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Book Chapter Reference Book Chapter The Aristaeus Episode and Aeneid 1 NELIS, Damien Patrick Reference NELIS, Damien Patrick. The Aristaeus Episode and Aeneid 1. In: Haan, E. From Erudition to Inspiration. Belfast : Belfast Byzantine Enterprises, 1992. p. 3-18 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:116708 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Kevin's playing games. He stands for lyric Intervention in the scheme ofthings, The Aristaeus episode and Aeneid 1 As when a simile begins to find Damien N elis Focus and direction in epic verse And the bard's strong band upon the poem's helm The existence of a considerable number of verbal similarities between the Goes dreamy and the whole craft drifts or lifts second half of the fourth book of Virgil's Georgics and certain passages of the Aeneid is often remarked upon. Most of the scholarly activity devoted to the apparent connections between the two poems has dealt While the boatmen think they smell hearthsmoke from home with the question of the priority of composition of the verses, a problem Upon the seawind, and then the story swings which of course raises the issue of the laudes Gal/i and the Servian On course again towards some bloodied landfall. tradition of the publication of a second edition of the Georgics after the death of C. Cornelius Gallus in 27/26 B.C. Recent contributions to this debate' have tended to lend credence to Servius's statements, or at least to certain parts of them, but many remain unconvinced.2 Another III approach to the connections between the Aristaeus episode and the Aeneid, one which deliberately ignores the Prioritdtsfrage, bas attempted And since the whole thing's irnagined anyhow, to study the verbal sirnilarities in the context of broader thematic Imagine being Kevin. Which is he: connections between the two works.3 This method, building on the Self-forgetful or in agony ail the time findings of several earlier contributions to the study of the fourth book of the Georgics, has produced the theory that an allegorical reading of both works reveals the story of bugonia, Aristaeus, Orpheus and Eurydice to From the neck on out down through his hurting forearms? be a commentary on recent historical events and characters, namely Are bis fingers sleeping? Does he still feel his knees? Actium, Augustus, Antony and Cleopatra. This interpretation has received Or has the shut-eyed blank of underearth a decidedly cool reception. One reviewer4 has written, ' .. this paper is 1 See, for example, E. Paratore, 'L'episodio di Orfeo', Atti del Convegno Virgiliano Crept up through him? Is there distance in his head? ne/ Bimillenario delle Georgiche (Naples, 1977), 9-36; E. Lefèvre, 'Die Laudes Ga/li Alone and rnirrored clear in love's deep river, in Vergils Georgica', WS, n.s.20 (1986) 183-192; H. Jacobson, 'Aristaeus, Orpheus 'To labour and not to seek reward,' he prays, and Ûle iAudes Ga/li', AJP, 105 ( 1984), 271-300; P. Domenicucci, 'L'Elegia di Orfeo ne! IV libro delle Georgiche', GIF, n.s.,16 ( 1985), 239-248. 2 See, for example, J. Hermes, C. Cornelius Gallus und Vergil: Das Problem der A prayer his body makes entirely Umarbeitrmg des Vierren Georgica-B11ches (Diss. Münster, 1977, pub!. 1980); R.F. For he has forgotten self, forgotten bird Thomas, Virgil. Georgics (Cambridge, 1988), 1.13-16. The classic statement in And on the riverbank forgotten the river's name. English of this view is that of W.B. Anderson 'Gall us and the Fourth Georgie', CQ, 27 ( 1933), 36-45, 73. See also E. Norden, 'Orpheus und Eurydice', Sitzungsber. d. Pre11ss. Akad. Wiss. Phil-Hist. Kl.22 (1934), 626-683 = KI. Schr. (Berlin, 1966), 468- 532. For a most useful bibliography on the subject, see Jacobson, 'Aristaeus'. 3 See Y. Nadeau, 'The Lover and the Statesman: A study in apiculture (Virgil, Georgics 4.281-558)', Poetry and Politics in the Age ofA ugustus, eds. T. Woodman and D. West (Cambridge, 1984), 59-82; see also the additions to the original argument by the same author: 'Aristaeus: Augustus: Berenice: Aeneas', Mnemosyne, 42 (1989), 97-101. 4 J. den Boeft, MnemoJyne, 39 (1986), 517. 2 3 DAMIEN NELIS TIIE ARIST AEUS EPISODE either the sumrnit of ingenious brilliance or utter nonsense'. Another good reason to deny that Virgil completed the Georgics in 29 B.C.9 The critics is of the opinion that 'readers will find many grounds for disbelief'. argument based on chronological considerations can be accompanied by It would be wrong, however, to react to the undoubted excesses of this other objections to Servius's claim. Why was Gallus allowed to retain allegorical reading by throwing the baby out along with the bath water such prorninence in Eclogues 6 and 10 if he had to be removed from and thus ignoring the significance of both the verbal and, more Georgics IV? How could a poem in which Augustus figures prominently importantly, thematic parallels which do undoubtedly exist betw.een the end with large-scale praise of a subordinate? How could a passage by Aristaeus episode and the Aeneid. The purpose of this paper is the very Rome' s most famous poet in praise of such a striking figure of both the lirnited one of going over once again this much-trodden ground in an literary and political world disappear without trace after having been in attempt to set out as clearly as possible the themes and actions which link circulation for at least two years? Do not the inconsistencies of Servius's Aeneas to Aristaeus in the first book of Virgil's epic. I stake no large remarks (were the laudes Ga/li replaced by Aristaei fabula or by Orphei claims to originality. What follows owes much to the work of such fabula or both?) suggest the confused, unsound basis of his sources? My scholars as inter alios Heurgon, Büchner, Knauer, Segal, Crabbe, Griffin, position is basically the same as Knauer's,10 that Virgil can be seen Berres and Nadeau and my very considerable debt to them will be bringing to perfection in the mythological narrative of the fourth Georgie obvious throughout. those techniques of imitation which were to provide the basis for the I should make it clear from the outset that as far as the Prioritiitsfrage composition of the Aeneid. I would also argue that the arguments set out is concerned I am convinced of the priority o(Georgics IV over Aeneid below conceming the relationship between Homer, Georgics IV and. 1. 6 It is obvious from the proem to Georgics III that the composition of an Aeneid 1 lend support to Knauer's thesis. epic poem was already on Virgil's mind while he was still working on the The following is a list of the verbal sirnilarities between Georgics Georgics and I would accept that the two poems contain similarities of IV.281-566 and Aeneid 1.11 Not ail of the links here cited will be diction and theme because they reflect many of the poet's most constant discussed below but the very number of parallels is noteworthy and preoccupations during some of the most disturbed years of Roman reinforces the basic argument that Virgil consciously intended them and history. I would even go so far as to say that Virgil was already doing wanted his informed reader to notice them. preliminary work on Aeneid 1, 4 and 6 while he was composing the Aristaeus episode. But I do not believe that we can speak in any Aeneid 1 Georgics IV.281-566 meaningful sense of large-scale simultaneous composition of both works or that Virgil would in fact have finished the second version of the 71 538 - 550 Georgics in 26 B.C. when the Aeneid was already well under way. I take 72 343 Servius's remarks7 about the rewriting of parts of the adventures of 84 471 Aristaeus and/or Orpheus to be garbled versions of a quite different 93 498 explanation of certain features of the Aristaeus episode, 8 and I see no 126f. (cf. 154f.) 35lf. 136 454f. 5 N.M. Horsfall, CR, 35 (1985), 53. 159 387 6 Most recently R. Martin, Enciclopedia Virgiliana (Rome, 1985), 2, 668, bas argued for simultaneous composition of the passages in question while T. Berres, following K. Büchner, RE VIIIA, s.v. P. Vergilius Maro, 1315-1318, Die Entstehung der 9 See J. Griffin, 'The Fourth Georgie, Virgil and Rome', in Latin Poets and Roman Aeneis, Hermes Einzelsehriften, 45 (Wiesbaden, 1982), 303-314, bas contended that Life (London, 1985), 163-182, here p. 180 (originally published G & R, 26 [1979], the early sections of the Aeneid pre-dated and influenced the revised version of 61-80); Thomas, Virgil, Georgies, 1.1. Georgies IV. 10 See G.N. Knauer, 'Virgil and Homer', ANRW, II. 31.2 (1981), 870-918, here 910- 7 In bis famous notes on Eclogue 10.1 and Georgies 4.1 Servius states that Virgil 914. rewrote part of Georgies IV after the death of C. Cornelius Gallus (in 27/26 B.C.; see 11 Berres, Die Entstehung, and W. Moskalew, Formular Language and Poetie Design R. Syme, The Roman Revolution [Oxford, 1939], 309, n.2). in the Aeneid, MnemoJyne Suppl., 73 (Leiden, 1982), 194-199, provide the most 8 There is evidence to suggest that the Aristaeus episode as we have it contains complete collections of the similarities between the passages in question and my list is laudes Ga/li in the form of prolonged imitation of both the form and content of based on theirs, with only a few additions.
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