Imaging Infrared Detectors II
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Monolayer Graphene Bolometer As a Sensitive Far-IR Detector Boris S
Monolayer graphene bolometer as a sensitive far-IR detector Boris S. Karasik*a, Christopher B. McKitterickb, Daniel E. Proberb aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA USA 91109; bDepts. of Phys. and Appl. Phys., Yale University, 15 Prospect St., BCT 417, New Haven, CT USA 06520 ABSTRACT In this paper we give a detailed analysis of the expected sensitivity and operating conditions in the power detection mode of a hot-electron bolometer (HEB) made from a few µm2 of monolayer graphene (MLG) flake which can be embedded into either a planar antenna or waveguide circuit via NbN (or NbTiN) superconducting contacts with critical temperature ~ 14 K. Recent data on the strength of the electron-phonon coupling are used in the present analysis and the contribution of the readout noise to the Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) is explicitly computed. The readout scheme utilizes Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) allowing for Frequency-Domain Multiplexing (FDM) using narrowband filter coupling of the HEBs. In general, the filter bandwidth and the summing amplifier noise have a significant effect on the overall system sensitivity. The analysis shows that the readout contribution can be reduced to that of the bolometer phonon noise if the detector device is operated at 0.05 K and the JNT signal is read at about 10 GHz where the Johnson noise emitted in equilibrium is substantially reduced. Beside the high sensitivity (NEP < 10-20 W/Hz1/2), this bolometer does not have any hard saturation limit and thus can be used for far-IR sky imaging with arbitrary contrast. -
Pixel-Wise Motion Deblurring of Thermal Videos
Pixel-Wise Motion Deblurring of Thermal Videos Manikandasriram S.R.1, Zixu Zhang1, Ram Vasudevan2, and Matthew Johnson-Roberson3 Robotics Institute1, Mechanical Engineering2, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering3 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109. fsrmani, zixu, ramv, [email protected] https://fcav.engin.umich.edu/papers/pixelwise-deblurring Abstract—Uncooled microbolometers can enable robots to see in the absence of visible illumination by imaging the “heat” radiated from the scene. Despite this ability to see in the dark, these sensors suffer from significant motion blur. This has limited their application on robotic systems. As described in this paper, this motion blur arises due to the thermal inertia of each pixel. This has meant that traditional motion deblurring techniques, which rely on identifying an appropriate spatial blur kernel to perform spatial deconvolution, are unable to reliably perform motion deblurring on thermal camera images. To address this problem, this paper formulates reversing the effect of thermal inertia at a single pixel as a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) problem which we can solve rapidly using a quadratic programming solver. By leveraging sparsity and a high frame rate, this pixel-wise LASSO formulation is able to recover motion deblurred frames of thermal videos without using any spatial information. To compare its quality against state-of- Fig. 1: An illustration of the proposed motion deblurring algorithm for the-art visible camera based deblurring methods, this paper eval- microbolometers. The top image shows a visible image captured at 30fps with uated the performance of a family of pre-trained object detectors auto exposure. -
Infrared Imaging Video Bolometer with a Double Layer Absorbing Foil
Plasma and Fusion Research: Regular Articles Volume 2, S1052 (2007) Infrared Imaging Video Bolometer with a Double Layer Absorbing Foil Igor V. MIROSHNIKOV, Artem Y. KOSTRYUKOV and Byron J. PETERSON1) St. Petersburg State Technical University, 29 Politechnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia. 1)National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki, 509-5292, Japan (Received 30 November 2006 / Accepted 11 August 2007) The object of the present paper is an infrared video bolometer with a bolometer foil consisting of two layers: the first layer is constructed of radiation absorbing blocks and the second layer is a thermal isolating base. The absorbing blocks made of a material with a high photon attenuation coefficient (gold) were spatially separated from each other while the base should be made of a material having high tensile strength and low thermal con- ductance (stainless steel). Such a foil has been manufactured in St. Petersburg and calibratedinNIFSusinga vacuum test chamber and a laser beam as an incident power source. A finite element method (FEM) code was applied to simulate the thermal response of the foil. Simulation results are in good agreement with the experi- mental calibration data. The temperature response of the double layer foil is a factor of two higher than that of a single foil IR video bolometer using the same absorber material and thickness. c 2007 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research Keywords: plasma bolometry, infrared imaging bolometer, double layer foil, finite element method simulation DOI: 10.1585/pfr.2.S1052 1. Introduction 2. Double Layer Foil Design and Man- The idea of infrared imaging bolometry is to absorb ufacturing the incident plasma radiation in an ultra thin (1 µm-2.5 µm) The idea of DLF design is shown in Fig. -
Uncooled Microbolometer Detector: Recent Developments at ULIS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW 14(1), 25–32 DOI: 10.2478/s11772-006-0004-2 Uncooled microbolometer detector: recent developments at ULIS J.L. TISSOT*, C. TROUILLEAU, B. FIEQUE, A. CRASTES, and O. LEGRAS ULIS, BP 27 – 38113 Veurey-Voroize, France Uncooled infrared focal plane arrays are being developed for a wide range of thermal imaging applications. Fire-fighting, predictive maintenance, process control and thermography are a few of the industrial applications which could take benefit from uncooled infrared detector. Therefore, to answer these markets, a 35-µm pixel-pitch uncooled IR detector technology has been developed enabling high performance 160´120 and 384´288 arrays production. Besides a wide-band version from uncooled 320´240/45 µm array has been also developed in order to address process control and more precisely industrial furnaces control. The ULIS amorphous silicon technology is well adapted to manufacture low cost detector in mass produc- tion. After some brief microbolometer technological background, we present the characterization of 35 µm pixel-pitch detec- tor as well as the wide-band 320´240 infrared focal plane arrays with a pixel pitch of 45 µm. Keywords: uncooled IRFPA, 2D array, MWIR, LWIR, microbolometer, amorphous silicon. 1. Introduction Uncooled infrared detectors are now available for various applications. Their simple operating conditions are similar to those of digital CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) used in some digital cameras. They have already shown their po- tentiality to fulfil many commercial and military applica- tions. One of the key parameters is the low cost achievable with uncooled detectors compared to cooled quantum de- tectors. -
Designing of Sensing Element for Bolometer Working at Room Temperature
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. PP 47-52 www.iosrjournals.org Designing of Sensing Element for Bolometer Working at Room Temperature 1 2 Debalina Panda , Subrat Kumar Pradhan 1 M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of ECE, Centurion University of Technology &Management, Odisha, INDIA 3 Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE, Centurion University of Technology &Management, Odisha, INDIA Abstract: Bolometer is a highly sensitive thermal detector used for detection of heat or electromagnetic radiation. It has vast applications extending their range to the field of military, medical, astronomy, particle physics and in day-to-day use thus devising it as a significant part of our society. The basic operation principle is that it measures the incident radiation power through absorption resulting a specific change in a measurable quantity. This present work aims at designing of a MEMS based bolometer analysing the variation of thermal conductivity in response to the temperature by using COMSOL Multiphysics®. Here the temperature change occurs due to the incident infrared radiation. The proposed bolometer design is efficient of operating at elevated temperatures (>273 K) and thus can be implemented in a Wheatstone bridge to make it a modifiable detector for better sensitivity. I. Introduction Bolometer is light, rugged, reliable and low cost resistive thermal detectors generally used for low temperature operation. These are radiation power detectors constructed from a material having very small thermal capacity and large thermal coefficient so that the absorbed incident radiation produces a large change in resistance. It consists of an absorptive element connected to a thermal reservoir (or heat sink) and a thermopile attached to it for measurement of temperature as shown in Fig.1. -
Status of Uncooled Infrared Detector Technology at ULIS, France
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Defence Science Journal Defence Science Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, November 2013, pp. 545-549, DOI : 10.14429/dsj.63.5753 2013, DESIDOC Status of Uncooled Infrared Detector Technology at ULIS, France J.L. Tissot*, P. Robert, A. Durand, S. Tinnes, E. Bercier, and A. Crastes ULIS, 38113, Veurey-Voroize, France *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The high level of accumulated expertise by ULIS and CEA/LETI on uncooled microbolometers made from amorphous silicon enables ULIS to develop uncooled infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) with 17 µm pixel-pitch to enable the development of small power, small weight and power and high performance IR systems. Key characteristics of amorphous silicon based uncooled IR detector is described to highlight the advantage of this technology for system operation. A full range of products from 160 x 120 to 1024 x 768 has been developed and we will focus the paper on the ¼ VGA with 17 µm pixel pitch. Readout integrated circuit (ROIC) architecture is described highlighting innovations that are widely on-chip implemented to enable an easier operation by the user. The detector configuration (integration time, windowing, gain, scanning direction), is driven by a standard I²C link. Like most of the visible arrays, the detector adopts the HSYNC/VSYNC free-run mode of operation driven with only one master clock (MC) supplied to the ROIC which feeds back pixel, line and frame synchronisation. On-chip PROM memory for customer operational condition storage is available for detector characteristics. -
Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors
applied sciences Review Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors Antoni Rogalski 1, Piotr Martyniuk 1,*, Małgorzata Kopytko 1 and Weida Hu 2 1 Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-26-183-92-15 Abstract: The cryogenic cooling of infrared (IR) photon detectors optimized for the mid- (MWIR, 3–5 µm) and long wavelength (LWIR, 8–14 µm) range is required to reach high performance. This is a major obstacle for more extensive use of IR technology. Focal plane arrays (FPAs) based on thermal detectors are presently used in staring thermal imagers operating at room temperature. However, their performance is modest; thermal detectors exhibit slow response, and the multispectral detection is difficult to reach. Initial efforts to develop high operating temperature (HOT) photodetectors were focused on HgCdTe photoconductors and photoelectromagnetic detectors. The technological efforts have been lately directed on advanced heterojunction photovoltaic HgCdTe detectors. This paper presents the several approaches to increase the photon-detectors room-temperature performance. Various kinds of materials are considered: HgCdTe, type-II AIIIBV superlattices, two-dimensional materials and colloidal quantum dots. Keywords: HOT IR detectors; HgCdTe; P-i-N; BLIP condition; 2D material photodetectors; colloidal quantum dot photodetectors Citation: Rogalski, A.; Martyniuk, P.; Kopytko, M.; Hu, W. -
Development of Cryogenic Bolometer for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 124Sn
Development of Cryogenic Bolometer for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 124Sn By Vivek Singh PHYS01200804030 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai – 400 085 A thesis submitted to the Board of Studies in Physical Sciences In partial fulfillment of requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of HOMI BHABHA NATIONAL INSTITUTE October, 2014 Homi Bhabha National Institute Recommendations of the Viva Voce Board As members of the Viva Voce Board, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Vivek Singh entitled “Development of Cryogenic Bolometer for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 124Sn” and recommend that it may be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy. Chairman - Prof. S. L. Chaplot Date: Guide / Convener - Prof. V. Nanal Date: Co-guide - Prof. V. M. Datar Date: Member - Dr. G. Ravikumar Date: Member - Prof. R. G. Pillay Date: Member - Dr. V. Ganesan Date: Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to HBNI. I/We hereby certify that I/we have read this dissertation prepared under my/our direction and recommend that it may be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: Place: Co-guide Guide ii STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) and is deposited in the Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the HBNI. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. -
Enhancing Microbolometer Performance at Terahertz Frequencies with Metamaterial Absorbers
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-09 Enhancing microbolometer performance at terahertz frequencies with metamaterial absorbers Kearney, Brian T. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37647 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DISSERTATION ENHANCING MICROBOLOMETER PERFORMANCE AT TERAHERTZ FREQUENCIES WITH METAMATERIAL ABSORBERS by Brian T. Kearney September 2013 Dissertation Supervisor: Gamani Karunasiri Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2013 Dissertation 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS ENHANCING MICROBOLOMETER PERFORMANCE AT TERAHERTZ FREQUENCIES WITH METAMATERIAL ABSORBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) Brian T. Kearney 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. -
Measurement of Quantum Efficiency of a Photo Diode Using Radiation
Measuring the quantum efficiency of a photo diode using radiation pressure Scott Rager Penn State University Abstract Quantification of the performance of instruments used in taking scientific data is important in determining the amount of error and reliability of the data taken using these instruments. The goal of this project is to measure the quantum efficiency of a photo diode, which describes how well the photo diode converts light photons into electric current. The common method of measuring quantum efficiency utilizes a power meter to measure a laser's power along with the photo diode. This paper describes the theory and implementation of an experiment that attempts to determine quantum efficiency using radiation pressure. This experiment is a novel approach that utilizes a Michelson interferometer and very light mirror with a mass of only 20 mg. If successful, this project will be able to determine the photo diode's quantum efficiency with an error of less than 1 %, a dramatic improvement over the common method of measurement using a power meter. 1. Introduction Experimental scientists rely on a variety of instruments to record data from experiments. Without these instruments, developing and proving scientific theories would be impossible. With modern technology, the ability to develop instruments that exhibit better performance and accuracy has dramatically increased. With any real device, however, some sources of imperfections will always cause a source of error in any experimental data taken. Knowing this fact, scientists need to know the accuracy and the limitations of their data-taking devices in order to have an understanding of how accurate their actual data is. -
Design, Modeling, and Characterization of Innovative Terahertz Detectors Duy Thong Nguyen
Design, modeling, and characterization of innovative terahertz detectors Duy Thong Nguyen To cite this version: Duy Thong Nguyen. Design, modeling, and characterization of innovative terahertz detectors. Elec- tromagnetism. Université de Grenoble, 2012. English. tel-00773019 HAL Id: tel-00773019 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00773019 Submitted on 15 Jan 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Optique et Radiofréquences Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Duy Thong NGUYEN Thèse dirigée par Jean-Louis COUTAZ et codirigée par François SIMOENS préparée au sein du Laboratoire CEA-Léti dans l'École Doctorale EEATS Conception, modélisation et caractérisation de détecteurs térahertz innovants Thèse soutenue publiquement le 12 novembre 2012 devant le jury composé de : Pr. Jean-Louis COUTAZ Professeur, IMEP-LAHC, Université de Savoie, directeur de thèse Dr. Gian Piero GALLERANO Chef du Laboratoire des Sources de Rayonnement, ENEA, Frascati (Italie), -
Uncooled Detectors for Thermal Imaging Cameras Making the Right Detector Choice
TECHNICAL NOTE Uncooled detectors for thermal imaging cameras Making the right detector choice In the last few years thermal imaging has found its way into many more com- also exists a ferroelectric technology based on Barium Strontium Titanate mercial applications. Most of these applications require a low cost product (BST). with an uncooled detector. These sensors image in the LWIR, or longwave infrared band (7 - 14 μm). Different types of uncooled detectors are available Users of thermal imaging cameras should get the best and most modern tech- on the market. Since the infrared detector is the heart of any thermal imaging nology if they decide to purchase a system for whatever application. The ability camera, it is of the utmost importance that it is of the best possible quality. to see crystal clear pictures through darkness, fog, haze and smoke all depends on the quality of the detector. Understanding the different technologies for Uncooled detectors are made of different and often quite exotic materials uncooled detectors that are currently on the market can help in making the that each have their own benefits. Microbolometer-based detectors are either right choice. made out of Vanadium Oxide (VOx) or Amorphous Silicon (α-Si) while there Thermal imaging: The technology used at that point in time required initially developed for the military that the camera was filled with liquid nitrogen. Thermal imaging is a technology that originated The systems were extremely expensive and the in military applications. Thermal imaging cameras military had a lock on the technology because it was produce a clear image on the darkest of nights.