RRNI:NI: DDELENG/2005/15153ELENG/2005/15153 NNo:o: DL(E)-01/5079/14-16DL(E)-01/5079/14-16 PPublication:ublication: 1155tthh ooff eeveryvery mmonthonth L Licensedicensed ttoo ppostost wwithoutithout ppre-paymentre-payment UU(E)(E) 228/2014-168/2014-16 PPosting:osting: 1919tthh//2020tthh ooff eeveryvery monthmonth atat NDPSONDPSO RRs.150s.150 6 3 1 2 - 3 7 9 0

N S S I ISSN 0973-2136

Volume XII, Issue 07, July 2016 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

The Prediction & Validation of KUMAMOTO E ARTH QUAKE

SDI • GNSS • CADASTRE

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SD42_CMPL_Pentax-Scanning_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2 1 4/28/2015226/07/166/0 7 11:44:30/16 7:057: 0AM5 AMAM SD56_CMPL_InterGEO_July16_Ad.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3 1 08/07/16226/07/166/07/16 1:447:057:05 PMAMAM [ COLOPHON AND CONTENTS

In this issue CCoordinatesoordinates Volume 12, Issue 07, July 2016

Articles

The prediction and validation of Kumamoto Earthquake with GNSS data SHUNJI MURAI AND HARUMI ARAKI 6

EGNOS-based Reactive Locator for the European Train Control System ALEŠ FILIP 11 Mainstreaming

Spatial Data Sharing approach in Sri Lanka LESLEY ARNOLD 17 Systematic cadastre surveying and

inventory of real estate objects in Azerbaijan GERNOD SCHINDLER AND ERIK SCHUETZ 31 Challenges to climate

action and resource use effi ciency in South Asia RISHIRAJ DUTTA 38

Columns

My Coordinates EDITORIAL 5 News GALILEO UPDATE 44 SNIPPETS 44 UAV 45 GIS 46 LBS 46 GNSS 47 IMAGING 48 INDUSTRY 48

Mark your calendar SEPTEMBER 2016 TO APRIL 2017 50

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Aleš Filip, Erik Schuetz, Gernod Schindler, Harumi Araki, Lesley Arnold, Rishiraj Dutta and Shunji Murai; HiTarget, IP Solutions, Javad, Pentax, and many others.

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of CMPL that aims to broaden the Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd C 9, Vasundhara Enclave CMPL does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Published at A 002 Mansara Apartments, Vasundhara Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd, Mathura Road, Fax +91 11 22632607 information provided herein. © CMPL, 2016. Reprinting with Faridabad, India permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Email Editor Bal Krishna [information] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) Owner Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd (CMPL) [editorial] [email protected] [India] Rs.1,800 [Overseas] US$100 Designed at Spring Design ([email protected]) [advertising] [email protected] [subscriptions] [email protected] This issue of Coordinates is of 52 pages, including cover.

Web www.mycoordinates.org

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM [ MYCOORDINATES

FAA rules

The Federal Aviation Administration has announced Small UAS rules.

Drones weighing between 0.55 lbs. and 55 lbs.

Must be registered with FAA,

Pilots must be at least 16 years old,

With Remotes pilot certifi cates,

And maintain ‘visual line of sight’,

Flights should be below 400 feet,

And no fl ights in night.

Endeavour seems to minimize the risks

To other aircrafts, people and property,

And yet extends breathing space to UAS to fl y.

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Professor, University of State of Rio Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 5

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 5 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM [ DISASTER MANAGEMENT The Prediction and Validation of Kumamoto Earthquake It was very diffi cult to achieve the prediction of the Kumamoto Earthquake because there were very few short term abnormal changes at multiple GNSS stations which have normally occurred, in our previous experience, for larger earthquakes

Dr Shunji Murai he huge Kumamoto Earthquake foreshock with M6.5 or SI 7 occurred at Professor Emeritus, T2016 occurred at 1:25am, April 16, 21:26, April 14, 2016, 28 hours before the University of 2016 in the vicinity of Kumamoto City, main shock. Because the foreshock was Tokyo and Advisor, Kyushu Island, Japan (see Figure 1). so large, many people imagined that the Japan Earthquake This destructive earthquake, in addition foreshock was the main earthquake. In Science Exploration to very large foreshocks as well as addition, the initial damages were not very Agency (JESEA) repeated aftershocks, killed 50 persons signifi cant. As most houses and buildings and injured 1,720, while 86,411 houses had not collapsed after the foreshock, were destroyed as of the 14th May many people who had been evacuated, 2016, a month after the earthquake. went back home for the night. The main Dr Harumi Araki shock occurred unexpectedly in the early Director, Environmental The authors initiated technical support morning of the 16th April, which resulted Geology Laboratory for an earthquake prediction business in in many more houses being destroyed and and Advisor, JESEA January 2013 using GNSS data provided many more fatalities. The special character by Geospatial Information Authority of the Kumamoto Earthquake was the (GSI). Our prediction of the Kumamoto extraordinary large number of aftershocks Earthquake was not perfect, but partially with more than 1,300 occurring in a succeeded despite its very special month, including 11 larger earthquakes of characteristics. This article describes how a destructive level higher than SI 5. Such we predicted the earthquake in advance, a large number was the maximum ever and the large crustal changes that were record in Japanese earthquake history. revealed after the Kumamoto From our 14 year experience of earthquake Earthquake based prediction research, there should be on the GNSS extraordinary short term changes in height data analysis. at multiple GNSS stations in advance of such a large earthquake. However in the case of Kumamoto Earthquake, such short Introduction term changes or weekly height changes were not recognized except for a long term The main signifi cant subsidence in Kyushu Island Kumamoto commencing two years earlier. Based on Earthquake was the abnormal subsidence of Kyushu Island, M7.3 on the we issued a warning to our customers that Richter scale, the Kyushu area including Kumamoto which also (located in the middle of Kyushu) and registered the Kagoshima (in the south of Kyushu) highest level was a risky area on the ‘weekly mail of 7 on the magazine: MEGA earthquake prediction’. Japanese Seismic Intensity Scale The new year 2016 issue of the weekly (hereinafter called magazine ‘Post’ which included our Figure 1: Location of Kumamoto SI). However a prediction ‘be careful in Kumamoto and

6 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 6 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Kagoshima until spring’ was correct. week after an earthquake, but in the sinking abnormally. At the end of September However the above mentioned weekly case of Kumamoto Earthquake the 2014, the accumulated deformations were mail magazine continued the warning number did not decrease as usual. also serious in Kyushu Island shown in only until the end of March because the 4) Due to continuously occurred Figure 4. Kyushu Island kept sinking until warning had been repeated and postponed aftershocks which for these two years. But 14 days after the accelerated the withdrawal of the warning, the Kumamoto destruction and fear Earthquake occurred. Therefore, the of people, most prediction was not correct in this regard. could not live at their own houses, which resulted in Special charcteristics of a large number of Kumamoto earthquake 183,000 persons being evacuated. The special characteristics of 5) Most of the damage the Kumamoto Earthquake and destruction should be noted as follows. were concentrated 1) The main EQ was quite large along two faults; (Maximum Magnitude: 7.3 and namely Futagawa Maximum SI: 7) and the depth of and Hinagu Fault epicenter was quite shallow at 10 km. as shown in 2) There were 5 foreshocks and 11 Figures 2 and 3. aftershocks of magnitude greater than SI 5, which are classifi ed at the Figure 2: Major damages along Futagawa and Hinagu Faults destructive level as listed in Table Prediction of caused by foreshocks, the main shock and aftershocks 1. This number of large earthquakes Kumamoto caused serious destruction and damages earthquake such as house collapses, landslides, mudfl ows, bridge collapses, road JESEA commenced surface cracking, derailments, fi res, its warnings that terminations of supply of water, gas, Kumamoto was a electric power, sewage and so on. risky area in May 3) There were about 1,300 aftershocks 2014 in its published at higher than the weak level of SI mail magazine, 1 in a month. Normally the number as the Kumamoto of aftershocks has decreased in a vicinity started

Table 1: Record of Kumamoto Earthquakes

M/D Time M SI Type 4/14 21:26 6.5 7 Fore 22:07 5.7 6+ Fore 22:38 5.0 5- Fore 4/15 0:03 6.4 6+ Fore 1:53 4.8 5- Fore 4/16 1:25 7.3 7 Main 1:45 6.0 6- After 3:03 5.8 5+ After 3:55 5.8 6+ After 7:11 5.3 5- After 7:23 4.8 5- After 9:48 5.4 6- After 4/18 16:01 5.3 5- After 20:41 5.8 5+ After 4/19 17:52 5.5 5+ After 20:47 5.0 5- After 4/29 15:03 4.5 5+ After Figure 3: Landslides and land deformation

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 7

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 7 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Figure 4: Abnormal accumulate subsidence in Kyushu (shown in circle of red line) Figure 5: Abnormal Sinking in Kyushu (Shown in circle No. 7 of red line)

January 2016 as shown in Figure 5.

Weekly averaged data at GNSS stations of Kuma and Sencho near Kumamoto showed abnormal behavior in January and April 2016 respectively as shown in Figure 6.

The above abnormalities were reported and warned in our mail magazine to our customers. Because the warnings on Kumamoto had been prolonged until the end of January 2016 and further prolonged until the end of February, JESEA decided to withdraw the warning in the beginning Figure 6: Abnormal sinking of weekly data at Kuma in January 2016 of April 2016. One of the reasons for and upheaving at Sancho in April 2016 in advance to Eq. the withdrawal was because JESEA received criticisms from customers who claimed the warning had been repeated so often. We feel ashamed that JESEA could not maintain its confi dence in its predictions until the Kumamoto earthquake occurred only two weeks later.

Daily data at GNSS stations near Kumamoto just before and after the earthquake were checked to determine whether there were any pre-signals in advance to the earthquake. We found that only Jonan just near Kumamoto showed an abnormal increase in height just before the earthquake as shown in Figure 7. This behavior is very rare and strange, since in the previous cases of large earthquakes a large number of GNSS stations revealed abnormal pre-signals in advance. Figure 8 shows the height changes at 4 GNSS Figure 7: Abnormal increase in height at Jonan just before the Kumamoto Earthquake stations near the epicenter just before and

8 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 8 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Figure 8: Comparison of height changes between 4 GNSS stations just near the epicentre

after the earthquake. Therefore, it must be Docomo, the largest understood that Jonan was exceptional. telecommunication It would be diffi cult to identify just enterprise in Japan. Figure 9: Horizontal and vertical crustal changes during 4 weeks one GNSS station that revealed such abnormality out of the 1300 GNSS stations shows sinking while green, yellow all over Japan. In addition users of GSI’s Analysis of crustal chages and red color groups show rising. GNSS data cannot access the data in after the earthquakes real time because there is a delay of 2 Figure 9 shows the crustal changes for days in the release of the data. If JESEA JESEA has developed GIS applications two weeks before and after the Kumamoto could access this data in real time, the to visualize image-based crustal Earthquake. According to the geographical prediction would be timelier and more changes from pointwise GNSS data locations in relation to the faults, the accurately determined. This is why JESEA with arrows indicating horizontal crustal changes were completely different is now promoting construction of its own changes overlaid on color images of in horizontal and vertical directions. GNSS stations in cooperation with NTT vertical changes. The blue color group For example, Kumamoto sank 15cm

CONFERENCE AREAS Data Acquisition and Processing REGULAR PAPER SUBMISSION: Remote Sensing NOVEMBER 30, 2016 Modeling, Representation and Visualization MORE INFORMATION AT: Knowledge Extraction and Management WWW.GISTAM.ORG Domain Applications

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 9 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM

SD56_CMPL_GISTAM_July16_Ad.indd 1 08/07/16 1:50 PM Figure 10: Crustal changes during 4 weeks in east-west (a) and north-south (b)

and moved 78cm to NE, Jonan sank the Kumamoto Earthquake occurred just 2 using GNSS data (Japanese): 2003, 20cm and moved 44cm to NE, Choyo weeks after the withdrawal of the warning. Technical report, Journal of Surveying, rose 25cm and moved 103cm to SW, Japan Association of Surveyors Kikuchi rose 6cm and moved 46cm to N, In order to improve its predictions, JESEA Yabe sank 1cm and moved 33cm to S. is promoting a real time observation system MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: Earthquake at its own GNSS stations which would Prediction using GPS, GIM International, It is interesting to visualize the east-west enable the provision of more timely precise Volume 17, No. 10, October 2003 components of the changes 2 weeks before data on an hourly basis instead of daily. against those for 2 weeks after the earthquake MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: Prediction of as well as the north-south components, The GIS analysis to enable image-based Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption using instead of using arrows, as shown in Figure visualization of the three dimensional GPS: Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, 10. In this fi gure, the boundaries or faults of crustal changes after the earthquake was Vol. 4, No.3, March 2004 the crustal changes can be clearly visualized. very useful in understanding how the land in the vicinity of Kumamoto moved MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: Was early drastically in different directions. warning of Sumatra earthquake possible? Conclusions Coordinates, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2005.7, p.8-11

It was very diffi cult to achieve the prediction Acknowledgement MURAI, S. Report on Tohoku Kanto of the Kumamoto Earthquake because Great Earthquake and Tsunami 311: there were very few short term abnormal The authors would like to express their ISPRS Highlights, April 2011 changes at multiple GNSS stations which appreciation to Mr. KITTA Toshihiro, the have normally occurred, in our previous president of JESEA and Mr. TANIKAWA MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: experience, for larger earthquakes. Only long Toshihiro, Executive of JESEA for their Crustal Movement before and after term changes of trends in subsidence in the kind support of our research. The authors the Great East Japan Earthquake, Kyushu area, which have been recognized also thank GSI for providing daily GNSS Coordinates, May Issue 2012 in the previous two years, would have been data of 1,300 stations free of charge. The the scientifi c evidence for our predictions. authors would like to appreciate Prof. John MURAI, S, ARAKI, H. and YANAGI, Trinder for editing and correcting English. H.: Towards the prediction of It was human error at JESEA to have earthquakes with GNSS data, Volume withdrawn the warning of potential risk X, Coordinates, May Issue 2014. in Kumamoto at the end of March 2016 References because of criticisms from the customers MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: Overview over the prolongation of the warning for MURAI, S. and ARAKI, H.: Prediction for the prediction of larger earthquakes in the long period of two years. Ironically of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Japan, Coordinates, July Issue 2015 [

10 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1010 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM [ GNSS EGNOS-based Reactive Locator for the European Train Control System The paper describes a novel train LDS solution based on EGNOS for ETCS

Aleš Filip t is generally believed that exploitation Safe train Location Determination System Faculty of Electrical Iof Global Satellite Navigation Satellite (LDS) based on GNSS and intended for Engineering and System (GNSS) together with advanced ETCS belongs among them. It is mainly due Informatics, University of mobile communications for signalling to fact that high investment and operational Pardubice, Czech Republic and train control will signifi cantly costs of the ETCS track balises used for improve safety and effi ciency of railway safe train position determination discourage operations. This is especially true for from further ETCS expanding not only in signalling solutions on low traffi c Europe, but also worldwide. Therefore, lines and also on some long heavy at present, the European Commission, haul lines where previously planned institutions and railway industry strongly implementations of the European Train support replacement of physical balises Control System (ETCS) with track with virtual ones based on EGNOS and balises have appeared as economically Galileo. This intention is practically unrealistic. Moreover, there are currently realised within several international ESA visions that ETCS solutions based and H2020 projects (e.g. 3InSat, ERSAT on GNSS will be installed on main EAV, STARS, RHINOS), and also within corridor and high-speed lines as well. numerous national R&D activities in the individual EU member states. The very idea of combining satellite navigation and the ETCS for train However, only the effi cient exploitation of localization purposes is not new. A mixed EGNOS for railway signalling according train position determination solution by to specifi c ETCS safety requirements, TSI, means of ETCS track balises and virtual railway CENELEC safety standards [8]- GPS ones has been already described [10], etc. can bring applicable solutions. A in the nineties of the last century [1]. clear LDS safety concept fully exploiting Before that, a series of tests focused on characteristic GNSS features within train position determination using GPS the virtual balise (VB) concept, such as and DGPS had been performed mainly provision of abundant train positions in in the United States and Europe. time, is the basis for derivation of realistic ETCS safety requirements for the EGNOS On the 2nd March 2011, the European SoL service. It is evident that rapid and Geostationary Navigation Overlay independent diagnosis of excessive Service (EGNOS) with its Safety-of-Life EGNOS errors signifi cantly contributes (SoL) Service was offi cially declared to achievement of the required tolerable available for safety operations in aviation. hazard rate (THR) for the ETCS virtual EGNOS belongs to the family of wide- balises and also for the GNSS LDS. area Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS), similarly as US WAAS Basic safety requirements for the train [2], Russian SDCM, Indian GAGAN, location determination function based etc. In spite of fact that SBAS with its on GNSS were specifi ed within the ESA SoL service was originally developed 3InSat project (2012-2015) [11], [13]. It and certifi ed for safety operations in was found that THR for Signal-In-Space aviation, it also represents a strategic (SIS) should meet 1e-8/ 1 hour (SIL 4) infrastructure for safety-related systems and the maximal confi dence interval (CI) in other modes of land transport [3] - [7]. in the position domain should not exceed

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 11

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1111 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM 14 m for the most demanding ETCS The ETCS odometry (SIL 4) provides to BG linking because position of next operational scenarios. In order to meet the the instant speed of train and the relative BG with respect to the LRBG position is safety requirements, the dual-constellation distance from the last relevant balise known to the ONB and the correct BG EGNOS-R (R as railway) interface with group (LRBG) including its CI. The detection can be validated using a so-called composite fail-safety for EGNOS V3 has train position, velocity and other data expectation window (ExW). The ExW been proposed [12], [13]. However, multi- are reported via radio (GSM-R) to the includes all potential uncertainties due to constellation/ multi-frequency EGNOS V3 track-side radio block centre (RBC). One odometry and BG position errors. However, is expected to be available as lately as in of the important odometry functions is GNSS LDS is naturally able to perform 2022 and the current pressure for signalling called linking of balises via the relative its fault diagnosis also in the vicinity of and train control solutions based on GNSS distance measurement. It is in fact the virtual balises or on the whole track section is continually growing. Moreover, there independent diagnosis of balises and between virtual balises, depending on SIS is still a will to utilise existing EGNOS on-board unit (ONB) because it enables visibility – see Figure 1 (b). It can be utilised as it is for signalling and that’s why new detection of a deleted (missing) balise, for a fully automatic LDS initialization, ways enabling it are still investigated. incorrectly inserted balise or an ONB fault. which is in case of the baseline ETCS with track BG performed in Staff Responsible This paper deals with a novel solution In case of the virtual balise concept the (SR) mode and the unreliable human factor enabling to meet very demanding ETCS absolute position of train is determined must be involved in this safety function. safety requirements for virtual balise using the LDS based on GNSS. The detection, i.e. THR less than 1e-9 per 1 instant position of the train is compared Note: parallel track discrimination in this hour and Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 4, with the position of virtual balises whose LDS development phase can be solved using existing single-constellation EGNOS coordinates are stored in the on-board by classical means (track circuits, axle V2 already certifi ed for safety operations European vital computer (EVC) and in counters, balises) or later by GNSS – in aviation. The solution consists in LDS RBC. If the actual GNSS train position e.g. two tier augmentation [5] or using with the reactive fail-safety architecture together with the relevant CI match with a future EGNOS with decimetre accuracy. based on EGNOS V2 and supported by a virtual balise stored in the database, then newly introduced travelling virtual balise the VB is considered as the last relevant The abundant GNSS train positions (TVB) concept. Abundant validated LDS virtual balise (LRVB). The odometry outside of the VB vicinity are not in fact position, velocity and time (PVT) data together with the track database perform needed under normal operation (after LDS on track sections between static virtual two following functions: 1) diagnosis initialization) for train position reporting balises have been proposed for rapid of the consecutive virtual balises using to RBC because it is provided by means diagnosis of virtual balise detection. The linking with its direct positive impact of the relative distance measurement from rapid and independent LDS diagnosis on the desirable reduction of the safety the LRVB – see Figure 1(b). However it is is critical for the reactive architecture. integrity requirement for the GNSS LDS evident that these abundant GNSS positions The TVB is used for justifi cation of – i.e. GNSS THR increasing, and also together with the odometry data and other the required safety integrity provided 2) provision of the relative train position techniques can be effectively used for the by EGNOS. Since standalone EGNOS from LRVB if GNSS V2 based on GPS is not able to meet SIS is temporally ETCS reliability requirement for on- unavailable due to SIS board unit (MTBF of 3e5 hours) for service outages or SIS hard operational scenarios, then Galileo shadowing in a harsh as a second redundant channel of the railway environment. 1oo2 (one-out-of-two) LDS architecture within EGNOS V3 was proposed to And now it should be meet this hard operational target. answered the question how ETCS can profi t from GNSS – where Way to effi cient EGNOS V2/ is the main gain. As it V3 exploitation in ETCS is evident from Figure 1(a), the ETCS ONB The classical ETCS track balise group, is able to perform also called information point (IP), which fault diagnosis of

shall be compliant with SIL 4 (λIP of physical balise groups 1e-9/1 hour) [6], determines together (BGs) and also its with the ETCS on-board balise reader, own diagnosis only in a so-called balise transmission module locations of the BGs. Figure 1: Diagnosis of ETCS: (a) Balise Group (BTM), the absolute position of train. It is possible thanks and ONB, and (b) Virtual Balise.

12 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1212 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Figure 3: Principle of LDS based on dual-constellation Figure 2: ETCS Core THR allocation to Virtual Balise. EGNOS and composite fail-safety.

rapid GNSS diagnosis and it can in fi nal Novel LDS solution based therefore inherent fail-safety is not further effect lead to signifi cant reduction of safety on EGNOS V2/V3 considered for the EGNOS-based LDS. requirements for the GNSS-based LDS. It opens the door for railway exploitation of The SIS Integrity Risk (IR) of 2e-7/150 s is Composite fail-safety allows a safety- current EGNOS V2 in terms of the required guaranteed by EGNOS V2 for APV-I / LPV- related function to be performed by at least LDS safety integrity and also enables to 200 service level [15]. Let’s assume that IR two independent channels. Hazardous prepare a roadmap for effi cient, i.e. safe corresponds to hazard rate of 4.8e-6/ 1 hour. fault in one channel shall be detected and and reliable EGNOS V3 exploitation in There are two following possibilities how negated in suffi cient time to meet the ETCS. It is the major benefi t of the above to meet the THR for virtual balise detection, required THR. The fault is detected by the

rapid validation of VB for ETCS LDS. i.e. THRVB of 0.67e-9/ 1 hour, by means of comparison of the output values of these LDS based on EGNOS V2. First, EGNOS two or more channels, or also by means Two following VB failure integrity has to be improved by a suitable of an additional independent diagnosis. modes can be specifi ed: technique. Or requirement for EGNOS This technique has been already employed • Virtual Balise Deletion - means an integrity has to be somehow reduced in case of a dual-constellation EGNOS-R event, when the VB (i.e. virtual IP) assuming that the target THR requirement interface [12], [13] - see Figure 3. The was not determined by means of on- for VB and also for LDS has to be met. EGNOS-R (R as railway) was mainly board GNSS LDS. It can happen proposed with the intention to improve due to: 1) excessive latent LDS error Railway safety-related systems to be EGNOS safety integrity and meet the (wrong position), or 2) absence of train compliant with SIL 3 or SIL 4 must THR requirement for VB detection. position in the GNSS LDS output. In ensure that they will remain safe in the both cases no VB is detected within event of any kind of single random HW Finally, reactive fail-safety allows a the ExW provided by the odometry; fault. This principle is known as fail- safety-related function to be performed • Virtual Balise Insertion - means an event safety and can be achieved by means by a single channel, provided its safe when a wrong virtual balise is determined of the following techniques [10]: operation is assured by fast detection due to wrong GNSS LDS position. • Inherent fail-safety; and negation of any dangerous fault. The • Composite fail-safety; and single channel in itself doesn’t have to Since both VB failure modes are caused • Reactive fail-safety. meet the required safety integrity. And by a wrong GNSS LDS position (i.e. it is the case of EGNOS within LDS. incorrect or no position), and diagnosis Implementation of these techniques not New reactive LDS solution for VB for both failure modes is provided by only determines which level of LDS safety detection intended for reduction of the rapid and independent diagnosis in GNSS will be achieved, but also how effi ciently safety integrity requirement for EGNOS

service volume, then the total THRBTX GNSS will be used within the LDS. SoL service is proposed in Figure 4. of 0.67e-9/ 1 hour was taken as THR

for virtual balise, i.e. THRVB = 0.67e- Inherent fail-safety allows a safety- It is evident that mere EGNOS employment

9/ 1 hour – see Figure 2. THRVB will be related function to be performed by a for LDS within the virtual balise concept is further used for derivation of the ETCS single channel, provided that all the not suffi cient since the required VB safety

THR requirement for GNSS, i.e. THRGNSS credible failure modes of the channel integrity cannot be demonstrated. It is

(THRSBAS). The derivation and justifi cation are not hazardous. It would be very because an average balise group spacing of

of THRGNSS for the virtual balise insertion/ diffi cult or impossible to make such 400 m in the baseline ETCS is not able to deletion is described in the next section. evidence in case of complex EGNOS and assure suffi cient short time to fault detection

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 13

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1313 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Travelling Virtual Balise

The classical ETCS requires both track balises and on-board equipment (ONB) for safe train position determination. On the other hand GNSS estimates the position on board of train. Let us assume

that λONB is the rate of occurrence of ONB being unable to detect a correctly working ETCS information point (IP). If linking of IPs is active, then the duration of ONB failure corresponds to the time

interval TL between two successive IPs Figure 4: LDS based on single-constellation EGNOS V2 with reactive fail- marked as linked. Further if the average safety: (a) High-level architecture, (b) Markov model. speed of train is v and the linking

distance DL, then the probability of

and negation TD to meet the required safety The high-level architecture of the reactive ONB failure causing the IP deletion is

target (THRVB = 0.67e-9/ 1 hour). Even if LDS is depicted in Figure 4 (a) and the the spacing between two consecutive static corresponding Markov model of the (2)

virtual balises would have been shortened, LDS in Figure 4 (b), where HREGNOS –

then it would not have been still possible hazard rate of EGNOS per 1 hour, HRDiag There is no safety requirement in respect to distinguish between two adjacent VBs, - hazard rate of EGNOS independent of not being able to detect an information because they could fall into one ETCS ExW. diagnosis, μ - rate of diagnosis and fault point when IP linking is active [6]. As To solve this problem a non-static VB, a negation. The following four system lately as two expected consecutive IPs so-called travelling virtual balise (TVB), states are defi ned for the model: announced by linking are not detected by

was newly introduced into LDS concept • P0 – Fully functional LDS state: on-board in the ExW, measured from the based on EGNOS V2. It is demonstrated both EGNOS and independent Last Relevant Balise Group (LRBG), the below that the TVB concept together EGNOS diagnosis work well on-board vital computer shall consider with the reactive LDS 1oo1 architecture according to the specifi cations; the linking command of the second IP as

(one-out-of-one with diagnostics) is able • P1 – Safe faulty LDS state: EGNOS is a command to apply the service brake. to meet the THR requirement for VB. faulty and rapid diagnosis is functional; Then the hazardous failure rate of ONB

• P2 – Fail-safe state of the LDS: EGNOS corresponding to the deletion of any fault was detected and negated; IP met during 1 hour long mission is

LDS with reactive fail- • P3 – Hazardous LDS state: Independent safety based on EGNOS diagnosis of EGNOS is faulty. Note: (3) Although EGNOS is functioning The existing single-constellation EGNOS properly according to the specifi cations, In order to check the ONB functionality in itself can be considered as a system the LDS is in a dangerous state. even before the detection of a regular and with reactive fail-safety, because the properly working BG by the ONB, an safety function is performed by the The time (t) dependent probabilities additional hypothetical “testing” BG can GPS and its correctness is checked corresponding to the above states are be placed on the track ahead of the regular by the EGNOS infrastructure. obtained from the Markov model solution BG in the direction of movement from [19]. From viewpoint of LDS safety the LRBG – see Figure 5. A much shorter

Nevertheless, the standalone EGNOS design, the most important is P1(t), ONB failure duration TD is achieved in this is not yet able to meet the ETCS which is the safe faulty state probability case. Then (2) can be then modifi ed as SIL 4 requirement for train position in case of GNSS/EGNOS fault. The determination. Excepting this the position corresponding hazard rate per 1 hour (4) determination function must also meet the long mission can be expressed as [19] required SIL/THR in case of local effects, and the corresponding ONB hazardous

such as multipath, EMI, spoofi ng, etc. (1) failure rate per mission (1 hour) is against which EGNOS does not protect.

That’s why the EGNOS fault diagnosis where TD (i.e. 1/ μ) is time to fault (5) must be completed with an additional detection and negation, which is also independent fault diagnosis realised sometimes called safe down time (SDT) The hazardous ONB failure rate (5) e.g. using safe ETCS odometry (SIL 4), [10]. Equation (1) is used for justifi cation due to IP deletion can be thus reduced 3-dimensional track database (SIL 4) and of the EGNOS integrity performance with respect to (3) signifi cantly. It is other relevant fault detection techniques. for ETCS LDS in the next section. evident that installation of the additional

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1414 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM Figure 5: Diagnosis of ETCS on-board unit using “testing” BGs.

“testing” BGs on a track would be very where TD is the ineffi cient. Nevertheless, the reactive duration of GNSS Figure 6: ETCS LDS concept with reactive-fail safety fail-safety principle can be easily hazardous failure and justifi ed using Travelling Virtual Balise. implemented in case of the GNSS LDS. defi ned as the time The “testing” BG is simply replaced interval between the two consecutive also a high reliability for ETCS on- by a so-called travelling virtual balise linked TVBs or linked TVB and next VB. board unit, which is specifi ed as mean (TVB), as it is depicted in Figure 6. time between service hardware failures

The SIS IR of 2e-7/150 s for Precision MTBF-SONB of 3e5 hours [16]. Reliability The TVB is equivalent to LRVB from Approach (PA) including LPV-200 of the proposed LDS solution can be viewpoint of safety integrity because it operations is required in the vertical evaluated using continuity attribute of is a validated GNSS train position by direction. Excepting this the SIS IR of the applied EGNOS service level. the independent diagnosis. The TVB 1e-9/150 s in the horizontal/ lateral (one arises from the LRVB as a subsequent dimensional) direction shall be also Continuity, or reliability, is the ability validated train GNSS position generated met for the aviation PA operations. It of a system to function within specifi ed just after LRVB is detected and further seems that the integrity (i.e. guarantee) performance limits without interruption travels to the next virtual balise location of accuracy in the horizontal plane or in during a specifi ed period, i.e. the in a given direction of movement. The the track direction would be suffi cient continuity time interval t, which represents TVB can also originate on a track section for signalling in case of the reactive the most critical phase of operation or between VBs during LDS initialization. LDS architecture. Nevertheless, three whole operation in aviation. The duration dimensional (3D) track map appears as of the most critical phase is 15 s for APV-I/ The detection function of the presence of an effective means for the independent LPV-200 operations [15]. Assuming the an information point (IP) by ETCS on- diagnosis of EGNOS, and therefore the IR service is functioning at the beginning board unit (ONB) is a critical function of 2e-7/150 was conservatively selected of the operation, then the probability and this function is the most critical for signalling. The corresponding EGNOS that it is still functioning is [17]: when IPs are employed in scenarios SIS hazard rate is approximately 4.8e- where linking is not used. It is e.g. 6/ 1 hour. Then the allowed duration of (8) during ONB initialization in SR mode GNSS/EGNOS failure can be estimated as or during entry into an ETCS area from This is the standard expression for unfi tted area when wrong IP can be (7) reliability and excludes scheduled inserted or IP can be deleted. The ETCS outages (i.e. uses MTBF) assuming THR requirement for GNSS must be The horizontal alert limit (HAL) of 40 that planned outages will be notifi ed derived using these scenarios considering m and VAL (vertical AL) of 35 m is and the operation will not take place. that VB insertion can cause a more required for LPV-200 operations, where If MTBF is much greater than t, dangerous situation than VB deletion. the pilot’s decision height is 200 feet (60 then (8) can be approximated to m) above the runway. The actual WAAS/ It is evident that the TVB can be utilized EGNOS accuracies (95%) in horizontal/ (9) for the LDS diagnosis of the next VB from lateral and vertical directions are typically viewpoint of VB deletion or insertion better than 1.1 m and 1.5 m, respectively. Continuity risk (CR) is defi ned failure modes in the same manner as If SBAS receiver with an output rate of as one complement of C, i.e. the hypothetical static “testing“ BG 10 Hz will be used, then all the above

is used in Figure 5. The ETCS THR calculated value of TD is realistic. (10)

requirement for GNSS (i.e. THRGNSS) can be determined for the LDS start- Equation (10) can be utilised for up from the THR requirement for EGNOS V3 for LDS calculation of MTBF for specifi c VB deletion or insertion per mission, reliability improvement EGNOS SoL service level. -1 i.e. THRVB of 0.67e-9 hour , as LDS based on EGNOS shall meet The ICAO requirement for SIS CR for (6) excepting the required safety integrity APV I approach is 8e-6/ 15 seconds. It

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1515 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM corresponds according to (10) to MTBF availability of integrity improvement via protection systems”, CENELEC of 520.8 hours. It is much less than e.g. the redundant 1oo2 LDS architecture. European standard, 2003. the required ETCS mean time between [10] “EN 50129 Railway Applications:

service hardware failures MTBF-SONB Safety-related electronic systems of 3e5 hours, which is specifi ed for Acknowledgement for signalling,” CENELEC onboard equipment. It is evident that European standard, 2003. the aviation CR requirement for single This work was supported from [11] A. Filip and F. Rispoli, “Safety constellation EGNOS V2 is unable to the European H2020 research and concept of GNSS based train meet the ETCS reliability requirement innovation programme within the location determination system SIL using the LDS 1oo1 architecture. RHINOS project (2016-2017). 4 compliant for ERTMS/ETCS,” Proceedings of ENC GNSS 2014, Let’s consider now a dual-constellation Rotterdam, April 2014, 15 pages. LDS (GPS and Galileo) based on References [12] A. Filip and F. Rispoli, “SIL EGNOS V3 as a dual-channel redundant [1] B. J. Sterner, “On the Method of 4 Compliant Train Location system with 1oo2 architecture. Then combining GPS and ETCS for Determination System Based on Dual- MTBF of the 1oo2 LDS architecture Localization Purposes”, The European Constellation EGNOS-R for ERTMS/ can be expressed as [19] Railway Research Institute (ERRI), ETCS,” Proc. of the International Draft of the 8th May 1998, 6 pages. Symposium on Certifi cation of GNSS (11) [2] RTCA DO-229D – “Minimum System (CERGAL 2014), Dresden, operational performance standards for Germany, July 8 - 9, 2014, pp. 109-114. If MTBF of 520.8 hours for both GPS GPS WAAS Airborne Equipment”, [13] A. Filip, “Multi-Constellation and Galileo channels within EGNOS RTCA Inc., Washington, D.C., 2006. Railway SBAS Interface: A Common V3 is assumed, then for t=1 hour eqn [3] S. Pullen, T. Walter, and P. Enge, Platform For Advanced Signalling

(11) yields MTBF1oo2 of 2.7e5 hours. “Integrity for Non-Aviation Users. Compliant With SIL 4 World-Wide,” It means that the LDS based on dual- GPS World,” July, 2011, pp. 28–36. Proceedings of the International constellation EGNOS V3 with the reactive [4] A. Neri, S. Sabina, F. Rispoli, and Heavy Haul Association 2015 fail-safety architecture and TVB is able U. Mascia, “GNSS and odometry conference (IHHA), Perth, Australia, to practically meet the required MTBF- Fusion for High Integrity and June 21-24, 2015, 10 pages.

SONB for the ETCS on-board equipment. High Availability Train Control [14] T. Lovric, J. Gülker, “Singe Channel Systems,” ION GNSS+ 2015, Tampa, ATP Architectures, a new Trend September 14-18, 2015, 11 pages. in Europe?,” WCRR 2001, Köln, Conclusion [5] Neri, A., Vegni, M. and Rispoli, F.: November 25-29, 2001, 9 pages. A PVT Estimation for the ERTMS http://www.uic.org/cdrom/2001/ This paper describes a novel train LDS Train Control Systems in presence wcrr2001/pdf/sessions/3_5/040.pdf solution based on EGNOS for ETCS. of Multiple Tracks. Proc. of ION [15] EGNOS Safety of Life (SoL) Service The solution consists in LDS with GNSS 2013, September 16-20, Defi nition Document, GSA, 2015, reactive fail-safety based on EGNOS 2013, Nashville, TN, USA. ISBN: 978-92-9206-025-1, 64 page. V2 or EGNOS V3, which is further [6] “ETCS/ERTMS – Class 1, ETCS [16] ERTMS/ETCS RAMS Requirements combined with a newly introduced Application Levels 1 & 2 - Specifi cation Chapter 2 – RAM, travelling virtual balise (TVB) concept. Safety Analysis, Part 3 – THR Version-6, Reference EEIG : Apportionment,” SUBSET-088 96S126, UIC, 30/09/98, 83 pages. It has been demonstrated that the Part 3, ISSUE: 2.3.0, DATE: [17] e-NAV2 / 07 / 02 Continuity

required THR for virtual balise of 0.67e- 02-04-2008, 91 pages. requirements. Document available 9/ 1 hour can be met using the reactive [7] “ETCS/ERTMS Safety at: https://imo.amsa.gov.au/iala- LDS structure with single-constellation Requirements for the Technical aism/e-nav/e-nav2/eNAV2-07- EGNOS V2. The TVB has been employed Interoperability of ETCS in Levels 1 02ContinuityRequirements.pdf within the ETCS virtual balise concept & 2”, SUBSET-091, ISSUE: 3.3.0, [18] GNSS Rail Advisory Forum: to justify use of EGNOS from viewpoint DATE: 2014-05-08, 51 pages. REQUIREMENTS OF RAIL of the required LDS safety integrity. [8] “EN 50126 Railway Applications: The APPLICATIONS, UIC, The LDS solution contributes to the Specifi cation and Demonstration of May 2000, 29 pages. harmonization of the aviation and railway Dependability Reliability, Availability, [19] Filip, A., “Effi cient use of multi- safety concepts based on EGNOS, because Maintainability and Safety (RAMS),” constellation EGNOS for the the required safety integrity targets in both CENELEC European standard, 2002. European Train Control System,” transport modes can be met by single- [9] “EN 50128 Railway Applications: Proceedings of the 2016 European constellation EGNOS V2. Galileo as Communications, signalling Navigation Conference (ENC a second constellation within EGNOS and processing systems – GNSS 2016), Helsinki, May 30 V3 can be then used for reliability and Software for railway control and – June 2, 2016, 9 pages. [

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1616 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM [ SDI Mainstreaming Spatial Data Sharing approach in Sri Lanka This paper describes the Spatial Data Infrastructure approach being adopted by the Sri Lankan Government to mainstream data sharing

Dr Lesley Arnold ccessing integrated spatial evolved over many years and are just not Director Geospatial Ainformation for land development relevant to modern open data initiatives Frameworks, Perth, and economic initiatives is often and online cross-government alliances that Western Australia ridiculously diffi cult. Much of a country’s can be achieved with today’s technology. Research Fellow, spatial data is managed in closed systems Department of of government. How do business leaders, A recent study of data sharing in Spatial Sciences, not-for-profi t project teams and policy Sri Lanka has revealed that using Curtin University, Western Australia makers know what information there is, a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Cooperative Research Centre in what format and where to fi nd it? approach has potential to deliver for Spatial Information economic, social and environmental This paper describes the Spatial Data benefi ts to the wider community and Infrastructure approach being adopted by fi nancial benefi ts to government. the Sri Lankan Government to mainstream data sharing. The approach is multifaceted The data sharing problem is not unique and challenges decision makers to to Sri Lanka. Many countries face move beyond policy settings to create a problems associated with accessing and blueprint for sustainable data sharing. using their spatial information assets. The mechanisms by which agencies typically share information is via customized The Underlying Problem exchanges of bulk data. The approach is cumbersome, resource intensive Countries worldwide have signifi cant and data is prone to becoming out-of- spatial information holdings collected by date because information is replicated various government agencies, but access and updates are not sustainable. to data is a common obstacle. The inability A recent study of data to share information across whole -of- A common problem is the lack of clear government systems is a massive and oversight of national/internationally funded sharing in Sri Lanka has costly ongoing problem for governments projects that acquire spatial information. and the international community. This leads to operational ineffi ciencies, revealed that using a SDI as limited awareness of newly acquired Older technologies are often not project datasets results in organisations approach has potential interoperable making data integration a recollecting the same information at a later problem. The effort to manually integrate date. A more practical solution is required. to deliver economic, updates from one agency to another is labor intensive and time consuming. Data social and environmental inconsistencies arise and information is The Game Changer liable to become out of date quickly, and benefits to the wider the wider community cannot get access. Having an operational SDI in place is a game changer. It means that community and financial One of many challenges for policy business leaders, not-for-profi t project makers is existing cross-agency data teams and policy makers will have the benefits to government sharing policies that often require paper ability to work at scale using the best agreements and contracts. These have available data that is easily accessed.

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1717 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM It also means that valuable project expectations in the future. The new storage and use of data that can be data can be seamlessly scaled up in the norm is to fi nd contemporary ways to daunting – especially for developing national interest by incorporating it within increase the effectiveness and effi ciency countries. This is not the case. The Sri a country’s SDI. In this way, project- of government services, increase Lanka experience shows that a SDI can level fl ood models can be incorporated productivity and contribute to innovation be implemented in manageable stages into nationwide models and reused by excellence across the public and private and piloted for specifi c applications. the insurance sector to make decisions sectors, and broader community. There are six components planned for the about levels of risk. Similarly, imagery Sri Lanka Spatial Data Infrastructure: of the built environment can be reused There are considerable economic, social • A Governance Model that brings by the real-estate sector and developers and environmental benefi ts that can be agencies together to share spatial to attract international investment. achieved from investments in spatially information, reform cross-agency referenced information (ACIL Tasman, business processes, acquire data A disaster management project in Sri Lanka 2008, LGA, 2010; MNR, 2015; EC, strategically and adopt modern recognized early that information from a 2006). In Sri Lanka, the population information technology standards. variety of sources was required, but access is expected to grow at an annual rate • A Legal and Policy Framework was problematic. Instead of recreating new of around 0.86%, from its current that provides clear direction and datasets and systems, which would have population of 21 million. Industrial unifi ed approach to data sharing added to supply chain complexity and activities have been increasing, and including guidelines for custodianship, duplication, the project sought to resolve many agricultural workers are expected data acquisition, spatial data the underlying data sharing problem as to seek higher-paid employment in management and access, privacy, a way to move forward for the project, industry and the services over the security of sensitive data and government and for society as a whole. coming years. Many of these jobs will intellectual property management. be in urban areas and this suggests an • A Map Portal to deliver spatial Data reuse is a central SDI principal. accelerating rural–urban transition. information centrally in an online All spatial data investments are done in Achieving employment growth, while and mobile environment. a way that accrues benefi ts nationally ameliorating potential adverse social and • A Data Framework that provides and globally - well beyond a project’s environmental impacts from urbanization for the orderly management lifetime. This includes scaling-up will be a key development challenge of data and metadata. project-level spatial data acquisitions for Sri Lanka (MENR, 2014), and • Spatial Data Supply Chains, which to ensure that valuable project data is continued growth will increase demand minimize manual data handling, and transitioned to a country’s SDI for reuse. for spatial information for both planning provide for authoritative data sources and operational decision-making. as well as local community knowledge Policy support, leadership, established through crowdsourcing initiatives. partnerships and fi nancial considerations Governments are continually looking for • A Modularized System designed all relate to the feasibility of going to ways to reduce future capital expenditure to grow capability over time. scale. Without these broader inputs, and Sri Lanka is no different (ICTA, projects will assuredly result in isolated 2014). A shared approach to the delivery When implemented together, these spatial investments that have one-off and management of spatially-related components effectively institutionalize usage with benefi ts only accruing to information is one way to achieve this. cross-government data exchange, project participants in the short term. When agencies implement their own operational transparency, digital service spatial infrastructures, to give access to delivery and importantly, the ability their spatial data holdings, the total cost to mainstream spatial data sharing. Rationale for Change to government is much higher than if a shared infrastructure approach is adopted. The data sharing problem requires With a National approach, there is an The Strategic Enabler urgent attention. While spatial data opportunity for the smaller agencies to has signifi cant value as a single leverage off the investments by larger The Sri Lankan Government has information product; it is the integration agencies for minimal incremental recognized for some time that current of spatial data with other information cost, with economies of scale yielding data sharing processes could be more that increases its value exponentially further reduction in per-unit costs. effi cient (UN-SPIDER, 2011), and the to government and businesses. rationale for change is encapsulated in the consultation draft of the government’s Continuing with the traditional approach The Sri Lankan Approach SDI strategy; Powering Decision is not an option. Government agencies Making and Innovation Using Spatial will struggle to deliver services The multifaceted SDI approach conjures Information Technologies (Sri Lankan that meet consumer and industry up a highly complex system for the Government, 2014). This strategy seeks

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1818 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM to address environmental and social fast-tracking is possible in the event of standards, policies and guidelines for imperatives and stimulate the economy. emergencies, the process is often reliant data management and access. Its core on personal relationships, which can mission is to provide stewardship and The Sri Lankan SDI will be a strategic collapse when changes in staffi ng occur. build networks of people to continually enabler for the many government improve the sharing of spatial information initiatives aimed at planning for A new approach to spatial data and promote its broader use. For this economic growth, delivery of better governance is required: one that will reason, the NSDI offi ce is usually an services, poverty alleviation, socially ensure data is readily accessible so independent body representing whole-of- inclusive development, tourism growth, that it can be leveraged in the national government needs and not just the needs protection of the environment, disaster interest. The governance model of a single Ministry or Department. management, regional cooperation and, considered for Sri Lanka embraces importantly, transparency in governance this approach. The principles are: SDI Governance Models need to make (Sri Lankan Government, 2014). • an approach that focuses on strategic provision for project data and its ongoing national imperatives, as well as, maintenance and reuse. All projects A government program to improve the institutional requirements; that acquire spatial information should supply of clean water and sanitation in • a governance model that is make their planned acquisitions known rural areas requires integrated spatial easily accessible and credible to the NSDI Offi ce for oversight and techniques from which planning and to participating institutions; so that project leaders can be directed development decisions can be made. • a model that is driven from the top, to appropriate data custodians for Currently, information is fragmented so that participating institutions are responsibility of its residual value. Without across a number of departments. With well supported and guided in their a SDI Governance Model in place, there is improved access to information, agencies daily tasks and decisions where often no provision for the ongoing storage can focus on their core tasks rather than the SDI mandate is concerned; and management of project data and diverting resources into searching for, • an alertness to inter-agency cost- these assets quickly depreciate in value. and retrieving, data from other agencies. shifting where SDI programs and projects complement changing Globally, there is a shift to more inclusive Spatial information can be applied to cross-government strategies; and models for SDI governance. In Sri Lanka, improve agricultural productivity. In Sri • regular cross-sector and cross- the considerable breadth of stakeholder Lanka, small-scale farms have declined over committee SDI reporting and groups calls for an enduring underpinning the past decades due to irregular rainfall, monitoring, complemented by re- structure that takes into account the recurrent drought and poor irrigation. Food evaluation of performance expectations balance between public and private sectors, security (in terms of availability, accessibility and adjustments where necessary. and data providers and users. Notably, the and affordability) is uncertain, notably in private sector and academia will have a the rural regions (MENR, 2014). Integrated A key characteristic of a sustainable SDI signifi cant role to play. User demands will spatial information can assist small-scale Governance Model is the central governing often trigger partnerships and alliances farm holders to achieve higher productivity body often referred to as the National to produce and share information. through yield monitoring, crop stress SDI Offi ce (NSDI) (Figure 1). This offi ce mapping and soil condition monitoring. coordinates cross-sector SDI activities, Cooperation is assisted through a Steering formulates strategies and produces general Committee (appropriately mandated) that

Promoting Sustainable SDI Governance

Without an SDI in place, governments typically lack the inter-organizational communication necessary to coordinate and provide integrated access to their spatial data holdings. This is also the case in Sri Lanka. Cross-agency interaction and collaboration is often based on offi cial channels of information fl ows (UN-SPIDER, 2011). This approach it subject to a high degree of bureaucracy for data requests, the preparation and signing of data sharing agreements, and manual data transfer methods. Delays are frequent and the process is costly. While Figure 1: Example of a Sustainable SDI Governance Model

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 1919 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM sets policy and binds institutions to work a particular strategic outcome. It • Plan Ahead: Data handling and storage towards achieving common interests. clarifi es what needs to be done and by needs are planned in order to manage Operational SDI matters are best dealt with whom. It is likely to include a policy and maintain databases in a way that by a body of experts (or NSDI Council) position followed by a set of practice maximises data investments and drawn from the line Departments. standards or detailed procedures benefi ts, and meets business priorities. supported by guidelines or toolkit. • Consult: Consultation is carried out Seven policies that collectively with relevant authorities to determine The Policy Framework contribute to effective and effi cient the correct protocols, methodologies management of spatial data throughout and classifi cation procedures to An all too familiar diffi culty for its lifecycle are: custodianship, data use for newly acquired data. governments is that legislation and acquisition, spatial data management, • Determine Point of Truth: policy solutions frequently fail in their information privacy, sensitive When sourcing data, work with fi rst evolution due to lack of support. information, data access and pricing, relevant agencies to determine the The lesson learned is to deliver policy and intellectual property management. authoritative ‘point-of-truth’ dataset. reform incrementally, where each stage 6. Legislation is the fi nal step in policy • Compliance: Custodians to provide is geared towards inspiring cooperation reform and may not be required if external contractors (project teams) and collaboration for data sharing. the policy/s is proving an adequate with compliance standards for the Involvement of a broad range of instrument for opening up access acquisition of data including, but not stakeholder groups early and at every stage to data. Also, countries often have limited to, procedural guidelines, promotes support for open data initiatives. existing legislation for intellectual data standards and metadata property rights management, standards to facilitate data reuse. The six stages are (Figure 2): information privacy, copyright • Assess Fit for Purpose: All 1. A strategy that encapsulates the vision and data security, which already new datasets are assessed for and goals of the broader stakeholder provide an adequate basis for spatial their appropriateness against group for the use of spatial technologies data access and management. specifi ed criteria including, scale, in delivering on the important social, resolution, accuracy, reliability, economic and environmental objectives classifi cation and integrity. of government. This builds support Guidelines for Scaling- for open data initiatives across up Project-level Spatial the broader stakeholder group. Data Acquisitions Working at Scale Using 2. A Road Map that identifi es the the Map Portal critical steps towards achieving the Having a SDI Policy Framework in place short and long-term SDI outcomes means that all new projects have the The Map Portal is one of the key enablers including anticipated milestones to necessary information to plan, record and to working at scale. Projects have ready manage stakeholder expectations. capture spatial information in a way it access to datasets via a data catalogue. 3. An Intergovernmental Charter for can be reused. This includes the Spatial Access to data stores can be achieved via Spatial Data Management that Data Acquisition Policy that has the a decentralised or centralized warehouse. articulates the main principles and following principles for working at scale: some specifi c undertakings required • Avoid Duplication: All projects and When compared to the governance model by data custodians. The charter is activities that give rise to substantial and data sharing polices, the technology generally a 1-2 page Memorandum of datasets will establish at the outset installation side of the SDI can often be Understanding (MOU) enacted at the whether suitable data already exist in achieved far more smoothly because: Steering Committee and NSDI Council a potentially usable form, or whether • there are a number of systems levels. Its purpose is to instigate and new data needs to be acquired. available in the market that are build cooperation between agencies to • Assign Custodianship: Prior to readily deployable; and develop and implement data sharing approval of new data collection • resistance to collaboration is lessened policies in the national interest. activities, establish how the as the actual data remains within the 4. A Policy Framework that describes acquired data will be exploited control of custodial agencies. This the overall strategic approach and for maximum benefi t, identify alleviates concerns with information desired future. The objective is to who will be responsible for full security, as security can be managed set out what needs to be achieved exploitation of the data, and how within the control of each organisation in order to bring about change. It the benefi ts will be shared. even though access to data is opened up. is often an ‘umbrella’ strategy to which a number of policies relate. 5. The actual policy/s drafted in consultation with stakeholders. The policy/s identifi es how to achieve Figure 2: Spatial Data Sharing Policy Reform Stages – An Incremental Approach

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2020 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM studies, hazard risk maps for disaster separately today; creating ambiguity preparedness and disease outbreaks for end users and an unnecessary for public health programs. fi nancial overhead for governments. • Socio-economic data themes such as census statistics or household While this is the case for cross- surveys conducted through projects. government supply chains in Sri Lanka, the vertical government supply chains For Sri Lanka, as with other countries are streamlined with consistent data embarking on their SDI journey, models and standards particular to each organizing the catalogue requires institution. This puts Sri Lanka in an a data inventory to understand the extremely advantageous position, as breadth of data assets and where vertical supply chains (i.e. between they are held. During the inventory the various levels of government) process the level of data access is are typically far more diffi cult to determined. Categories of access levels control with reliability, particularly include public access, government- in countries where provinces/states only access and restricted content. have a long history of autonomy, as is the case in Australia, United Figure 3: Data Framework States of America and Vietnam. Mainstreaming Spatial Getting Organized with Data Supply Chains With a plethora of data models and the Data Framework standards in place, provincial/state A challenge for project teams is often how systems cannot be easily joined with Major technical obstacles for to move project-level data acquisitions, consistency. On-the-fl y processes to governments are often the lack of including community provided federate province/state datasets to standards for spatial data, incompatible information, into mainstream spatial data create a seamless nationwide view are classifi cation schemes, and no common supply chains. Because different data currently being investigated (CRCSI, vocabulary and/or data dictionary. vocabularies, standards and schemas can 2013). In the interim data harmonization occur, exchanging and reusing project- is the customary approach. A three tier Data Framework is being level data is not necessarily straightforward considered for Sri Lanka (Figure 3). This and project data may enter the supply The implementation of a SDI is an model supports projects working at scale, chain a various locations (Figure 4). opportune time for governments to as well as the ability to scale up project evaluate their spatial data holdings data acquisitions. The tiers include: Given technology interoperability today, and supply chain strategies and bring • Fundamental data themes for which this situation is hard to comprehend. The clarity to data custodianship and users (including projects) have a problem is historical. Since the 1980s-90s, responsibility for specifi c upstream recurring need i.e. administrative when digital mapping systems fi rst and downstream activities. It is also boundaries, reserves, place names, came into effect, organisations in many time for project sponsors to consider transportation, buildings, hydrography, countries typically handled everything operating within a more sustainable utilities, elevation, land use, from data collection, presentation, supply chain framework rather than cadastre, address and imagery. marketing and distribution and often within an isolated project scope. Methods • Application data themes that often adopted their own information technology available to project teams include: include project data, such as fl ora and and data standards. Many of these • Incremental Updating, where project fauna for ecological and biodiversity datasets are still managed and maintained data updates are forwarded to the data custodian for the inclusion/integration into the authoritative database. • Database Versioning, where updates are performed by the project team on a copy of the custodian’s database, which is then integrated into the authoritative source by the custodian. • Direct Editing, where updates are performed directly to a custodian’s authoritative database.

Research is currently examining Figure 4: Project-level data acquisitions may enter the supply chains at various locations. more automated methods to confl ate

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2121 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM project-level data with authoritative Conclusion Local Government Association (LGA) sources (Yu et al, 2016). (2010) The Value of Geospatial While SDI solutions come with some Information to Local Public Service signifi cant challenges, getting the policy Delivery in England and Wales, Final Preparing for the Future and governance components in place Report, [Online] Accessible at http:// with a Modularized System early will allow governments to achieve www.acilallen.com.au/cms_fi les/ major incremental steps towards achieving ACIL_Geospatial_UK.pdf SDIs characteristically incorporate a robust data sharing solution; one in design fl exibility and therefore, any which business leaders, not-for-profi t Ministry of Environment (2009) number of applications/modules can project teams and policy makers can National Action Plan for Harita be built from accessible data stores. work at scale using the best available Lanka Programme [Online] Available This is an important capability given data, and where project-level data can at http://www.environmentmin.gov. the changing SDI landscape. be scaled up and reused in the national lk/web/pdf/Harita_Lanka_Book_ interest well beyond a project’s lifetime. small.pdf, accessed June 2014 Digital economies are expanding This is the plan for the Sri Lanka SDI. worldwide and 40 percent of the world’s Ministry of Environment and Natural populations have access to the internet, Resources (MENR) (2014) National and the number keeps growing (Internet Acknowledgements Sustainable Development Strategy, Live Stats, 2016). With internet users under development, [Online] spending more than 108 minutes This paper would not have been possible Available at http://www.un.org/esa/ per day on mobile internet services without the support of the National agenda21/natlinfo/countr/slanka/ (Statistica, 2015), spatial information Spatial Data Infrastructure Committee, nsds.pdf, draft accessed June 2014. has the potential to become further Government of Sri Lanka and Dr I.H.K embeddedspent an average of 74.4 Mahanama, Secretary Ministry of Lands. Ministry of Natural Resources minutes on mobile internet services per Canada (MNR) (2015) Canadian day. As of the second quarter 2014, this This paper is an abridged version of Geomatics Environmental Scan and time had increased to 108.6 minutes per the original prepared for presentation at Value Study, [Online] Available at day. 74.4 minutes on mobile internet the “2016 World Bank Conference on http://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/ services per day. 74.4 minutes on mobile Land and Poverty” The World Bank - ess_pubs/296/296426/cgdi_ip_41e. internet services per day. 74.4 minutes Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016. pdf, accessed December 2015. on mobile internet services per day. 74.4 minutes on mobile internet services Sri Lankan Government (2014) per day.spatils in digital economies. References Powering Decision Making and Innovation Using Spatial Information The enabler for this change will stem ACIL Tasman (2008) The Value of Spatial technologies, Consultation Draft from the Internet of Things (IoT), with Information: The impact of modern [Online], Available at http:// city-wide sensors connecting people spatial information technologies on the www.landmin.gov.lk/web/upload/ with locations and services, becoming Australian economy, [Online] Available downloads/SLSDI%20Strategy. part of information systems and end- at http://www.crcsi.com.au/Resources/ pdf, pp35, accessed Nov 2015 user applications. For government this general-interest, accessed Oct 2013. means an unprecedented opportunity Statistica (2015) Mobile Phone Internet to streamline city operations, Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial User Penetration Worldwide from 2014 improve logistical management, Information (CRCSI) (2013) Spatial to 2019, [Online] Available at http:// reduce service costs and advance Infrastructures Research Strategy, [Online] www.statista.com/statistics/284202/ overall economic sustainability. Available at http://www.crcsi.com.au/ mobile-phone-internet-user-penetration- library/resource/spatial-infrastructures- worldwide/, accessed December 2015. This is where the full value of the research-strategy, accessed June 2015. SDI comes into being. Technologies UN-SPIDER (2011) Technical for climate sensors, animal tracking, ICTA (2014) Transforming a Nation Advisory Mission, unpublished silo stock calibrations, fl ood gauges, through Information Technology, [Online] works, 17-21 October. pest monitoring and dust cloud Available at http://www.icta.lk/en/e- detection systems all have spatial sri-lanka.html, accessed June 2014. Yu. F, West. G, Arnold. L, McMeekin, location as a crucial component D. Moncrieff, S (2016) Automatic and can be incorporated into the Internet Live Stats (2016) Internet Geospatial Data Confl ation Using SDI as accessible datasets from Users in the World, [Online] Available Semantic Web Technologies, in where they can be reused again and at http://www.internetlivestats.com/ proceeding of 39th Australasian Computer again for Smarter City services. internet-users/, access December 2015. Science Conference, 2016. [

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2222 226/07/166/07/16 7:057:05 AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2323 1 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2424 2 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2525 3 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2626 4 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2727 5 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2828 6 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM 1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6

SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 2929 7 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:057:05 AM AMAM Ambiguity resolu- tion is faster and more reliable

Ambiguity resolution is more difficult and less reliable

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SSD56_CMPL_JulySD56_CMPL_Javad_July16_Ad.inddD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3030 8 08/07/16226/07/166/07/1 6 12:02 7:067:06 AM AMAM [ CADASTRE Systematic Cadastre Surveying and Inventory of Real Estate Objects in Azerbaijan This paper describes the methods used for the implementation of land administration in development cooperation projects, especially in Azerbaijan

Gernod Schindler n all development cooperation projects Germany, the land administration (real estate GCI – Dr. Schindler Geo Iin the fi eld of land administration, registry and land register) is realized at a very Consult International, initially, the particular national and regional high level. In the context of development Leipzig, Germany characteristics must be considered, especially aid this can redound to disadvantages in the regarding institutional, legal and technical international competition. It’s presumed, conditions. Additionally the Know how whether consciously or not, that the experts level in the partner organizations and in the in developed countries are to accurate and Erik Schuetz private sector must be considered adequately. therefore to expensive. But if a government HHK Braunschweig, Finally, the expectations of the target group has decided to establish a nationwide Germany must be respected. These expectations should land administration the government is be harmonized with the project goals. often infl uenced by what is presented at international conferences and exhibitions (e. GCI – Dr. Schindler Geo Consult g. INTERGEO©). The decision-makers don’t International GmbH & Co. KG (GCI) has realize that the high quality level in Western been active for more than 20 years in more European countries and other developed than 25 countries in international projects countries is not arose in two or three years. in the fi eld of land administration and land management. The project countries are Therefore it’s not easy for consulting located in East and South East Europe, companies to fulfi ll high quality standards Africa, Central and South East Asia and while being simultaneously measured Latin America. Many projects were executed on a value of money which make it in cooperation with GFA - Consulting Group diffi cult to deliver results that meet GmbH, based in Hamburg, Germany. the demands of quality. Therefore it is important, to use adequate methods and This paper, prepared for the Journal technologies which meet the requirements “Coordinates”, describes the methods used of development cooperation projects, e.g..: for the implementation of land administration • Involving local experts for the creation in development cooperation projects, of local resources at acceptable costs, especially in Azerbaijan, and the experiences • preferably digital techniques made by the consortium GFA/GCI. for reducing errors, • use of modern and high effective methods to accelerate surveying and data collection, Selected aspects of surveying • complementary consultancy services and data collection in land to improve the legal framework, administration projects • involving owners and local administrations to improve legal Expectations and adapted methods certainty of border determination in development cooperation projects and data collection, • continuous training and systematic It is generally acknowledged that in a controls as indispensable quality couple of West European countries, also in management components.

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3131 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM As a consequence the used methods • quality of the required technical clear sign for the necessity of the executed have to offer a high output at minimal infrastructure (internet, GNSS inventory of all real estate objects. At the costs per parcel and legal entity. reference service), same time it is obvious, that communal • the owners willingness and and state institutions don’t have reliable In many projects, especially in technical interest to cooperate, information on existing real estate so that development projects GCI could • effi ciency of the planned surveying they are able to fulfi ll their administrative contribute components for the systematic and collection methods, tasks only in a severely limited way. It gets implementation of a land administration • fi nancial requirement for very clear, that the newly collected cadastre system. In two fi nancial cooperation projects future project areas. data are needed not only for assuring all different aspects of the systematic ownership but also for many additional cadastral surveying for the preparation The concept phase succeeded. In the administrative tasks. The meaning of multi- of owner registration were deployed. frame of intergovernmental negotiations purpose cadastre becomes very clear here. Azerbaijan and Germany agreed to In a KfW (German Bank for Development) continue with the planned implementation Below some essential aspects of the fi nanced project in Georgia from 01/2000 to phase. In 10/2013 this phase started methodical approach of the surveying 02/2008 a systematic surveying for a new with the goal to survey systematically and data collection are highlighted. cadastral surveying was conducted. In this and completely the districts Ganja and surveying 1.4 million parcels and ca. 1.0 Sheki, located in the west and northwest Systematic local surveying versus million additional legal entities (apartments, of Azerbaijan. Additionally all relevant digitalization of orthophotos buildings) were recorded and prepared for attribute data should be collected in digital a fi rst registration. Additional surveying form. The data for ownership registration At international conferences, especially results and attributes were adopted from is recorded through surveying and data in the context of developing cooperation, cooperation projects of other donor collection. But the registration itself is the digitalization using orthophotos is organizations and were integrated into a only fulfi lled on request of the owners. publicized. In this matter cost benefi ts consistent geodatabase for the national Therefore the Azerbaijanian partners name and the good readability of images are cadastral and registration agency NAPR. the project “systematic cadastre inventory”. playing an important role. But this method is not suitable neither for Georgia nor in At the end of the project ca. 3.5 million For the implementation of this project Azerbaijan as the dominant method because: parcels and ca. 1.0 million additional legal the consortium GFA/GCI can use the rich • Dense vegetation in settlements impede entities were saved in the geodatabase. experience and expertise of the Georgia the identifi cation of borders. In many The „National Agency of Public Registry“ project 2000-2008. The proven surveying cases the lines of the borders at the (NAPR) already took responsibility for and collection methods are used again. site are not marked. Sometimes they the data and data updates in the fi nal Nevertheless there are signifi cant technical are marked just with simple means stage of the project. NAPR improved improvements in the current project, e.g.: (wire, laths, decayed fences). They consequently the usability, extended the • Utilization of CORS (permanent are not visible on orthophotos. possibilities of using the data and took care stations for GNSS reference service), • In cities usually there aren’t of the procedures for the ongoing updates • collection of attribute data in demarcations between private, of the cadastral and register data. These digital form using tablets, municipal and governmental areas. actions led to the result that Georgia, in the • utilization of open source software In many cases these demarcations last years, rank fi rst several times in the for data examination and data must be determined by a concerted World Bank Ranking „Doing Business”. storage in a temporary database site inspection. Only afterwards a surveying of the areas is possible. Since the beginning of 2011 GCI operates As part of the general government task • The use of orthophotos to determine with the consortium partner GFA Consulting about 170,000 parcels are measured the demarcations of arable land, Group in Azerbaijan. In a concept in the Ganja and Sheki regions. meadows and orchards as well is phase from 01/2011 to 10/2011, in close problematic because many times the cooperation with the State Committee When the pilot project fi nished in 10/2011 areas are leased by several owners but for Property Issues (SCPI), it was proved the estimation was 100.000 parcels to are cultivated corporately. Therefore whether the required conditions existed to be surveyed in both districts altogether. the cultivation borders are not the implement a systematic cadastre and register But the real estate market evolved in an same like the property borders. system. The following aspects were proved: accelerated way during the past fi ve years. • Existing legal framework, As well as in the second biggest city of The problems described here are • political willingness and Azerbaijan Ganja as in the more rural illustrated in fi gures 1 und 2. governmental mandate of the district Sheki private construction works responsible agency SCPI, increased enormously. That’s why the real In Azerbaijan, as well in Georgia, • availability of local experts from number of parcels doubled in some regions the principle is used: „A cadastre the public and private sector, compared to initial estimations. This is a must be realized by foot.“

32 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3232 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM After the agreement of the local In the surveying team two qualifi ed local densifi cation points were determined with demarcation the border is determined by persons are working. With this method 20 reference to the national control network. terrestrial surveying. Therefore a Digital to 25 parcels within settlements and 30 to From the densifi cation points temporary Plan Table (DPT) is used. DPT consists of 50 parcels outside settlements are measured auxiliary points were determined using a GNSS-Rover, a fi eld computer with the during an 8-hour day. The applied RTK (long exertion, dual measurements) mobile GIS PENMAP and an inclinometer surveying method is extraordinary effective directly on-site. On these points the base enabled laser distance meter. All single and is one of the main reasons that the station were mounted which provided the components are connected via Bluetooth. costs per parcel in Azerbaijan currently necessary correction data to the mobile only amounts to ca. 20 $ US. These are not rover. That way a positional accuracy of Using this equipment most of the points can only the mere surveying costs of the local 10 cm was achieved throughout Georgia. be surveyed directly. In case of shadowing surveying companies but the total costs. or in roofed courtyards auxiliary methods These costs comprise as well the costs for In this regard the conditions in the current may be applied. Therefore auxiliary points the following components and services: project in Azerbaijan are much better. are determined using the RTK mode of Acquisition of the surveying systems and The implementation of CORS already GNSS. With these points the relevant border computers, data collection in the fi eld, started in 2010. Unfortunately it wasn’t and building points are determined using training of local staff, consulting services yet ready for operation during the concept special geodetic methods like bilateration, by international and local experts, quality phase in 2011. However, since the embedding in a straight line or extension. management by the consulting company. beginning of the implementation phase The coordinates from the GNSS-Rover in October 2013 the reference service and the distances measured with the laser At the end of the working day all data AZPOS is available and usually works distance meter are transferred to the mobile is transferred into a temporary database reliably. Sometimes limitations occur computer via Bluetooth. Subsequently the that was developed by the consultant due to shortened internet access which leader of the surveying team can analyze especially for the project. The database make it impossible to receive correction the data on-site using PENMAP and he uses several test methods (topology, data. The same problems occur in some can create the preliminary cadastral map. plausibility, completeness) to check the remote mountainous regions and mountain required data quality. Simultaneously all villages. In such circumstances base and In Azerbaijan for the fi eld work a total of data is saved and stored until completion rover are used. Overall, it has to be noted 25 DPTs are used. Each system consists and delivery of a complete lot. that the availability of the CORS network of a Trimble R 10 or R 6 receiver in facilitates the work process and increases combination with the PENMAP software. Utilization of orthophotos and CORS the effi ciency of the surveying teams. Trimble RTX technology inside of R10 allows the use of GNSS in remote In spite of the facts mentioned above Determination of borders in regions without CORS accessibility. orthophotos (if available) are used cooperation with the owners additionally to terrestrial surveying, especially for information with little The on-site determination of the precision requirements, e. g.: borders in cooperation with the owners • Forest and municipal meadows, is an important element for accepting • water, the fi rst cadastral surveying by the • mountains, people and the administration. • road axes, • (partly) municipal boundaries. The cooperation is prepared by informing the people. Before the start of the surveying The orthophotos of a particular surveying the population in the affected areas is Figure 1: Orthophoto of a steadily area are stored as tiled images on the informed by local television, radio and growing settlement without borders fi eld computer. Thus the team leader press. The advantages of a systematic has the possibility to compare the cadastre inventory is explained and surveying results with the orthophoto to the owners are requested to submit an check plausibility errors. Unacceptable application for property registration to the deviations are examined directly on-site. registry agency. Additionally, the responsible surveying companies inform every owner During the project in Georgia 2000 – 2008 via a fl yer ca. 3-5 days before the surveying Continuously Operating Reference Stations date about the upcoming surveying. This (CORS) were in development stages, even guarantees that in most cases, at the fi rst in developed western countries. In Georgia attempt, the access to the properties is they even did not exist. Therefore DPTs granted. In this regard it is advantageous, Figure 2: Orthophoto with with two GNSS receivers together with that in many houses still three generations locally determined borders base and rover were used. Beforehand are living together. Furthermore, by far

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 33

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3333 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM there is no full employment, especially In addition to the various documents all apartments and commercial units in rural areas. This procedure achieves one or two meaningful photos related are continued to be registered by real an intense inclusion of the owners in the to the property are made and stored for allowance and tangible data collection for surveying process and leading to a high all buildings. These images can be used the creation of a “technical passport” for acceptance of the results by the population. in conjunction of the property data with each object. These data are taken from the buildings, e. g. for approximate analogue documents and are entered Collection of property data valuation, for urban planning as well into the databases by the contracted as for building regulation duties. survey companies in Azerbaijan. Due In the frames of systematic re-measurement to the quality, this data can be used of all properties not only the boundaries, Use of existing data from further for the systematic inventory buildings and land use will be measured, existing archives and transferred to the unifi ed database. but also numerous property data about the This approach contributes to cost owners, real estate (buildings, apartments, In the frame of the systematic inventory reduction in the systematic inventory, commercial units) and rights to the property of all property data from reliable especially for the apartments. (e. g. servitudes) will be collected. This already existing data sets is used. makes absolute sense in the context of an This applies mainly in two cases: initial systematic inventory of all properties. a) Although the registration process Tasks of the consultants As in Azerbaijan the registration of rights has so far been relatively expensive in the KfW fi nanced to property takes place only on request, it is and complicated for Azerbaijani project in Azerbaijan expected that many months or even years relations, many owners have already pass till the full legal registration of all let to register their properties in the The fi nancing of the project in Azerbaijan property takes place. Since the property data sense of sporadic registration. has been agreed as a result of government can be used in addition to the registration negotiations between the two countries of property in the sense of multipurpose The boundaries and buildings are, however, Azerbaijan and Germany. It was decided cadastre for various administrative tasks, re-measured in each case. This is strongly that an international and experienced their collection is convenient, even if recommended because the measurement consulting company will assist in the some of the information, in particular in results are often faulty in combination implementation of the project. terms of ownership, until the legal binding with the sporadic registration. This is registration have only a formal character. mainly due to the following reasons: Below are shortly represented some of the • lack of surveying equipment, key tasks of the contracted consortium To collect the property data, a special • lack of knowledge for correct use of GFA/GCI, without claim of completeness. software has been prepared by the GNSS and electronic tachymetry, consultant based on the open-source • measurement with local control Project Management application ‘Open Data Kit’ (ODK). points without connecting to the ODK is used by an employee of one of offi cial position reference system, If projects concerning the implementation the surveying teams on a Tablet PC to • imprecise identifi cation of of a land administration are awarded capture property data digitally parallel the boundaries, etc. to suitable consulting companies, this to the surveying works. In addition, all companies are responsible for the relevant documents are photographed These inaccuracies and measurement errors realization of the project in technical, with the tablet PC and linked to the can be detected and corrected only in the fi nancial and personnel terms and in terms right object with an ID. The following context of the systematic cadastral surveys. of achieving the objectives and effects. documents are included, if exist: For this reason, the already registered lands • Personal document of were not recessed from the systematic re- The consortium GFA/GCI supported the holder / owner, measurement. However, the property data SCPI with relevant activities to realize • possession of evidence, such as is retained from the existing registers. the project. From the beginning the building permits, house books, etc., b) With regard to the apartments and main focus was to build up local • documents from the land reform. commercial units, there are very detailed capacities and to enable them to execute documents by the local authorities. This the necessary works. The consultant If the property has already been is due to the fact that in the socialist times focused mainly on following activities: registered, it is only checked, if the of the Soviet Union living space was • Elaboration of the technical registration number detected by the very limited and was therefore managed instruction for systematic inventory surveying team is identical with the carefully by the “Bureau of Technical of all real estate objects including number in the document. Only if there are Inventory” (BTI). This tradition was an exact cadastral survey differences, as a precaution, all property continued, although after the privatization • Elaboration of a guideline for quality data is collected again. In such cases a state or municipal housing management assurance within the project the registration authority is responsible no longer is required. By now it doesn’t • Supporting SCPI on tendering for elucidation of the contradictions. take place anymore. Nevertheless, surveying technology

34 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3434 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM • Training of more than 80 technicians project country. It can be quite useful trained again, since trained people very of local surveying companies when a fi rst draft will be prepared by the often leave the public administrations. • Training of approximately 10 GIS consultant, which then serves as a basis for operators of private companies discussion. So already exemplary methods Another important aspect of training • Supporting SCPI on tendering and procedures were tested in the pilot programs is the preferably concept of the lots for surveying works process in 2011. As a result, technical “train the trainer”. In larger projects within the project area requirements have been developed and suitable trainees are found in competitions, • Supporting and control of private adopted for this particular case. Therefore which are trained especially intensive companies during fi eld works and the results of the data collection can be in order to independently conduct processing of cadastral (GIS) data transferred and used in the offi cial register. training in the future in cases of proven • Reporting on project progress merit. They act as multipliers of the Education and training training. This ensures that even after In private sector so-called “turn key” completion of a project experts can projects are common, in which the recipients In the context of sustainable project continue to be educated and trained. of services are handed over with turnkey implementation emphasis must be products. In development cooperation placed on ensuring a broadest know- Quality Management projects the goal is very different from how transfer to local institutions and that because the partner countries should experts. The private sector should For data collection methods it is be involve in all planning and decision be involved as well, because in most important to provide an effective quality processes. It is important to enable the land administration projects private management. Since in accounting process, partner countries, upon completion of surveying companies are responsible further processing, storage and output projects, to apply the newly established for carrying out of the surveying work of data errors can occur, they should be procedures, methods and more effi cient and the attribute data collection. The identifi ed and eliminated. At the same time processes independently and to achieve the trainings were usually designed for it is necessary to check the completeness, associated effects in terms of a sustainable different levels. Both the technicians accuracy and consistency of data. Along strengthening of their economies. and engineers who will carry out the with the verifi cation and documentation fi eld and offi ce work as well as decision- of quality of pragmatic origin, status and Creating the legislative framework makers should be trained (fi gure 3). time accuracy of the data, the quality of the received data will be guaranteed. In addition to the project management one It must be guaranteed, that a suffi cient of the most important tasks is the creation of number of employees are suffi cient Collecting and processing of data will be proper conditions. Many project approaches qualifi ed. Because experience has shown carried out after extensive (productive) neglected that a systematic creation or that the fl uctuation of the well-educated theoretical and practical training of all improvement of land administration and mostly low-paid employees in the personnel involved, both the private usually requires an adapted legislative administrations is very large. Especially sector and the administration. Regularly framework, where the basic relationships qualifi ed experts who have been trained occurring mistakes and wrong methods of the actors to each other in this sector are during a project have better earning will be identifi ed in such a way until regulated. This includes both institutional, potential in the private sector. Therefore, they become typical. The local project organizational and technical issues. What’s you meet very often new staff, which must workers and the employees of companies the use of, for an example, a fully digital data fl ow in a project, if such a procedure is not permitted by law or regulations?

A thorough analysis of the existing legislative framework has to follow a recommendation for urgent new regulations on a statutory, regulatory or technical requirements level. It should be a maxim of every project manager to involve local experts, both in conducting the analysis and for the necessary conclusions. Additionally, at an early stage policy authorities should be involved. Once it is determined what needs to be regulated, the draft of the new regulations has to be developed corporately with the involvement of experts from the Figure 3: Training of local experts

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 35

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3535 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM involved and the administration will entity-relationship-model (ER- is implemented. If the local project be trained in the use of quality control model). The terms used in the partners already have digital data, measures. That way they could execute conceptual design originate from they are transferred into the database these tasks themselves in the future. the ‘real world’, using words of for using the software immediately. the users everyday work. The Subsequently, the users are trained conceptual design is created in close intensively - preferably, following Software development cooperation of users and developers. the principle “train the trainer”. After for quality testing and 2.3 Logical design and implementation fi nishing the project these trainers serve data management The logical design is used to transfer as contact persons for the users and the conceptual design into a logical take care for the continuance of the For a sustainable use and for the database model like the relational software. The main developers should acceptance of software in developing data model used by the database be reliable contact persons even after cooperation project a participatory management software PostgreSQL. the departure from the project country approach is necessary. Finally, on basis of the logical and should support the users via online design, the database is implemented. services as Skype or TeamViewer. In nearly all land administration and The logical design and the cadastre projects, in which GCI is implementation is generally the task involved, a geographic information of the developers. Nevertheless, Using open-source software system (GIS) and a geodatabase is if qualifi ed local developers are QGIS and PostgreSQL/PostGIS used. The development of the database available, they are involved in this is the fi rst step in the process of the working step. Sometimes local Not only in the cadastre project in software development. During intensive developers are trained beforehand, Azerbaijan, GCI is using open-source discussions the data model and the “digital as it was realized in a GIZ project software. Only if there is no suitable illustration” of the working processes are in Cambodia in 01-02/2016. open-source software for a particular task developed. Subsequently the design of 3. Design of graphical user interfaces proprietary software is used. Compared to user interfaces and the code programming In cooperation with the users the proprietary software open-source software is realized. During fi rst test runs the design of the graphical user interfaces has many advantages, especially for the database, GIS and code is adjusted. is determined using sketches (analog use in developing cooperation projects. or digital). That way, the users get Below the common procedure an impression of the software and In development cooperation projects of a participatory software may contribute to it at an early GCI uses two open-source software development is described (as it is stage, which is very important for applications: the geographic information done by GCI in Azerbaijan): the acceptance of the software. system QGIS and the database 1. Development of a simple 4. Software programming management system PostgreSQL/PostGIS. example application If possible, local developers are Both applications belong to the most To give a fi rst idea of the software involved for programming tasks used and popular open-source products. to the stakeholders a fi rst example supporting the main developers. By Because of the popularity, the professional application is developed. Using this favorable circumstances qualifi ed organization, the active communities and a software the users gain experience persons are available already. Normally, sound fi nancing by sponsorship operational and know-how. On this basis the the staff is low qualifi ed and must be safety is guaranteed in the long term. further development is realized trained according to the requirements. in a collaborative manner. The inclusion of local developers The applications interact via interfaces 2. Database development is crucial for the sustainability in an optimal way (fi gure 4). In the 2.1 Requirement analysis of the software because they are database all data is stored. In addition During the requirement analysis responsible for the maintenance and the database is responsible for spatial the consultant together with enhancements of the software after analysis and geometry processing. In the decision makers and users the developing project had fi nished. QGIS the data is presented in maps. clarify which processes should be 5. Presentation of a fi rst version QGIS offers the possibility to create supported and which information After the completion of the extensions to supplement the basic is needed by the users. programming tasks a fi rst application functionality with custom-built functions. 2.2 Conceptual design version is presented to some users. Thus, project-specifi c menus and dialogs The conceptual design is a plain Based on user feedback the software for a particular process can be created. structured model containing is adjusted. Generally, only small The extension dialogs in QGIS can be the database objects and their adjustments are necessary. translated in any language. This is a relationships. Generally the 6. Implementation, training and support big advantage in countries with non design is illustrated using the After successful test runs the software popular languages as in Azerbaijan,

36 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3636 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM • Provision of all cadastral data to state and communal institutions to improve their administrative performance

The experiences gained during the project show defi nitely: • The technologies applied are highly effi cient and guarantee a sound legal security, hence the owners are involved in the process of determination of the parcel boundaries • The used surveying equipment is highly effi cient and works also with Figure. 4: Interaction of QGIS and PostgreSQL limited GNSS availability reliably • Open-source software can be used reliably Mongolia, Laos etc. In development only collected to register ownership but for data processing, checking and storage cooperation projects this advantage leads also for a sustainable Land Management. • The methodology of project to more acceptance of the software. The Republic of Azerbaijan is on a good execution specifi cally involving way, but there is still a lot to do, e.g.: the private sector to a large extend • Simplifi cation of fi rst is reusable in other countries. Conclusion registration process • Reformation of the surveying I n the frame of the project SCPI, the and cadastre law References consultant and involved private companies • Continuation of systematic fi rst contributed a lot to establish a sustainable survey in additional districts Open Source 2015. https://opensource. land administration system in Azerbaijan. • Establishment of an effective system org/osd-annotated, last access In the course necessary data was not of cadastre maintenance on demand 30th of November 2015. [

SD51_CMPL_IP-Solution_Feb16_Ad_AS.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3737 1 11/02/16226/07/166/07/16 7:407:067:06 pmAMAM [ CLIMATE CHANGE Challenges to Climate Action and Resource Use Efficiency in South Asia This study tries to understand the impacts of climate change and its effects on the available resources

Dr Rishiraj Dutta he South Asian region is highly winters and hot summers. The climate Asian Disaster Tsensitive to the consequences of substantially varies from one region to Preparedness Center, climate change1. It is known to be the another due to varying topography. The Bangkok, Thailand most disaster prone region in the world country as a whole can be considered supporting a huge population of more than within the desert or desert steppe climate 1.3 billion (UNEP 2003). This is critical as classifi cation. It seems that the key to long- climate predictions for the future highlight term economic development of the country increase in frequency and intensity of may lie in natural resources and many extreme weather events like droughts and other known mineral deposits (estimated fl oods (IPCC 2001); indicative of the huge more than USD 3 trillion) which are still population that is likely to be exposed untapped due to political and economic and affected in the region. Tendencies instability. Similarly, sustainable surface of increase in intense rainfall with the water (estimated 2775 cubic meters potential for heavy rainfall events spread per capita), mineral resources, and well over few days are likely to impact water positioned geographical location for recharge rates and soil moisture conditions. trade and business make an attractive Rapid depletion of water resource is also opportunity and potential for economic a cause for concern in many countries development in the future. However, a within the region. In South Asia alone, number of political and economic issues 2.5 billion people will be affected with poses serious challenges. Thus, country water stress and scarcity by the year 2050 has not yet developed its own economic (Human Development Report, 2006). and social system in order to transfer While estimating these numbers, however, traditional economy to a sustainable changes in climatic conditions have not growing, environment-friendly and been considered. This paper presents the resource-effi cient industrial economy. prevailing challenges to climate action in South Asia and its impact on the available 2 Afghanistan presents a number of specifi c resources. The study was based on an challenges in terms of climate change extensive review of available documents assessment. Climate projections for and reports as well as through collection of Afghanistan require signifi cant refi nement survey data from the individual countries. due to the lack of availability of reliable historic meteorological records. Complex topography in Afghanistan also means Review of the Challenges Faced that local variations in response to global by Countries in South Asia warming, particularly precipitation, are with Regards to Climate Action likely to be large and many areas may vary from the regional trends. In addition, Afghanistan sporadic and poor quality socio-economic data make econometric modelling or Afghanistan is a landlocked, mountainous, robust cost/benefi t analysis of adaptation and dry country which has an arid and and mitigation policy nearly impossible. semi-dry continental climate with cold Poor national security also restricts the

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SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3838 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM impacted by are on an upward trend. It is observed

changes in climate. that CO2 emissions have more than Apart from the doubled from 2000 to 2010 (Figure 2). security concerns which are highly Bangladesh is also experiencing rise prevalent in in another major greenhouse gas, Afghanistan, the nitrous oxide. According to the World poor infrastructure, Development Indicators of World Bank, lack of skills total nitrous oxide emissions in 2000 and capital, the was 19614.2 kilo tons. A decade later, poor institutional emissions rose to 26159.6 kilo tons. system and the weak intention of Climate change has an impact on culture, involved parties tradition and overall livelihood throughout made the situation the country. River bank erosion, fl oods, Figure 1: Graph showing the mean temperature change in Afghanistan3 even worse in terms droughts, etc. are accountable for the of actions towards suffering of farmers and fi shermen and climate change as their migration. As an agricultural country, well as developing impact on farmers and their production reliable natural and has a great impact on the country’s man-made disaster economy. Food security under a changing management climate has become a great challenge system. for Bangladesh. The food production is decreasing which maybe to some Bangladesh extent related to the changing climate.

Bangladesh is in Bhutan need of urgent climate action. In Environment is an important issue in the terms of climate development of the Bhutanese nation Figure 2: Graph showing carbon-dioxide emissions in Bangladesh vulnerability, the as it is one of the four pillars of Gross (Source: World Bank 2013) country ranks National Happiness (GNH) philosophy of as number one development. The country has pursued a ability to undertake structured fi eldwork to in the world (World Bank, 2005). It is cautious policy in this direction and has assess potential mitigation and adaptation particularly susceptible to climate induced deliberately made conscious decisions not options. Despite the absence of good disasters. They not only cause immediate to sacrifi ce its environment on the altar of long term climatic records, available data collateral damage but have potential to revenue or GDP. The country has made and trends from neighbouring countries harm long term health and livelihood a voluntary international commitment indicate that mean annual temperature prospects for the world’s most densely to remain carbon neutral for all times to has increased by 0.6°C since 1960, at an populated country. Intergovernmental come and the constitution mandates that average rate of around 0.13°C per decade. Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 the country should maintain 60 percent Increases have been most pronounced forecasted that a mere 1 meter rise in forest coverage for all time. The present during the autumn with increases at an sea level will inundate 20 percent of its forest coverage is more than what the average rate of 0.29°C per decade and landmass and thus much of the coastal constitution prescribes (70 percent) and a signifi cant increase in the number of regions and its agricultural systems will the protected area is 51.32 percent. exceptionally hot days and nights. The be lost. If business as usual continues, country also faces increased climatic then by the year 2050, Bangladesh’s rice 4 Bhutan falls within the IPCC’s South Asia hazards. Among them the most adverse and wheat productivity will decline by sub-continental region which stretches impact is from drought associated with 8 percent and 32 percent respectively. to latitude 50°N. Averaged temperature the dynamics of desertifi cation and land and precipitation changes were observed

degradation. The worsening climatic Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary using datasets of 21 global models. For conditions in Afghanistan will continue greenhouse gas that contributes to climate the A1B scenario3, the models show a to impact socio-economic development, change. Bangladesh like other developing median increase of 3.3°C by 2100, with creating stresses for vulnerable groups. countries is becoming increasingly increases in daily minimum and maximum Agriculture and water resources industrialized and modernized. Therefore, temperatures. The largest warming will

management are likely to be severely it is not a surprise that its CO2 emissions take place at higher altitudes, for example

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 39

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 3939 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM over the Himalayas, as surface albedo will and raw materials. Several policies are Nepal decrease with the melting of snow and not implemented effectively due to ice. A 5 percent decrease in precipitation lack of expertise and resources. Some Nepal is known as one of the climatically is also projected in the dry season, and an initiatives are already in place to protect vulnerable countries in the world due to 11 percent increase for the rest of the year. the communities. Planting trees and its fragility, climate sensitive ecosystem The current evidences of climate change protecting the trees along the shoreline and socioeconomic circumstances. IPCC in Bhutan are primarily extreme weather of many Maldives islands has helped (2007) report states that climate change events, but impacts from incremental reduce erosion. It also protects the island is already having discernable impacts, changes are likely to be evident in the from storm surges. Mining of sand from particularly in least developed countries coming decades. The impacts of climate the beaches and lagoons surrounding like Nepal which are more vulnerable change depend primarily on the people’s the islands is prohibited as sand mining from the impacts because of their inability vulnerability, which is determined by aggravates erosion. Government has to cope with these climatic shocks. It is factors including poverty, remoteness, designated sites for sand mining. expected to have serious environmental, governance, capacity and awareness, Coral mining is banned throughout economic, and social impacts in South natural resources management and the country. Imported aggregates are Asia in particular, where rural farmers other factors that pose challenges to used for construction. Mangroves also whose livelihoods depend on the use of achieving national development targets5. helps protect communities from climate natural resources are likely to bear the Currently climate-related impacts are change impacts. Mangroves acts as brunt of its adverse impacts (ICIMOD observed on the glaciers and attention is sumps absorbing fl ood waters during 2009). The region is also confronted on the risk of glacial lake outburst fl oods storm surges and heavy rain. It is also with issues like poverty, environmental (GLOF). Future climate change will have rich in biological diversity and provides degradation, depletion in natural potential impacts on development and suitable environments for both marine resources, shrinking of water resources livelihoods in Bhutan. The impacts of and terrestrial organisms to breed. and desertifi cation. Climatic variability in climate change are likely to be mainly Campaigns by both government and this fragile ecosystem and nature based felt in the agriculture, hydropower, private sector have helped create some livelihood system of the rural communities infrastructure (including roads and awareness among public to protect has further threatened the livelihood of the urban services), and health sectors. critical ecosystems. Some mangroves local people. Climate change may shave have been designated as protected areas. off as much as 2.2 percent from Nepal’s In the eleventh Five Year Plan which gross domestic product (GDP) per year started in July 2013, the main objective Maldives has signed 14 conventions by 2050, with chances of losses widening is based on “Self-reliance and Inclusive related to environment which shows to a whopping 9.9 percent by 2100, if Green Socio-Economic Development” Maldives concern to climate actions and concrete mitigation and adaption measures with a focus to mainstream gender, as a stimulus of these, in June 2012, are not taken, a latest Asian Development environment, climate change, disaster at the UN Conference on Sustainable Bank report titled “Assessing the Cost of risk management and poverty both Development, RIO+20 meeting in Climate Change and Adaption in South for the central level agencies and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the President Asia” (ADB 2014) has indicated. Nepal’s

local governments. Hence there is of Maldives announced the intention total emission of CO2 was four megatons, a deliberate move to integrate these to declare the whole of Maldives as a negligible proportion of the global total cross cutting issues in the overall a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. This of 29,837 megatons, and its per capita planning and development. announcement was inspired by the emissions were about 0.1 tonnes, almost success achieved in designating Baa Atoll negligible compared to the global average Maldives as the fi rst UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of 4.5 tonnes (UNDP, 2013) (Nepal in Maldives. Environmental threats area Millennium Development Goals Progress Almost 80 percent of Maldives population in Maldives have been identifi ed in the Report 2013). Nepal is an agro-based are within 300m from the shore, living Biosphere reserve implementation Plan country and its biggest pie in GDP comes on an island that is hardly 1.5m above 2013-2017 released in January 2013. from agricultural production. However, mean sea level making them extremely Maldives has pledge to become carbon it imports huge quantity of rice, wheat, vulnerable to storm surges and fl ooding. neutral by 2020 and declared carbon vegetables, and fruits mainly, from India. Most of the basic facilities like houses, neutral aspirations such as, ensure 50 agricultural land, hospitals, power plants, percent of electricity generated from Nepal’s natural resources do not have any schools and buildings are located very renewable sources by 2015, targeting competition with neighbouring countries. close to the shore as only 10 out of the 187 to achieve 50 percent reduction in Therefore, it needs to reduce excess inhabited islands are bigger than 2.5km2. GHG emissions in the energy sector exploitation of these to maintain the compared to 2000 levels, reaching a balance of the ecosystem. Nepal, along National Policies are available to address saving of 7.5 percent of fi nal energy with over 150 other countries, signed the climate related action, resource effi ciency consumption over 10 years until 2020. United Nations Framework Convention

40 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4040 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM and ministries people centric, participatory, inclusive, Although countries have been taking initiatives to overcome the impacts of climate change, a lot of work still remains to be done. The study has shown that policies have been in place but Figure 3: Climate change impacts in Nepal (Source: USAID) the institutional mechanisms needs to on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at have drafted and the United Nations Conference on implemented be further strengthened to effectively Environment and Development (UNCED) policies, Acts, in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. With and regulations implement the existing policies aid from different donor agencies and associated with bilateral organizations, Nepal has climate change issues both mitigation bottom-up planning and implementation. successfully prepared a Climate Change and adaptation. The main goal of climate It has provision to allocate 80 percent Policy, National Adaptation Programme change policy is to improve livelihoods of the total budget in the local level of Actions (NAPA), Local Adaptation by mitigating and adapting to the adverse adaptation program and activities Plan of Action (LAPA), and REDD impacts of climate change, adopting a to address the poor and vulnerable Readiness Preparedness Proposal (REDD low-carbon emissions socio-economic communities. But existing mechanisms, RPP). Apart from policy documents development path and supporting and intuitional arrangement, and capacity of prepared and promulgated by the Climate collaborating in the spirits of country’s the service provider have been found to Change Division of the Ministry of commitments to national and international be poor and questionable to achieve goals Environment, various allied departments agreements. The policies seem to be and objectives of climate change policy. Creation BigFish-cp.be

SD30_CMPL_Linertec_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4141 1 26/04/14226/07/166/07/16 11:59 7:067:06 AMAM Pakistan warming, as the blatant fl oods and provincial and district level, respectively, droughts continue to wreck the country’s to formulate policies and ensure pre- and Geographically, Pakistan has varied economy. More than 10 million people post-disaster management mechanisms. landscape and environment like have been displaced over the years, the Pakistan contributes a tiny to total global mountains with glaciers, forests, rivers agricultural land lies barren and fi nancial greenhouse gas emissions (largely due to and deserts. This makes the country a losses have been estimated at $2 billion. use of natural gas as a source of energy); the perfect candidate for all type of natural relative GHG contribution of energy is 51 disasters like avalanche, fl oods, droughts, Pakistan has a number of agencies percent, agriculture sector contribution is etc. Pakistan has been placed among working at the federal and provincial 39 percent, industrial process is 6 percent, the high-risk countries on the bases levels (e.g. Pakistan Meteorological land use and forestry is 3 percent and of Global Climate Index. It ranks 16th Department, Pakistan Environmental waste being 1 percent. The government on the Climate Change Vulnerability Protection Agencies, among others) has launched projects titled Tsunami Trees, Index (CCVI) by Maple Croft, jumping to work towards understanding the which highlights the government efforts up 13 positions in one year. German current environmental status, through to create green society in order to increase watch also places Pakistan as the “most installing station at Quetta to monitor Ozone layer to reduce GHG emission. affected” country for 2010 and in top Ozone layer, geomagnetic variation 10 for 1990-2010 by climatic changes. and global atmospheric watch, which Sri Lanka Climate change is costing the economy however require to be extended to $14 billion a year, which is almost 5 other locations across the country Being a developing island nation subject percent of the GDP. According to the to improve data collection. to tropical climate patterns, Sri Lanka Asian Development Bank, more than 10 is highly vulnerable to climate change million people have been displaced in No early warning system and evacuation impacts. Extreme weather events such as Pakistan over the last 2 years due to these mechanism exist for fl oods in Pakistan high intensity rainfall followed by fl ash climate related disasters. Environmental that results in the loss of lives and fl oods and landslides, and extended dry degradation costs the country at least livelihoods. The authority can provide periods resulting in water scarcity are now 6 percent of GDP resulting in illnesses reliable information about the fl oods becoming common occurrences in Sri and premature mortality caused by air 2 or 3 hours before, which is not Lanka. Any adverse changes in already pollution, inadequate and unsatisfactory enough for evacuation. Population volatile weather patterns are likely to water supply, and lost livelihoods due encroachment to fl ood plains is routinely impact adversely on the socio-economic to reduced agricultural productivity observed, which requires remote activities in the country. Therefore urgent and direct contact with fertilizers monitoring systems like the radar action is necessary to take adaptive and pesticides. These burdens are technologies that require the government measures to build resilience of the country compounded by problems such as attention and fi nancial support. to face the adverse impacts of climate hazardous solid waste, the loss of forest change. While taking adaptive measures cover and desertifi cation, soil erosion and The government is committed to mitigate as the priority, Sri Lanka is also trying to loss in soil fertility. Pakistan is placed disasters related to climate change, through minimize the greenhouse gas emissions at 80th position out of 122 nations based establishing Climate Change Cell at the within the framework of sustainable on drinking water. Pakistan, which is an provincial level to conduct research, development and principles enshrined in the already resource stressed country, has improve service delivery and raise United Nations Framework Convention on been crippled by the process of global awareness against the climate change for Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto early preparedness Protocol (KP). Sri Lanka has to address and emergency these challenges considering the need for management. increasing investment for environment Other initiatives friendly infrastructure development, includes signing of increased volatility to energy markets, the Kyoto Protocol problems related to food security, trade, with UN and commerce and industrial development being a signatory together with the climate change challenges. of UNFCCC. The federal government The increased intensity and frequency has established of natural disasters and its cost in terms National Disaster of human, physical, fi nancial and Management environmental losses have a signifi cant Authority (NDMA) impact on growth in Sri Lanka. If appropriate and the associated mitigation and adaptive strategies are not authorities and implemented, natural disasters and climate Figure 4: Graph showing the mean temperature change in Sri Lanka units at the change can have considerable implications

42 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4242 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM on poverty and inequality. The impacts and effectively utilized. The review further Royal Institute of Management of climate change also depend on a host showed the concerns of the countries (Bhutan); Eco Care (Maldives); Institute of varying factors such as, segments and the measures and initiatives that they of Engineering & Volunteers for of society; income groups; livelihood have undertaken to minimize such risks. Development (Nepal); University of categories; and geographical regions, Engineering and Technology, Peshawar etc. Further, the impacts are becoming & Local Councils Association of more signifi cant for vulnerable groups, Acknowledgement the Punjab (Pakistan); University of with increased intensity and frequency of Moratuwa & Federation of Sri Lankan disaster events as well as changes in rainfall The author of this paper would like to Local Government Authorities (Sri pattern. Therefore, adopting an inclusive thank the Collaborative Action towards Lanka). Last but not the least, my sincere strategy for managing disasters is critical. Societal Challenges through Awareness, thanks to the European Commission for Development and Education (CASCADE) their funding support in implementing Team (Prof. Dilanthi Amaratunga, Prof. the project activities in South Asia. Conc lusions Richard Haigh and Dr. Kanchana Ginige from the University of Huddersfi eld Endnote The study has revealed that there has been UK and Dr. Champika Liyanage from 1 South Asian Regional Study on Climate considerable impacts from climate change the University of Central Lancashire, Change Impacts and Adaptation: in South Asia. Although countries have been UK) for their continuous support to Implications for Human Development taking initiatives to overcome the impacts ADPC in implementing the project and 2 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate of climate change, a lot of work still achieving the outcomes as mandated by Change in Afghanistan (DFID) remains to be done. The study has shown the project. My thanks and gratitude also 3 http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/ that policies have been in place but the goes to our CASCADE project leader regions/Afghanistan institutional mechanisms needs to be further from ADPC Mr. N.M.S.I. Arambepola 4 Strategizing Climate Change for strengthened to effectively implement for his continuous support in achieving Bhutan. National Environment the existing policies. Efforts to tackle the outcomes on time. I am also highly Commission Royal Government environmental threats have to be made grateful for all the institutions involved in of Bhutan January 2009 both at the national and international levels the project namely Nangarhar University 5 Source: Climate Change Screening while the use of available resources have (Afghanistan); Patuakhali Science & of Danish Development Assistance to be managed in a way that it is effi ciently Technology University (Bangladesh); with Bhutan, May 2008 [

SD56_CMPL_RACURS_July16_Ad.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4343 1 08/07/16226/07/166/07/16 1:487:067:06 PMAMAM [ SNIPPETS Galileo update AT A GLANCE

Qualcomm supports Galileo Then, once the Ariane 5 EPS upper stage reaches its target altitude of Qualcomm is supporting the Galileo 23,222 kilometers, the dispenser ► FARO releases PointSense and GNSS with its chipsets and Snapdragon will release the four Galileo satellites VirtuSurv 17.0 Point Cloud tools mobile processors. Until now using a pyrotechnic release system Qualcomm’s hardware support for triggered by separate igniters, each one ► Autodesk, Trimble sign agreement Galileo was in selected chipsets only. fi ring half a second after the other. to increase interoperability

The Qualcomm IZat location services The separated satellites are then ► ESA appoints Josef Aschbacher platform will connect with up to six pushed away from the dispenser as new Director of Earth satellite constellations which means in separate directions using a Observation programs more than 80 different satellites can be spring-based distancing system. used when calculating global position for ► GeoComm, Micello form navigation or location-based applications. The 447-kilogram dispenser, designed partnership to incorporate by Airbus Defence and Space, must Micello indoor maps This is intended to help manufacturers in support a satellite mass of 738 implementing an important component kilograms each – nearly three tons total. ► GovPilot partners with Pictometry of the European eCall mandate ahead to expand horizon in GIS mapping of the March 2018 deadline. Made from a combination of metal and composite materials for maximum ► SimActive acquires Correlator3D Galileo will be supported on smartphones stiffness, the dispenser has undergone to process large datasets and compute devices with the appropriate very comprehensive testing at Airbus of thermal imagery software release on Snapdragon Defence and Space near Bordeaux, 820, 652, 650, 625, 617, and 435 France, and the IABG testing centre ► SuperSurv Helps French processors, automotive infotainment in Ottobrunn, Germany – using both Environment Department in Alsace solutions utilizing Snapdragon 820A, Galileo engineering models and and telematics and IoT solutions with an actual fl ight satellite, including ► CompassCom and Latitude Snapdragon X16, X12, X7, and X5 LTE fi t, shock and separation testing. Geographics Announce Modems, and 9×15 and MDM6x00 Application Partnership modems. www.electronicsweekly.com GSA sets up Galileo Reference Center ► URISA Joins the NextGen911 NOW Four-satellite Galileo Ariane Coalition as a Partner Organization 5 dispenser in place Offi cials signed an agreement recently to build a Galileo Reference Center in ► EuroGeographics signs Following rigorous testing in France Noordwijk, the Netherlands, just across production management and Germany, a new type of dispenser the road from The European Space agreement with BKG Germany designed to carry four navigation Agency’s European Space Research satellites into orbit at once is now in and Technology Center (ESA/ESTEC). ► Hexagon Safety & Infrastructure French Guiana, in place for Galileo’s Unveils Latest Intergraph Computer- fi rst Ariane 5 launch later this year. The Galileo Reference Center (GRC), to Aided Dispatch Software be administered by the European GNSS The dispenser is an essential element Agency (GSA), will monitor and assess ► Acquisition of Exprodat Consulting of launch success, with a double role the quality of the delivery of Galileo Ltd by Getech Group plc to play. It fi rst must hold the quartet of services, i.e., the performance of the satellites securely in place during the Galileo Service Operator. The GSA is ► 3D Laser Mapping launches new stresses of liftoff, and then the nearly four- currently selecting said service operator multiplatform mapping system hour long fl ight to medium-Earth orbit. through an arduous tender process. [ ► Esri launches national green infrastructure initiative for planning

► DigitalGlobe signs contract to provide World Imagery Map for ArcGIS platform`

44 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4444 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM [ NEWS - UAV

CompassDrone Drone2Map 1.0 for UK aadopts new ArcGIS Now Availablele dronedron policy for The CompassFamily of businesses campuscampus safety introduces CompassDrone™ Fresh out of beta, Drone2Mapne2Map to provide airframes, software, for ArcGIS was releaseded by UK hashas adoptedadopted a new drdrone policy for services and support to Geospatial Esri with new features and the safety of the university community. Professionals for UAS remote sensing enhancements. The desktop app allows data collection. For industrial drone people to process images from drones According to UKNow, UK announced based Imagery, point cloud or IR data and quickly create imagery products for the policy regarding drone and unmanned collection projects, CompassDrone™ mapping, analysis, and sharing across aircraft systems. Hobbyist and recreational can match the right airframe and the ArcGIS platform. It offers in-fi eld drone use is prohibited on campus and to software to get the results to meet your rapid imagery processing that allows fl y drones with the purposes of research requirements. Purchase your system the pilot to confi rm that the drone’s or instruction, the operator must have today to be ready when FAA part 107 fl ight has captured imagery of the full consent from UK’s event management announced recently takes effect in late area of interest, reducing the need for offi ce. The policy further prohibits August 2016. compassdrone.com costly return trips to the fi eld. The app recreational drone and UAS use on all detects camera and sensor parameters, UK-owned property, which includes the Icaros Releases 4.2.2 of OneButton then intelligently applies appropriate main campus, farms the university owns defaults. esri.com/drone2map. and operates and Coldstream Research Icaros Inc. has announced the Park. These objects must also not fl y release 4.2.2 of OneButton™. The FAA lays down rules for within fi ve miles of helipads or airports; release contains new features and fl ying small drones there is one heliport at UK HealthCare’s improvements as well as a new A.B. Chandler Hospital. Use of drones fl ight planning software module. The Department of Transportation and UAS near Commonwealth Stadium (DOT) and the Federal Aviation is specifi cally prohibited in the policy. Icaros developed the OneButton family Administration (FAA) announced the for geospatial end users to easily and final Small UAS Rule, effective in All commercial drones and UAS must automatically generate precise, fully late August 2016. The New Small be registered with the Federal Aviation orthorectifi ed 2D maps and 3D models UAS Rule (107) includes all pilot and Administration before seeking permission from frame-based aerial imaging operating rules for drones weighing from UK to fl y the object. Users of systems. Originally engineered for less than 55 Ibs, which are conducting commercial drones and UAS must apply manned aircraft sensors, the OneButton non-hobbyist operations. Drones for permission from UK at least seven software has been modifi ed to weighing between 0.55 lbs. and 55 lbs. days before their event. uknow.uky.edu accommodate the unique collection must also be registered with FAA. conditions of UAS. www.icaros.us. Cyprus outlines new laws The rule’s provisions are designed to related to drones Hexagon Geospatial launches minimize risks to other aircraft and Vegetation Health Smart M.Apps people and property on the ground. The According to the Civil Aviation Department regulations require pilots to keep an guidelines of Cyprus, any violation of the Hexagon Geospatial offi cially released unmanned aircraft within visual line law on drones constitutes and offence. Due seven different Vegetation Health of sight (VLOS). Operations must take to the current increased interest in unmanned Hexagon Smart M.Apps which make place during daylight hours, or within aircraft (drones in Cyprus) fl ying activity, use of remote sensing algorithms to the hours of civil twilight (instantly the Department said that owners and users identify plant and crop health from a before sunrise and after sunset) if the of drones are required to comply with the variety of different sensors. Focused drone has anti-collision lights. The new provisions of the applicable legislation. on the burgeoning precision agriculture regulations also address height and Violation of the law constitutes an offence movement and the increasing ubiquity speed restrictions and other operational and offenders will be liable to penalties. of UAVs or drones, these Smart M.Apps limits, such as prohibiting fl ights over make the power of remote sensing unprotected people on the ground All remotely piloted and autonomous techniques accessible to everyone. who aren’t directly participating in aircraft from the small consumer devices the UAS operation. Under the fi nal used for recreation, to large aircraft The seven Hexagon Smart M.Apps rule, the person fl ying a drone must used for other purposes, are subject to all focus on different aspects of be of least 16 years old and have a the provisions of the above legislation crop, vegetation, and agriculture remote pilot certifi cate with a small which aims to the safety of fl ights and health measurement. http://store. UAS rating, or be directly supervised the protection of persons and property hexagongeospatial.com by someone with such a certifi cate. on the ground. www.mcw.gov.cy/dca [

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 45

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4545 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM [ NEWS - GIS [ NEWS - LBS

Bentley and Shell Announce Shipments of cellular M2M modules cloud company, HERE has submitted a Global Framework Agreement reached 96.0 million units in 2015 universal data format called SENSORIS to ERTICO – ITS Europe. It is a Bentley Systems has announced a new Berg Insight estimates that global cellular European public/private partnership Global Framework Agreement with M2M module shipments increased by for intelligent transport systems, which Shell. The agreement serves to improve 19.4 percent in 2015 to a new record has agreed to continue as an Innovation Shells capital project construction level of 96.0 million. A somewhat higher Platform to evolve a standardized execution through automated 4D/5D growth rate is expected for 2016. Until interface specifi cation for broadly construction management solutions 2020, shipments of cellular M2M devices using across the automotive industry. provided by Bentley as a managed are forecasted to grow at a compound service. The solution, based on Bentleys annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.7 To date, 11 major automotive and ProjectWise ConstructSim, will be percent to reach 256.0 million units. supplier companies have already joined deployed as part of Shells ProjectVantage East Asia, North America and Western the SENSORIS Innovation Platform program. This innovative offering, Europe were the main geographical now under the coordination of ERTICO. which simplifi es work packaging markets in 2015, accounting for around SENSORIS was initiated by HERE for engineering, construction, and 75 percent of the total demand. in June 2015 when the company installation, adheres to the Construction published the fi rst open specifi cation Industry Institutes (CIIs) Advanced Samsung challenges Fitbit with for how vehicle sensor data gathered by Work Packaging (AWP) methodology. $180 fi tness tracker with GPS connected cars could be sent to the cloud for processing and analysis. Currently, ADM launches submittal of Samsung is unveiling a new fi tness tracker vehicle sensor data exists in multiple roads layout data standards that aims to undercut gadgets from market different formats across automakers. leader Fitbit. Beyond offering all-day step The Abu Dhabi City Municipality counting and automatic sleep tracking, the MapmyIndia launches DriveMate has compiled and officially launched $180 Gear Fit2 comes with GPS sensors the submittal of roads layout data for more accurate measuring of distance MapmyIndia has announced the launch of standards via the GIS. This e-service and pacing for runners and cyclists. GPS DriveMate, its next-generation Connected comes as part of the vision of both is typically limited to higher-end devices, Car IoT (Internet of Things) technology. the Department of Municipal Affairs such as the Fitbit Surge and the Microsoft A simple yet powerful plug-and-play and Transport, and the Abu Dhabi Band 2. http://www.theledger.com device, it offers real-time monitoring City Municipality, aimed at upgrading of your car and fl eet of vehicles from services, and expanding e-services Sierra Wireless and wherever you are. Combining this with on regular basis. It also comes in OriginGPS Partnership MapmyIndia’s and location technologies, line with a sustainable drive to meet it continuously and securely monitors, development needs of customers, Sierra Wireless and OriginGPS, a leading records and transmits the car’s live realise their aspirations, and achieve the manufacturer of miniature GNSS modules, (exact) location down to building-level highest customers satisfaction rating. have announced a partnership to deliver detail etc. http://www.mapmyindia.com the industry’s smallest integrated 2G to The team of the Municipal 4G cellular and GNSS modules solution. Subaru to equip its cars with Infrastructure and Assets Sector in It offers a miniaturized footprint that is Magellan SmartGPS cooperation with the Spatial Data one third smaller than other solutions and Division has developed this service is targeted at the growing IoT devices Japanese automobile manufacturer which enables contractors and market. http://iotbusinessnews.com Subaru will install Magellan SmartGPS consultants to submit layouts data via navigation systems in its cars, according the GIS. The Municipality reviewed HERE, automotive companies to company president Billy Ho. According the data compilation mechanism and come together on ITS to Ho, cars equipped with Magellan data submittal methods as per the new SmartGPS navigation systems will be standards, in addition to the quality Following the success of months- available in Japan from the third quarter control tool designed to carry out the long discussions with the international of this year. Magellan is a brand of GPS process of auditing and issuing reports automotive and mapping companies navigation products operated by Mitac’s to avoid errors. www.zawya.com [ in Europe, the U.S. and Asia, location US-based subsidiary Mitac Digital. [

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46 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4646 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM [ NEWS - GNSS

SCIO briefi ng on China’s BeiDou Arqiva to trial eLoran timing Soyuz launches GLONASS-M Navigation Satellite System No. 53 satellite Arqiva, the communications The State Council Information Offi ce infrastructure company is trialling The GLONASS-M No. 53 satellite was (SCIO), China has released the White eLoran timing technology – which shipped to Plesetsk on April 22, 2016; Paper on China’s BeiDou Navigation delivers precise UTC traceable time however, in the fi rst half of May, the Satellite System. This white paper – from the Anthorn transmitter in launch was postponed from May 21 is the 100th one released by the Cumbria. Chronos Technology is to May 29. Liftoff of a Soyuz-2-1b/ SCIO according to Mr. Ran Chengqi, running the trial through its Innovate UK Fregat-M vehicle was scheduled for director of China’s Satellite Navigation – the UK’s Innovation Agency - grant May 29, 2016, at 11:44:37 Moscow System Management Offi ce and supported research project “GAUL”. Time (08:44 GMT, 4:44 a.m. EDT) spokesperson of the BeiDou system. from Pad 4 at Site 43 in Plesetsk. As a provider of broadcast, satellite and The white paper provides a telecommunications services, Arqiva The rocket carried a GLONASS-M-53 comprehensive picture of the system’s is dependent on accurate time and (a.k.a. Uragan-M No. 753) development, explains its concepts, frequency, so by trialling the eLoran navigation satellite for Russia’s showcases its achievements and highlights technology alongside its existing GPS, GLONASS navigation network. its future. Containing around 5,800 it will be able to monitor any time and words, the paper consists of three parts, frequency inaccuracies that can occur as According to Roskosmos, the launch a preface, main text and conclusion. a result of external factors, such as local took place at 11:44 Moscow Time and interference, jamming, spoofi ng and the payload section separated from the The white paper reiterates that “the BDS space weather events. www.arqiva.com third stage of the Soyuz rocket nine is developed by China and dedicated to minutes into the fl ight. The Fregat upper the world” and under the principles of Russia to present Era-Glonass road stage then initiated the delivery of the “independence, openness, compatibility accident response system in China satellite to its prescribed orbit, with the and gradualness,” China will provide separation of the payload scheduled continuous, stable and reliable services Russia’s State Space Corporation at 15:16 Moscow Time (12:16 GMT, for global users. It also stresses that Roscosmos and JSC Glonass will present 8:16 a.m. EDT), Roskosmos said. China will actively push forward in China in the coming months their international cooperation related to the Era-Glonass road accident emergency The Russian Ministry of Defense also BDS, work with all other countries, response system. Russian Deputy Prime announced that the GLONASS-M No. regions and international organizations Minister Dmitry Rogozin told reporters 53 had established communications to promote global satellite navigation after a meeting of the Russian-Chinese with ground control and all systems development, and help the BDS to better intergovernmental commission on the onboard the satellite had functioned serve the world and benefi t mankind. preparation of regular meetings of the heads properly. The offi cial Russian monitoring of government that the parties may also service, SKDM, also listed the Korean KIWI PLUS’ smartwatch establish joint production of sensors for this launch of GLONASS-M No. 753 as relies on technology by u-blox system. http://tass.ru/en/science/883495 Kosmos-2516 and registered the liftoff time as 11:44:35 Moscow Time. KIWI PLUS has launched a new China’s Beidou navigation network children’s smartwatch developed in grows with successful launch u-blox launches new fi rmware collaboration with u-blox. LINE Kids for ADR GNSS modules Watch is a tiny and colorful wearable A Chinese Long March 3C rocket with LINE emojis functioning as an boosted a fresh satellite into orbit to join u-blox has released its fourth generation Android-based smartwatch. It enables the country’s Beidou navigation system, fi rmware for 3D Automotive Dead precise tracking of the whereabouts deploying the craft into an elliptical Reckoning (ADR) GNSS modules of children, while also offering orbit ranging more than 22,000 miles and chip sets. Designed for fi rst educational and interactive content. (35,700 kilometers) above Earth. mount or aftermarket road vehicle applications, such as in-car navigation, LINE Kids Watch uses KIWI PLUS’ The new navigation platform will power infotainment systems, telematics units own IOT platform for wearables, KIWI its way into a circular geosynchronous and fl eet management, the upgraded Edge. Designed with a simple LCD orbit over the equator in the coming GNSS receiver now offers real-time screen for one-touch calling, it also weeks, adding to China’s independent continuous navigation output with provides real-time accurate location satellite network beaming positioning an update rate of 20Hz, enabling tracking and convenient safety zone and timing signals to users around the low latency for applications such as setting. https://electronicsnews.com.au world. http://spacefl ightnow.com interactive head-up displays. [

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 47

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4747 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM [ NEWS - IMAGING [ NEWS - INDUSTRY

BMC seeks nod for tech resolution of 18 meters and a swath width of MobileMapper 50 combines feasibility study of GMLR 100 kilometers. http://www.antaranews.com Smartphone Design

After being denied permission to conduct ISRO launches PSLV-C34 Spectra Precision has announced its new a a geo-technical investigation to check the carrying record 20 satellites MobileMapper 50 GNSS handheld device feasibility of constructing a tunnel under for simple GIS data collection or for use Mumbai’s Sanjay Gandhi National Park The Indian Space Research Organisation as a data controller for Spectra Precision (SGNP) for the proposed Goregaon-Mulund (ISRO) recently launched a record 20 SP60 and SP80 GNSS receivers. Available Link Road (GMLR) project by SGNP satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre with an Android OS, the MobileMapper 50 authorities, the BMC has shot off a letter to in Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota. PSLV-C34 combines smartphone capabilities with a the principal secretary(forests) informing him is being used to carry the satellites, including ruggedized design to improve positioning about the need to conduct the same and why India’s earth observation spacecraft accuracy. Spectra Precision also introduced remote-sensing investigation will not help. Cartosat-2, from the second launch pad two new software applications: an Android of the space centre. The 320-tonne PSLV OS version of MobileMapper Field Offi cials from the civic body said that they C-34 carried 17 foreign small satellites software for GIS professionals and Spectra had got IIT Bombay to study whether the from Canada, Indonesia, Germany and the Precision Survey Mobile software to data through remote sensing investigations US but the main passenger was a 727-kg control SP60 and SP80 GNSS receivers. would help them arrive at a conclusion. Indian earth observation satellite called Cartosat-2, which can take high-resolution The MobileMapper 50 is available in While conducting a geo- technical survey, images. The launch also placed into orbit two versions: both with Android OS a hollow pipe will percolate and help the two Indian academic community-built and Wi-Fi, and with optional 4G LTE authorities decide the soil strata. While satellites, Sathyabhamasat and Swayam. cellular module. The rugged, smartphone- the BMC is determined to conduct a geo- like device is IP67 rated, thin and technical survey, authorities at SGNP had Terra Bella plans to launch lightweight. It supports SBABS, GPS, asked the civic body to procure the required more satellite with ISRO GLONASS and BeiDou constellations data by undertaking remote sensing. This as well as post processing for improved is because authorities at SGNP fear that After successfully launching the payload accuracy. www.spectraprecision.com conducting a geo-technical survey might of 20 satellites, Google subsidiary, Terra affect the natural habitat around the national Bella is negotiating with ISRO to launch Spirent launches satellite navigation park. Additional municipal commissioner more of their satellites. Among various test system for multi-GNSS testing Dr Sanjay Mukherjee confi rmed having other satellites that were launched by ISRO communicated to the state principal recently, a 110 kg SkySat Gen2-1 belonging Spirent Communications has secretary (forests) about the need for the to Terra Bella and 12 of Planet Lab’s Dove launched its GSS7000 series satellite geo-technical survey, especially after IIT Satellites, each weighing 4.7 kg, were navigation test system for fl exible multi- having submitted its report on the same. placed in orbit by PSLV-C34 mission. frequency multi-GNSS testing. The http://timesofi ndia.indiatimes.com GSS7000 provides multi-frequency testing, SkySat Gen2-1 is a small earth imaging with a modular approach to enable this new Lapan launches third-generation satellite capable of capturing sub-metre precision GNSS simulation system to expand remote sensing satellite resolution images and high defi nition video. with users’ needs. The new system suits The Planet Labs Dove Satellites (FLock- receiver, system and application developers The Indonesian National Institute of 2P) are also earth imaging satellites. Both who want to take advantage of new satellite Aeronautics and Space (Lapan) has the companies have plans for a series of navigation systems and the better accuracy launched the third-generation LAPAN-A3/ launches and ISRO is in touch with them. offered by civilian, multi-frequency GNSS. LAPAN-IPB satellite witnessed by Vice President Jusuf Kalla at the institutes DigitalGlobe gets advanced analytics Septentrio for Altus NR2 and Aviation Technology Center. “The satellite services contract worth $55 mn PinPoint-GIS upgraded is on an experimental remote sensing mission to monitor food resources,” DigitalGlobe has been awarded with and Septentrio is rolling out new enhancements Lapans Head of Public Relations, Jasyanto, advanced analytics services contract by for its Altus NR2 GNSS receivers and revealed. The LAPAN-A3/LAPAN-IPB the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency. PinPoint-GIS software optimized for the satellite was launched from Sriharikota, The contract was given at a ceiling value new version of Collector for ArcGIS. India. “The results can also be used to of $55 million. DigitalGlobe provides Septentrio’s product suite for drone surveys evaluate the governments programs in earth-imagery products and services includes the AsteRx-m UAS GNSS the maritime sector,” he emphasized. The sourced from own satellite constellation receiver, its companion GeoTagZ software remote sensing satellite has a four-band and third-party providers to the United utility and the Altus NR2 RTK base station. multi-spectral imaging camera, with a States and to others internationally. [ The AsteRx-m UAS board is about the size

48 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4848 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM of a credit card, and has been designed for receiver, Rockwell Collins’ NavStrike conference. The launch at HxGN LIVE is easy integration into the drone’s autopilot military GPS offers high performance GPS part of a new partnership with Hexagon and camera. www.septentrio.com for tightly coupled GPS/INS integrations. Safety & Infrastructure. RAMSEE The NavFire GPS includes the Selective is a physical presence that patrols VULCANO weapon system to fi re Availability Anti-Spoofi ng Module autonomously without supervision and with NavFireTM GPS technology (SAASM) to allow decryption of precision provides real-time data on intruders, GPS observations through over-the-air motion, heat, fi re, smoke, gas and Operating weapon systems in a harsh rekeying. The positioning information more. As a human-machine interface it dynamic environment requires rapid start- is used by the guidance system of the creates a powerful force multiplier. up and high accuracy to hit the designated projectile. www.rockwellcollins.com target and dramatically reduce the probability By using RAMSEE as a force multiplier, of collateral damages. With that in mind, Gamma 2 Robotics launches Fully safety and security can be delivered at Rockwell Collins is bringing its NavFireTM Autonomous Security Robot a lower cost with greater reliability. Precision Positioning Service (PPS) GPS to Leonardo-Finmeccanica’s VULCANO Gamma 2 Robotics, makers of the While useful in their own right, the value family for naval and artillery applications. world’s fi rst artifi cially intelligent of robots and other mobile sensor platforms autonomous security robots, launched increases when integrated with other Derived from the fi eld-proven 12-channel RAMSEE, a new security patrol robot, safety and security assets, such as video NavFire Precise Positioning Service GPS at HxGN LIVE, Hexagon’s international surveillance systems, access control systems, building automation systems and others, into command-and-control software for a Hemisphere GNSS Announces New Eclipse Positioning OEM Boards comprehensive solution for threat detection, assessment and response. hexagon.com Hemisphere GNSS announces the and robust solution, integrated Eclipse™ P326 and P327, fi rst in a line L-band enabling low-cost system Seafl oor SEABAT T50-P of new and refreshed, low-power, high- integration and Atlas® GNSS Global MBES to rental pool precision, position and heading OEM Corrections with 4 cm level accuracy boards – the latest addition to the Eclipse worldwide, and effi cient power Seafl oor Systems has announced the series of products. The multi-frequency, management system 1W GPS L1. addition of a second SeaBat T50-P to multi-GNSS Eclipse P326 and P327 their multibeam echosounder rental pool. are based on an innovative platform What are the different Combined with the Portable Sonar Processor that integrates L-band and receives applications Eclipse™ P326 the SeaBat T50-P provides unprecedented Atlas ® GNSS corrections on a single and P327 best suited for? survey data, providing faster operational small board. Designed with this new surveys and reduced processing time. platform, the overall cost, size, weight, The Eclipse™ P326 and P327 and power consumption of the P326 positioning OEM boards can be used Seafl oor Systems is known for their and P327 are signifi cantly reduced. in land and marine survey, marine turnkey singlebeam and multibeam navigation, machine control, seismic hydrographic sonar systems, and maintains The P326 and P327 support 394 channels monitoring, positive train control, the largest multibeam echosounder rental and are the fi rst truly scalable board GIS, and unmanned systems. pool in the U.S.A. www.seafl oorsystems.com solutions that offer centimeter-level accuracy in either single-frequency Please highlight some of the Madhya Pradesh Police or full performance multi-frequency, advanced technology features protect 72 million citizens multi-GNSS, Atlas-capable mode. of the new OEM boards? - Integrated L-band for Atlas® The Madhya Pradesh Police, India have Ms. Jennifer Keenan, Product GNSS Global Corrections implemented an integrated suite of public Marketing Manager at Hemisphere - SureFix™: High-fi delity safety software from Hexagon Safety & GNSS further added to the above in quality indicators for RTK with Infrastructure for emergency call handling, an interaction with Coordinates… virtually 100% reliability offi cer dispatch and incident management - aRTK™: RTK position in the in India’s second-largest state. Hexagon’s Whats new with Eclipse™ P326 and absence of RTK corrections solution expands Madhya Pradesh Police’s P327 positioning OEM boards? powered by Atlas® GNSS Global incident response capabilities through map- Corrections. Mitigates land based based views of calls, events and units in The all new Eclipse™ P326 and P327 intermittent data connectivity the fi eld. Madhya Pradesh Police’s solution positioning OEM boards include all - Tracer™: Maintains position features Hexagon’s Intergraph® Computer- signal tracking for the most reliable during correction data outages Aided Dispatch (I/CAD), industry-leading

CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016 | 49

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 4949 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM [ MARK YOUR CALENDAR

incident management software, including September 2016 IINCNC 22016:016: RRININ IInternationalnternational Mobile for Public Safety, a powerful TThehe CCommercialommercial UUAVAV SShowhow AAsiasia NNavigationavigation ConferenceConference in-vehicle fi eld application for mobile 1-2 September 8 - 10 November Glasgow, Scotland dispatching. The agency’s new dispatch Singapore www.terrapinn.com/exhibition/ http://www.rin.org.uk/Events/4131/INC16 system also includes EdgeFrontier®, commercial-uav-asia/index.stm an integration platform that enables 336th6th IINCANCA IInternationalnternational CCongressongress the organization to develop interfaces LLebanonebanon IInternationnternation SSurveyorsurveyors CCongressongress 9 -11 November to IT systems, including dispatch and 6 - 8 September Santiniketan, West Bengal, India http://incaindia.org other systems used by fellow public Jiyyeh, Lebanon http://www.ogtl.org/ agencies, without the associated FFROMROM IIMAGERYMAGERY TTOO MMAP:AP: DDigitaligital costs of custom development. www. IInterdronenterdrone 22016016 PPhotogrammetrichotogrammetric TTechnologiesechnologies hexagonsafetyinfrastructure.com 7-9 September 13 - 17 of November Las Vegas, USA Agra, India www.interdrone.com http://conf.racurs.ru/conf2016/eng/ Trimble Unity Enables SESW to Improve Field Ops IIONON GGNSS+NSS+ 22016016 113th3th IInternationalnternational CConferenceonference 12 - 16 September oonn LLocationocation BBasedased SServiceservices Trimble has announced that Sutton Portland, Oregon USA 14-16 November www.ion.org Vienna, Austria and East Surrey Water (SESW) http://lbs2016.org in the U.K. has implemented the EEUROGEOUROGEO 22016016 Trimble® Unity™ 3.0 software suite 29 - 30 September IInternationalnternational ttechnicalechnical ssymposiumymposium of GIS-centric cloud and mobile University of Malaga,Spain oonn nnavigationavigation aandnd ttimingiming www.eurogeography.eu/conference-2016-malaga/ applications. Developed to support 15-16 Nov Toulouse, France smart water management, it focuses October 2016 http://itsnt.recherche.enac.fr/index.php on workfl ow and business process IINTERGEONTERGEO 20162016 improvement with the added benefi t 11 - 13 October GGSDISDI 22015015 WWorldorld CConferenceonference of better information for decision Hamberg, Germany 28 November - 2 December www.intergeo.de making and regulatory compliance. Taipei, Taiwan http://gsdiassociation.org/index.php/ 337th7th AAsiansian CConferenceonference oonn homepage/gsdi-15-world-conference.html By deploying cloud-based information RRemoteemote SensingSensing ((ACRS)ACRS) management with embedded Esri 17 - 21 October December 2016 Colombo, Sri Lanka ArcGIS mapping technology, Trimble www.acrs2016.org IISGNSSSGNSS 22016016 Unity provides increased transparency 5 - 7 Dec Tainan, Taiwan and effi ciency in job control and fi eld 33DD AAthensthens CConferenceonference http://isgnss2016.ncku.edu.tw/ data collection. In addition to helping 18-21 October Athens, Greece streamline the fi eld operations, it UUnitednited NNations/Nepalations/Nepal WWorkshoporkshop http://3dathens2016.gr/site/ also supports SESW collection of oonn tthehe AApplicationspplications ooff GGNSSNSS 5 - 9 December site specifi c information to document 33rdrd CCommercialommercial UUAVAV SShowhow Kathmandu, Nepal compliance. www.trimble.com 19-20 October ExCel, London, UK http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2016/ http://www.terrapinn.com/exhibition/ nepal-workshop/InfoNote.pdf Harxon releases new GNSS the-commercial-uav-show/ IIGNSSGNSS 22016016 + L-band antenna 6 - 8 December UNSW Australia CCommercialommercial UAVUAV EExpoxpo 22016016 ignss2016.unsw.edu.au Harxon, a high-precision GNSS 31 October - 2 November Las Vegas, USA antenna manufacturer in China, has NNavitecavitec 20162016 www.expouav.com released a new GNSS + L-band 14 - 16 December antenna. The GPS1000 receives November 2016 Noordwijk, Netherlands http://navitec.esa.int GPS L1/L2/L5, BDS B1/B2/B3, IICG-11:CG-11: IInternationalnternational CCommitteeommittee oonn GGNSSNSS GLONASS L1/L2, Galileo E1/E2/ 6 - 11 November March 2017 Sochi, Russia E5a/E5b and L-band frequencies, 22017017 GGISIS //CAMACAMA TTechnologiesechnologies CConference,onference, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/ which can be used in land survey, 6 - 9, March en/ourwork/icg/icg.html marine survey, channel survey, seismic Chattanooga, Tennessee www.urisa.org monitoring, bridge survey, container TTrimblerimble DimensionDimension 22016016 operation and agriculture applications. 7-9 November April 2017 Las Vegas, USA Customers can use the same antenna GGISTAMISTAM 22017017 http://www.trimbledimensions.com/ for GPS only or dual-constellation 27 - 28 April applications. www.harxon.com [ Porto, Portugal http://gistam.org/

50 | CCoordinatesoordinates July 2016

SSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 5050 226/07/166/07/16 7:067:06 AMAM SD56_CMPL_IONSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July GNSS2016.indd2016.in 2016_July16_Ad.indddd 5151 1 12/07/16226/07/166/07/16 1:257:067:06 PMAMAM SD55_CMPL_Hi-Target_June16_Ad.inddSSD56_CMPL_JulyD56_CMPL_July 2016.indd2016.indd 5252 1 04/06/16226/07/166/07/16 7:287:067:06 PMAMAM