Contents

Contents V List of Illustrations Vll Abbreviations ix Preface xiii Chapters

THE PROBLEM DEFINED 1 William W. Hallo From Bronze Age to Iron Age in Western Asia: Defining the Problem 1 2 J.D. Muhly The Crisis Years in the Mediterranean World: Transition or Cultural Disintegration? 10 3 Paul Astrom* Continuity, Discontinuity, Catastrophe, Nucleation—Some Remarks on Terminology 27

EASTERN EUROPE AND 4 Peter S. Wells Crisis Years? The 12th B.C. in Central and Southeastern Europe 31 5 R. Ross Holloway* Italy and the Central Mediterranean in the Crisis Years 40 6 H.A.Hoffner,Jr. The Last Days of Khattusha 46 7 Hans G. Guterbock Survival of the Hittite Dynasty 53 8 G. Kenneth Sams Western Anatolia 56

THE AEGEAN WORLD Jeremy Rutter Cultural Novelties in the Post-Palatial Aegean World: Indices of Vitality or Decline? 61 vi CONTENTS

10 Vassos Karageorghis The Crisis Years: Cyprus 79 11 R. S. Merrillees The Crisis Years: Cyprus, A Rejoinder 87 12 Trude Dothan Social Dislocation and Cultural Change in the B.C. 93

SYRIA-PALESTINE AND

13 William G. Dever The Late Bronze—Early Iron I Horizon in Syria-Palestine: Egyptians, Canaanites, "," and Proto-Israelites 99 14 Marguerite Yon The End of the Kingdom of Ugarit 111 15 A. Caubet Reoccupation of the Syrian Coast after the Destruction of the "Crisis Years" 123 16 Patricia Maynor Bikai* The Phoenicians 132 17 ]ames Weinstein The Collapse of the Egyptian Empire in the Southern Levant 142 18 Leonard H. Lesko Egypt in the 12th Century B.C. 151

WESTERN ASIA

19 Helene Sader The 12th Century B.C. in Syria: The Problem of the Rise of the Aramaeans 157 20 Thomas L. McClellan 12th Century B.C. Syria: Comments on Sader's Paper 164 21 Richard L. Zettler 12th Century B.C. Babylonia: Continuity and Change 174 22 Edith Porada Sidelights on Life in the 13th and 12th B.C. in 182 23 Cyrus H. Gordon The Mediterranean Synthesis 188

Index 197

An asterisk (*) indicates invited contributions from non-participants