained had shallowest root system and only 3% of from Fig. 7b; given lat‐lon moved perennial 0.2 150 hardpan 0.7 ‐29.7008 17.9806 935 al., 2011 Province, W. xeric shrub Nature succulent pauciflora n drawings winter as sandy soil with the total root mass was found below 10 slightly to where there is Sierra et al., near Tropical evergreen Anacardium excavatio sandy, low Additionally, six plots in each forest type no max rooting depth or root mass tree > 4.3 no 2078 6.7603 ‐75.1078 925 2007 Guacabe, moist pre‐ broad‐leaf excelsum, n fertility, acidic were randomly selected to measure soil C or SOC profiles were given to Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada common Pteridium trench Jun‐Aug only humic The same site as in their 2004 perennial herb 0.7 yes 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2003 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de bracken, aquilinum wall + 3.1% cambissols paper but reported 2 more species ‐ Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada elmleaf Rubus trench Jun‐Aug only humic recorded here. Data also used to perennial shrub 1.1 yes 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2003 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de blackberry ulmifolius wall + 3.1% cambissols refine rooting depth of Ulex in their Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic site moved slightly onto the natural small shrub Cistus crispus 0.44 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf n 3.1% cambissols preserve/park "Tapada Nacional de Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen Cistus excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic small shrub 0.47 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 mean of 3 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf salvifolius n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada deciduous common Crataegus excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic small tree 0.73 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 mean of 3 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf hawthorn, monogyna n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen flax‐leaved Daphne excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic shrub 1.52 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 mean of 3 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf daphne gnidium n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen Spanish and Erica excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic shrub 1.5 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf Portuguese lusitanica n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic shrub Erica scoparia 0.9 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 mean of 2 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen French Lavandula excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic shrub 0.31 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 mean of 4 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf lavender, luisieri n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen common Myrtus excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic shrub 1.1 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf myrtle communis n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada evergreen shrub or small Pistacia excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic mastic 0.5 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de broad‐leaf tree lentiscus n 3.1% cambissols Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Tapada excavatio Jun‐Aug only humic 0.7 here but deeper in their 2004 perennial thorny shrub Ulex jussiaei 1.5 no 798 38.9538 ‐9.2853 234 2004 Portugal an shrubland Nacional de n 3.1% cambissols study Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da evergreen shrub or small strawberry Arbutus excavatio Jun‐Aug only 0.3 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 mean of 2 specimen 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broad‐leaf tree tree unedo n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da green‐stem Chamaespart excavatio Jun‐Aug only perennial 0.4 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata leaf‐less shrub ium n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da evergreen gum Cistus excavatio Jun‐Aug only shrub 0.1 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broad‐leaf rockrose ladanifer n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da white Cytisus excavatio Jun‐Aug only perennial shrub 0.6 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 legume 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata Spanish multiflorus n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da Portuguese Cytisus excavatio Jun‐Aug only perennial shrub 0.35 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 legume 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broom striatus n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da evergreen Erica excavatio Jun‐Aug only shrub 0.35 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broad‐leaf australis n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da evergreen Erica excavatio Jun‐Aug only shrub 0.2 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broad‐leaf umbellata n 3.1% Silva & Rego, Central Mediterrane Serra da deciduous Pyrenean Quercus excavatio Jun‐Aug only tree 0.6 no 812 schist lithossols 40.2781 ‐7.0283 1005 2004 Portugal an shrubland Malcata broad‐leaf oak pyrenaica n 3.1% Simonovic, Bab, near temperate deciduous Oak‐ Carpinus soil moderate brown soil on Twenty soil monoliths were dug out to a tree > 1.3 no 550‐650 48.3032 17.8943 195 80yr old forest stand 1991 Nitra, W forest broad‐leaf hornbeam betulus L., monolith NE‐facing carbonate loess depth of 130 cm and vertically divided into Slavich et al., S. NSW, SE temperate evergreen old man Atriplex H isotopes elevated loamy clay 1m, plantation, This species is deep rooted (Jones and authors think that the roots reach Plantation H shrub > 0.5 no 1.6 ‐ 2.2 1.9 ‐35.4654 144.4247 88 1999 Astralia steppe broad‐leaf saltbush, nummularia in stem field sandy clay at 2m likely Hodgkinson, 1970) and is native to the clay capillary rise 0.5m depth; authors py p; Slavich et al., S. NSW, SE temperate Plantation M‐ evergreen old man Atriplex H isotopes 0.3m sandy plantation, The deuterium/hydrogen ratios of the sap shrub 0.5 no gully edge 1.0 ‐ 2.0 ‐35.4350 144.4359 84 also state "This suggested that the 1999 Astralia steppe 1 (depression broad‐leaf saltbush, nummularia in stem loam A, light likely were similar to the water in the 0‐0.5 m percentage of sap water derived Slavich et al., S. NSW, SE temperate Plantation M‐ evergreen old man Atriplex H isotopes 0.2m sandy plantation, Isotope studies at both the sites indicated shrub 0.5 no gully slope 0.3 ‐ 1.2 ‐35.4350 144.4339 83 from below 0.5 m, was 9, 51, 0 and 1999 Astralia steppe 2 (depression broad‐leaf saltbush, nummularia in stem loam A, light likely that the root system was most active at Slavich et al., S. NSW, SE temperate Plantation M‐ evergreen old man Atriplex H isotopes gully 0.1m sandy plantation, depths above the capillary fringe which 0% in January, March, June and shrub 0.5 no 0 ‐ 1.0 ‐35.4355 144.4318 80 1999 Astralia steppe 3 (depression broad‐leaf saltbush, nummularia in stem bottom loam A, light likely occurred at approximately 0.5 m, and that August, respectively. Hence, given Pannonic area mountain forage Kochia excavatio S slope, loess and semi‐ The plant of the pannonic area shows a location guessed to match info Sobotik, 1996 perennial subshrub 6.36 drawings <500 48.2308 16.3010 250 of NW of forest kochia prostrata n 45degree, in molasse ruderal more erect shoot, very few roots at the given, esp elevation Aosta valley, mountain forage Kochia excavatio S slope, 35 haplic‐ The plant of the Aosta valley shows a more location guessed to match info Sobotik, 1996 perennial subshrub 4.1 drawings <500 45.7063 7.2065 780 Italy forest kochia prostrata n degree, on phaeozom (rich creeping growth form with many roots given, esp elevation Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical elfin 3000m evergreen excavatio soil often 0.3m O, on 0.4m Clusia sp. (at 3000 m) was characterized by the study focuses on structural small tree Clusia sp. 0.45 yes 0.6 0.7 ‐4.1017 ‐79.1658 3000 2006 Nat Park, S forest elevation site broad‐leaf n water‐ mineral soil the development of stilt roots up to 1 m roots for anchorage in this windy Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical elfin 3000m evergreen Weinmannia excavatio soil often 0.3m O, on 0.4m W. loxensis (at 3000 m) was the only perched saturation inferred from small tree 0.65 yes 0.6 0.7 ‐4.1017 ‐79.1658 3000 2006 Nat Park, S forest elevation site broad‐leaf loxensis n water‐ mineral soil species that had the ability to propagate by mentioned water‐logging above the Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical elfin 3000m evergreen Styrax excavatio soil often 0.3m O, on 0.4m small tree 0.55 yes 0.6 0.7 ‐4.1017 ‐79.1658 3000 2006 Nat Park, S forest elevation site broad‐leaf foveolaria n water‐ mineral soil Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical 1900m evergreen Graffenrieda excavatio steep slope 0.15m O, on > Root systems of G. emarginata growing at all max rooting depth inferred from small tree 0.9 yes 1.05 ‐3.9713 ‐79.0597 1900 2006 Nat Park, S montane elevation site broad‐leaf emarginata n at 25‐50 0.9m mineral 1900 m were characterized by vertically Fig. 5 and text such that tap roots Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical 1900m evergreen Clethra excavatio steep slope 0.15m O, on > small tree 1 yes 1.05 ‐3.9713 ‐79.0597 1900 2006 Nat Park, S montane elevation site broad‐leaf revoluta n at 25‐50 0.9m mineral Soethe et al., Podocarpus tropical 1900m evergreen Vismia excavatio steep slope 0.15m O, on > Clusia sp. (3000 m) and V. tomentosa (1900 small tree 1.05 yes 1.05 ‐3.9713 ‐79.0597 1900 2006 Nat Park, S montane elevation site broad‐leaf tomentosa n at 25‐50 0.9m mineral m) were the only species forming tap roots. Sommer et NE Para, site‐8, 21mon rice, cotton, Oryza, soil coring dry season loamy sand over 21mon Roots in soils under primary forests and cropping sequence: rice‐cotton‐ annual grass, shrubs 6 yes 1700 ‐ 2400 ‐1.1799 ‐47.5052 34 al., 2000 Brazil cropping, 9yr cassava Gossypium, to 6m Sept‐Dec sandy loam, low cropping, secondary vegetation as well as under cassava Sommer et NE Para, site‐4, evergreen secondary soil coring dry season loamy sand over secondary fields in traditional slashand‐ burn tree 7 yes 1700 ‐ 2400 ‐1.1781 ‐47.3202 29 3–4 m high al., 2000 Brazil secondary broad‐leaf tropical to 6m Sept‐Dec sandy loam, low vegetation, agriculture were found down to 6m in Sommer et NE Para, site‐1, evergreen primary soil coring dry season loamy sand over Emergents higher than 40 m were tree 7 yes 1700 ‐ 2400 along rivers ‐1.1116 ‐47.4278 42 depth. There were almost no differences in al., 2000 Brazil primary forest broad‐leaf tropical rain to 6m Sept‐Dec sandy loam, low root content between primary forest and 5‐ present, intensive root system in Sommer et NE Para, site‐9, passion evergreen Passiflora soil coring dry season loamy sand over passion The rooting pattern was different under 2.5‐year‐old, planted 3 m by 6 m, woody vine passoin fruit 2.5 yes 1700 ‐ 2400 ‐1.2617 ‐47.3630 49 al., 2000 Brazil fruit broad‐leaf edulis to 6m Sept‐Dec sandy loam, low fruit passion fruit and black pepper, where root sampling within a row in mid of two Sommer et NE Para, site‐11, black evergreen black soil coring dry season loamy sand over black mass density was extremely low and roots 5‐year‐old, planted 3 m by 3 m woody vine Piper nigrum 2.5 yes 1700 ‐ 2400 laterire 4 ‐1.2481 ‐47.3363 46 al., 2000 Brazil pepper broad‐leaf pepper to 6m Sept‐Dec sandy loam, low pepper of passion fruit were not found below 2.5 neighboured to the oil palm site, semi‐arid Long Gulch arrowleaf Balsamorhiza trench 45% slope, S loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 1.8 drawings 43.6063 ‐115.9716 1372 shrub‐steppe area south balsamroot sagittata wall exposure granite, very semi‐arid Long Gulch western Achillea trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 1.07 drawings 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north yarrow lanulosa wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid Long Gulch annual / prickly Lactuca trench 45% slope, S loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho forb 0.8 drawings 43.6063 ‐115.9716 1372 shrub‐steppe area south biennial lettuce, milk scariola wall exposure granite, very semi‐arid Sandberg trench 37% slope, Granitic clay, Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho Elk Creek area perennial grass Poa secunda 0.46 drawings 46.8215 ‐116.0990 1341 shrub‐steppe bluegrass wall SW facing thin humus semi‐arid Cow Creek beardless Agropyron trench 72% slope, lsoose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial grass 1.05 no 46.6047 ‐115.8971 1219 shrub‐steppe area north wheatgrass inerme wall N facing granite, fair semi‐arid Long Gulch Geyer's trench 67% slope, loose coarse The root systems of 50 species were Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial grass Carex geyeri 1.6 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north sedge wall N exposure granite, high excavated and charted; the operator dug a semi‐arid Cow Creek Festuca trench 72% slope, lsoose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial grass Idaho fescue 0.4 no 46.6047 ‐115.8971 1219 trench with a shovel along the contour of shrub‐steppe area north idahoensis wall N facing granite, fair the slope about 15 cm down the hill from semi‐arid Trinity Ridge Letterman's Stipa trench 45% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial grass 0.8 no 43.6425 ‐115.4252 2370 the plants. The trench was made wide shrub‐steppe area needlegrass lettermanii wall E facing granite, low semi‐arid Wood Creek Bromus trench 48% slope, S loose coarse enough for a man to work in and as deep as Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho annual bunch grass cheatgrass 0.3 no 45.2016 ‐113.9144 1218 shrub‐steppe area tectorum wall facing granite, low the deepest roots to be excavated. An ice semi‐arid Long Gulch forb / sawsepal Pentstemon trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial 1.6 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 pick was then used to work away the soil shrub‐steppe area north subshrub penstemon glabra wall N exposure granite, high and expose the roots which were drawnt o semi‐arid Long Gulch Scouler's Hieracium trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 1.9 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 scaleo n coordinate paper. Detailed study shrub‐steppe area north woollyweed scouleri wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid Long Gulch trench 67% slope, loose coarse of the drawings revealed that eachs pecies Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb aster Aster spp. 1.4 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north wall N exposure granite, high has a definite root pattern from which semi‐arid Long Gulch forb / vine American Vicia trench 67% slope, loose coarse individual specimen deviate but little. To be Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial 1.4 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north (rhizomatous) vetch americana wall N exposure granite, high sure, individuals growing on north and east semi‐arid Long Gulch forb / longleaf Phlox trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial 0.5 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 aspects tend to develop a more compact site guessed by plant abunance list shrub‐steppe area north subshrub phlox longifolia wall N exposure granite, high and shallower root system than do plants at each site; locations gussed from semi‐arid Long Gulch slender Potentilla trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 0.75 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 of the same species on south and west first searching the name of the area shrub‐steppe area north cinquefoil, blaschkeana wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid Long Gulch forb / parsnipflow Eriogonum trench 45% slope, S loose coarse aspects. This tendency is most marked on GE, then by data in Table 1 Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial 2.35 no 43.6063 ‐115.9716 1372 shrub‐steppe area south subshrub er heracleoides wall exposure granite, very among the annual forbs. When considered giving slope, exposure and semi‐arid Fall Creek trench 36% slope, S glacial drift of as a single group, the patterns of the root elevation, looking for the nerest Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb lupine, lupin Lupinus spp 2.4 no 45.6099 ‐115.6881 2373 shrub‐steppe area wall facing granitic origin, system of the 50 species excavated formed point that satisfy the data. This semi‐arid Lester Creek arrowleaf Balsamorhiza trench 37% slope, granitic clay, Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 2.7 no 43.4147 ‐115.3467 1358 a fairly continuous series from the simple study shows that NE fascing slopes shrub‐steppe area balsamroot sagittata wall SE facing thin humus taproot of some of the annual herbs to the have shallower roots than SW semi‐arid Long Gulch western Lithospermu trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb 3 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 profusion of fibrous roots of Carex geyerii, facing. N‐facing slopes have much shrub‐steppe area north stoneseed m ruderale wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid forb / hairy Clematis trench 37% slope, Granitic clay, with numerous gradations between these higher plant cover (43% vs 12% at Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho Elk Creek area perennial 1.0 ‐ 1.4 no 46.8215 ‐116.0990 1341 shrub‐steppe subshrub clematis hirsutissima wall SW facing thin humus two extremes. Long gulch) semi‐arid manyflower Lappula trench 37% slope, Granitic clay, Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho Elk Creek area perennial forb 1.0 ‐ 1.4 no 46.8215 ‐116.0990 1341 shrub‐steppe stickseed floribunda wall SW facing thin humus semi‐arid woollypod Astragalus trench 37% slope, Granitic clay, Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho Elk Creek area perennial forb 1.0 ‐ 1.4 no 46.8215 ‐116.0990 1341 shrub‐steppe milkvetch purshii wall SW facing thin humus semi‐arid Long Gulch forb / woolly mock Aplopappus trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial > 2.0 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north subshrub goldenweed lanuginosus wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid Long Gulch trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb hawksbeard Crepis spp > 2.0 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north wall N exposure granite, high semi‐arid Long Gulch goosefoot Viola trench 67% slope, loose coarse Spence 1937 Boise, Idaho perennial forb > 2.0 no 43.5671 ‐115.9644 1355 shrub‐steppe area north violet purpurea wall N exposure granite, high temperate The prairie cone‐ Lepachys excavatio near the brown silt loam, now grew in nearly all directions from the base The authors compared the Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.45 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign flower pinnata n crest of an well drained and farmland of the plant and reached a maximum depth common species with Weaver's temperate The wild Parthenium excavatio near the brown silt loam, now the maximum depth, 180 cm., was the Author mentioned that water‐ Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.8 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign quinine, integrifolium n crest of an well drained and farmland greatest depth recorded at any of the five logging is a key factor, citing others temperate The wild Rueillia excavatio near the brown silt loam, now A radial spread of 25 cm. was found,a nd "DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ‐ Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.49 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign petunias ciliosa n crest of an well drained and farmland an absorbingr egiona nd maximum deptho One of the most important factors temperate The Helianthus excavatio near the brown silt loam, now unsatisfactoryd,u e to the poor locationo f Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb sunflowers 0.88 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 affecting root configuration and deciduous Champaign scaberrimus n crest of an well drained and farmland the plant examined. Numerousr atherb penetration is that of oxygen temperate The purple cone‐ Brauneria excavatio near the brown silt loam, now had an extensive root system; twisted and Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.33 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 content of the soil. This factor has deciduous Champaign flower pallida n crest of an well drained and farmland crooked tap roots which were 10‐12mm in temperate The flowering Euphorbia excavatio near the brown silt loam, now been studied by Cannon ('24, '25), Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.51 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign spurge corollata n crest of an well drained and farmland Howard ('18), Clements ('21), Elliott temperate The Silphium excavatio near the brown silt loam, now incompletely examined. The upper part large tap root truncated, by Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb Prairie dock 1.4 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign terebinthinac n crest of an well drained and farmland resembled that of the compass plant, but extension of diameter it is temperate The whole‐leaf Silphium excavatio near the brown silt loam, now a mat of many tuberous, slow‐growing " Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 0.82 yes 40.0758 ‐88.2359 220 deciduous Champaign rosinweed, integrifolium n crest of an well drained and farmland rhizomes," an upright stalk being produced temperate The Rantoul porcupine excavatio Early now The thin light colored roots were produced Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass Stipa spartea 1.17 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station grass n Wisconsin farmland on very short rhizomes and had two types temperate The Rantoul compass Silphium excavatio Early now had a large fleshy tap root... The entire root Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.79 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station plant Iaciniatum n Wisconsin farmland system was crooked and extensive. The temperate The Rantoul whole‐leaf Silphium excavatio Early now The roots were well branched and clearly Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.71 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station rosinweed, integrifolium n Wisconsin farmland extensive in nature. The radial extent, temperate The Rantoul prairie Tradescantia excavatio Early now The greatest radial spread measured was Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.56 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station spiderwort reflexa n Wisconsin farmland 35 cm., while the greatest depth recorded temperate The Rantoul early excavatio Early now had no unusual peculiarities. The maximum Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial sedge Carex varia 1.03 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station flowering n Wisconsin farmland depth found was 83 cm. and the absorbing temperate The Rantoul big Andropogon excavatio Early now At the Rantoul station, the absorbing Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 1.18 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station bluestem furcatus n Wisconsin farmland region occurred between the 2 and 10 dm temperate The Rantoul prairie Solidago excavatio Early now penetrate obliquely for several (20‐50) cm. Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.02 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station golden‐rod rigida n Wisconsin farmland from the rhizome before penetrating temperate The Rantoul dense Aster excavatio Early now The roots resembled those of the Solidago Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 0.72 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station flowered multiflorus n Wisconsin farmland but both the rhizomes and the roots were temperate The Rantoul wild Rueillia excavatio Early now corresponding measurements at the Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.1 yes 0.55 ‐ 1.9 1.25 brown silt loam 40.3323 ‐88.1438 223 deciduous station petunias ciliosa n Wisconsin farmland Rantoul station were 20 cm., 10‐100 cm., temperate The Kansas mountain Pycnantherm excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now The extensive absorbing region was found Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.17 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station mint um n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland between the 20 and 100 cm. levels and a temperate The Kansas big Andropogon excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 1.13 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station bluestem furcatus n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland temperate The Kansas blue‐eyed Sisyrinchium excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now was small and short‐lived, and had a Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 0.17 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station grass albidum n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland correspondingly small root system. Twenty temperate The Kansas Liatris excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now At the Kansas station a maximum depth of Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb blazing star 0.93 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station scariosa n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland 93 cm. was found while the absorbing temperate The Kansas purple Petalostcmu excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.3 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station prairie m purpureum n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland temperate The Kansas prairie Solidago excavatio Early brown Silt Loam now The maximum depth and absorbing regions Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.4 yes 29.5559 ‐87.9797 214 deciduous station golden‐rod rigida n Wisconsini on Drift, well farmland were 140 cm. and 30‐140 cm. at the Kansas temperate The Spartina excavatio a Middle black clay loam, now was the dominant species at the Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass slough grass 1.59 yes 39.9490 ‐89.0745 189 deciduous Warrensburg michauxiana n Illinoisan high lime farmland Warrensburg station. Its numerous long, temperate The prairie cone‐ Lepachys excavatio a Middle black clay loam, now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 0.75 yes 39.9490 ‐89.0745 189 deciduous Warrensburg flower pinnata n Illinoisan high lime farmland temperate The big Andropogon excavatio a Middle black clay loam, now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 1.77 yes 39.9490 ‐89.0745 189 deciduous Warrensburg bluestem furcatus n Illinoisan high lime farmland temperate The Petervill purple Petalostcmu excavatio near the coarse yellow now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 1.75 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station prairie m purpureum n crest of a sand farmland temperate The Petervill western Sporobolus excavatio near the coarse yellow now was found only at the Peterville station, in Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 0.49 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station drop‐seed brevifolius n crest of a sand farmland common with other western species. The temperate The Petervill little Andropogon excavatio near the coarse yellow now From 5 to 15 (or more) roots originated Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 1.12 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station bluestem, scoparius n crest of a sand farmland from the base of each plant and either ran temperate The Petervill big Andropogon excavatio near the coarse yellow now The tops of the plants at the Peterville Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial grass 1.08 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station bluestem furcatus n crest of a sand farmland station were taller (16‐22 dm.) and showed temperate The Petervill western Ambrosia excavatio near the coarse yellow now a long thin (1 mm. in diameter) rhizome Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb 0.99 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station ragweed psilostachya n crest of a sand farmland which was traced for 40 cm. in one case temperate The Petervill Aster excavatio near the coarse yellow now found along the Illinois river which Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb blue aster 0.73 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station oblongifolius n crest of a sand farmland produces numerous brittle fibrous roots temperate The Petervill Liatris excavatio near the coarse yellow now Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial herb blazing star 0.35 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station scariosa n crest of a sand farmland temperate The Petervill Carolina excavatio near the coarse yellow now This very irregular growth resulted in an Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial shrub Rosa humilis 0.8 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station Rose, Sand n crest of a sand farmland extensive root system which had a radial temperate The Petervill pricklyp ear Opuntia excavatio near the coarse yellow now have shallow lateral roots which were Sperry, 1935 Illinoise perennial succulent 0.12 yes 3.3 40.2233 ‐89.9816 162 deciduous station cactus rafinesquii n crest of a sand farmland traced as much as 30 cm. before becoming Sperry & Great Basin, C Sand site Chrysothamn > 1.55 (2m soil pits, mostly in flat valley Sand (87% sand, The depth index was positive for all species Great study of soil texture on plant‐ arid desert perennial shrub no 194 40.2556 ‐112.7279 1463 Hacke, 2002 Utah (Skull Valley) us nauseosus, to guess) inferred winter floor 6% silt, 7% clay), at both sites, indicating that roots water relations. No direct root obs, Sperry & Great Basin, C Loam site Chrysothamn soil pits, mostly in slightly Sandy loam extended below 1.55 m at both sites and in but infered from rooting depth arid desert perennial shrub > 1.55 no 273 40.2022 ‐112.3019 1547 Hacke, 2002 Utah (Rush Valley) us nauseosus, inferred winter undulating (59% sand, 29% all species… species. There was a strong index: has a maximum of 1 for the Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous Quercus excavatio This sapling bur oak had a root depth of 13 on ridge top, left bank of Missouri E. Nebraska tree bur oak 4.0 drawings 21.3 Knox silt loam 40.2589 ‐95.5683 348 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf macrocarpa n feet and spread of 11.5feet. Compare that River Sprackling Prarie with deciduous Quercus excavatio Peorian and The rate of lateral root growth in older E. Nebraska Nance County tree bur oak 4.9 drawings 15.2 41.4706 ‐98.1729 550 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf macrocarpa n Loveland loess trees is greater than the rate of depth Sprackling Prarie with Merrick evergreen Eastern Juniperus excavatio No tap root is apparnet, but roots on left E. Nebraska tree 2.7 drawings 3.4 Cass sandy loam 40.9856 ‐98.1765 543 and Read, planted and County needle‐leaf Redcedar virginiana n side (sinker) have edtended 9 feet Sprackling Prarie with Merrick evergreen Eastern Juniperus excavatio Waukesha fine Strong development of a lateral system has E. Nebraska tree 2.7 drawings 3.4 41.0569 ‐98.0564 528 and Read, planted and County needle‐leaf Redcedar virginiana n sandy loam been followed by downward penetration Sprackling Prarie with deciduous Celtis excavatio Wabash silt The rapid penetration in root depth of E. Nebraska Nance County tree Hackberry 2.7 drawings 13.7 41.3520 ‐97.8079 489 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf occidentalis n loam young seedlings (fig 9) has stabilized at 9 Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Honey Gleditsia excavatio Wabash silt Development of the lateral root system at E. Nebraska tree 3.1 drawings 6.1 40.1981 ‐96.1504 350 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf locust triacanthos n loam depths of 1 to 3 feet is extensive. A Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous Robinia excavatio Cass silty clay Black locust, like honey locust, has good the county soil map show no Cass E. Nebraska tree black locust 2.4 drawings 4.9 42.3017 ‐96.6926 423 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf pseudoacacia n loam drought‐resistance. The relatively deep soil series so WTD is used to pick a Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Osage‐ Maclura excavatio Sogn silty clay This species is well knon for drought E. Nebraska tree 2.4 drawings 19.8 40.0808 ‐96.3333 447 fence like tree line and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf orange pomifera n laom resistance. In addition to a strong taproot, Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Crataegus excavatio Carrington silt Roots of this tree were deep in relation to E. Nebraska tree Hawthorn 1.5 drawings 6.7 40.0850 ‐96.1601 351 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf mollis n loam its height; this charactersistic may be Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Smooth excavatio Bartlett silty clay Smooth sumac reproduces vegetatively E. Nebraska tree Rhus glabra 2.1 drawings 24.7 40.0311 ‐96.3407 456 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf sumac n loam from root suckers, illustrated above. Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous excavatio Cass silty clay Although this species grows best on moist E. Nebraska tree Black walnut Juglans nigra 3.4 drawings 4.3 42.3798 ‐96.5368 347 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n loam bottomlands, it has fair drought‐resistance Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous Shagbark excavatio This species, which grows only in extreme E. Nebraska tree Carya ovata 2.2 drawings 21.3 Knox silt loam 40.2364 ‐95.5345 350 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf hickory n eastern Nebraska on deep, moist soils, Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Bitternut Carya excavatio Wabash silt A very strong taproot characterized the E. Nebraska tree 3.0 drawings 6.1 40.2138 ‐96.1621 350 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf hickory cordiformis n loam root system of this species. The root Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Red excavatio Wabash silt No distinct taproot has developed, but a E. Nebraska tree Morus rubra 2.4 drawings 6.1 40.2494 ‐96.1393 349 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf mulberry n loam well developed network of fine lateral Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Russian excavatio Pawnee silty Introduced into the United States by E. Nebraska tree Morus alba 2.3 drawings 15.2 40.1574 ‐96.3512 429 in a homestead and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf mulberry n clay loam Russian Mennonites in 1875, this species Sprackling Prarie with deciduous Plains Populus excavatio In this instance, a tree 60 feet high has E. Nebraska Nance County tree 0.8 drawings 0.8 Cass loam 41.3838 ‐97.8965 488 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf cottonwood deltoides n roots only 2.5 feet deep. A water table very Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous Plains Populus excavatio Cass silty clay Roots of this tree have grown downward to E. Nebraska tree 3.8 drawings 4.3 42.4337 ‐96.4298 335 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf cottonwood deltoides n loam 12 feet, just above the water table level, Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous Plains Populus excavatio Marshall silt Roots of this older cottonwood, on an E. Nebraska tree 3.7 drawings 18.3 42.3733 ‐96.6230 374 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf cottonwood deltoides n loam upland site where the water table is out of Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Fraxinus excavatio Carrington silty A fine network of lateral roots of medium E. Nebraska tree Green Ash 2.7 drawings 8.5 40.0642 ‐96.1608 352 in a homestead and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf pennsylvanic n clay loam depth characterizes green ash. Sprackling Prarie with Merrick deciduous Fraxinus excavatio Roots penetrated to 9 feet, the same depth E. Nebraska tree Green Ash 2.7 drawings 3.0 Cass loamy sand 40.9456 ‐98.2649 556 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf pennsylvanic n as the 25‐year‐oldgreen ash in figure 32, Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous Fraxinus excavatio The root system of white ash, a native of E. Nebraska tree white ash 1.8 drawings 21.3 Knox silt loam 40.2292 ‐95.5565 345 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf americana n upland sites along the Missouri River in Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous excavatio Cass silty clay A fast‐growing introduction from eastern E. Nebraska tree Siberian elm Ulmus pumila 2.9 drawings 3.7 42.4304 ‐96.6780 370 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n loam Asia, Siberian elm is well adapted to a Sprackling Prarie with Merrick deciduous excavatio The high water table typically results in a E. Nebraska tree Siberian elm Ulmus pumila 2.0 drawings 2.0 Cass sandy loam 41.2485 ‐97.7653 487 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n shallow but very wide‐spreading root Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous excavatio Sarpy very fine Roots penetrated directly to the water E. Nebraska tree Siberian elm Ulmus pumila 4.9 drawings 4.9 42.3198 ‐96.7078 417 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n sandy loam table at 16 feet; lateral development was Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous Northern Catalpa excavatio Sarpy very fine Catalpa was introduced in Nebraska from E. Nebraska tree 3.1 drawings 6.1 42.3045 ‐96.7075 421 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf catalpa speciosa n sandy loam the southern states as a commercial fence Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous American Platanus excavatio Wabash silt The tree shown here was growing in a E. Nebraska tree 2.7 drawings 6.1 40.1052 ‐96.1542 350 in Pawnee City and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf sycamore occidentalis n loam swamp that had filled with alluvium. Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Acer excavatio Wabash silt A fast‐growing, shallow‐rooted native E. Nebraska tree Silver maple 3.4 drawings 3.7 40.1815 ‐96.0729 309 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf saccharinum n loam species that prefers bottomland sites, silver Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Malus excavatio Growing on a dry upland site, this apple E. Nebraska tree apple 3.4 drawings 16.8 Butler silt loam 40.0211 ‐96.2929 432 in a homestead and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf domestica n tree had relatively deep roots. Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Zanthoxylum excavatio The above illustration represents a deep E. Nebraska tree Prickly‐ash 1.6 drawings 24.7 Sogn stony loam 40.0311 ‐96.3407 456 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf americanum n and widespread root system for such a Sprackling Prarie with Merrick deciduous American Ulmus excavatio This tree was growing on bottomland with E. Nebraska tree 2.2 drawings 2.4 Cass sandy loam 41.1137 ‐97.9986 518 in downtown Central City and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf elm americana n the water table fairly close to the surface. Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous American Ulmus excavatio Wabash silt This tree had a well defined taproot E. Nebraska tree 1.8 drawings 9.1 40.1739 ‐95.9656 315 western part of county and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf elm americana n loam system, which was fairly shallow for a tree Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous excavatio Wabash silt Preferring bottomland sites, this slippery E. Nebraska tree Slippery elm Ulmus rubra 2.1 drawings 4.3 40.2110 ‐96.0940 310 bottom land and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n loam (red) elm developed a strong lateral root Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous excavatio Wabash silt Growing on bottom land, this tree had a E. Nebraska tree Boxelder Acer negundo 3.7 drawings 4.4 40.2267 ‐96.0897 315 bottom land and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n loam dense network of lateral roots but lacked a Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous excavatio This species has a fairly sparse lateral E. Nebraska tree Boxelder Acer negundo 2.0 drawings 5.8 Wabash clay 42.4706 ‐96.6173 355 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf n system in relation to tree size. Boxelder has Sprackling Prarie with Lancaster deciduous Peachleaf Salix excavatio Wabash silt Growing on a stream bank 8 feet above the E. Nebraska tree 4.3 drawings 4.9 40.7175 ‐96.7020 360 a site 8' above a creek bed picked and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf willow amygdaloides n loam creek bed, this willow probably exceeds all Sprackling Prarie with deciduous Peachleaf Salix excavatio Cass fine sandy A comparison of this root system with that E. Nebraska Nance County tree 0.8 drawings 0.8 41.2863 ‐98.1502 513 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf willow amygdaloides n loam in figure 51 shows its relative plasticity as Sprackling Prarie with deciduous excavatio This willow growing along a stream bottom E. Nebraska Nance County tree black willow Salix nigra 2.4 drawings 2.4 Cass loamy sand 41.3397 ‐97.9801 497 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf n survived the gradual deposition of 5 feet of Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Cercis excavatio Wabash silt A native of southeaster Nebraska E. Nebraska tree redbud 1.8 drawings 6.1 40.1494 ‐96.1263 350 in a woodland and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf canadensis n loam woodlands and an understory tree on Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous American Tilia excavatio Wabash silt Basswood commonly sprouts at the base, E. Nebraska tree 1.7 drawings 4.3 40.2022 ‐96.0837 315 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf basswood americana n loam resulting in clumps of trees. The roots are Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Ohio Aesculus excavatio Wabash silt This tree developed a short, forked E. Nebraska tree 1.3 drawings 4.3 40.1392 ‐96.0330 309 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf buckeye glabra n loam taproot. The species grows in extreme Sprackling Prarie with Merrick deciduous American Prunus excavatio Plum grows throughout Nebraska on moist E. Nebraska tree 1.5 drawings 2.4 Cass sandy loam 41.2482 ‐98.1570 525 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf (wild) plum americana n sites besides roads, streams and lakes. Its Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous Choke Prunus excavatio Wabash silt Roots of chokecherry, like those of E. Nebraska tree 1.5 drawings 6.1 40.1563 ‐95.9834 299 western part of county and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf cherry virginiana n loam American plum, are shallow and wide‐ Sprackling Prarie with Pawnee deciduous Prunus excavatio Marshall (heavy Apricot was introduced to Nebraska for E. Nebraska tree Approcot 2.3 drawings 16.8 40.0520 ‐96.2953 431 in a homestead and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf armeniaca n subsoil phase) fruit production. This tree, located on a dry Sprackling Prarie with Richardson deciduous Prunus excavatio This species has about the same site E. Nebraska tree black cherry 1.2 drawings 21.3 Knox silt loam 40.2166 ‐95.5093 332 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf sarotina n requirements (moist bottomlands) and Sprackling Prarie with Dakota deciduous eastern Ostrya excavatio Marshall silt This native understory species of eastern E. Nebraska tree 0.9 drawings 24.4 42.3675 ‐96.6588 412 and Read, planted and County broad‐leaf hophornbea virginiana n loam Nebraska prefers moist sites and has a very Sprackling Prarie with deciduous Cornus excavatio Cass fine sandy Dogwood, like sumac (see figure 18), ornomantle tree, in suburbs of E. Nebraska Nance County tree Dogwood 0.9 drawings 1.2 41.4431 ‐97.7298 477 and Read, planted and broad‐leaf alternifolia n loam reproduces vegetatively from roots. A high Genoa Srivastava et Varanasi, N Tropical deciduous Tectona excavatio 90% in Jul‐ sandy loam, well Fine root growth in our teak forest was max depth extrapolated from data Rajdari tree teak 0.60 yes 992 0.3‐0.75 plantation 24.8987 83.1356 252 al., 1986 India mixed broad‐leaf grandis n Oct drained characterized by a peak late in the rainy in Tab‐4; site moved from given lat‐ Stoeckeler, NC North temperate Amorpha hydraulic Since a considerable portion of this area Too bad that results of only 4 perennial herb lead plant 1.98 no 1.83 ‐ 3.05 2.45 deep dune sand 48.3157 ‐100.5877 461 1938 Dokota steppe canescen excavatio lies within the confines of old glacial Lake plants are given Stoeckeler, NC North temperate sand Calamovilfa hydraulic In almost all cases the roots of the various But it mentioned that in nearly all perennial reed 2.04 no 1.83 ‐ 3.05 2.45 deep dune sand 48.3157 ‐100.5877 461 1938 Dokota steppe reedgrass longifolia excavatio plants were found to end from 1 to 6 cases roots end in the cap‐fringe Stoeckeler, NC North temperate water Equisetum hydraulic If the roots were found to penetrate the perennial rush 2.24 no 1.83 ‐ 3.05 2.45 deep dune sand 48.3157 ‐100.5877 461 the root is 16" below the WT 1938 Dokota steppe horsetail, fluviatile excavatio water table they were followed down by Stoeckeler, NC North temperate deciduous narrow‐ hydraulic It was observed that there were many tree Salix tristis 2.24 no 1.83 ‐ 3.05 2.45 deep dune sand 48.3157 ‐100.5877 461 the root is 16" below the WT 1938 Dokota steppe broad‐leaf leaved excavatio rotten or non‐functioning roots below the Stringer et al., temperate deciduous tritium gentle slope loamy colluvium fractured Direct evidence of prolific rooting directly NE Kentucky row‐2 tree white oak Quercus alba 3.0 no 3 38.2500 ‐83.5667 227 lat‐lon switched by author 1989 deciduous broad‐leaf uptake (15 deg) over clayey sandstone on the LSS (lower sandstone bed) was Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Picea trench organic (Terrie roots ternimated just above the water SE of Lesser Slave Lake, Central Stand 7 tree black spruce 0.10 yes 0.1 55.0417 ‐114.0538 613 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf mariana wall Mesisol) table; large roots (>20 mm) were most Alberta, Canada; lat and lon not Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Picea trench organic (Terrie commonly found in hummocks; to Stand 7 tree black spruce 0.30 yes 0.3 55.0417 ‐114.0538 613 given, but the topography and Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf mariana wall Mesisol) summarize, the root system of black spruce vegetation are similar over a very Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen black spruce Picea trench organic sand Stand 8 tree 0.10 yes < 0.1 55.1118 ‐114.1620 593 consists of several horizontally spreading, large area (40% of the province). Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf / feather mariana wall (Humic Gleysols, near‐surface lateral roots which form a disk Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed deciduous Larix trench organic (Terrie The larch root system was similar to that of Lat and Lon are read from another Stand 7 tree larch 0.30 yes 0.3 55.0417 ‐114.0538 613 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf occidentalis wall Mesisol) black spruce, shallow and spreading; fine paper by the same author, Strong Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen white trench eolian sand Although the two harvested trees came Stand 3 tree Picea glauca 0.35 yes >1.25 55.1021 ‐114.1504 594 water table data not given; but in Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf spruce wall (Eutric Brunisol) from very different sites (sandy vs. clay Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen white trench shallow sandy soils), they had a similar rooting pattern 1983a, author notes "A soil pit was Stand 5 tree Picea glauca 0.50 yes >1.25 55.1740 ‐114.3460 625 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf spruce wall outwash and allocation of biomass. dug in the center of each of the Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed deciduous Populus trench outwash/morain seven subplots to a minimum Stand 5 tree aspen 0.50 yes >1.25 55.1740 ‐114.3460 625 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest broad‐leaf tremuloides wall e (sandy loam / depth of 1.25 m. Owing to a high In sharp contrast with white spruce, the Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed deciduous Populus trench outwash/morain water table in stands 7 and 8, it Stand 11 tree aspen 0.50 yes >1.25 55.1747 ‐114.3143 611 general rootsystem morphology of aspen Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest broad‐leaf tremuloides wall e (sandy loam / was necessary to remove intact Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed deciduous Populus trench eolian sand was distinctly different in sand compared Stand 9 tree aspen 1.50 yes >1.25 55.0993 ‐114.1444 595 sections of soil profiles from the Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest broad‐leaf tremuloides wall (Eutric Brunisol) with clay loam substrates. Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed deciduous Populus trench eolian sand pits rather than attempt to work in Stand 10 tree aspen 1.50 yes >1.25 55.0894 ‐114.0997 579 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest broad‐leaf tremuloides wall (Eutric Brunisol) the hole as was done in other Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Pinus trench eolian sand Stand 2 tree jack pine 0.30 yes >1.25 55.0847 ‐114.1210 589 stands." It appears safe to assume Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf banksiana wall (Eutric Brunisol) Three distinctive type of vertical roots were that the water table is > 1.25m Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Pinus trench eolian sand Stand 1 tree jack pine 1.20 yes >1.25 55.0760 ‐114.1227 594 found: taproot, sinker, and herring bone; deep at other stands. Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf banksiana wall (Eutric Brunisol) Large taproots were the principal vertical Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Pinus trench eolian sand Stand 1 tree jack pine 1.10 yes >1.25 55.0760 ‐114.1227 594 roots on all jack pines (Fig. 2A), and Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf banksiana wall (Eutric Brunisol) Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Pinus trench eolian sand extended to a maximum depth of 2 m, Stand 2 tree jack pine 1.50 yes >1.25 55.0847 ‐114.1210 589 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf banksiana wall (Eutric Brunisol) although 1.3 m was more common. (but Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Pinus trench eolian sand table‐2 gives max as 1.5m) Stand 2 tree jack pine 2.00 yes >1.25 55.0847 ‐114.1210 589 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf banksiana wall (Eutric Brunisol) Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Abies trench eolian sand Stand 4 tree balsam fir 1.30 yes >1.25 55.1477 ‐114.1981 592 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf balsamea wall (Eutric Brunisol, Strong & La SE of Lesser boreal mixed evergreen Abies trench Sinker, tap‐, and oblique lateral roots were Stand 5 tree balsam fir 1.30 yes >1.25 Gray Luvisol 55.1740 ‐114.3460 625 Roi, 1983a, Slave Lake, forest needle‐leaf balsamea wall confined to the upper 40 cm of the mineral Sturges & temperate evergreen mountain Artemisia excavatio 2/3 as snow, just below Soil water recharge characteristics had a max depth extrapolated to max SC Wyoming Ridge top shrub 2.43 yes 500 fine loamy 41.4440 ‐107.1587 2450 Trlica, 1978 steppe broad‐leaf big tridentata n 114mm Jun‐ the ridge strong influence on development of the big trench size Sturges & temperate evergreen mountain Artemisia excavatio 2/3 as snow, Roots extended downward into the 183‐ with infiltration/recharge data SC Wyoming mid slope shrub 2.13 yes 500 mid‐slope Loamy‐skeletal 41.4471 ‐107.1562 2435 Trlica, 1978 steppe broad‐leaf big tridentata n 114mm Jun‐ 213 cm sampling zone at lower and (2.44m in lower positions, 0.910 on Sturges & temperate evergreen Wyoming Artemisia excavatio 2/3 as snow, near slope SC Wyoming bottom slope shrub 1.52 yes 500 Loamy‐skeletal 41.4484 ‐107.1587 2396 Trlica, 1978 steppe broad‐leaf big tridentata n 114mm Jun‐ bottom Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Tasmanian Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in planted; In the deeper sands, the distribution of all rooting depth extrapolated from Site‐1 tree 3 yes 525 deep sand ‐33.6700 122.2492 122 al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf blue gum globulus profile May‐Oct root roots was relatively uniform down the soil the root density figures; a 15m tall Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Tasmanian Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or In duplex soils, tree roots were Site‐2 tree 1.5 yes 600 planted ‐33.7953 121.8800 29 16m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf blue gum globulus profile May‐Oct sand over clay at concentrated in the sandy A horizons, with Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Tasmanian Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in Lateral roots were confined to the sandy Site‐3 tree 3 yes 475 deep sand planted ‐33.5481 121.7539 172 10–15m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf blue gum globulus profile May‐Oct soil horizons at all sites and for all species Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Monterey trench 2/3 falling in Site‐4 tree Pinus radiata 5 yes 490 deep sand planted ‐33.5650 121.8544 171 17m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine profile May‐Oct Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Monterey trench 2/3 falling in planted; Site‐5 tree Pinus radiata 2.5 yes 490 deep sand ‐33.5644 121.8794 171 17m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine profile May‐Oct root Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Monterey trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or In the clay subsoil, vertical roots were Site‐6 tree Pinus radiata 2.5 yes 500 planted ‐33.6161 122.0483 117 12m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine profile May‐Oct sand over clay at generally confined to the faces between Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen maritime Pinus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or Site‐7 tree 1.5 yes 522 planted ‐33.6331 122.8883 133 12m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine pinaster profile May‐Oct sand over clay Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen maritime Pinus trench 2/3 falling in Site‐8 tree 3 yes 522 deep sand planted ‐33.6381 122.8794 126 16m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine pinaster profile May‐Oct Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen maritime Pinus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or planted; Site‐9 tree 1.5 yes 522 ‐33.6294 122.8961 144 14m al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine pinaster profile May‐Oct sand over clay at root Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen maritime Pinus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or Site‐10 tree 2.5 yes 522 planted ‐33.6294 122.8961 144 9.5m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine pinaster profile May‐Oct sand over clay at Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen maritime Pinus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or Site‐11 tree 2 yes 491 planted ‐33.5533 121.7064 161 17.5m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland needle‐leaf pine pinaster profile May‐Oct sand over clay at Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Koch’s Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or Site‐12 tree 2.00 yes 386 planted ‐33.4381 122.0661 164 2.0–3.0m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf mallee kochii profile May‐Oct sand over clay at Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Koch’s Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in duplex soil, or Site‐13 tree 2.00 yes 386 planted ‐33.4381 122.0661 164 ~2m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf mallee kochii profile May‐Oct sand over clay at Sudmeyer et Esperance, Mediterrane evergreen Koch’s Eucalyptus trench 2/3 falling in Site‐14 tree 5.00 yes 386 deep sand planted ‐33.4381 122.0661 164 3.5m tall al., 2004 Wesern an shrubland broad‐leaf mallee kochii profile May‐Oct Svejcar & N Sierra riparian Nebraska Carex minirhizot However, below 40 cm there was relatively reporting seasonal root growth; perennial sedge 0.65 Yes 0.40 39.9249 ‐120.5441 1765 Wright, 1995 Nevada, near meadow sedge nebrascensi ron tube little activity during any of the max depth of root activites apple tree deciduous Baldwin Malus excavatio yes + broad Petoskey loamy a considerable portion of this apple‐ in what looks like healthy stand of Sweet, 1933 W NY tree 3.05 813 43.2787 ‐77.7590 89 orchards broad‐leaf apple tree domestica n photos ridges, fine sand: Group‐ growing district occupies an old, nearly orchard, on high ground, east of apple tree deciduous Baldwin Malus excavatio yes + parts of Collamer silt level lake plain with poor natural drainage… in what looks like a glacial till ridge, Sweet, 1933 W NY tree 1.83 813 43.3098 ‐77.8668 92 orchards broad‐leaf apple tree domestica n photos ridges, loam: Group‐2: Dark‐colored soils occupying slight with exposed dry soil (clay?) and on apple tree deciduous Baldwin Malus excavatio yes + depressions Granby loam: in what looks like an abandoned Sweet, 1933 W NY tree 1.52 813 1.52 43.3294 ‐77.7858 81 depressions and flat areas were found to orchards broad‐leaf apple tree domestica n photos that Group‐3: Dark‐ have the highest water table free ground orchard, with scattered ponds, Syahrinudin, N. and S. near Jambi, rhizomatous blady grass, Imperata soil coring no dry deeply deforested, Root biomass of I. cylindrica grasslands was 16 soil cores to 3m, sometimes perennial 1.80 yes 2087 well drained ‐1.5062 102.4093 50 2005 Sumatra, S. Sumatra grass cogon grass, cylindrica t 3m season weathered SL‐ abandoned distributed to a maximum depth of 180 cm. hitting "less‐whethered parent Syahrinudin, East near rhizomatous blady grass, Imperata soil coring no dry deeply deforested, However, most of the roots were confined All lations for this study are vague; perennial 1.80 yes 2281 well drained ‐1.5205 116.2018 60 2005 Kalemantan, Kenangan, grass cogon grass, cylindrica t 3m season weathered SL‐ abandoned to the top soil layer; 88.4% of the roots was the climate chart gives the city and Syahrinudin, East near evergreen Black Acacia soil coring no dry deeply 9yr old Twenty trees were harvested and uprooted elevation. Sites chosen to be close, legume tree 5 yes 2281 well drained ‐1.2032 116.5578 55 2005 Kalemantan, Kenangan, broad‐leaf Wattle, mangium t 3m season weathered SL‐ Acacia (for coarse roots); Fine root and soil 2nd cite near the timber crop Syahrinudin, N. and S. near Jambi, evergreen African oil Elaeis soil coring no dry deeply 30yr old root biomass was sampled and collected at The author states: "root biomass in palm > 5 yes 2087 well drained ‐1.5400 102.3016 50 2005 Sumatra, S. Sumatra broad‐leaf palm or guineensis t 5m season weathered SL‐ palm 16 drilling points in each subplot (three both sites was higher than that of I. Syahrinudin, East near evergreen African oil Elaeis soil coring no dry deeply 10yr old subplots / plot) to a depth of 5 m; In the 5‐ cylindrica in the neighborhood of palm > 5 yes 2281 well drained ‐1.5308 116.1913 61 2005 Kalemantan, Kenangan, broad‐leaf palm or guineensis t 5m season weathered SL‐ palm m deep soil profile, more than 50% of the the respective sites,…" suggesting mountain evergreen big sage Artemisia excavatio E‐facing clay‐loam to Four sites were selected: east‐ and west‐ all max rooting depth is mean of 3 Tabler, 1964 NW Wyoming East exposure shrub 1.63 drawings 43.7038 ‐109.4148 2894 forest broad‐leaf brush tridentata n slope, 8 deg 0.91m, over facing slopes (of about So/a), a ridge top, plants mountain West evergreen big sage Artemisia excavatio W‐facing clay‐loam to All plants studied were characterized by a Tabler, 1964 NW Wyoming shrub 1.65 drawings 43.7043 ‐109.4137 2899 forest exposure broad‐leaf brush tridentata n slope, 8 deg 0.91m, over woody taproot which rapidly tapered to a mountain evergreen big sage Artemisia excavatio clay‐loam to diameter of 2 or 3 mm within the first 6 dm Tabler, 1964 NW Wyoming Ridge top shrub 1.83 drawings ridge top 43.7045 ‐109.4158 2914 forest broad‐leaf brush tridentata n 0.91m, over of soil and a dense well‐developed system mountain evergreen big sage Artemisia excavatio valley clay‐loam to Tabler, 1964 NW Wyoming Valley bottom shrub 1.47 drawings 43.7035 ‐109.4139 2873 of lateral roots. About 62% of the total root forest broad‐leaf brush tridentata n bottom 0.91m, over length was concentrated in the upper 6 dm Teskey & Ashland temperate deciduous excavatio 10 deg SE‐ silt loam, thin O, ...roots were found at all soil depths… soil T Seasonal root growth rates tree white oak Quercus alba 1.50 no 38.7530 ‐92.1992 245 Hinckley, Wildlife Area, decidous broad‐leaf n + facing slope increasing clay determines first root growth and leaf correlated with T and SM… temperate Neuenburg deciduous Quercus trench flat but well Quaternary clay None of the stands was affected by Thomas, 2000 NW Germany tree English oak 1.05 Yes 801 53.3833 8.1333 10 185 yr old tree decidous site broad‐leaf robur profile drained under glacial groundwater; both oak species are able to temperate Sprakensehl deciduous sessile oak, Quercus trench flat but well Thomas, 2000 NW Germany tree 1.00 Yes 618 Glacial sand 52.7833 10.4167 115root very deeply, but not intensively; The 104 yr old tree decidous site broad‐leaf Cornish oak, petraea profile drained vertical root distribution did not temperate deciduous sessile oak, Quercus trench flat but well Jurassic clay Thomas, 2000 NW Germany Lappwald site tree 1.00 Yes 624 52.2667 11.0000 162correspond with soil water availability. 136 yr old tree decidous broad‐leaf Cornish oak, petraea profile drained under glacial temperate deciduous sessile oak, Quercus trench flat but well Limestone Comparisons of the rooting patterns with c 175 yr old; moved 1.7km NE to be Thomas, 2000 NE Germany Hakel site tree 0.60 Yes 508 51.8973 11.3270 200 decidous broad‐leaf Cornish oak, petraea profile drained under loess soil water relations and soil chemistry lead at 200m elevation Timberlake & near Secheke, subtropical Masese no. deciduous Rhodesian Baikiaea excavatio 56km N‐E of Secheke, legume, tree height mean of 4 profiles (no. 29, 30, 31, tree 3.30 drawings 650 Kalahari sand ‐17.3097 24.8923 959 Calvert, 1993 SW Zambia dry forest 29‐32 broad‐leaf Teak, plurijuga n 3m, 4m, 10m, 14m 32, 33) of depth (3.0, 3.0, 3.4, 3.9) Timberlake & near Secheke, subtropical Masese no. deciduous Rhodesian Baikiaea excavatio 56km N‐E of Secheke, legume, tree height strong, deep tap root; all site tree 4.10 drawings 650 Karoo sand ‐17.3063 24.9035 954 Calvert, 1993 SW Zambia dry forest 33 broad‐leaf Teak, plurijuga n 18m locations from this atlas are Timberlake & near Secheke, subtropical Masese no. deciduous Pterocarpus excavatio 56km N‐E of Secheke, pan‐tropic, tree tree barwood 5.30 drawings 650 Kalahari sand ‐17.0689 24.8407 986 1 thin, very deep tap root Calvert, 1993 SW Zambia dry forest 237 broad‐leaf lucens n height 13m Timberlake & near Secheke, subtropical Masese no. deciduous Pterocarpus excavatio 56km N‐E of Secheke, pan‐tropic, tree tree barwood 4.10 drawings 650 Karoo sand ‐17.1524 25.0360 961 1 thin, very deep tap root Calvert, 1993 SW Zambia dry forest 238 broad‐leaf lucens n height 13m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For deciduous Jasmine Baphia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 2.00 drawings 1000 sand ‐12.8246 28.0420 1260 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Reserve no. broad‐leaf pea, Sand massaiensis n legume, tree height 9m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For deciduous Jasmine Baphia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 3.00 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8222 28.0483 1273 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Reserve no. broad‐leaf pea, Sand massaiensis n legume, tree height 12m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 46, 48) of tree 3.30 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8057 28.0427 1256 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Reserve no. broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n legume, tree hight 17m and 19m depth (2.5, 4.1), group by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 47, 49) of tree 2.20 drawings 1000 ‐12.8109 28.0138 1242 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Reserve no. broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n clay legume, tree hight 18m and 20m depth (2.5, 2.0), grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 64, 67) of tree 3.10 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.5012 28.0423 1255 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 64, 67 broad‐leaf florabunda n legume, tree hight 14m and 17m depth (2.5, 3.7), grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 65, 68) of tree 2.90 drawings 1000 ‐12.8166 28.0104 1247 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 65, 68 broad‐leaf florabunda n clay legume, tree hight 16m and 19m depth (3.0, 2.7), grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio pooly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil and drainage; tree 2.00 drawings 1000 2.00 ‐12.7718 28.0446 1223 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 66 broad‐leaf florabunda n drained clay, pooly legume, tree hight 17m water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 3.40 drawings 1000 clay ‐12.7759 28.0540 1256 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 69 broad‐leaf florabunda n legume, tree hight 21m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil and drainage; tree 2.95 drawings 1000 2.80 ‐12.7524 28.0281 1214 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 70 broad‐leaf longifolia n drained imperfectly legume, tree hight 15m water table position shown in Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 3 profiles (no. 71, 72, 76) tree 3.20 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8073 28.0456 1259 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 71, 72, 76 broad‐leaf longifolia n legume, tree hight 17m, 18m, 23m of depth (2.4, 3.5, 3.8), grouped by Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 73, 77) of tree 2.40 drawings 1000 ‐12.8158 28.0201 1245 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 73, 77 broad‐leaf longifolia n clay legume, tree hight 18m and 24m depth (2.4, 2.4), grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grounded by soil; roots turn tree 3.20 drawings 1000 sand ‐12.8177 28.0411 1263 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 74 broad‐leaf longifolia n legume, tree hight 20m horizontal Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil and drainage; tree 2.30 drawings 1000 2.30 ‐12.7791 28.0399 1218 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 75 broad‐leaf longifolia n drained imperfectly legume, tree hight 20m water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 5.30 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8187 28.0564 1276 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 78 broad‐leaf longifolia n legume, tree hight 25m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 3 profiles (no. 91, 93, 95) tree Msasa 3.70 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8078 28.0468 1264 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 91, 93, 95 broad‐leaf spiciformis n legume, tree hight 17m, 19m, 19m of depth (3.6, 3.3, 4.3), grouped by Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree Msasa 2.00 drawings 1000 ‐12.8165 28.0189 1246 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 92 broad‐leaf spiciformis n clay legume, tree hight 18m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio deep sandy clay, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil with barrier; 1 tree Msasa 2.90 drawings 1000 laterite 2.1 ‐12.8088 28.0429 1261 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 94 broad‐leaf spiciformis n with laterite at legume, tree hight 19m small root penetrated into the Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; roots turn tree Msasa 4.30 drawings 1000 clay ‐12.7790 28.0587 1254 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 96 broad‐leaf spiciformis n legume, tree hight 19m horizontal at end Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; roots turn tree Msasa 3.80 drawings 1000 sand ‐12.8185 28.0491 1280 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 97 broad‐leaf spiciformis n legume, tree hight 20m horizontal at end Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; roots turn tree Msasa 5.50 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8200 28.0598 1280 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 98 broad‐leaf spiciformis n legume, tree hight 26m horizontal at end Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ deciduous Brachystegia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; roots turn tree 1.80 drawings 1000 ‐12.8102 28.0028 1243 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 99 broad‐leaf utilis n clay legume, tree hight 18m horizontal at end Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, separated from 101: roots here tree 2.20 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8060 28.0378 1249 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 100 broad‐leaf utilis n legume, tree hight 20m turn horizontal at very shallow Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil but separated from tree 4.00 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8100 28.0426 1264 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 101 broad‐leaf utilis n legume, tree hight 26m profile 100 Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Kalahari Dialium excavatio imperfectly sand imperfectly Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; roots turn tree 2.00 drawings 1000 2.00 ‐12.7754 28.0262 1217 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 142 broad‐leaf podberry engleranum n drained drained legume, tree hight 11m horizontal; water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; roots turn tree 1.50 drawings 1000 ‐12.8082 28.0110 1236 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 155 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n clay legume, tree hight 14m horizonal at end Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 3 profiles (no. 156, 157, tree 1.70 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8002 28.0355 1242 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 156, 157, 160 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n legume, tree hight 15m, 15m, 18m 160) of depth (2.0, 1.9, 1.3), Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio imperfectly sand imperfectly Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, separated from 159: roots here tree 2.40 drawings 1000 2.40 ‐12.7649 28.0328 1218 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 158 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n drained drained legume, tree hight 15m turn horizontal at very shallow Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio imperfectly sand imperfectly Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil but separated from tree 1.90 drawings 1000 1.90 ‐12.7707 28.0271 1217 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 159 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n drained drained legume, tree hight 17m profile 158 Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 3.10 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8194 28.0532 1278 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 161 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n legume, tree hight 18m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi‐ African Faurea excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; roots turn tree 1.50 drawings 1000 ‐12.8045 28.0202 1236 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 164 deciduous Bean, saligna n clay tree hight 14m horizontal; water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Hymenocardi excavatio imperfectly sand imperfectly Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiels (no. 173, 174) small tree 1.20 drawings 1000 ‐12.7726 28.0347 1213 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 173, 174 broad‐leaf a acida n drained drained, shallwo tree hight 6m, 9m with root depth identical Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res semi‐ Isoberlinia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 175, 180) tree 1.60 drawings 1000 ‐12.8094 28.0205 1239 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 175, 180 deciduous angolensis n clay legume, tree hight 14m and 19m with root depth (1.5, 1.7) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi‐ Isoberlinia excavatio imperfectly sand imperfectly Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; water table tree 3.40 drawings 1000 3.40 ‐12.7494 28.0345 1222 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 176 deciduous angolensis n drained drained legume, tree hight 15m inferred,; grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi‐ Isoberlinia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 3.40 drawings 1000 clay ‐12.7799 28.0624 1257 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 177 deciduous angolensis n legume, tree hight 16m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi‐ Isoberlinia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 178, 179) tree 2.70 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8130 28.0395 1263 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 178, 179 deciduous angolensis n legume, tree hight 17m, 18m with root depth (3.4, 2.1) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi‐ Isoberlinia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 3.70 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8230 28.0467 1271 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 181 deciduous angolensis n legume, tree hight 20m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Julbernardia excavatio poorly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, poorly drained; grouped by soil; tree muchesa 1.30 drawings 1000 1.30 ‐12.7849 28.0415 1222 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 185 broad‐leaf paniculata n drained clay, poorly legume, tree hight 14m water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Julbernardia excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 3 profiles (no. 186, 188, tree muchesa 2.00 drawings 1000 ‐12.8160 28.0152 1246 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 186, 188, 190 broad‐leaf paniculata n clay legume, tree hight 15m, 19m, 20m 190) with root depth (1.7, 2.5, 1.8) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Julbernardia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 4 profiles (no. 187, 189, tree muchesa 3.70 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8083 28.0498 1265 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 187, 189, 191, broad‐leaf paniculata n legume, tree hight 15m, 19m, 21m, 22m 191, 192) with root depth (3.3, 4.6, Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ evergreen Julbernardia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree muchesa 4.60 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8217 28.0495 1274 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 193 broad‐leaf paniculata n legume, tree hight 22m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ evergreen Julbernardia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree muchesa 3.70 drawings 1000 clay ‐12.7791 28.0605 1256 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 194 broad‐leaf paniculata n legume, tree hight 24m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Marquesia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 201, 202) tree 1.40 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8024 28.0338 1244 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 201, 202 broad‐leaf macroura n legume, tree hight 13m, 16m with root depth (1.0, 1.8) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Marquesia excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 203, 204) tree 3.80 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8254 28.0459 1270 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 203, 204 broad‐leaf macroura n legume, tree hight 16m, 19m with root depth (4.6, 3.0) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi Monotes excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 205, 207) tree 2.30 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8073 28.0370 1249 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 205, 207 evergreen africanus n tree hight 11m, 12m with root depth (1.8, 2.8) Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res semi Monotes excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 1.80 drawings 1000 ‐12.8099 28.0988 1243 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 206 evergreen africanus n clay tree hight 11m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ semi Monotes excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree 2.70 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8144 28.0435 1269 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 208 evergreen africanus n tree hight 13m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res.‐ semi Monotes excavatio poorly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, poorly drained; grouped by soil; tree 1.10 drawings 1000 1.10 ‐12.7823 28.0385 1219 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 209 evergreen africanus n drained clay, poorly tree hight 14m water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Mupundu, Parinari excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 212, 215) tree 2.90 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8053 28.0384 1251 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 212, 215 broad‐leaf Mobola curatellifolia n tree hight 11m and 12m with root depth (3.1, 2.7); common Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Mupundu, Parinari excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 213, 216) tree 1.80 drawings 1000 ‐12.8064 28.0051 1236 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 213, 216 broad‐leaf Mobola curatellifolia n clay tree hight 12m and 14m with root depth (1.8, 1.8); common Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Mupundu, Parinari excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; grouped by tree 2.00 drawings 1000 2.00 ‐12.7721 28.0261 1218 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 214 broad‐leaf Mobola curatellifolia n drained imperfectly tree hight 12m soil; water table inferred; common Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For. Res evergreen Mupundu, Parinari excavatio poorly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, poorly drained; grouped by soil; tree 1.80 drawings 1000 1.80 ‐12.7861 28.0422 1223 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 217 broad‐leaf Mobola curatellifolia n drained clay, poorly tree hight 15m water table inferred; common in Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Pericopsis excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; grouped by tree 1.50 drawings 1000 1.50 ‐12.7644 28.0241 1215 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 221 broad‐leaf angolensis n drained imperfectly legume, tree hight 12m soil; water table inferred; common Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Pericopsis excavatio poorly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, poorly drained; grouped by soil; tree 2.00 drawings 1000 2.00 ‐12.7869 28.0387 1227 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 222 broad‐leaf angolensis n drained clay, poorly legume, tree hight 16m water table inferred; common in Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree 1.20 drawings 1000 ‐12.8004 28.0344 1241 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 231 broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n clay tree hight 5m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; grouped by small tree 1.40 drawings 1000 1.40 ‐12.7696 28.0300 1214 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 232 broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n drained imperfectly tree hight 6m soil; water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree 1.90 drawings 1000 deep sand ‐12.8189 28.0382 1255 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 233 broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n tree hight 7m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; grouped by small tree 2.00 drawings 1000 2.00 ‐12.7763 28.0393 1217 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 234 broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n drained imperfectly tree hight 11m soil; water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen monkey Strychnos excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, imperfectly drained; grouped by small tree 2.50 drawings 1000 2.50 ‐12.7756 28.0407 1220 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 246 broad‐leaf orange,dull‐ innocua n drained imperfectly tree hight 8m soil; water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen monkey Strychnos excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree 0.90 drawings 1000 ‐12.7995 28.0135 1230 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 247 broad‐leaf orange,dull‐ innocua n clay tree hight 10m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen monkey Strychnos excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree 2.50 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8077 28.0340 1245 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 248 broad‐leaf orange,dull‐ innocua n tree hight 10m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Strychnos excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, sloping bedrock is shown in the small tree 1.30 drawings 1000 quartzite 1.3 ‐12.8454 28.0700 1328 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 251 broad‐leaf pungens n drained imperfectly tree hight 5m drawing; selected the highest point Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Forest Syzygium excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, A main constituent in montane tree 1.90 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8070 28.0311 1239 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 252 broad‐leaf waterberry guineense n tree hight 14m evergreen forest; grouped by soil Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Forest Syzygium excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, A main constituent in montane tree 3.10 drawings 1000 3.10 ‐12.7593 28.0337 1221 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 253 broad‐leaf waterberry guineense n drained imperfectly tree hight 15m evergreen forest; imperfectly Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Syzygium excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree waterberry 1.60 drawings 1000 ‐12.8161 28.0239 1243 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 254 broad‐leaf guineense n clay tree hight 4m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Syzygium excavatio imperfectly sand, Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 255, 257) small tree waterberry 1.80 drawings 1000 1.80 ‐12.7706 28.0269 1216 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 255, 257 broad‐leaf guineense n drained imperfectly tree hight 5m and 9m with root depth (1.9, 1.7); Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Syzygium excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, small tree waterberry 1.40 drawings 1000 sand ‐12.8230 28.0350 1252 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 256 broad‐leaf guineense n tree hight 6m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Uapaca excavatio poorly shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, grouped by soil; poorly drained; tree sugar plum 0.80 drawings 1000 0.80 ‐12.7809 28.0367 1217 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 271 broad‐leaf kirkiana n drained clay, poorly tree hight 9m water table inferred Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Uapaca excavatio Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree sugar plum 1.40 drawings 1000 deep sandy clay ‐12.8028 28.0310 1236 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 272 broad‐leaf kirkiana n tree hight 11m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res deciduous Uapaca excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, tree sugar plum 1.40 drawings 1000 ‐12.8101 28.0025 1243 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 273 broad‐leaf kirkiana n clay tree hight 13m Timberlake & near Kitwe, N. subtropical Chati For Res evergreen Narrow‐ Uapaca excavatio shallow sandy Chati Forest Reserve, 19km west of Kitwe, mean of 2 profiles (no. 274, 275) tree 1.50 drawings 1000 ‐12.8140 27.9963 1244 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest 274, 275 broad‐leaf leaved nitida n clay tree hight 12m and 12m with root depth (1.9, 1.0) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Large‐ Acacia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 1, 2) with tree 3.30 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5241 28.2077 1232 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 1, 2 broad‐leaf leaved amythethoph n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1.2m and root depth (3.3, 3.2); often on Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Grey‐haired Acacia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 4, 5) with tree 3.30 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5199 28.2044 1236 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 4, 5 broad‐leaf acacia gerrardii n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1.4m and root depth (3.8, 2.8); From Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Acacia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research tree 1.70 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5213 28.2128 1245 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 7 broad‐leaf goetzei ssp. n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1.2m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Acacia excavatio Mount Makulu Agricultural Research tree 2.50 drawings 800 clay coppice ‐15.5237 28.2228 1235 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 8 broad‐leaf goetzei ssp. n Station, legume, shrub hight 1.6m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Acacia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 3 profiles (no. 14, 15, 16) tree white thorn 2.90 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5233 28.2111 1238 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 14, broad‐leaf polyacantha n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1m, 0.9m, with root depth (2.1, 3.2, 3.3) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Paperbark Acacia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research tree 3.60 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5247 28.2051 1230 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 18 broad‐leaf Thorn sieberiana n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 0.9m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous silk plants, excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 20, 21) with tree Albizia amara 2.10 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5158 28.2103 1241 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 20, 21 broad‐leaf silk trees, n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 0.5m, 1.1m root depth (1.8, 2.4) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Poison‐pod Albizia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 22, 23) with tree 2.80 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5200 28.2105 1238 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 22, 23 broad‐leaf albizia versicolor n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1.5m, 1.7m root depth (3.3, 2.3); prefers well‐ Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous azanza, tree Azanza excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 24, 25) with small tree 2.30 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5167 28.2091 1241 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 24, 25 broad‐leaf hibiscus, garckeana n limestone Station, shrub hight 0.7m, ??m root depth (1.6, 3.0) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Four‐leaved Combretum excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 115, 116) small tree 1.50 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5191 28.2139 1247 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 115, broad‐leaf bushwillow adenogonium n limestone Station, shrub hight ??m, 0.5m with root depth (1.3, 1.7) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous sicklebush, Dichrostachys excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 145, 146) small tree 4.00 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5250 28.2036 1227 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 145, broad‐leaf Bell cinerea n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight 1m, 1.3m with root depth (4.2, 3.7) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous bluebush, Diospyros excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research small tree 2.80 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5225 28.2118 1238 can be evergreen Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 147 broad‐leaf star‐apple, lycioides n limestone Station, shrub hight 1.3m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub Dombeya sp. 2.80 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5342 28.1983 1222 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 150 broad‐leaf n limestone Station, shrub hight 1.5m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Apple‐ring Faidherbia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research grouped by soil; deep‐penetrating tree 3.30 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5213 28.2031 1235 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 162 broad‐leaf Acacia, Ana albida n limestone Station, legume, shrub hight not given tap root makes it highly resistant to Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Apple‐ring Faidherbia excavatio Mount Makulu Agricultural Research grouped by soil; deep‐penetrating tree 2.90 drawings 800 clay coppice ‐15.5210 28.2224 1236 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 163 broad‐leaf Acacia, Ana albida n Station, legume, shrub hight not given tap root makes it highly resistant to Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous white berry‐ Flueggea excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub 2.90 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5186 28.2079 1238 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 165 broad‐leaf bush virosa n limestone Station, shrub hight not given Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous white berry‐ Flueggea excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub 1.50 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5309 28.2028 1229 grouped by soil Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 166 broad‐leaf bush virosa n limestone Station, shrub hight 1.5m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous big sage, Lantana excavatio clay over coppice, Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub 1.90 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5156 28.2124 1247 invasive but shade intolerant Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 196 broad‐leaf wild sage, camara n limestone native to Station, shrub hight 1.5m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag semi‐ Apple Leaf, Lonchocarpus excavatio loam over coppice in Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 198, 199) tree 3.40 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5340 28.1979 1221 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 198, deciduous Rain Tree capassa n limestone 199 Station, legume, shrub hight 0.8m and not with root depth (3.3, 3.5) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Markhamia excavatio clay over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research roots shallow and extremely wide ‐ small tree 0.80 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5219 28.2148 1249 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 200 broad‐leaf obtusifolia n limestone Station, shrub hight not given 4.5m Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Phyllanthus excavatio Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub 0.70 drawings 800 loam ‐15.5505 28.2261 1203 growth form uncertain Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 223 broad‐leaf muelleranus n Station, shrub hight not given Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Phyllanthus excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research shrub 2.40 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5319 28.1981 1222 growth form uncertain Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 224 broad‐leaf muelleranus n limestone Station, shrub hight not given Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Camel's foot Piliostigma excavatio clay over coppice in Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 227, 228) tree 2.50 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5178 28.2105 1239 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 227, broad‐leaf tree, thonningii n limestone 227 Station, legume, shrub hight 0.4m, 0.5m with root depth (2.6, 2.4) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Steganotaeni excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 242, 243) small tree Carrot‐tree 1.60 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5311 28.2003 1224 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 242, broad‐leaf a araliacea n limestone Station, shrub hight 2.4m, 2.6m with root depth (1.8, 1.4) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Large‐ Terminalia excavatio loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 260, 261) tree 2.10 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5328 28.1995 1225 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 260, broad‐leaf leaved mollis n limestone Station, shrub hight 0.8m, 1.2m with root depth (1.8, 2.4) Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Triumfetta excavatio loam over coppice in Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 269, 270) shrub 1.90 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 ‐15.5335 28.2013 1225 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 269, broad‐leaf amuletum n limestone 270 Station, shrub hight 0.9m, 1.2m with root depth (2.0, 1.8); habitat: Timberlake & Chilanga, S. subtropical Mt Makulu Ag deciduous Ziziphus excavatio sandy loam over Mount Makulu Agricultural Research mean of 2 profiles (no. 276, 277) shrub Large jujube 2.20 drawings 800 limestone 0.7‐1.2 coppice ‐15.5279 28.2079 1238 Calvert, 1993 Zambia dry forest Res Stn 276, broad‐leaf abyssinica n linestone Station, shrub hight 0.9m, ??m with root depth (2.5, 1.9) Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous mopane, Colophosper excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of mean of 2 profiles (no. 113, 114) small tree 1.60 drawings 460 ‐21.3503 29.0195 817 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 113, 114 broad‐leaf mopani, mum mopane n sand Nicholson, legume, tree height 7.5m, 8.5m with root depth (1.7, 1.5); found Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding semi‐ red Combretum excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of mean of 2 profiles (no. 120, 121) small tree 1.10 drawings 460 granite >1.0 ‐21.3500 29.0262 823 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 120, 121 deciduous bushwillow apiculatum n sand, over Nicholson, tree height 4m, 8m with root depth (1.2, 1.0) Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous Velvet‐ Commiphora excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of Tuli station quite easy to find: small tree 0.90 drawings 460 ‐21.3390 29.0058 818 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 138 broad‐leaf Leaved mollis n sand Nicholson, tree height 6m regular grids of forests among small Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous Pepper‐ Commiphora excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of small tree 0.70 drawings 460 granite >1.0 ‐21.3451 29.0303 829 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 140 broad‐leaf leaved mossambicen n sand, over Nicholson, tree height 5m Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous Grey raisin, Grewia excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of small tree 1.10 drawings 460 ‐21.3359 29.0185 822 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 168 broad‐leaf silver raisin monticola n sand Nicholson, tree height 3m Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous white Kirkia excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of tree 1.10 drawings 460 ‐21.3421 29.0092 817 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 195 broad‐leaf seringa acuminata n sand Nicholson, tree height 10.5m Timberlake & near West subtropical Tuli Breeding deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio coarse granite Tuli Breeding Station, 52km southwest of tree 2.00 drawings 460 ‐21.3534 29.0108 808 Calvert, 1993 Nicholson, S. dry forest Stn 268 broad‐leaf leaf, silver sericea n sand Nicholson, tree height 6m Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Kalahari Bauhinia excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, shrub 1.00 drawings 580 ‐19.9469 28.1772 1209 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf bauhinia, petersiana n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Burkea excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 4 profiles (no. 104, 105, tree Wild syringa 0.95 drawings 580 ‐19.9511 28.1868 1226 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf africana n over sandy‐clay Bobgolo Farm, 15km southwest of 106, 107) with root depth (1, 0.9, Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn semi‐ red Combretum excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 2 profiles (no. 118, 119) small tree 1.30 drawings 580 ‐19.9504 28.1826 1219 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm deciduous bushwillow apiculatum n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of with root depth (1.2, 1.4) Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn semi‐ variable Combretum excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 3 profiles (no. 125, 126, small tree 2.60 drawings 580 ‐19.9720 28.1669 1202 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm deciduous combretum, collinum n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of 127) with root depth (2.7, 2.7, 2.5) Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn semi‐ Large‐ Combretum excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, tree 1.20 drawings 580 ‐19.9560 28.1774 1224 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm deciduous Fruited zeyheri n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn semi‐ Tall Commiphora excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental tree 0.70 drawings 580 ‐19.9583 28.1865 1242 prefer well‐drained sandy soils Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm deciduous firethorn glandulosa n over sandy‐clay Station,Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Kalahari Dichrostachys excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 2 profiles (no. 143, 144) tree 1.90 drawings 580 ‐19.9671 28.1703 1210 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf podberry cinerea n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of with root depth (1.2, 2.6) Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous South Dombeya excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, small tree 1.10 drawings 580 ‐19.9547 28.1805 1227 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf African wild rotundifolia n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Grey raisin, Grawia excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, small tree 0.90 drawings 580 ‐19.9573 28.1818 1235 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf silver raisin monticola n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 3 profiles (no. 169, 170, small tree raisin bush Grawia sp. 0.80 drawings 580 ‐19.9555 28.1854 1237 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of 171) with root depth (0.6, 0.6, 1.1) Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Ochna excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 2 profiles (no. 210, 211) small tree Lekkerbreek 1.20 drawings 580 ‐19.9496 28.1883 1223 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf pulchra n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of with root depth (1.4, 1.0); found on Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, small tree 1.60 drawings 580 ‐19.9603 28.1755 1220 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous mongongo Ricinodendro excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, very thick tap root; found on tree 1.40 drawings 580 ‐19.9661 28.1767 1219 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf tree n rautanenii n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of wooded hills and amongst sand Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn evergreen corky‐bark Strychnos excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 2 profiles (no. 244, 245) tree 2.00 drawings 580 ‐19.9673 28.1695 1209 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf monkey‐ cocculoides n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of with root depth (1.5, 2.5) Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn evergreen Strychnos excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, max of 2 profiles (no. 249, 250) small tree 3.10 drawings 580 ‐19.9685 28.1600 1199 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf pungens n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of with root depth (1.3, 3.1); the first Timberlake & Nyamandhlov subtropical Nya Exp Stn deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio kalahari sand, Nyamandhlovu Experimental Station, mean of 3 profiles (no. 265, 266, tree 1.60 drawings 580 ‐19.9571 28.1689 1215 Calvert, 1993 u, W. dry forest Bongolo Frm broad‐leaf leaf, silver sericea n over sandy‐clay Bongolo Farm, 15km southwest of 267) with root depth (1.0, 1.7, 2.2) Timberlake & near Harare, subtropical Herderson deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio clay loam over Henderson Research Station, 28km north mean of 14 profiles (no. 50‐63) tree 1.60 drawings 910 coppice ‐17.5578 31.0393 1342 Calvert, 1993 N‐E dry forest Res Stn 50‐63 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n gravel of Harare, coppice height 2.3, 4.5, 2.5, 2.5, with root depth (1.5, 1.8 ,0.9, 1.4, Timberlake & near Harare, subtropical Herderson deciduous Brachystegia excavatio clay loam over Henderson Research Station, 28km north mean of 7 profiles (no. 79‐85) with tree Msasa 1.90 drawings 910 coppice ‐17.5653 31.0403 1335 Calvert, 1993 N‐E dry forest Res Stn 79‐85 broad‐leaf spiciformis n gravel of Harare, coppice height 1.3, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, root depth (2.8, 2.1, 1.5, 1.3, 1.6, Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous Rhodesian Baikiaea excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. nearest village to Fuller Forest Area tree 1.40 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand coppice ‐18.2187 26.0325 876 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf Teak, plurijuga n Hwange Communal Land, coppice height is chosen Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous Kalahari Bauhinia excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. shrub 1.40 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2152 26.0325 878 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf bauhinia, petersiana n Hwange Communal Land, shrub height Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange semi‐ Tall Commiphora excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. tree 1.30 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2226 26.0325 875 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village deciduous firethorn glandulosa n Hwange Communal Land, tree height 3m Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous Pepper‐ Commiphora excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. small tree 0.70 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2265 26.0370 865 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf leaved mossambicen n Hwange Communal Land, tree height 2m Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. tree 1.80 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand coppice ‐18.2088 26.0189 909 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n Hwange Communal Land, coppice height Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange evergreen African Guibourtia excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. Occurring almost exclusively on tree 1.60 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2050 26.0398 896 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf Rosewood, coleosperma n Hwange Communal Land, legume, tree Kalahari sand in open woodland Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous Pterocarpus excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. tree Wild teak 1.40 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand coppice ‐18.2208 26.0389 879 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf angolensis n Hwange Communal Land, coppice height Timberlake & Fuller For. subtropical Hwange deciduous mongongo Ricinodendro excavatio Siwela Village, near Fuller Forest, N.W. tree 1.70 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand coppice ‐18.2124 26.0231 903 Calvert, 1993 Hwange, W. dry forest Siwela Village broad‐leaf tree n rautanenii n Hwange Communal Land, coppice height Timberlake & NW Hwange, subtropical deciduous Mouse‐ Combretum excavatio Mtopi, N.W. Hwange Communal Land, vertisol ‐ high shinking clay content, Mtopi 132 shrub 0.80 drawings 630‐820 vertisol ‐18.1847 25.8769 988 Calvert, 1993 W. Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf eared hereroense n shrub height 3.5m deep cracks and vertical mixing Timberlake & NW Hwange, subtropical deciduous Camel's foot Piliostigma excavatio Mtopi, N.W. Hwange Communal Land, site located by searching fo Mtopi 226 tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 vertisol ‐18.1885 25.8750 972 Calvert, 1993 W. Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf tree, thonningii n shrub height 5m Hwange Communal Land which Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous Acacia excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree Knobthorn 1.20 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9326 27.7514 959 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 9 broad‐leaf nigrescens n karoo sands legume, tree height 1.7m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous Brachystegia excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, max of 3 profiles (no. 86, 87, 88) tree Msasa 2.90 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9337 27.7505 961 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 86, 87, broad‐leaf spiciformis n karoo sands legume, tree height 2.5m, 4m, 9m with root depth (1.9, 2.8, 2.9) for Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous Burkea excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, It is assumed to be the bridge just tree Wild syringa 0.70 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9307 27.7516 957 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 102 broad‐leaf africana n karoo sands tree height 3m south of Lupane; there are indeed Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous mopane, Colophosper excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, small tree 2.80 drawings 630‐820 riverine ‐18.9407 27.7702 962 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 110 broad‐leaf mopani, mum mopane n sandy loam legume, tree height 5m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies semi‐ red Combretum excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, small tree 1.70 drawings 630‐820 river bank ‐18.9375 27.7627 959 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 117 deciduous bushwillow apiculatum n sands (rive tree height 2m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous Mouse‐ Combretum excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, shrub 1.90 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9320 27.7501 960 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 131 broad‐leaf eared hereroense n karoo sands tree height 3.5m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies semi‐ Combretum excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree Leadwood 2.50 drawings 630‐820 river bank ‐18.9375 27.7559 960 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 133 deciduous imberbe n sands (rive tree height 3m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies semi‐ Tall Commiphora excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree 1.30 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9316 27.7539 961 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 136 deciduous firethorn glandulosa n karoo sands tree height 7m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree 1.40 drawings 630‐820 ‐18.9297 27.7486 958 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 154 broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n sands legume, tree height 7m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies semi‐ Weeping Peltophorum excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree 1.60 drawings 630‐820 river bank ‐18.9386 27.7674 962 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 218 deciduous wattle, africanum n sands (rive tree height 4m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous Camel's foot Piliostigma excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tap root truncated at 1.3m but tree 2.00 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9316 27.7539 960 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 225 broad‐leaf tree, thonningii n karoo sands legume, tree height 4m dash lines suggests much deeper Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio poorly‐ consolidates Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, poorly drained; water table tree 2.00 drawings 630‐820 2.00 ‐18.9282 27.7455 964 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 262 broad‐leaf leaf, silver sericea n drained sands (poorly tree height 2m inferred; there is indeed a swampy‐ Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9356 27.7541 958 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 263 broad‐leaf leaf, silver sericea n karoo sands tree height 3.5m Timberlake & C. Lupane, W. subtropical Benzies deciduous silver cluster‐ Terminalia excavatio consolidated Benzies Bridge, C. Lupane Communal Land, tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 gully ‐18.9338 27.7557 959 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Bridge 264 broad‐leaf leaf, silver sericea n loamy sand tree height 5m Timberlake & Lupane, W. subtropical deciduous Rhodesian Baikiaea excavatio Lupane (7km north‐east), Lupane Lupane‐26 tree 1.10 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.8768 27.8205 1028 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf Teak, plurijuga n Communal Land, tree height 3.5m Timberlake & Lupane, W. subtropical deciduous Brachystegia excavatio Lupane (7km north‐east), Lupane Lupane‐89 tree Msasa 1.10 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.8737 27.8272 1033 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf spiciformis n Communal Land, legume, tree height 8m Timberlake & Lupane, W. subtropical deciduous Burkea excavatio Lupane (7km north‐east), Lupane Lupane‐103 tree Wild syringa 1.20 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.8739 27.8319 1034 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf africana n Communal Land, legume, tree height 6m Timberlake & Lupane, W. subtropical deciduous Horn‐pod Diplorhynchu excavatio Lupane (7km north‐east), Lupane Lupane‐148 shrub 0.80 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.8761 27.8172 1024 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf tree, Wild s n Communal Land, tree height 2.5m Timberlake & Lupane, W. subtropical deciduous African Erythrophleu excavatio Lupane (7km north‐east), Lupane Lupane‐153 tree 0.90 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.8756 27.8106 1024 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest broad‐leaf blackwood m africanum n Communal Land, legume, tree height 4m Timberlake & Gokwe, N. subtropical S. Gokwe Bus. deciduous Rhodesian Baikiaea excavatio South Gokwe Business Center, Gokwe tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2203 28.9282 1292 rotting tap root noted Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Ctr‐28 broad‐leaf Teak, plurijuga n Communal Land, tree height 5.5m Timberlake & Gokwe, N. subtropical S. Gokwe Bus. deciduous Brachystegia excavatio South Gokwe Business Center, Gokwe tap root truncated at 2.3m, but tree Msasa 3.00 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2173 28.9264 1292 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Ctr‐90 broad‐leaf spiciformis n Communal Land, legume, tree height 12m dashed line indicates much deeper Timberlake & Gokwe, N. subtropical S. Gokwe Bus. deciduous Julbernardia excavatio South Gokwe Business Center, Gokwe It prefers a hot dry resting season tree Mnondo 1.70 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2183 28.9277 1291 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Ctr‐184 broad‐leaf globiflora n Communal Land, legume, tree height 8m and plenty of rain in the summer Timberlake & Gokwe, N. subtropical S. Gokwe Bus. deciduous Pterocarpus excavatio South Gokwe Business Center, Gokwe location for this site is picked in the tree Wild teak 1.80 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2194 28.9292 1292 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Ctr‐236 broad‐leaf angolensis n Communal Land, tree height 7m woodland at the center of the city Timberlake & Gokwe, N. subtropical S. Gokwe Bus. deciduous mongongo Ricinodendro excavatio Gokwe Business Center, Gokwe Communal tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 kalahari sand ‐18.2189 28.9351 1295 Calvert, 1993 Zimbabwe dry forest Ctr‐241 broad‐leaf tree n rautanenii n Land, tree height 6m Timberlake & Dagamela, C. subtropical Mtshabi deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio Mtshabi School, 15km east of Dagamela, C. in what looks like a school ground, tree 1.10 drawings 630‐820 loamy sand ‐18.8568 28.8192 1118 Calvert, 1993 Nkayi, W. dry forest School‐45 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n Nkayi Communal Land, legume, tree height with rectangular buildings and Timberlake & Dagamela, C. subtropical Mtshabi deciduous mopane, Colophosper excavatio Mtshabi School, 15km east of Dagamela, C. tap root truncated at 1.1m but dsh small tree 1.30 drawings 630‐820 sandy loam ‐18.8552 28.8192 1117 Calvert, 1993 Nkayi, W. dry forest School‐111 broad‐leaf mopani, mum mopane n Nkayi Communal Land, legume, tree height lines show deeper roots Timberlake & Dagamela, C. subtropical Mtshabi deciduous mopane, Colophosper excavatio Mtshabi School, 15km east of Dagamela, C. small tree 1.10 drawings 630‐820 sandy clay ‐18.8541 28.8205 1120 Calvert, 1993 Nkayi, W. dry forest School‐112 broad‐leaf mopani, mum mopane n Nkayi Communal Land, legume, tree height Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ deciduous Acacia excavatio clay loam Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe on Google it is spelled tree Knobthorn 0.70 drawings 630‐820 alluvial plain ‐17.6337 28.4997 680 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 11 broad‐leaf nigrescens n (alluvium) Communal Land, legume, tree height 6m Madzivadzido, just NW of Sasame Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ evergreen Splendid Acacia excavatio clay loam Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe tree 0.90 drawings 630‐820 alluvial plain ‐17.6346 28.4995 683 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 17 broad‐leaf thorn robusta ssp n (alluvium) Communal Land, legume, tree height 7m Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ semi‐ desert date, Balanites excavatio clay loam Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe tree 1.10 drawings 630‐820 alluvial plain ‐17.6388 28.4981 682 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 34 deciduous soap berry aegyptiaca n (alluvium) Communal Land, tree height 3.5m Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ deciduous mopane, Colophosper excavatio clay loam Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe Mean of 2 profiles (no. 108, 109) small tree 0.60 drawings 630‐820 alluvial plain ‐17.6353 28.4994 683 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 108, 109 broad‐leaf mopani, mum mopane n (alluvium) Communal Land, tree height 5m and 5.5m with rooting depths (0.7, 0.5); roots Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ deciduous Jesse‐bush Combretum excavatio Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe Mean of 2 profiles (no. 122,123) shrub 0.40 drawings 630‐820 coarse sand ‐17.6198 28.5046 681 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 122, 123 broad‐leaf bushwillow, celastroides n Communal Land, tree height 4m and 5m with rooting depths (0.6, 0.2); roots Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ deciduous Large‐ Combretum excavatio sand, coarse Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe Mean of 2 profiles (no. 129,130) small tree 0.60 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.6322 28.5010 686 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 129, 130 broad‐leaf fruited jesse‐ elaeagnoides n sand Communal Land, tree height 4m and 4m with rooting depths (0.5, 0.7); roots Timberlake & Sasame Riv, subtropical Madziwadzido‐ deciduous Mountain Entandrophra excavatio Madziwadzido, asame river, N. Gokwe root profile incomplete? found at tree 0.50 drawings 630‐820 coarse sand ‐17.6364 28.5004 684 Calvert, 1993 N. Gokwe, N. dry forest 151 broad‐leaf Mahogany gma n Communal Land, tree height 14m low altitudes in river valleys Timberlake & C. Omay Com subtropical Omay deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio shallow loamy Siakobvu (15km east), C. Omay Communal roots grow upward; not grouped tree 0.70 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.4682 28.2034 643 Calvert, 1993 Ld, N. dry forest Siakobvu‐41 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n sand Land, tree height 4m with no. 43, because no. 42 is at a Timberlake & C. Omay Com subtropical Omay deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio shallow loamy Siakobvu (15km east), C. Omay Communal tap root truncated at 1.1m but tree 2.00 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.4794 28.2014 658 Calvert, 1993 Ld, N. dry forest Siakobvu‐43 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n sand Land, legume, tree height 5m dash lines show much deeper roots Timberlake & C. Omay Com subtropical Omay deciduous Julbernardia excavatio shallow loamy Siakobvu (15km east), C. Omay Communal Mean of 2 profiles (no. 182, 183) tree Mnondo 0.60 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.4655 28.2028 639 Calvert, 1993 Ld, N. dry forest Siakobvu‐182, broad‐leaf globiflora n sand Land, legume, tree height 5m and 9m with rooting depths (0.4, 0.8); roots Timberlake & C. Omay Com subtropical Omay deciduous Pericopsis excavatio shallow loamy Siakobvu (15km east), C. Omay Communal tap root truncated at 1.2m but tree 2.00 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.4700 28.1924 651 Calvert, 1993 Ld, N. dry forest Siakobvu‐220 broad‐leaf angolensis n sand Land, legume, tree height 12m dash lines show much deeper roots Timberlake & C. Omay Com subtropical Omay deciduous Duiker‐ Pseudolachno excavatio shallow loamy Siakobvu (15km east), C. Omay Communal location cannot be found by small tree 0.90 drawings 630‐820 ‐17.4725 28.1982 650 Calvert, 1993 Ld, N. dry forest Siakobvu‐230 broad‐leaf berry, Kudu‐ stylis n sand Land, tree height 5m Siakobvu or Omay; closest spelling Timberlake & C. Hurungwe subtropical Hurungwe deciduous Acacia excavatio poorly loamy sand Maguenge (12km south), C. Hurungwe poorly drained; roots horizontal; tree 1.00 drawings 630‐820 1.00 ‐16.1141 29.4049 490 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N. dry forest Magunge‐6 broad‐leaf goetzei ssp. n drained (poorly drained) Communal Land, legume, tree height 3.5m water table inferred; a poorly Timberlake & C. Hurungwe subtropical Hurungwe deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio poorly loamy sand Maguenge (12km south), C. Hurungwe poorly drained; roots horizontal; tree 1.10 drawings 630‐820 1.10 ‐16.1059 29.4105 491 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N. dry forest Magunge‐42 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n drained (poorly drained) Communal Land, legume, tree height 6m water table inferred Timberlake & C. Hurungwe subtropical Hurungwe deciduous Prince of Brachystegia excavatio poorly loamy sand Maguenge (12km south), C. Hurungwe poorly drained; roots horizontal; tree 1.20 drawings 630‐820 1.20 ‐16.1125 29.4116 494 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N. dry forest Magunge‐44 broad‐leaf Wales boehmii n drained (poorly drained) Communal Land, legume, tree height 7m water table inferred; not combined Timberlake & C. Hurungwe subtropical Hurungwe deciduous Pericopsis excavatio poorly loamy sand Maguenge (12km south), C. Hurungwe poorly drained; roots horizontal; tree 0.70 drawings 630‐820 0.70 ‐16.1210 29.4070 488 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N. dry forest Magunge‐219 broad‐leaf angolensis n drained (poorly drained) Communal Land, legume, tree height 4m water table inferred; not combined Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous Woolly‐pod Acacia excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal http://allafrica.com/stories/200301 small tree 0.50 drawings 630‐820 sand ‐16.2487 30.624 401 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐3 broad‐leaf acacia eriocarpa n Land, legume, shrub height 3.5m 270661.html: Gonono is a Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande semi‐ desert date, Baphia excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal Mean of 2 profiles (no. 35, 36) with tree 0.65 drawings 630‐820 sand ‐16.2533 30.6214 405 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐35, deciduous soap berry massaiensis n Land, tree height 3m, 4m rooting depths (0.8, 0.5); roots very Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous Jesse‐bush Combretum excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal small tree 0.90 drawings 630‐820 sand ‐16.2554 30.6237 405 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐124 broad‐leaf bushwillow, collinum n Land, tree height 3.5m Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous Large‐ Combretum excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal small tree 0.60 drawings 630‐820 coarse sand ‐16.2512 30.6250 404 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐128 broad‐leaf fruited jesse‐ elaeagnoides n Land, tree height 4m Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous River Commiphora excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal On alluvial soils along rivers, tree 1.20 drawings 630‐820 sand ‐16.2575 30.6224 407 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐141 broad‐leaf corkwood ugogensis n Land, tree height 10m sometimes forming thickets Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande semi‐ Kalahari Terminalia excavatio Gonono (7km west), N. Dande Communal Mean of 2 profiles (no. 258, 259) tree 0.60 drawings 630‐820 sand ‐16.2473 30.6174 404 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Gonono‐258, deciduous cluster‐leaf brachystemm n Land, tree height 5m, 8m with rooting depths (0.6, 0.6); in Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous Acacia excavatio sandy loam Mushumbi Pools, N. Dande Communal tree Knobthorn 0.80 drawings 630‐820 alluvial ‐16.1811 30.5482 377 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Mushumbi broad‐leaf nigrescens n (alluvium) Land, legume, tree height 4m Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande deciduous Umbrella Acacia excavatio sandy loam Mushumbi Pools, N. Dande Communal tap root truncated at 1m but dash tree 1.50 drawings 630‐820 alluvial ‐16.1625 30.5562 378 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Mushumbi broad‐leaf thorn tortillis ssp n (alluvium) Land, legume, tree height 5m lines show much deeper roots Timberlake & N. Dande subtropical Dande semi‐ Apple Leaf, Lantana excavatio sandy loam Mushumbi Pools, N. Dande Communal tap root truncated at 0.7m but tree 1.00 drawings 630‐820 alluvial ‐16.1728 30.5518 380 Calvert, 1993 Com Ld, N dry forest Mushumbi deciduous Rain Tree camara n (alluvium) Land, tree height 6m dash lines show much deeper roots Turekhanova, Alma‐Ata, SE rhizomatous, common Hippophae excavatio deep dark chestnut The depth penetration of the root system location guessed to be in the higher dry steppe deciduous 2.05 drawing planted 43.2153 76.9349 920 1996 Kazakhstan shrub sea‐ rhamnoides n foothill leached soil with of the 8‐year old plant remained (see Fig. 1 part of the Botanical Garden near temperate Caddo silt‐ evergreen southern Pinus trench evenly poorly Caddo silt loam is " flatwood"s type of soil county of sites found in Tab‐1 Turner, 1936 Arkansas, US tree 1.12 yes 1372 silty loam 33.1209 ‐91.6542 40 mixed forest loam site, needle‐leaf short‐leaf echinata wall distributed drained, of the lower coastal plain region; This soil is ofTurner 1936a; Site location temperate Henceville evergreen southern Pinus trench evenly Hanceville fine sandy loam is a soil of the selected on Google Earth to be in Turner, 1936 Arkansas, US tree 1.27 yes 1270 slope 25% fine sandy‐loam 34.2869 ‐94.1800 234 mixed forest fine sandy‐ needle‐leaf short‐leaf echinata wall distributed Ouachita mountain r egion; the right county and land slope, temperate Sesquehana evergreen southern Pinus trench evenly Susquehanna fine sandy loam is a soil of Turner, 1936 Arkansas, US tree 1.19 yes 1118 slope 9% fine sandy‐loam 33.1565 ‐93.2694 87 and in evergreen forests; rooting mixed forest fine sandy‐ needle‐leaf short‐leaf echinata wall distributed the upper coastal plain region of the state depth extrapolated by plotting all Vance & WC Costa moist evergreen Beilschmeidia excavatio W slope loam, on sandy‐ About 5% of the below‐ground fine roots this study also reports root biomass tree 1.85 no 2000 10.3007 ‐84.8000 1550 Nadkarni, Rica, tropical broad‐leaf sp., Ficus n near loam, on clay‐ and 13% of the below‐ground total root in the canopy, which is small by Verzunov, North deciduous trench + yes + normal meadow‐ The soils in the studied plantings were Rooting depth obtained from forest steppe test plot 64 tree Siberia larch Larix sibirica 1.85 310‐340 5 54.9773 69.6901 146 1980 Kazakhstan needle‐leaf cores drawings chernozem normal (test plot 64), deep weakly saline Figure 1 for the 3 site types Verzunov, North test plots 66‐ deciduous trench + yes + deep weakly water table is assumed to vary 3‐ forest steppe tree Siberia larch Larix sibirica 1.36 310‐340 4 54.9483 69.7065 138 (test plots 66‐68), deep highly saline (test 1980 Kazakhstan 68 needle‐leaf cores drawings saline meadow‐ plot 65'), medium‐thick medium‐loamy, 5m as stated acorss the sites, not Verzunov, North test plots 66‐ needle‐leaf Pinus trench + yes + deep weakly Author notes capillary rise only 1‐ forest steppe tree Scots pine 1.00 310‐340 4 54.9483 69.7065 138 and weakly alkaline and saline clay‐loamy 1980 Kazakhstan 68 evergreen sylvestris cores drawings saline meadow‐ 1.3m deep Verzunov, North test plots 66‐ deciduous Betula trench + yes + deep weakly (test plot 65) meadow and meadow‐ Study area is in "Northern forest steppe tree Silver birch 0.80 310‐340 4 54.9483 69.7065 138 1980 Kazakhstan 68 broad‐leaf pendula cores drawings saline meadow‐ chernozems. Ground waters occurred at a Kazakhstan", on the "Ishim ravine‐ Verzunov, North deciduous trench + yes + weakly alkaline depth of 3‐5.0 m and their capillary edge An area with rectangular tree plots, forest steppe test plot 65 tree Siberia larch Larix sibirica 0.80 310‐340 3 54.9243 69.7739 133 1980 Kazakhstan needle‐leaf cores drawings and saline clay‐ was noted at 1.0‐1.3 m... The root system on a land with ridges and bogs in N Veste & Israel, Negev shrub (salt‐ Anabasis excavatio The root system of various shrubs (e.g. report dimorphic roots: 10‐30cm arid desert Evergeen > 3.5 drawing 90 dune valley dune sand 30.9129 34.4478 229 Breckle, 1996 desert, duns tolerant articulata n Anabasis articulata, Cornulaca and 3‐4m (Fig.2) Veste & Israel, Negev spiny shrub Cornulaca excavatio The tap roots of Cornulaca in the sandy arid desert Evergeen > 2.4 no 90 dune valley dune sand 30.9789 34.4093 205 mention water table Breckle, 1996 desert, duns (not saline monacantha n area of Nizzana could be excavated down Veste & Israel, Negev Thymelaea excavatio in a loess For Thymelaea hirsuta growing in a loess "But under desert conditions and arid desert Evergeen shrub 3.50 no 90 dune sand 31.1004 34.5586 201 Breckle, 1996 desert, duns hirsuta n wadi bed wadi bed a rooting depth of 3 .5 m has especially under the specific Veste & Israel, Negev summer Moltkiopsis minirhizot During the first year of the experiments arid desert shrub 0.60 yes 90 N slope dune sand 30.9955 34.4472 248 observed to 75cm depth only Breckle, 1996 desert, duns decideous ciliata ron fine roots of Moltkiopsis could be observed Vonlanthen et Takalamakan, the field site deciduous camelthorns Alhagi in‐growth hot dry foreland of 6.5m in the After 16 weeks of growth in the field roots seedings only; mature species can desert shrub 1.70 yes 33 2570 pure silt 37.0167 80.8000 1365 al., 2010 W. China (not glass broad‐leaf or manna sparsifolia tubes summer oasis river valley of K. caspia and A. sparsifolia reached have deeper roots Vonlanthen et Takalamakan, the field site Karelinia in‐growth hot dry foreland of 6.5m in the Both species are able to reach the same site as Arndt, et al., 2004, but desert perennial herb 2.20 yes 33 2570 pure silt 37.0167 80.8000 1365 al., 2010 W. China (not glass caspia tubes summer oasis river valley groundwater table in the river valleys (6.5 include a new species Brule Lake , evergreen white excavatio sandy slope well‐drained, Tree I: Elongated taproot‐form from well‐ Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree I tree Picea glauca 1.04 drawings 53.2977 ‐117.8632 1019 west of the lake, in primary forest Alberta CA needle‐leaf spruce n above lake near uniform drained sands with large primary lateral Waskahigan evergreen white excavatio sandy slope well‐drained Tree II: Restricted taproot‐form caused by Waskahigan drains into Little Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree II tree Picea glauca 0.40 drawings 55.5236 ‐118.4343 658 River, Alberta needle‐leaf spruce n beside the Regosolic (Mor a gravel layer with large primary and Smokey river; the latter was found near Grande evergreen white excavatio imperfectly‐ Tree III: Restricted proximal roots from south of a river bend, in what looks Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree III tree Picea glauca 0.88 drawings 55.0746 ‐118.9532 582 Prairie, needle‐leaf spruce n drained compacted Solonetzic soil with large like virgin forest E of Kakisa evergreen white excavatio in a small poorly drained calcareous Tree IV: Monolayered (partially bilayered) on what lookes like banded Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree IV tree Picea glauca 0.24 drawings 0.23 60.9390 ‐116.9178 223 Lake, needle‐leaf spruce n depression Gleysolic rock root‐form with large primary and outcrops east of the lake, with near evergreen white excavatio imperfectly‐ Tree V: Monolayered root‐form with large east of town, in what looks like Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree V tree Picea glauca 0.52 drawings 0.38 53.3555 ‐117.5677 1214 Entrance, needle‐leaf spruce n drained Podzolic primary and secondary lateral roots which primary forest; depth to gley layer near Grande evergreen white excavatio very poorly‐ Tree VI: Monolayered root‐form with large south of the cisty, south side of the Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree VI tree Picea glauca 0.18 drawings 0.2 55.0713 ‐118.7865 619 Prairie, needle‐leaf spruce n drained secondary lateral roots river, in a dense stand near Fox evergreen white excavatio very poorly‐ Tree VII: Multilayered root‐form with large east of town; depth to gley layer Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree VII tree Picea glauca 0.18 drawings 0.25 54.4074 ‐116.7596 819 Creek, needle‐leaf spruce n drained primary and seoondary lateral roots and used as indicator of water table mouth of Hay evergreen white excavatio near river waterlogged Tree VIII: Multilayered root‐form with large east of river on a high bank, 5m Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree VIII tree Picea glauca 0.21 drawings 0 60.8179 ‐115.7665 162 River, needle‐leaf spruce n mouth Gleysolic (Rego secondary lateral roots which developed above river near Hay evergreen white excavatio on a levee, well‐drained Tree IX: Multilayered root‐fonm with small Vale Island is at the mouth of the Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree IX tree Picea glauca 1.01 drawings 60.8540 ‐115.7632 159 River, needle‐leaf spruce n on the Regosolic primary roots and large secondary roots Hay River, not really an island if not south of evergreen white excavatio on the well‐drained Tree X: Retarded variation of multilayered Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree X tree Picea glauca 0.27 drawings 54.9709 ‐117.2232 638 on floodplain, near dry oxbow lake Valleyview, needle‐leaf spruce n Simonette Podzolic root‐form with large secondary roots in near evergreen white excavatio very poorly‐ Tree XI: Elevated variation of mono layered NE of town, in a sparse stand; Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree XI tree Picea glauca 0.30 drawings 0.25 55.2205 ‐118.1643 641 Goodwin, needle‐leaf spruce n drained root‐form with partiaLLy bilayered primary depth to gley layer used as N. of Fort evergreen white excavatio in an imperfectly Tree XII: Complex variation of root‐form north of town, on an old channel; Wagg, 1967 Boreal forest Tree XII tree Picea glauca 0.24 drawings 0.36 61.3747 ‐117.6564 155 Providence, needle‐leaf spruce n abandoned drained Organic with multilayered primary and secondary depth to gley layer used as Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley Acamptopap excavatio The surface soils of the northern Mojave Rock valley site is assumed unless Arid desert perennial subshrub goldenheads 0.40 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site pus shockleyi n Desert are low in both large and fine roots, there are indications of otherwise Wallace et al., Mojave Frenchman evergreen creosote Larrea excavatio This is another paper suggesting Arid desert shrub 0.50 yes 100 36.8108 ‐115.9669 945 1980 desert, Flat site broad‐leaf bush, tridentata n that rainfall penetration depth Wallace et al., Mojave Mercury evergreen water‐ Lycium excavatio Lycium andersonii roots were more It grows from a large fibrous root Arid desert shrub 0.50 yes 100 236.6641 ‐116.0057 1141 1980 desert, Valley site broad‐leaf jacket, andersonii n uniformly distributed throughout the root system which can extend over 9 Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley evergreen pale Lycium excavatio Arid desert shrub 0.50 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site broad‐leaf wolfberry, pallidum n Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley photosyntheti Nevada Ephedra excavatio male plants growing in dryer areas Arid desert shrub 0.50 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site c stems ‐ no ephedra nevadensis n and female plants growing in Wallace et al., Mojave Frenchman drought‐ burroweed, Ambrosia excavatio Arid desert shrub 0.50 yes 100 36.8108 ‐115.9669 945 1980 desert, Flat site deciduous white dumosa n Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley drought‐ range Krameria excavatio Lower stems of K. parvifolia were usually Arid desert shrub 0.40 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site deciduous ratany, parvifolia n covered with about 10 cm of blow sand Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley evergreen chamiso, Atriplex excavatio Arid desert shrub 0.60 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site broad‐leaf chamiza, canescens n Wallace et al., Mojave Rock Valley evergreen Atriplex excavatio Arid desert shrub shadscale 0.60 yes 100 36.4675 ‐116.3576 671 1980 desert, site broad‐leaf confertifolia n Wang et al., N. Siberia, Tundra Eriophorum 76mm in drained roothing depth restricked by frost perennial tussock‐sedge 0.34 soil coring yes 196 frost table 0.34 70.8244 147.4897 11 2016 Russia (tussock‐ vaginatum L / summer thermokarst table depth Wang et al., N. Siberia, Tundra deciduous Betula nana 76mm in drained roothing depth restricked by frost drawf shrub 0.23 soil coring yes 196 frost table 0.23 70.8244 147.4897 11 2016 Russia (tussock‐ broad‐leaf L. / Salix summer thermokarst table depth Watson & near New subtropical bare root plot evergreen Monterey excavatio cool wet NE‐facing coarse sandy one of the windiest regions in NZ…The location moved from given lat‐lon tree Pinus radiata 1.73 no ‐39.1030 174.3002 120 Tumbleson, Plymouth, moist forest (vs. direct sow needle‐leaf pine n winters slope 15o loam with characteristics of the soil appeared to to a NE‐facing slope at 120m near Pullman, ornate Lupinus excavatio fine silt‐loam, Twenty‐four root‐systems were examined. Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 3.35 photos 549 67% in winter NW slope 46.8208 ‐117.1902 765 SE lupine ornatus n can be very Several reached a depth of over 10 feet… near Pullman, velvet Lupinus excavatio base of N‐ fine silt‐loam, Only two species of lupines occur widely Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.65 photos 549 67% in winter 46.8304 ‐117.2209 700 SE lupine leucophyllus n facing slope, can be very distributed on the high prairies of eastern near Pullman, Palouse Astragalus excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Six plants were examined on a southwest Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.78 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7747 ‐117.1110 786 SE milkvetch (Phaca) n southwest can be very slope with an average root depth of 4 feet near Pullman, Bluebunch Agropyron excavatio on rim rocks fine silt‐loam, basalt with the most common bunchgrass… The plant Here is one case of grass roots Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial bunch grass 1.46 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6262 ‐117.3208 619 SE Wheatgrass spicatum n SW of can be very vertical blossoms in June and dries out in early July, penetrating deeply into fractures of near Pullman, Festuca ovina excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Festuca ovina has a great mass of jet black Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial bunch grass 0.99 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6573 ‐117.2535 781 SE ingrata n southwest can be very roots which occupy the soil thoroughly near Pullman, Sandberg's Poa excavatio on rim rocks fine silt‐loam, The creamy‐white roots spread laterally 3 Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial bunch grass 0.33 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6519 ‐117.3568 654 SE Poa sandbergii n SW of can be very to 5 inches and occupy thoroughly the first near Pullman, Koeleria excavatio fine silt‐loam, The roots resemble those of Agropyron but No location hints… The association Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial bunch grass June grass 0.71 photos 549 67% in winter rim rock 46.6386 ‐117.3374 713 SE cristata n can be very taper down faster, and have finer laterals with Agropyron and Poa suggests near Pullman, arrowleaf Balsamorhiza excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Twenty‐five root‐systems were excavated Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 2.69 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7706 ‐117.3329 741 SE balsamroot sagittata n northwest can be very and examined. Balsamorhiza has a tap root near Pullman, sticky purple Geranium excavatio bottom of a fine silt‐loam, Just as Balsamorhiza is characteristic of dry Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 2.90 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7557 ‐117.3260 721 SE geranium viscosissimu n northwest can be very slopes, so Geranium is found most near Pullman, mule‐ears Wyethia excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, The black sunflower, at home in the moist Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.96 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7095 ‐117.2742 754 a wetland plant according to wiki SE (black amplexicaulis n northeast can be very meadows, also often occurs on rather dry near Pullman, beautiful Heuchera excavatio moist rim‐ fine silt‐loam, This plant, so characteristic of the rim‐rock Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.80 photos 549 67% in winter 46.5939 ‐117.2716 699 SE alumroot glabella n rock can be very crevices especially on the more moist near Pullman, Leptotaenia excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Fourteen root‐systems were examined, Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb bitter head 1.70 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6271 ‐117.2489 782 SE multifida n northeast can be very mainly incidentally while excavating other near Pullman, Douglas' Helianthella excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, They occur typically on dry hillsides… Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.65 photos 549 67% in winter 46.8042 ‐117.1128 798 SE helianthella douglasii n northeast can be very Helianthella has a tap root with a diameter near Pullman, Hoorebekia excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Thirty‐four plants were examined. The Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 3.35 photos 549 67% in winter 46.8440 ‐117.1852 766 SE (Aplopappus) n northwest can be very deepest roots reached 7 feet and 7 inches, near Pullman, western Lithospermu excavatio rim rock, fine silt‐loam, conspicuous objects in the bunchgrass Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.91 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7126 ‐117.3998 641 SE stoneseed m ruderale n northwest can be very association of the rim‐rock as well as in the near Pullman, Prairie‐ Sieversia excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, This is a common, abundant, and Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.68 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6665 ‐117.0912 792 SE Smoke ciliata n northeast can be very cosmopolitan prairie species... Few roots of near Pullman, Oregon Sidalcea excavatio north fine silt‐loam, This mallow is confined to north hillsides Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.24 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7602 ‐117.1374 763 SE checkerbloo oregana n hillside near can be very and low ground...Only two root‐systems near Pullman, Scouler's Hieracium excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, Twenty‐six root‐systems were examined. Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 2.36 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7564 ‐117.2079 757 SE woollyweed scouleri n northwest can be very They gave an average depth of 5 feet and near Pullman, Potentilla excavatio on a fine silt‐loam, This very common prairie plant occurs in all Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 2.26 photos 549 67% in winter 46.7714 ‐117.2894 720 SE blaschkeana n northwest can be very situations, but shows a decided preference near Pullman, Parsnipflow Eriogonum excavatio south facing fine silt‐loam, This plant seldom occurs except on the this plant grows on high ridge tops Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.00 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6209 ‐117.2967 756 SE er heracleoides n rim rock can be very very driest ridges of high basaltic prairies, with extensive lateral roots some near Pullman, Rosa Rosa nutkana excavatio south fine silt‐loam, Some examinations were also made of the Rosa nutkana is a sun‐loving bush Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial shrub / herb 2.44 photos 549 67% in winter 46.6773 ‐117.3108 782 SE nutkana / / n facing slope can be very roots of Rosa nutkana, and Symphoricarpos so a south facing slope is assumed near Pullman, western Iris excavatio valley fine silt‐loam, Iris missouriensis roots penetrated the soils Iris prefers wet meadows so a Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.17 photos 549 67% in winter 46.9099 ‐117.0549 746 SE blue missouriensis n location can be very of dry hillsides to 3 feet and 10 inches... valley location is assumed near Pullman, Creeping Berberis excavatio fine silt‐loam, Roots of Berberis repens penetrated the Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial shrub 3.05 photos 549 67% in winter rim rock 46.5888 ‐117.2617 775 SE Barberry repens n can be very soils to a depth of over 10 feet. The orange‐ near Pullman, Gray's Lomatium excavatio fine silt‐loam, two species of Lomatium, L. grayi andL. Weaver, 1915 High Prairie perennial herb 1.52 photos 549 67% in winter rim rock 46.6096 ‐117.2866 758 SE biscuitroot, grayi / n can be very macrocarpum, both abundant on thin soils, near Pullman, Wiry Polygonum excavatio fine silt‐loam, Polygonum majus, growing with Poa on an example of shallow but laterally Weaver, 1915 High Prairie annual herb 0.17 photos 549 67% in winter rim rock 46.6707 ‐117.3789 674 SE Knotweed majus n can be very thin stony soil, has a shallow but well extensive root system to help the Prairies of E. Panicum excavatio 510mm in it often holds the rank of a dominant This note pertains to the entire Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass switchgrass 2.74 drawings 711 loess Nebraska virgatum n growing species .. This grass has the longest root cummnity (Prairies of E. Nebraska). Prairies of E. Andropogon excavatio 510mm in The very abundant roots grow both Weaver, 1919 prairie near Lincoln perennial bunch grass bluestem 2.08 drawings 711 loess 40.8176 ‐96.6919 352 P18‐24 gives detailed data and Nebraska furcatus n growing vertically and obliquely downward, a few discussions on climate (P regimes), Prairies of E. little Andropogon excavatio 510mm in gravelly mixed fractured Roots are so abundant as to form a dense Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 0.71 drawings 711 0.91 soil properties (SY=0.25, wilting Nebraska bluestem scoparius n growing with sand sandstone sod, completely filling the soil to a depth of Prairies of E. little Andropogon excavatio 510mm in clay loam over Roots are so abundant as to form a dense point=13.5), and soil moisture Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 1.65 drawings 711 Nebraska bluestem scoparius n growing clay sod, completely filling the soil to a depth of profiles in this community. .. It Prairies of E. Andropogon excavatio 510mm in clay loam for a dominant in the subclimax prairie… Like seems that the conditions are Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass glodstem 1.50 drawings 711 Nebraska nutans n growing 1.07m over pure the other andropogons and Panicum perfect for deep and extensive Prairies of E. porcupine excavatio 510mm in one of the dominants in the prairies, being Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass Stipa spartea 0.66 drawings 711 loess rooting: (1) 80% rain in growing Nebraska grass n growing especially conspicuous during the month of season, (2) decent storms, deep Prairies of E. Koeleria excavatio 510mm in As in the case of Stipa spartea, which also Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass June grass 0.53 drawings 711 loess penetration, (3) often >30days no Nebraska cristata n growing makes a rapid growth and blossoms early, Prairies of E. Canada wild Elymus excavatio 510mm in an important prairie species of wide rain, (4) deep loess soil with perfect Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 0.56 drawings 711 loess Nebraska rye canadensis n growing distribution. Like Koeleria, it is K and cap rise. Author notes Prairies of E. Agropyrum excavatio 510mm in From the extensive rhizomes of this "These findings of great root Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass couch grass 2.44 drawings 711 loess Nebraska repen n growing perennial, which are often 2 to 3 feet long, depths, which are correlated with Prairies of E. seashore Distichlis excavatio 510mm in alluvial This low, direcious perennial of seacoasts salt tolant species… alkalinity Weaver, 1919 prairie near Lincoln perennial bunch grass 0.61 drawings 711 1.83 loess 40.8181 ‐96.7197 349 Nebraska saltgrass, spicata n growing flood‐plain, and alkaline soils is still quite abundant on related to poor drainage… salt Prairies of E. Sporobolus excavatio 510mm in The rather coarse, fibrous roots penetrate Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 1.02 drawings 711 loess Nebraska longifolius n growing the soil to an average maximum depth of Prairies of E. prairie Aristida excavatio 510mm in abundant on prairies, especially in drier Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 1.02 drawings 711 clay‐loam Nebraska threeawn oligantha n growing soils. It frequently dominates areas where Prairies of E. buffalo Bulbilis excavatio 510mm in many roots occurred at 4.5 feet; and Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial bunch grass 1.85 drawings 711 bottom land 1.85 alluvial soil 40.9369 ‐96.5350 338 Nebraska grass dactyloide n growing numerous others continued vertically Prairies of E. blue grama Bouteloua excavatio 510mm in a ridge at porous coarse often in fairly pure stands on the lighter Weaver, 1919 prairie near Lincoln perennial bunch grass 1.17 drawings 711 40.8509 ‐96.7022 381 Nebraska grass gracilis n growing Belmont sandy ‐ gravelly soils of gravelly ridges and it is also Prairies of E. dotted Liatris excavatio 510mm in clay with sandy Its xerophytic nature and its extensive Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 4.80 drawings 711 Nebraska gayfeather, punctata n growing sub soil range far into the drier regions westward Prairies of E. dotted Liatris excavatio 510mm in clay loam with while three growing in clay‐loam with a Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 2.03 drawings 711 Nebraska gayfeather, punctata n growing clay subsoil clav subsoil penetrated only to a depth of Prairies of E. stiff Solidago excavatio 510mm in its presence, together with certain other Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.52 drawings 711 loess Nebraska goldenrod rigida n growing species. invariably indicates rather Prairies of E. Canada Solidago excavatio 510mm in propagates by means of strong woody Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 3.35 drawings 711 loess Nebraska goldenrod canadensis n growing rhizomes… the roots are fibrous… They Prairies of E. compass Silphium excavatio 510mm in It has a large, fleshy, deep tap‐root…It Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 4.17 drawings 711 loess Nebraska plant laciniatum n growing pursues this general vertical direction to a Prairies of E. Amorpha excavatio 510mm in This perennial legume has a very extensive, Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb leadplant 2.29 drawings 711 loess Nebraska canescens n growing woody root system which reaches depths Prairies of E. stiff Helianthus excavatio 510mm in This sunflower, common on Nebraska Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.27 drawings 711 loess Nebraska sunflower rigidus n growing prairies, propagates by strong rhizomes... Prairies of E. Brauneria excavatio 510mm in 2 plants were exaniined. Both had strong, Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb coneflower 1.68 drawings 711 loess Nebraska pallida n growing vertically descending tap‐roots which Prairies of E. white Petalostemon excavatio 510mm in Like Brauneria, it has a strong, deep, rather Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.73 drawings 711 loess Nebraska prairie candidus n growing poorly branched tap‐root… The larger was Prairies of E. Vernonia Vernonia excavatio 510mm in propagates by strong rhizomes… The roots, Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 3.51 drawings 711 loess Nebraska baldwinii baldwinii n growing which are very abundant (20 or 30 arising Prairies of E. Kuhnia excavatio 510mm in has deeper roots than most other species Fig.3, p10, has a beautiful drawing Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 5.26 drawings 711 loess Nebraska glutinosa n growing examined. The maximum depths of 4 showing denser roots in clay soils Prairies of E. Hoary Verbena excavatio 510mm in weed, very common in old pastures, has a Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.22 drawings 711 loess Nebraska verbena stricta n growing strong tap‐root from 1 to 2 cm. in Prairies of E. curly‐top Grindelia excavatio 510mm in This weed has a strong tap‐root abundantly Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.85 drawings 711 loess note plasticity Nebraska gumweed, squarrosa n growing supplied with well‐developed laterals… Prairies of E. American Glycyrrhiza excavatio 510mm in This characteristic legume has much‐ Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 4.57 drawings 711 loess Nebraska Licorice lepidota n growing branche rhyzomes several feet long and a Prairies of E. on a west ground Astragalus excavatio 510mm in on a west 1ft loam on 3ft The surface ft of good loam soil gave way near a wetland, roots follow clay Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.83 drawings 711 2.13 40.8335 ‐96.7086 350 Nebraska hillside at plum crassicarpus n growing hillside, 45 exceedingly to about 3 ft of exceedingly hard joint clay, joints, soils wetter and softer Prairies of E. Slimflower Psoralea excavatio 510mm in This very abundant legume forms societiel' Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.83 drawings 711 loess Nebraska scurfpea tenuiflora n growing over large areas of prairie during June… Prairies of E. Silverleaf Psoralea excavatio 510mm in had a tap (with a diameter of 8 mm.) which Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 1.83 drawings 711 1.83 loess Nebraska indian argophylla n growing tapered so rapidly that at 2 feet it was less Prairies of E. Longbract Baptisia excavatio 510mm in The main roots are poorly branched and water table noted as preventing Weaver, 1919 prairie perennial herb 2.03 drawings 711 2.03 loess Nebraska wild indigo bracteata n growing there are scarcely any absorbing laterals in roots from going deeper Subclimax prairie‐ Andropogon excavatio higher rain mostly in on crest of Andropogon furcatus extends to the very More from Author: "near Peru, Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass bluestem 2.82 drawings mellow loess 40.4628 ‐95.7508 341 Prairies, near chaparral furcatus n rainfall growing exposed SE crest of the ridge. Here the stems reach Nebraska, at a station about 60 Subclimax prairie‐ Brauneria excavatio higher rain mostly in near the hill Two plants were examined. The smaller miles southeast of Lincoln...As Weaver, 1919 perennial herb coneflower 2.44 drawings mellow loess 40.4633 ‐95.7519 339 Prairies, near chaparral pallida n rainfall growing top had a tap‐root 5 mmn. in diameter and pointed out by Clements, this type Subclimax prairie‐ Rush Lygodesmia excavatio higher rain mostly in near the hill This perennial stem‐xerophyte is common Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 6.40 drawings mellow loess 40.4599 ‐95.7481 337 of prairie, lying in a region of Prairies, near chaparral skeletonpla juncea n rainfall growing top in prairies throughout Nebraska and is somewhat higher rainfall, is Subclimax prairie‐ roundhead Lespedeza excavatio higher rain mostly in near the more It is very abundant on the lower slopes of Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 2.39 drawings 40.4618 ‐95.7529 331 probably sub climax… thickets of Prairies, near chaparral bushclover capitata n rainfall growing foot of the adundance of the loess hill, where 6 or more plants were Subclimax prairie‐ Amorpha excavatio higher rain mostly in near the more 7‐year‐old specimen, which is very Corylus, Rhus, and Symphoricarpos Weaver, 1919 perennial herb leadplant 3.91 drawings 40.4606 ‐95.7516 331 Prairies, near chaparral canescens n rainfall growing foot of the adundance of representative of others examined, was are very frequent in this grassland. Subclimax prairie‐ Ceanothus excavatio higher rain mostly in near the more low shrub, with its many stems 1.5 to 3 Weaver, 1919 deciduous shrub redroot 4.42 drawings 40.4605 ‐95.7521 328 It is not uncommon also to find Prairies, near chaparral ovatus n rainfall growing foot of the adundance of feet high…also occurs widely throughout seedlings of elm and oak near the near Peru, E. loess hills Symphoricarp excavatio higher rain mostly in Growing in clumps to a height of only 2 to 4 Author: "the members of the Weaver, 1919 chaparral deciduous shrub snowberry 1.65 drawings loess 40.4680 ‐95.7092 344 Nebraska along os vulgaris n rainfall growing feet, its shade is frequently so dense as to chaparral community of the tension near Peru, E. loess hills mediem to smooth excavatio higher rain mostly in Practically all herbaceous species had Weaver, 1919 chaparral deciduous Rhus glabra 2.29 drawings loess 40.4672 ‐95.7081 347 zone are all supplied with splendid Nebraska along large shrub sumac n rainfall growing disappeared except Poa pratensis… the soil absorbing systems, which are near Peru, E. loess hills mediem to American Corylus excavatio higher rain mostly in spreads by means of large woody Weaver, 1919 chaparral deciduous 3.51 drawings flat hilltop loess 40.4660 ‐95.7067 349 somewhat variable as to depth, but Nebraska along large shrub hazelnut americana n rainfall growing underground parts… These run at a near Peru, E. loess hills excavatio higher rain mostly in In the Corylus thicket, roots of grape were all of which are deep‐seated. In Weaver, 1919 chaparral deciduous woody vine frost grape Vitis vulpina 4.11 drawings loess 40.4680 ‐95.7079 352 Nebraska along n rainfall growing traced to depths of 13 feet 3 inches and 13 addition, all have excellent near Peru, E. loess hills Rosa excavatio higher rain mostly in midway up loess, more widely distributed throughout the scrub methods of vegetative Weaver, 1919 chaparral deciduous shrub Prairie Rose 6.45 drawings 40.4862 ‐95.7377 316 Nebraska along arkansana n rainfall growing a southeast compact below and prairie areas… propagates by propagation... The role played by near Colorado shortgrass 25 miles Blue grama Bouteloua excavatio rain mostly in very compact well‐known and important grass is a Weaver, 1919 perennial C4 short grass 1.22 drawings 381 38.6085 ‐104.4400 1644 Springs, prairie southeast of grass gracilis n growing and hard, light‐ dominant over the plains… The soil is well near Colorado shortgrass purple three‐ Aristida excavatio rain mostly in very compact The surface of the soil below the clump is "Fissures occur in the soil, Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass 1.30 drawings 381 38.5947 ‐104.4395 1630 Springs, prairie awn purpurea n growing and hard, light‐ completely filled with these cord‐like roots, extending to a depth of 2 or 3 feet. near Colorado shortgrass 25 miles Muhlenbergi excavatio rain mostly in very compact run in all directions… abundantly supplied Weaver, 1919 perennial short grass 1.40 drawings 381 38.5948 ‐104.4253 1630 Springs, prairie southeast of a gracillima n growing and hard, light‐ with short, much rebranched laterals. near Colorado shortgrass broom Gutierrezia excavatio rain mostly in very compact half‐shrub occurs throughout the plains Weaver, 1919 perennial half shrub 1.98 drawings 381 38.6020 ‐104.4236 1636 Springs, prairie snakeweed sarothrae n growing and hard, light‐ region… a strong tap‐root… 5 to 9 large near Colorado shortgrass Slimflower Psoralea excavatio rain mostly in very compact one of the important legumes throughout Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 3.71 drawings 381 38.6079 ‐104.4439 1636 Springs, prairie scurfpea tenuiflora n growing and hard, light‐ the plains… all had strong tap‐roots… near Colorado shortgrass fringed Artemisia excavatio rain mostly in Near the very compact Mountain sage is a competitor of the plains Weaver, 1919 perennial small shrub 2.36 drawings 381 38.6673 ‐104.5036 1710 Springs, prairie sagebrush, frigida n growing mountains, and hard, light‐ grasses… Near the mountains, in rocky or near Colorado shortgrass prickly Argemone excavatio rain mostly in very compact wild poppy… it is more abundant in Is it possible that the water table is Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 3.66 drawings 381 38.6536 ‐104.4168 1678 Springs, prairie poppy platyceras n growing and hard, light‐ disturbed areas, often becoming ruderal… not far below 12ft? near Colorado shortgrass evergreen, soapweed excavatio rain mostly in dry, sandy, very compact widely distributed species, being especially Weaver, 1919 perennial Yucca glauca 2.13 drawings 381 38.6774 ‐104.5031 1728 Springs, prairie herb yucca n growing rocky slopes and hard, light‐ abundant on dry, sandy, rocky slopes… near Colorado shortgrass Agropyron excavatio rain mostly in in low very compact if at all abundant, is an indicator of Weaver, 1919 perennial grass Wheat grass 2.13 drawings 381 38.6729 ‐104.4924 1710 Springs, prairie glaucum n growing ground near and hard, light‐ favorable deep soil‐moisture conditions… near Colorado shortgrass Pennsylvani Carex excavatio rain mostly in very compact The tufts are connected by coarse Weaver, 1919 perennial sedge 0.91 drawings 381 38.5542 ‐104.6290 1597 Springs, prairie a sedge pennsylvanic n growing and hard, light‐ rhizomes, 2 to 10 inches long, at a depth of near Colorado shortgrass Little Andropogon excavatio rain mostly in rough very compact often confined to slopes with a rough This note pertains to the entire Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass 1.82 drawings 381 38.5319 ‐104.6080 1606 Springs, prairie Bluestem seoparius n growing topography and hard, light‐ topography and greater water penetration cummnity ‐ the Plains plants, or near Colorado shortgrass Needle and excavatio rain mostly in very compact Beginning at the very surface of the soil, shortgrass prairie near Colorado Weaver, 1919 perennial grass Stipa comata 1.52 drawings 381 38.8197 ‐104.5594 1957 Springs, prairie thread grass n growing and hard, light‐ the main roots are clothed with relatively Springs. Key features are (1) annual near Colorado shortgrass narrowleaf Lithospermu excavatio rain mostly in very compact tap divide to two, and again, and again, one Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 3.03 drawings 381 38.8157 ‐104.5607 1957 rainfall = 15", much drier than the Springs, prairie stoneseed m n growing and hard, light‐ of these branches again branched and tallgrass Prairies in E. Nebraska near Colorado shortgrass Rush Lygodesmia excavatio rain mostly in very compact interesting because of its xeroid‐shoot Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.73 drawings 381 38.8231 ‐104.5650 1954 (16"), (2) most of the rain falls in Springs, prairie skeletonpla juncea n growing and hard, light‐ habit… Each had a tap‐root about 7mm. in near Colorado shortgrass Aragallus excavatio rain mostly in very compact characteristic of most legumes, Aragallus the growing season, (3) compact Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 2.44 drawings 381 38.8181 ‐104.5662 1943 Springs, prairie lambertii n growing and hard, light‐ has a strong tap‐root. At the top this was 9 and hard soil facvors high surface near Colorado shortgrass Purple Petalostemon excavatio rain mostly in very compact Their presence in the plains association is runoff and shallow rain Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.98 drawings 381 38.8248 ‐104.5655 1961 Springs, prairie Prairie purpureus n growing and hard, light‐ indicative of at least fairly good soil‐ penetration, (4) a profusion of near Colorado shortgrass white Petalostemon excavatio rain mostly in very compact A group of more than 8 stems, all in Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.68 drawings 381 38.8254 ‐104.5646 1964 shallow absorbing roots that Springs, prairie prairie candidus n growing and hard, light‐ blossom, arose from a woody tap‐root 17 capture the summer showers (5) near Colorado shortgrass James' Eriogonum excavatio rain mostly in very compact the thick woody root, 3 cm. in diameter, capture the summer showers, (5) Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 3.66 drawings 381 38.8234 ‐104.5621 1958 Springs, prairie buckwheat jamesii n growing and hard, light‐ gave rise to a large number of prostrate fewer plants penetrate to >5" but near Colorado shortgrass upright Ratibida excavatio rain mostly in very compact a strong tap‐root… The first 4 or 5 inches is some do reach 12', and (6) deep Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.64 drawings 381 38.8267 ‐104.5680 1957 Springs, prairie prairie columnaris n growing and hard, light‐ marked by an extraordinary number of moist sand layers are reported in near Colorado shortgrass golden Senecio excavatio rain mostly in very compact The multiple roots are so finely divided as Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.94 drawings 381 38.8272 ‐104.5654 1964 some places ‐ is it possible that the Springs, prairie ragwort aureus n growing and hard, light‐ to be almost fibrous. The number water table is the cause? near Colorado shortgrass dwarf Asclepias excavatio rain mostly in very compact generally distributed throughout the hard Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.21 drawings 381 38.8282 ‐104.5710 1964 Springs, prairie milkweed verticillata n growing and hard, light‐ lands of the plains… stems are connected near Colorado shortgrass tulip prickly Opuntia excavatio rain mostly in very compact As is characteristic of the cacti in general, Weaver, 1919 perennial cactus 0.89 drawings 381 38.8017 ‐104.5798 1887 Springs, prairie pear camanchica n growing and hard, light‐ the root system consists of two distinct near Colorado shortgrass brittle Opuntia excavatio rain mostly in very compact This cactus has a distinctively shallow root Weaver, 1919 perennial cactus 0.38 drawings 381 38.8021 ‐104.5786 1898 Springs, prairie prickly pear fragilis n growing and hard, light‐ system. On all sides roots extended out Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE blowout Redfieldia excavatio rain mostly in at home in the sandhills… most abundant this pertains to the Sandhills Weaver, 1919 perennial grass 1.42 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5085 ‐104.4174 1560 Colorado Subclimax Colorado grass flexuosa n growing and controlling species of blowout community north of Puebalo. Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE prairie Calamovilfa excavatio rain mostly in on a small The sand‐reed is also an efficient sand‐ Weaver, 1919 perennial grass 1.52 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5037 ‐104.4101 1556 USDA soil texture map is used to Colorado Subclimax Colorado sandreed longifolia n growing dune binder… forms a veritable mat of roots and locate the area of sandy‐loam 40mi Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE sand Andropogon excavatio rain mostly in on a Successionally it occurs somewhat later Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass 0.69 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5025 ‐104.4106 1555 SE of Colorado Springs; A photo in Colorado Subclimax Colorado bluestem, hallii n growing partially than the preceding sandhill grasses… Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE Sandhill Muhlenbergi excavatio rain mostly in Clusters of roots arise from short the area on Google Earth show Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass 0.84 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5029 ‐104.4112 1556 Colorado Subclimax Colorado muhly, a pungens n growing rootstocks… While some of the wirelike sand dunes with sparse vegetation. Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE sand Sporobolus excavatio rain mostly in on a half‐ characterized by an extremely fine fibrous this pertains to the Sandhills Weaver, 1919 perennial bunch grass 0.56 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5025 ‐104.4093 1555 Colorado Subclimax Colorado dropseed cryptandrus n growing captured root system… On a single rhizome 40 of community: Author notes: As soon Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE slender Eriogonum excavatio rain mostly in has a multicipital stem, which at a depth of as the storm passes, evaporation Weaver, 1919 perennial shrub 3.66 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5042 ‐104.4114 1557 Colorado Subclimax Colorado buckwheat microthecum n growing 4 to 8 inches merges into a strong tap‐root dries out the surface sand with Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE sand Artemisia excavatio rain mostly in a stabilized one of the most conspicuous plant… It is Weaver, 1919 perennial shrub 3.35 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5041 ‐104.4121 1557 great rapidity, but to a slight depth Colorado Subclimax Colorado sagebrush, filifolia n growing area near indicative of a light type of soil with only This surface layer of dry sand Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE Virginia Tradescantia excavatio rain mostly in on a a rather fleshy root system. As many as 18 Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.48 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5068 ‐104.4079 1558 Colorado Subclimax Colorado spiderwort virginiana n growing partially of these fleshy roots were found arising Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE Phlox Heliotropium excavatio rain mostly in on rims of characterized by a small tap‐root, seldom Weaver, 1919 annual herb 0.64 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5052 ‐104.4059 1556 Colorado Subclimax Colorado heliotrope convolvulace n growing blowouts over 2 or 3 mm. in diameter, which Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE Petalostemon excavatio rain mostly in a pioneer in the blowouts… all had strong Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.52 drawings 381 blowouts dune sand 38.5017 ‐104.4082 1554 Colorado Subclimax Colorado villosus n growing tap‐roots, about 1 cm. in diameter, a much‐ Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE white‐ Gilia excavatio rain mostly in on a well‐ started with a strong tap‐root, penetrates Weaver, 1919 annual herb 1.27 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5039 ‐104.4144 1557 Colorado Subclimax Colorado flowered longiflora n growing covered almost vertically downward, tapering Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE Euphorbia excavatio rain mostly in a sandhill pioneer… root system begins Weaver, 1919 annual herb 0.686 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5030 ‐104.4134 1556 Colorado Subclimax Colorado petaloidea n growing with a strong, smooth taproot… penetrates Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE lemon Psoralea excavatio rain mostly in Its underground parts eminently fit it to Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 3.05 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5039 ‐104.4116 1556 Colorado Subclimax Colorado scurfpea, lanceolata n growing succeed in a habitat where the ground‐line Near Prueblo, Sandhills 40mi SE bush Ipomoea excavatio rain mostly in a common plant in the sandhills… The Weaver, 1919 annual herb 3.05 drawings 381 dune sand 38.5039 ‐104.4101 1556 water storing root Colorado Subclimax Colorado morning leptophylla n growing multicipital stem arose from strong tap‐ near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Virgate Krynitzkia excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed a principal species of the gravel‐slide this pertains to the gravel‐slide Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.76 drawings gravel 38.8437 ‐104.9510 2610 Peak, community area, 8000ft mountain virgata n Aug summer slope (30o) granite community… a tap‐root 4 to 9 mm. in community: at an altitude of near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak James' Paronychia excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed a tap‐root about 5 mm. in diameter… about 8,000 feet in the Pike's Peak Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.76 drawings o gravel 38.8434 ‐104.9511 2607 Peak, community area, 8000ft nailwort jamesii n Aug summer slope (30 ) granite breaks up into several larger laterals, region of the Rocky Mountains... a near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Stemless excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent on gravelly decomposed dominant of the gravel‐slide, often being Weaver, 1919 perennial herb Aletes acaulis 0.76 drawings gravel 38.8439 ‐104.9511 2599 shallow, widely spreading root Peak, community area, 8000ft indian n Aug summer slope granite more abundant and conspicuous than all near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Fly‐trap Apocynum excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed often forming families… The vertical system confined largely to the first Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.22 drawings gravel 38.8442 ‐104.9524 2540 Peak, community area, 8000ft dogbane, androsremifol n Aug summer slope (45o) granite portions arising from the horizontal 18"... The lack of depth is near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak star‐ Smilacina excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed Stout stems arise at intervals from the compensated by a remarkably wide Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.12 drawings gravel 38.8437 ‐104.9525 2543 Peak, community area, 8000ft flowered (or stellata n Aug summer slopes granite stout horizontal rhizomes, some at depth lateral extent combined with a near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Pachylophus excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed connected by rhizomes… from which arise profound system of branching... Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.14 drawings o gravel 38.8434 ‐104.9526 2545 Peak, community area, 8000ft caespitosus n Aug summer slope (45 ) granite roots none reach a depth greater than 45 The gravel‐slide soils consist of a near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Alpine Thlaspi excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed abundant but rather inconspicuous, being Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.38 drawings gravel 38.8433 ‐104.9510 2618 superficial layer of coarse angular Peak, community area, 8000ft Pennycress, alpestre n Aug summer slope (45o) granite low… tap root branches below 2" in near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Adonis Mentzelia excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent on gravelly decomposed a dominant, tap roots penetrates 2‐5" rock fragments varying in size from Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.56 drawings gravel 38.8438 ‐104.9515 2584 Peak, community area, 8000ft blazingstar multiflora n Aug summer slope granite before sending out large laterals, shallow, over an inch to a few milimeters in near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak alpine Eriogonum excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent steep gravel decomposed a strong woody tap‐root, tapered within a diameter. Except during rains this Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.99 drawings gravel 38.8436 ‐104.9522 2556 Peak, community area, 8000ft golden flavum n Aug summer slope (30o) granite length of 6 inches to only 3 mm, here it surface layer is very dry. The slope near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak creeping Elymus excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent coarse, rocky decomposed The roots were densely matted… soil to a Weaver, 1919 perennial grass 1.17 drawings 38.8537 ‐104.9363 2100 This pertains to the entire Half Peak, slide area, 7000ft wild rye, triticoides n Aug summer soil, more granite depth of 15 or 18 inches was completely Graval‐slide community: The soils near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak Mountain Solidago excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed clusters of stems connected by short Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.97 drawings 38.8533 ‐104.9369 2102 of the half‐gravel‐slide are much Peak, slide area, 7000ft Goldenrod oreophila n Aug summer more humus granite rhizomes, thus forming a clump… From the near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak boulder Rubus excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed it forms the transition stage to for… a tap‐ more favorable for plant growth, Weaver, 1919 deciduous shrub 0.91 drawings 38.8540 ‐104.9382 2168 Peak, slide area, 7000ft raspberry, deliciosus n Aug summer more humus granite root 15 mm. ill diameter… large laterals… although from one‐third to one‐half near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak White river Besseya excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed base of the plant and rhizomes are densely of the surface may still be Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.76 drawings 38.8540 ‐104.9368 2134 Peak, slide area, 7000ft coraldrops plantaginea n Aug summer more humus granite covered with fleshy roots about 2 mm. in unoccupied… Although there is near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak purple Geranium excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed none of the branches reaching depths of Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.94 drawings 38.8553 ‐104.9366 2169 considerable variation, the rock is Peak, slide area, 7000ft cluster caespitosum n Aug summer more humus granite more than 37 inches… root habit of decayed to a greater depth, due near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak purple Calamagrosti excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed From the base of the clumps almost Weaver, 1919 perennial grass 0.81 drawings 38.8538 ‐104.9377 2145 undoubtedly in part to the Peak, slide area, 7000ft reedgrass, s n Aug summer more humus granite countless numbers of rather tough fibrous near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak prairie Kaeleria excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed an extremely fibrous root system… At a excretions of plant roots and the Weaver, 1919 perennial grass 0.41 drawings 38.8553 ‐104.9374 2174 Peak, slide area, 7000ft Junegrass cristata n Aug summer more humus granite depth of 1 to 4 inches many of these run resultant porosity of the soil, and to near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak scarlet gilia, Gilla excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed large tap‐root… The laterals are mostly the above statement points to Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.71 drawings 38.8569 ‐104.9366 2139 Peak, slide area, 7000ft scarlet aggregata n Aug summer more humus granite wide‐spreading… Like most plants of this plants as a biologic force in near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak Potentilla excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed The complexity of the rootstocks is such Data for the forest community is Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 1.37 drawings 38.8570 ‐104.9378 2175 Peak, slide area, 7000ft arguta n Aug summer more humus granite that they are hard to describe… clumps are not recorded because only the near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak monument Frasera excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed a strong, rather fleshy, glistening white tap‐ understory herbaceous plants are Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.76 drawings 38.8527 ‐104.9382 2115 Peak, slide area, 7000ft plant, speciosa n Aug summer more humus granite root… to a depth of 9 inches, where it sampled which likely have shallow near Pike's Half Graval‐ Pike's Peak Smooth excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent gravel, sand, decomposed stem clusters connected by short Weaver, 1919 perennial herb Aster porteri 0.76 drawings 38.8553 ‐104.9361 2154 roots than the trees and do not Peak, slide area, 7000ft white aster n Aug summer more humus granite rhizomes… base of the stems arise a represent the community rooting near Pike's Forest Pike's Peak star‐ Smilacina excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent in a spruce‐ 0.5" humus on decomposed fewer and shorter roots compared to comparisons were made among Weaver, 1919 perennial herb 0.56 drawings 1.07 38.8573 ‐104.9269 1969 Peak, community area, 7000ft flowered (or stellata n Aug summer fir forest humus‐sand on granite Gravel‐slide with only 1 short, vs. 5 long, same species but different habitats near Pike's Forest Pike's Peak Chamreneriu excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent foot of a 1‐2"humus on decomposed mush shallower roots than in Gravel‐slide; (ecads); the first 2 are included Weaver, 1919 perennial herb fireweed 0.46 drawings 1.37 38.8575 ‐104.9216 1966 Peak, community area, 7000ft m n Aug summer slope near a rich black granite large laterals run parallel to surface at 1.5ft here which involves the water table near Pike's Gravel‐slide Pike's Peak Chamreneriu excavatio 254mm Jun‐ frequent on a steep decomposed A comparison of the two root systems This gravel slide speciman is Weaver, 1919 perennial herb fireweed 1.22 drawings gravel 38.8400 ‐104.9495 2706 Peak, community area, 7000ft m n Aug summer slide granite emphasized the paucity of small laterals in decribed in Fig.51, under Ecad Weaver & Riparian along deciduous Quercus excavatio 80% in Carrington silt Although the root habits of a tree are E. Nebraska tree bur oak 4.57 photos 838 river terrace 40.8866 ‐96.2058 343 Cramer, 1932 corridor Weeping broad‐leaf macrocarpa n growing loam governed, first of all, by the hereditary Wei et al., Inner Naiman evergreen Mongolian Pinus soil 90% in May‐ 18O isotope composition of the xylem rooting depth inferred from xylem dry steppe tree 4.70 no 366 1935 dune top 4.7 ‐ 5.7 5.2 sandy 42.9226 120.7198 361 2013 Mongolia, NE Research needle‐leaf pine sylvestris var. sample + Sept water exhibited little seasonality, isotope, which is similar to GW Wei et al., Inner Naiman evergreen Mongolian Pinus soil 90% in May‐ sandy, with there was not much difference in water water table declined after 2000 due dry steppe tree 2.70 no 366 1935 dune valley 2.7 ‐ 3.7 3.2 42.9271 120.7096 358 2013 Mongolia, NE Research needle‐leaf pine sylvestris var. sample + Sept more silt and sources used by the pine trees grown at to pumping (and pine diaback Werner & N. Northern tropical dry evergreen Darwin Eucalyptus excavatio 95% in Oct‐ gravely‐sandy, Gross morphology of roots was bimorphic, location gussed to be near a facility tree 0.70 no 1400 ferricrete 0.6 ‐12.6784 132.4786 15 Murphy, 2001 Territory, forest broad‐leaf Stringybark, tetrodonta, E. n Apr underlain by with 70% of biomass at <20‐cm soil depth, because of use of backhole for the Westman & North subtropical evergreen Broad‐ Eucalyptus soil pit + lies on a tan‐coloured Below the coffee‐rock B2b layer (1.5m) roots penetrating iron pan. "in a tree 10.00 no 1650 1522 iron pan ‐27.4988 153.4976 100 Rogers, 1977 Stradbroke eucalypt broad‐leaf leaved umbra samples dune sands of ~40k virtually only tap roots and sinker roots are Eucalyptus signata dominated White & Upper temperate evergreeen Pinus excavatio river terrace coarse sandy, Differences in growth were found to be No lat‐lon give. Pack forest and tree red pine 2.74 no sandstone plantation 43.5285 ‐73.8133 355 Wood, 1958 Hudson broadleaf needle‐leaf resinosa n of deep on glacial excessively closely related to a deep‐lying silty fine river terrace found on GoogleEarth; Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine evergreen subshrub (w. Linnaea > 0.03 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric all species studied here are the Boreal forest twinflower no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 rhizome primarily in the organic layer 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf stolons) borealis L. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine undergrowth in a jack pine forest Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine grass Houghton's Carex > 0.07 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric For each of the fifteen plant species after burn; all rooting depths Boreal forest perennial no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem (rhizomatous) sedge houghtonii (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine examined, ten underground rooting recorded here are depths of the Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine evergreen shrub (long eastern Gaultheria > 0.08 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric systems were manually exposed from the Boreal forest no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 reproductive rhizomes from which 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf rhizomes) teaberry, procumbens L (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine forest floor using hand tools. Each plant new shoots arise not the Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine herb Canadian Maianthemu > 0.10 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric The reported mean depth + the 1 Boreal forest perennial no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 system was excavated up to distance of 5 1998 Ontario, ecosystem (rhizomatous) may‐lily, m canadense (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine m horizontally from the original plant and std given is used here (87% Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous shadbush, Amelanchier > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric for all cases of rhizome in the Boreal forest shrub (clonal) no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf shadwood sp. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine mineral soil, depth in the mineral Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine forb (rapid fly‐trap Apocynum > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric All other vegetatively reproducing species soil is given, which is added with Boreal forest perennial no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem spreading by dogbane or androsaemifo (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine examined, with the exception of Rubus 5cm, the mean depth of the Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous shrub sweetfern, Comptonia > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric alleghaniensis Porter, had rhizomes buried Boreal forest no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 organic layer obtained from the 3 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf (suckering) sweet‐fern peregrina L. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine deeper than 25 cm into mineral soil. cases where rhizomes are at the Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine evergreen shrub sheep Kalmia > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Boreal forest no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf (rhizomes) laurel, angustifolia (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine evergreen groundceda Lycopodium > 0.11 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Lycopodium cornplanaturn, Lycopodium Boreal forest forb (creeping) no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem scale‐leaf r, running cornplanatur (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine obscurum and Pteridiurn aquilinum were Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine evergreen forb (creeping rare Lycopodium > 0.12 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric predominately rooted within the mineral Boreal forest no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem scale‐leaf rhizomes) clubmoss, obscurum L. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine soil at depths less than 10 cm Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous Prunus > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Boreal forest shrub (clonal) sand cherry no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 rhizome primarily in the mineral soils 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf pumila L. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine forb bracken Pteridium > 0.17 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Lycopodium cornplanaturn, Lycopodium Boreal forest perennial no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem (rhizomatous) fern, eagle aquilinum L. (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine obscurum and Pteridiurn aquilinum were Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous lowbush Vaccinium > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Boreal forest shrub (clonal) no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 rhizome primarily in the mineral soils 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf blueberry angustifolium (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous common Vaccinium > 0.3 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Boreal forest shrub (clonal) no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 rhizome primarily in the mineral soils 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf blueberry, myrtilloides (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine Whittle et al., eastern a Jack Pine deciduous Allegheny Rubus > 0.4 excavatio flat, near a humo‐ferric Rubus ullegheniensis (reproductive roots) Boreal forest shrub (clonal) no 46.0000 ‐77.5500 220 1998 Ontario, ecosystem broad‐leaf blackberry, allegheniensi (rhizome) n lake podzol in fine had no discrete area of burial and were Wittmann & Central Tropical Lower Varzea evergreen Buchenavia no strong dry lower sandy clay (clay In fallen individuals of Buchenavia and This study focuses on above‐ground tree 1.00 fallen no 3000 ‐2.8574 ‐64.9106 39 Parolin, 2005 Amazon, near floodplain site (I, II) broad‐leaf and season Varzea, 55‐88%) Symmeria, we observed that primary and roots, so little info given for below‐ Wright et al., Barro tropical evergreen Psychotria excavatio Dec‐Apr Root systems were excavated for three rooting depthis mean of 3 large not irrigated shrub 0.51 no 2600 9.1905 ‐79.8502 52 1992 Colorado moist forest broad‐leaf chagrensis n (84mm) large individuals of each species taking individuals Wright et al., Barro tropical evergreen Psychotria excavatio Dec‐Apr location gussed, on mainland to the not irrigated shrub 0.33 no 2600 9.1905 ‐79.8502 52 1992 Colorado moist forest broad‐leaf horizontalis n (84mm) north of BCI, near a clearing (for Wright et al., Barro tropical evergreen Psychotria excavatio Dec‐Apr P. Iimonensis was buffered against drought not irrigated shrub 0.92 no 2600 9.1905 ‐79.8502 52 1992 Colorado moist forest broad‐leaf limonensis n (84mm) by the lowest dry‐season conductances and Wright et al., Barro tropical evergreen Psychotria excavatio Dec‐Apr not irrigated shrub 0.38 no 2600 9.1905 ‐79.8502 52 1992 Colorado moist forest broad‐leaf marginata n (84mm) Wright et al., Barro tropical evergreen Psychotria excavatio Dec‐Apr not irrigated shrub 0.29 no 2600 9.1905 ‐79.8502 52 1992 Colorado moist forest broad‐leaf furcata n (84mm) van Wyk, Natal, E. subtropical Lowveld, evergreen Ficus deep well Redis ‐ Brown In Zululand the roots of certain Lowveld The caption says: "PLATE IX.‐Fishing tree sycamore fig 24.38 no 600 ‐27.8037 32.0492 200 1963 South Africa dry forest Lululand broad‐leaf sycomorus / bores sandy soils trees, e.g. Ficussycomorus, Acacia robusta roots from a bore‐hole equipped van Wyk, Natal, E. subtropical Northern evergreen Mugga, Red Eucalyptus deep well soils are poor, At least four cases have been encountered Fig. 1 is used to locate a cluster of tree 27.43 no 900 flat land ‐27.3033 31.3193 864 1963 South Africa dry forest Natal broad‐leaf Ironbark or sideroxylon bores shallow and in Northern Natal where the roots of bore holes in the norhtern most southern xeric sandy soil site deciduous saxaul, black Haloxylon excavatio evenly edge of sandy (85% The most contrasting feature of the root the locations are 7km apart with Xu & Li, 2008 small tree 10.00 yes 160 44.3747 88.0141 470 periphery shrubland at edge of broad‐leaf saxaul ammodendro n distributed sand dune sand) distributions for the two sites was that in mean elevation 475m as indicated southern xeric heavy soil site deciduous saxaul, black Haloxylon excavatio evenly om fluvial heavier (23% sandy soil, roots penetrated 10m below the Xu & Li, 2008 small tree 3.00 yes 160 44.3188 88.0251 480 periphery shrubland on alluvial broad‐leaf saxaul ammodendro n distributed plain to S sand) soil surface; but at the heavy site, they only western subalpine evergreen Abies 20cm soil 81% in Jul‐ north facing the deep‐rooted A. faxoniana has abilities Xu et al., 2011 tree, overstory Farges' fir 1.40 yes 884 772 1.5 30.9451 103.0777 2849 No soil information is given; not Sichuan coniferous needle‐leaf faxoniana blocks to Sep slope to take advantage of deep water sources certain if reported ET is PET; western subalpine deciduous Himalayan 20cm soil 81% in Jul‐ north facing B. utilis and B. fangiana were shallow Xu et al., 2011 tree, midstory Betula utilis 1.00 yes 884 772 1.5 30.9451 103.0777 2849 sampling stopped at 80cm, but the Sichuan coniferous broad‐leaf birch blocks to Sep slope rooted with 84 and 91% of their fine roots western subalpine grass, Wind Break Bashania 20cm soil 81% in Jul‐ north facing in the upper soil layers (0‐40 cm and litter profiles suggest deeper roots for all Xu et al., 2011 perennial 1.00 yes 884 772 1.5 30.9451 103.0777 2849 Sichuan coniferous understory Bamboo fangiana blocks to Sep slope layer), where 40% or more of soil water 3 species (Fig.5) Agricultural deciduous Hibernal Malus trench yes + Fargo clay, Most of the studies here recorded were Since site locations are poorly Yeager, 1935 North Dakota Prairie tree 3.12 567 > 4.5 46.8729 ‐96.7879 270 experiment broad‐leaf apple sylvestris wall drawings calcareous, made on the grounds of the North Dakota described, it is difficult to locate the Yeatman, England and plantation Wykehan, deciduous Japanese Larix excavatio strongly Japanese larch has a somewhat similar root tree 1.52 no 699 plantation 54.2859 ‐0.5656 218 only data on sites without soil 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf larch kaempferi n developed system to spruce, but tends to form a short Yeatman, England and plantation Wykehan, evergreen Pinus excavatio strongly The pines (Scots, Corsican, and lodgepole) disturbance (shallow and deep tree Scots pine 0.98 no 699 plantation 54.2864 ‐0.5394 207 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf sylvestris n developed typically have pronounced carrot‐like tap ploughing, drainage) are recorded; Yeatman, England and plantation Wykehan, evergreen lodgepole Pinus excavatio strongly near the town Hykehan, in a place tree 0.89 no 699 plantation 54.2881 ‐0.5286 195 roots with may reain their identity to some 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf pine contorta n developed depth, although they commonly divide into that looks like experimental tree Yeatman, England and plantation Wykehan, evergreen Corsican excavatio strongly tree Pinus nigra 0.81 no 699 plantation 54.2818 ‐0.5239 178 two or more descending roots.The lateral lots 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf pine n developed Yeatman, England and plantation Findlay's Seat, evergreen Pinus excavatio peaty gley roots are seldomly confined to the surface, near Findlay's seat, in a tree tree Scots pine 0.08 no 826 plantation 57.5855 ‐3.1798 151 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf sylvestris n podzols with but normally expend within several inches experiment lot near a pond Yeatman, England and plantation Drumfergue, deciduous Japanese Larix excavatio podzolized silty tree 0.56 no 889 plantation 57.3733 ‐2.8596 283 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf larch kaempferi n loam frin slate near the town of Clashindarroch, Yeatman, England and plantation Drumfergue, evergreen Picea excavatio podzolized silty Sitka spruce develops near‐surface lateral on neat tree lots tree Sitka spruce 0.08 no 889 plantation 57.3767 ‐2.8333 230 1955 Scotland on upland hand needle‐leaf sitchensis n loam frin slate roots, which form the principle support of Yuen et al., Chiang Mai, tropical rain evergreen secondary soil coring secondary a demonstration study at the Pong Khrai insufficient info to separate the 4 tree 2.00 yes 18.9000 98.8000 1032 2013 Tailand forest broad‐leaf evergreen and pits forest Royal Forest Department Research station, types of forest so only the deepest Zerihun & Newnes sub‐tropical control plot evergreen Monterey coring and sandy‐clay, Prior to the establishment of the trial, the exact location determined on tree Pinus radiata 1.25 yes 860 20% in winter lower slope plantation ‐33.3678 150.2426 1063 Montagu, Plateau, New dry forest (not P needle‐leaf pine excavatio highly site supported native vegetation GoogleEarth in a plantation amist Zerihun et al., Queens Land, Oakvale, open evergreen Poplar box, Eucalyptus excavatio red loamy A, 2 steps for coarse and fine roots (1) for the most detailed study of roots tree 5.00 yes 367 2146 "hardpan" 0.75‐0.8 ‐30.9200 146.5000 171 2006 NE Australia woodland broad‐leaf Bimble box populnea n light‐medium each of the ten sample trees from each along MAP gradient, same species; Zerihun et al., Queens Land, Roma, open evergreen Poplar box, Eucalyptus excavatio uniform site, their coarse roots were fully site moved from given lat‐lon to be tree 1.20 yes 602 1955 ‐25.7478 148.4087 440 2006 NE Australia woodland broad‐leaf Bimble box populnea, E. n medium loam or excavated, cleaned, and size‐classed in an open woodland as described Zerihun et al., Queens Land, Rockhampton evergreen Poplar box, Eucalyptus excavatio sand to clay site moved from given lat‐lon to be tree 1.60 yes 1103 1925 ‐23.1726 150.5648 29 (15–30, 30–50, 50–100, more than 100 mm 2006 NE Australia , open broad‐leaf Bimble box populnea, E. n loam on yellow diameter) then 40 soil core samples (to 1 in an open woodland as described Zhang et al., Reading, temporate Sonning Farm deciduous hybrid Populus soil coring floodplain experiment The seasonal pattern of tree water loss site moved off street to a row of tree 1.25 no 1.2 ‐ 1.3 1.25 sandy loam 51.4628 ‐0.9328 35 1999 England broad‐leaf of Reading broad‐leaf poplar trichocarpa to 1.5m of the River al farm followed potential evaporation with a peak trees; rooting profile not given Zhang et al., Gansu deciduous Robinia excavatio 80% in May‐ on steep loess with low Generally, most roots of black locust and dry steppe University tree black locust 1.00 yes 534 plantation 34.6283 105.6745 1444 2014 Province, C. broad‐leaf pseudoacacia n Oct slopes (19o) porosity Chinese pine were found in the soil layer of Zhang et al., Gansu evergreen Chinese Pinus excavatio 80% in May‐ on steep loess with low 0–100 cm (Liu et al., 2007). Thus, the depth dry steppe University tree 1.00 yes 534 plantation 34.6295 105.6755 1480 2014 Province, C. needle‐leaf pine tabulaeformi n Oct slopes (19o) porosity of root excavation in our study also Zhaparova, Ugham Makbalsai geophyte Ostrowskia excavatio Observations of the population distribution location guessed ‐ could not locate dry steppe perennial 1.05 drawings in a ravine 43.2424 77.2190 1300 1996 (Tianshan) ravine (tuberous magnifica n of 0. magnifica were carried out in the the river, nor map of species Zhou et al., Guerbantung white thorn, Nitraria excavatio yes + mostly as N. sibirica has a dimorphic root system with site moved 2km in natural arid desert perennial shrub 4.50 160 2000 4.65‐5.82 5 sandy, saline 44.3027 87.9410 475 2015 gute desert, desert sibirica n photo snow horizontal roots extending to 4–6 m and a vegetation (shrubs,not crops) and Zhou et al., Inner 20yr evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon 4.65 +/‐ trench >75% in foothill sand (90%), silt 20yr old the main water source for 5‐year‐old precip this year only; rooting and desert oasis shrub no 110 4.4 +/‐0.44 4.4 39.3786 100.1475 1388 2017 Mongolia, plantation needle‐leaf saxaul, ammodendro 0.58 wall summer oasis (6%), clay (4%) plantation shrubs was shallow soil water. Water WT depths as mean from 3 Zhou et al., Inner 40yr old evergreen saxaul, black Haloxylon 4.88 +/‐ trench >75% in foothill sand (90%), silt 40yr old sources of 10‐year‐old shrubs shifted precip this year only; rooting and desert oasis shrub no 110 4.56+/‐0.52 4.56 39.3495 100.1328 1386 2017 Mongolia, plantation needle‐leaf saxaul, ammodendro 0.57 wall summer oasis (6%), clay (4%) lantation depending on the soil water conditions WT depths as mean from 3