Lake Monroe Diagnostic and Feasibility Study
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LAKE MONROE DIAGNOSTIC AND FEASIBILITY STUDY Prepared by: William W. Jones Michael Jenson Eric Jourdain Sherry Mitchell-Bruker Lara Strong Laura Bieberich Jeffrey Helmuth Tim Kroeker School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Prepared for: Monroe County Commissioners Courthouse Room 302 Bloomington, Indiana 47404 March 1997 Acknowledgments This project was made possible by a Section 314 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Matching funds were provided by the State of Indiana and local sources. The grant was administered by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management. We'd especially like to thank Sharen Janzen and Carol Newhouse of IDEM for their help and guidance. This project required the valuable time and talents of many people. We especially wish to thank Susan Fernandes, Richard Martin, Earl Riggs, and the Monroe County Lakes Task Force for spearheading the effort to gamer local financial and political support for this study. We'd also like to thank all those who wrote letters supporting this study and to the following who contributed funds or in-kind services to make this study possible: City of Bloomington Utilities Services Board, Indiana University, City of Bloomington, Bynum Fanyo Inc., Smith Neubecker & Associates, Town of Ellettsville, Southern Monroe Water Corporation, Monroe County Realty and Development, and the Sassafras Audubon Society. In addition to the authors listed, the following SPEA graduate students assisted with sample collection and analysis: Lisa Blazure, James Joerke, Ken McBride and Rob Price. Sherry Mitchell-Bruker analyzed the hydrology and sedimentation data and wrote those chapters. Rene Aubourg prepared the GIs analysis and maps of watershed land features. Robyn Dommel and Chana Frenkel collected and analyzed sediment samples for physical and chemical properties. Cynthia Mahigian Moorhead prepared many of the original graphics and was the final report production manager. Our thanks go out to all of these people. This work was funded, in part, by grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant No. 5995208-01-0) and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. It was managed administratively by the Indiana Department of Environmental management (Contract No. ARN 93-395A). Finally, this effort is dedicated to Professor David G. Frey ,whose study of Lake Monroe and passion for limnology have inspired many of us to do the work that we now do. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xxiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 LAKE SETTING 3 LOCATION AND HISTORY 3 Geology 6 Soils 8 Highly Erodible Land 11 MORPHOMETRY 4 DRAINAGE BASIN SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS 6 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 6 Geology 6 Soils 8 Highly Erodible Land 11 LANDUSE 11 CLIMATE 15 DEMOGRAPHICS 15 Population 15 Economics 17 PUBLIC ACCESS AND RECREATIONAL USE 17 Public Access 17 Recreational Use 20 MAJOR LAKES WITHIN 80-KILOMETER RADIUS 24 DRINKING WATER USE 24 WILDLIFE RESOURCES 28 Habitat Management 28 Birds 29 Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians 29 Rare and Endangered Species 29 3.0 HISTORICAL DATA 34 3.1 OVERVIEW OF PAST STUDIES 34 3.2 WATER QUALITY TRENDS SUGGESTED BY THE HISTORIC DATA 35 3.3 FISHERIES 39 3.4 FISH TISSUE STUDIES 41 4.0 HYDROLOGY 432 4.1 GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS 43 4.2 HYDROLOGIC BUDGET 51 5.0 WATER QUALITY 61 5.1 METHODS 61 5.2 SAMPLING SCHEDULE 64 5.3 RESULTS 64 Temperature 64 Dissolved Oxygen 66 Alkalinity 66 pH 68 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus 68 Total Phosphorus 72 Nitrate-Nitrogen 72 Ammonia-Nitrogen 72 Organic Nitrogen 75 Total Suspended Solids 75 Transparency 75 Chlorophyll a 78 Plankton 79 Macrophytes 83 5.4 TROPHIC STATE 87 Introduction 87 Trophic State Indices 87 Trophic State Reuslts 88 6.0 SEDIMENTS 93 6.1 SEDIMENT BUDGET 93 Sediment Inputs 93 Sediment Output 94 Sediment Accumulation 94 Potential Watershed Sources of Sediments 103 6.2 SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS 103 Methods 103 Color Analysis 105 Particle Size 105 Organic Matter 105 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 108 Toxic Compounds 118 7.0 NUTRIENT BUDGET 110 7.1 PHOSPHORUS BUDGET 110 Inputs 110 Phosphorus Outputs 112 7.2 PHOSPHORUS EXPORT MODEL 114 7.3 AGNPS MODELING 114 Methods 117 AGNPS Results 123 AGNPS Summary 128 8.0 POLLUTION SOURCES 130 8.1 OVERVIEW 130 8.2 POINTSOURCES 130 8.3 NONPOINT SOURCES 130 Agriculture 134 Silviculture 135 Urbanization 137 Septic System Failure 138 Streambank Erosion 140 Lakeshore Erosion 140 Recreation Impacts 140 9.0 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 145 9.1 INTRODUCTION 145 9.2 AGRICULTURAL BMPs 145 Conservation Tillage 146 Contour Stripcropping 146 Crop Rotation 146 Grassed Waterways 146 Filter Strips 146 Animal Waste Management 147 Water and Sediment Control Basins 147 Fertilizer Management 149 9.3 FORESTRY BMPs 149 Planning 149 Stream Buffers 149 Stream Crossings 149 Drainage 149 Site Closure 149 9.4 URBANBMPs 150 Stormwater Management 150 Construction Sites 151 Fertilizer Management 155 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment 156 Management of Sensitive Lands 156 9.5 SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK PROTECTION 158 Revegetation 159 Littoral Zone Revegetation 160 Beach Sloping 163 Structural Methods 164 Streambank Fencing 164 9.6 WETLANDS TREATMENT OF NPS POLLUTANTS 165 Purpose 165 Design Considerations 165 9.7 IN-LAKE TREATMENT 166 Phosphorus Precipitation/Inactivation 166 Dredging 167 Aeration 168 Rooted Macrophyte Control 169 9.8 LAKE USE MANAGEMENT 170 Lake Use Restrictions 171 Space Zoning 171 Timezoning 172 9.9 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 172 10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 174 MANAGEMENT NEEDS 174 MANAGEMENT APPROACH 175 POINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT 176 NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT 176 Agricultural Areas 176 Forested Lands 177 Urbanized Lands 177 SHORELINE EROSION 180 hUINTAINTNG DRINKING WATER QUALITY 181 MANAGING HUMAN USE 182 Safety 182 Overuse 183 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS NOT REQUIRING ACTION AT THIS TIME 184 Aquatic Macrophytes 185 Sediment Accumulation 185 ... Vlll 11.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION 186 11.1 INTRODUCTION 186 11.2 LEGAL AUTHORITY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 186 11.3 EXISTING JURISDICTIONS 186 11.4 WHO GAINS? 187 11.5 MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 188 11.6 CASE STUDIES 191 Mutual Consent Model 191 Enabling Legislation Model 192 Special Purpose Legislation 193 The Monroe County Lakes Task Force 195 11.7 RECOMMENDATIONS 196 The State's Role 197 LMWC'S Role 198 11.8 CONCLUSION 201 12.0 IMPLEMENTATION 202 12.1 TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY 202 12.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 202 12.3 TIMETABLE 204 12.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN 205 12.5 PERMIT REQUIREMENTS 205 12.6 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION 205 13.0 LITERATURE CITED 208 APPENDIX A: U.S. EPA Clean Lakes Program Guidance 221 APPENDIX B: Water Quality Data 237 APPENDIX C: Plankton Data 247 APPENDIX D: Fisheries Report 273 APPENDIX E: Current Lake Monroe Watershed Jurisdictions 299 List of Tables Chapter 2: Lake Setting Table 2-1. Lake Morphometry 4 Table 2-2. Watershed Land Slopes 8 Table 2-3. Lake Monroe Watershed Land Uses 11 Table 2-4. Temperature and Precipitation Data 15 Table 2-5. Population by County and Township, 1980-90 16 Table 2-6. Population Projections 17 Table 2-7. Economic Information 18 Table 2-8. Employment Data 18 Table 2-9. Recreational Activity Participants by Category at Lake Monroe 20 Table 2-10. Visitorship Data from Lake User Survey 21 Table 2-11. Lake Monroe Fishing Tournaments Registered with IDNR in 1993 22 Table 2-12. Lake Monroe Sailing Association 1993 Events 23 Table 2-13. Lake Monroe Events Sponsored by Fourwinds Marina 24 Table 2-14. Lakes over 40 Hectares within 80 Kilometers of Lake Monroe 25 Table 2-15. Recreational Activities at Nearby Lakes 25 Table 2-16. Drinking Water Sales in February and September 1993 27 Table 2-17. Nature Preserves and Natural Areas in the Monroe Watershed 28 Table 2-18. Bird Species in the Lake Monroe Watershed 30 Table 2-19. Rare and Endangered Species in the Lake Monroe Watershed 33 Chapter 3: Historical Data Table 3-1. Historical Data-Lake Monroe Dam 36 Table 3-2. Historical Data-Lake Monroe Causeway 37 Table 3-3. Post Impoundment Northern Pike, Walleye, and Hybrid Striped Bass (HSB) Stocked at Lake Monroe 40 Table 3-4. Results of the 1992 Fisheries Survey 41 Table 3-5. Selected Results of 1985 Lake Monroe Fish Tissue and Sediment Analyses 42 Chapter 4: Hydrology Table 4-1. Baseflow Separation Results 48 Table 4-2. Hydrologic Inputs 53 Table 4-3. Regression Results-Discharge Estimation 53 Table 4-4. Lake Monroe Hydrologic Outputs and Water Budget Results 57 Chapter 5: Water Quality Table 5-1. Weather Conditions at Time of Sampling 63 Table 5-2. Mean Inorganic Nitrogen to Inorganic Phosphorus Ratios for Upper, Middle, and Lower Basins 84 Table 5-3. Aquatic Plant Attributes 85 Table 5-4. Aquatic Macrophyte Coverage (acres) in Lake Monroe 86 Table 5-5. The Indiana Trophic State Index 89 Chapter 6: Sediments Table 6-1. Regression Results-Total Suspended Solids Estimation for Monroe Watershed Streams 93 Table 6-2. Modeled Sediment Inputs and Outputs 96 xii Table 6-3. Sedimentation Rates for Other Indiana Reservoirs 97 Table 6-4. Results of the Lake Monroe Shoreline Survey 98 Table &5. Monroe Reservoir Life Base on Modeled Sediment Load and Inflow Rate 101 Table 6-6. Relative Suspended Sediment Loading to Lake Monroe 102 Table 6-7. Percentage of Subwatershed Land in Various Slope Classes 105 Table 6-8. Lake Monroe Sediment Color 105 Table 6-9. Particle Size Distribution in Lake Monroe Sediments 106 Table 6-10. Settling Rates for Soil Particles of Different Sizes in Lake Monroe Sediments 108 Table 6-11. Lake Monroe Organic Carbon 108 Table 6-12. Lake Monroe Sediment Nutrient Concentrations (dry weight) 108 Table 6-13. Sediment Toxic Compound Results (units in mg/kg dry wt) 108 Chapter 7: Nutrient Budget Table 7-1.