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Nanotechnology for Green Innovation”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No Please cite this paper as: OECD (2013-06-14), “Nanotechnology for Green Innovation”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 5, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k450q9j8p8q-en OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers No. 5 Nanotechnology for Green Innovation OECD OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY (STI) POLICY PAPERS The OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (www.oecd.org/sti) develops evidence-based policy advice on the contribution of science, technology and industry to well- being and economic growth. STI Policy Papers cover a broad range of topics, including industry and globalisation, innovation and entrepreneurship, scientific R&D and emerging technologies. These reports are officially declassified by an OECD Committee. Note to Delegations: This document is also available on OLIS under reference code: DSTI/STP/NANO(2013)3/FINAL © OECD/OCDE, 2013 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: OECD Publications, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France; e-mail: [email protected] OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY POLICY PAPERS 1 NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR GREEN INNOVATION FOREWORD The paper brings together information collected through discussions and projects undertaken by the OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) relevant to the development and use of nanotechnology for green innovation. It relies in particular on preliminary results from the WPN project on the Responsible Development of Nanotechnology and on conclusions from a symposium, organised by the OECD WPN together with the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative, which took place in March 2012 in Washington DC, United States, on Assessing the Economic Impact of Nanotechnology. It also draws on material from the four background papers that were developed for the symposium. The background papers were: “Challenges for Governments in Evaluating the Return on Investment from Nanotechnology and its Broader Economic Impact” by Eleanor O’Rourke and Mark Morrison of the Institute of Nanotechnology, United Kingdom; “Finance and Investor Models in Nanotechnology” by Tom Crawley, Pekka Koponen, Lauri Tolvas and Terhi Marttila of Spinverse, Finland; “The Economic Contributions of Nanotechnology to Green and Sustainable Growth” by Philip Shapira and Jan Youtie, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States; and “Models, Tool and Metrics Available to Assess the Economic Impact of Nanotechnology” by Katherine Bojczuk and Ben Walsh of Oakdene Hollins, United Kingdom. The purpose of the paper is to provide background information for future work by the WPN on the application of nanotechnology to green innovation. © OECD 2013 2 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY POLICY PAPERS NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR GREEN INNOVATION TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY ...................................................... 7 What is green innovation through nanotechnology? .................................................................................... 7 Applications of nanotechnology for green innovation: some examples from WPN case studies ................ 9 Green innovation through nanotechnology: Responsible development ..................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: STRATEGIES FOR GREEN INNOVATION THROUGH NANOTECHNOLOGY ......... 14 Overview of national strategies ................................................................................................................. 14 From basic research to technology applications ........................................................................................ 16 Investment in environmental health and safety, ethical and social issues and sustainable manufacturing 18 Public – private collaborations: Fostering the transition of green nanotechnology from research to commercialisation ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Policy instruments for the adoption of green nanotechnology: Supporting technology development and influencing demand .................................................................................................................................... 21 Beyond green nanotechnology: Convergence of green technologies ........................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACT OF GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY ........................................................... 24 Challenges in assessing the impact of green nanotechnology ................................................................... 24 Examples of nanotechnology valuation methodologies ............................................................................. 27 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 32 Figures Figure 1. Example of nanotechnology for greener cars .................................................................................. 8 Figure 2. Value chain – nanotech-battery in a ‘green’ car ............................................................................ 9 Figure 3. Green nanotechnology for packaging ........................................................................................... 26 Boxes Box 1. Green chemistry/Green manufacturing/Green nanotechnology .......................................................... 7 Box 2. OECD Project on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Development of Tyres ...................................... 10 Box 3. Examples of national priorities in relation to green innovation through nanotechnology ................. 15 Box 4. Examples of nanotechnology investment .......................................................................................... 17 Box 5. Examples of public-private collaborations to foster the commercialisation of nanotechnology applications .................................................................................................................................................... 21 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY POLICY PAPERS 3 NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR GREEN INNOVATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The need for development of affordable and safe ways of addressing global challenges, in areas such as energy, environment and health, has never been more pressing. The global demand for energy is expected to increase by more than 30% between 2010 and 2035 (International Energy Agency, 2011). More than 800 million people worldwide are currently without access to safe drinking water (WHO, 2010). Such challenges have resulted in increasing attention being paid by policymakers, researchers, and corporations to new technologies, and the application of technologies in new ways. Green innovation is one such new way of addressing global challenges. Green innovation is innovation which reduces environmental impacts: by increasing energy efficiency, by reducing waste or greenhouse gas emissions and/or by minimising the consumption of non- renewable raw materials, for example. OECD countries and emerging economies alike are seeking new ways to use green innovation for increased competitiveness through a transition to a so-called “green growth” scenario based on the application of technology (OECD, 2012a). Within the group of technologies which are expected to help to contribute to that transition, nanotechnology is attracting particular attention. Since it began its work in 2007, the OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) has developed a number of projects addressing emerging policy issues of science, technology and innovation related to the responsible development of nanotechnology. During that time, discussions within the WPN have increasingly highlighted the potential of nanotechnology to support green growth, focusing on two particular aspects: i) the potential for nanotechnology to contribute to green innovation; and ii) the potential and perceived risks and environmental costs of using the technology. The second of these may reduce the ability of nanotechnology to achieve its green goals, i.e. to meet its “green vocation”. Green nanotechnology in the context of a green innovation transition Nanotechnology for green innovation – green nanotechnology – aims for products and processes that are safe, energy efficient, reduce waste and lessen greenhouse gas emissions. Such products and processes are based on renewable materials and/or have a low net impact on the environment. Green nanotechnology is also about manufacturing processes that are economically and environmentally sustainable. Green nanotechnology is increasingly being referred to in connection with other concepts such as green chemistry and sustainable and green engineering and manufacturing. The principles of green chemistry can be applied to produce safer and more sustainable nanomaterials and more efficient and sustainable nano manufacturing processes. Conversely, the principles of nanoscience can be used to foster green chemistry by using nanotechnology
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