Key Findings South Lebanon-Beirut Final 31 8 06

Lebanon / Reconstruction

Rapid preliminary damage assessment – Beirut and S Lebanon

Joint JRC and EUSC assessment of damage caused by the recent conflict in view of the Stockholm Donor conference (31st August) and reconstruction efforts

Version 4 – 31st August 2006

Authors: Dirk Buda and Delilah H.A. Al-Khudhairy

Contributors: JRC: F Dezeure, I Caravaggi, M Dzimbowski, S Eckert, A Gerhardinger, F Haag, F Kayitakire, C Louvrier, E Pagot, M Pesaresi, S Schneiderbauer, A Steel EUSC E Jeurissen, A Baptista, B Ozyildiz, B Engelen, A Wilson, A Alves

Released by: F Dezeure

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Executive Summary

The JRC and the European Satellite Centre (EUSC) in Torrejon together carried out a rapid preliminary damage assessment on the Beirut area and in three districts (Sour, Bent Jbail and Marjayoun) of South Lebanon (89% of the area south of the Litani River was covered by the analysis).

This preliminary damage assessment forms part of the joint JRC and EUSC contribution aiming at supporting damage assessment and subsequent reconstruction efforts by means of very high resolution satellite imagery, both at short and medium term:

- Short-term (in time for the planned donor meeting on 31st August): Preliminary damage and needs assessment in South Lebanon (area south of the Litani River), where access is expected to remain difficult at least until the full deployment of the Lebanese army and of an international stabilization force in this area; - Medium-term: Establishment of a spatial data infrastructure for damage assessment and reconstruction process as basis for a more detailed assessment of the damages (critical infrastructure, private dwellings, public buildings) and related general support and training activities, incl. for the suggested Reconstruction Coordination Mechanism.

The objective of the short-term rapid damage is to provide a rapid, preliminary, damage and needs assessment based on grid analysis (no damage, damage, destroyed) in time of the planned donor meeting on 31st August. The assessment was undertaken on the basis of pre- and post- conflict very high resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS, 1m resolution and Quickbird, 61 cm resolution). The JRC and EUSC damage assessment is complementary to assessment efforts undertaken by the Government of Lebanon, and other stakeholders including UNOSAT and UNOCHA.

The damage to buildings and structures described in this report concerns damage that is visible from very high resolution satellite imagery. Since satellite imagery generally provides an overhead viewpoint, lateral damage, and especially damage to the internal structures of buildings, cannot be detectable from the analysis of satellite imagery. Given that a ground battle also took place in several areas of Southern Lebanon, it is highly likely that this additional type of damage (lateral and internal) is also present.

The key damages observed by the JRC and EUSC in Beirut and S Lebanon can be summarized as follows: · South Lebanon: 1489 buildings, 535 road sections, 21 of the 29 bridges over Litani River and 545 cultivated fields were destroyed or damaged. · Beirut: 326 residential buildings are either damaged or destroyed in the southern suburbs, of which 269 are located in the cadastral limit Haret Horaik (or Harat Hurayk). All runways of Beirut airport and 6 strategic highway sections are severely damaged.

Overview of destruction/damage in Beirut and S Lebanon Number of Infrastructure Cultivated fields Buildings Road sections (number) (number) South Lebanon Sour district 401 251 342 Bent Jbail district 929 240 131 Marjayoun district 159 44 72 Total 1489 535* 545 Beirut 333 6 - * Total road length damaged or destroyed in S Lebanon is estimated to be 16 km.

3 As a result of the observed damage to road infrastructure, access to several relatively important towns (Tyr, Bent Jbail, Meiss el Jab) and social infrastructure (hospitals, etc.) within the vicinity may be disrupted. Numerous villages in S Lebanon are equally affected by the problem of access due to damaged road infra-structure, including access to cultivated fields.

The JRC will complete the preliminary damage assessment for the remaining area of South Lebanon (11%) and cross-check the JRC and EUSC findings for Beirut and S Lebanon in cooperation with UNOCHA and UNOSAT. The JRC will also prepare for the envisaged medium-term support (in co-operation with the Government of Lebanon, World Bank etc).

4 South Lebanon - Key findings

1. Areas covered by remote sensing in South Lebanon and geo-location of the damages

The JRC and the EU Satellite Centre (EUSC) in Torrejon worked closely together on the analysis of very high resolution satellite imagery1 (IKONOS, 1m resolution and/or Quickbird, 61cm resolution2, depending on availability) for (a) the major part of the Sour district (kaza) and (b) the main parts of the Bent Jbail and Marjayoun districts. By complementing their efforts, the JRC and EUSC were able to assess 802 km2 (or 89%) of the total area of South Lebanon (area south of the Litani river).

Below an overview is given of the areas covered by the satellite imagery and analysed for damage. For the remaining strip (96 km2) situated between the Sour and Bent Jbail districts, the JRC has programmed acquisition of new Quickbird scenes and will carry out the assessment as soon as the data become available. The following table overleaf summarises the number of towns, villages, infrastructure and the population within the three districts.

The districts (kaza) covered by pre- and post- conflict very high resolution satellite imagery

Number of existing built-up areas and infrastructure* by district (kaza) (number covered by the satellite imagery is given in brackets) District (kaza) Sour Bent Jbail Marjayoun Towns and villages 126 (97) 42 (32) 43 (26) Hospitals 10 (8) 7 (7) 5 (2) Schools 158 (114) 72 (58) 62 (38) Sea ports 2 (2) - - Airport - - 1 (0) Chemical industries 1 (1) - - Total population 190,688 60,411 28,505 *Source: UN Gist

1 Funded by the EC Rapid Reaction Mechanism instrument. 2 In Lebanon, the resolution is 2m within 0.5 km distance from the Israeli border. 5 Globally, the most important damage has been observed in the Bent Jbail district, which is marked by a high number (929) of buildings destroyed or damaged, with focus on the municipality of Bent Jbail and several other villages. The Sour district is also marked by important damages to buildings, infrastructure (251 road sections and 18 bridges over the Litani river), with a geographical focus on Tyr and its surroundings and several villages in the southern part of the district. The Marjayoun district appears to be less affected than the other two districts. No or almost no damage was observed close to the Israeli border, except in the cadastral limits of Aïta-El Chaab, Yaroune and Maroune-el Ras of the Bent Jbail district. The analysis does not cover damage assessment of specific infra-structure typologies such as hospitals and schools; this can be done upon availability of their precise geo-locations.

The following section provides an overview of affected buildings, infrastructure and land in the three districts (kazas) concerned. In addition, the annexes to this note contain maps and detailed tables with data on population and the damage to a) buildings, b) infrastructure and c) land at cadastral limit level for each of the three districts.

2. Statistics on affected buildings, infrastructure and land 2.1 Sour district The most affected cadastral limits in the district are, according to the number of buildings affected in relation to their population: Eskandaroun, Srifa, Salha, Deir Kanoun Ras, Deir Kanoun El-Nahr, Tair-Haif, El-Kleile, El-Mansouri, Zebkine and Kana. In the district capital town Tyr, 11 buildings (of which 5 are of an industrial nature) have been destroyed or damaged.

The damage caused to road infrastructure has been equally important: more than 250 road sections have been destroyed or damaged (mean length of 15m), often observed in or around the same cadastral limits as the buildings. In the Tyr area, in particular in the cadastral limits of Borge el-Chemali and Abbassyat, the damages to road infrastructure are particularly important (highway and other major roads). In the rural areas, important roads have been affected in the Zebkine and Izzié areas.

Number of buildings destroyed /damaged in the Sour district Building type Destroyed Damaged Total Residential buildings* 292 92 384 Industrial buildings* 10 - 10 Greenhouses* 4 3 7 Total 306 95 401 * Specification only for the buildings assessed by the JRC

Infra-structure destroyed /damaged in the Sour district Infrastructure type Destroyed Damaged Total Roads* 86 165 251 of which unpaved 48 90 138 Bridges 16 2 18 Other (public spaces, irrigation - 30 30 channels Estimated total length of road network destroyed/damaged 7.5 km * Mean length of destroyed/damaged section (unpaved: 15m; paved: 50m). Specification ‘unpaved’ only for the section assessed by the JRC.

6 Land damaged in the Sour district Land type (number Total Damaged of fields) Agricultural land+ 342 Uncultivated land 176 Total 518 + Damaged fields have a mean area of 100m2; mainly olive trees cultivation, approximately 10ha damaged in total.

2.2 Bent Jbail district The main areas concerned, all marked by a relatively high number of buildings destroyed, are the district capital town Bent Jbail and its surroundings (Ainata, Maroune- el-Ras) as well as the municipalities in the cadastral limits of Baraachite, Ghandouriyé and Froune. Road infrastructure has been destroyed or damaged in the same areas as well as in the cadastrial limits of Yaroune, Kounine, Kafra, El-Tarï, Aita-el Chaab and Aïn- Ebel.

Number of buildings destroyed/damaged in the Bent Jbail district Buildings Destroyed Damaged Total 449 480 929

Infra-structure destroyed /damaged in the Bent Jbail district Infrastructure type Destroyed Damaged Total Road sections* 12 228 240 Bridges - - - Other (public places, irrigation 16 16 channel etc Estimated total length of road network destroyed/damaged 7.2km * Mean length of destroyed/damaged section: 30m.

Land damaged in the Bent Jbail district Land cover type Total Damaged Agricultural land+ 131 Uncultivated land 29 Total 160 + Damaged fields have a mean area of 100m2; mainly olive trees cultivation, approximately 0.4ha damaged in total.

2.3 Marjayoun district The damage mainly concentrates on the cadastral limits of Al- Taibe and Majdel Selm (mainly buildings), Touline and Qabrika (both buildings and infrastructure) and Meiss- El-Jabel and Deir Seriane (mostly infrastructure).

Number of buildings destroyed /damaged in the Marjayoun district Buildings Destroyed Damaged Total 133 26 159

Infra-structure destroyed /damaged in the Marjayoun district Infrastructure type Destroyed Damaged Total Road sections 12 32 44 Bridges 3 - 3 Other (public places, etc.) 13 13 Estimated total length of road network destroyed/damaged 1.3 km * Destroyed/damaged sections up to 100m in length (average 15m).

Land damaged in the Marjayoun district Land cover type Total damaged Agricultural land+ 72 Uncultivated land 4 Total 76 + Damaged fields have a mean area of 100m2; mainly olive trees cultivation, approximately 0.2ha damaged in total.

3. Estimated impact of the damages 3.1 Sour District In the Sour district, in particular the highly populated area around Tyr (cadastral limits of Borge El-Chémali, Abbassyat and Taïr Dabba), the damage to road infrastructure appears to be very important. Not only the main North-South highway, but also many other roads leading to Tyr have been affected, thereby potentially hampering access to important social infrastructure (hospitals, schools, port) and/or industry situated there. Access towards Beirut and the other parts of Lebanon has been almost interrupted, because all four bridges for car traffic over the Litani River in this district have been affected (3 of them completely destroyed).

Other municipalities, in particular the cadastral limits of El-Mansouri, Deir Kanoun Ras El Äin, El-Kleile and Deir Kanoun El-Nahr (all three close to Tyr) as well as Srifa (Northeast of the district), have been seriously affected in the context of impacted road infrastructure and buildings. Numerous villages in less populated cadastral limits, such as El-Mansouri, Majdalzoun, Izzié, Bafliyé, Tair Harf, may be affected due to difficult accessibility to their land, and/or being cut off as a result of damage to relevant road infrastructure.

An area of approximately 10 ha agricultural land has been directly affected in this district. But apart from this direct damage to cultivated land, one can assume a much stronger impact on agriculture by the fact that access to agricultural land is potentially hampered due to the high number of road sections (also unpaved) destroyed or damaged in rural areas (in the zones mentioned above).

The Lebanese government estimates the damage in the Sour district at 183 million US$.3

3.2 Bent Jbail district Regarding the number of buildings destroyed or damaged, the municipality (and cadastral limit) of Bint Jbail is clearly the mostly affected area in South Lebanon. The damage to infrastructure is equally important in Bint Jbail and adjacent cadastral limits (Ainata, Maroune-el-Ras, Yaroune, Ain-ebel) as well as in Alta-el Chaab close to the Israeli border. As a result, access to important local social infrastructure in Bint Jbail (hospitals, schools etc) may be difficult.

Apart from this, the damage to infrastructure seems to focus on roads of minor importance and appears to be less important than in the Sour district. Nevertheless, several municipalities and villages, in particular in the cadastral limits of Froune, Kounine, Baraachite, Kafra and Debel may be concerned by problems of access to/from their village and/or their land. The direct damage to agricultural land is of minor importance (estimated total area concerned 0.4 ha).

3 Source: Council for Development and Reconstruction. 8 The Lebanese government estimates the damage in the Bent Jbail district at 460 million US$.4

3.3. Marjayoun district The satellite imagery available only partly covers the Marjayoun district and so the damage analysis reported below only partly covers the district. The cadastral limits of Al Taibe (with the district’s major town Taibe) are marked by a notable damage to buildings and some damage to road infrastructure. The access to hospitals situated in Meis El-Jabel may also be difficult due to damage to local road infrastructure. Three of the eight existing bridges over the Litani River have been destroyed.

Furthermore, damage to several secondary roads of minor importance is observed. Related to this, several villages in the cadastral limits of Touline, Mhaibib, Kabrikha, Souane may be concerned by problems of access to/from their villages and/or their land. The direct damage to agricultural land is very low (estimated total area concerned 0.2ha).

The Lebanese government estimates the damage in the entire Marjayoun district at 327 million US$.5 Our assessment cannot be extrapolated to the whole district, nor compared to the assessment by the Lebanese government, since our analysis is restricted to the part of the district covered by the satellite imagery.

4 Idem 5 Idem 9

Beirut - Key findings

1. Geospatial location of damage in Beirut The JRC assessment, by means of analysis of pre- and post very high resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS, 1m resolution), covered the entire area of Beirut and its surroundings (138 km2 in total). The most important damages and destruction concentrate on buildings in the Daheih district of southern Beirut, in particular the Shi’ite neighbourhood (cadastral limit) Haret Horaik (or Harat Hurayk) within this district. This district is a residential area and, since it is one of the most important political strongholds of the Hezbollah, offices of the Hezbollah were located therein and surrounded by private dwellings.

Visible damages can also be observed in and around Beirut’s airport and to several buildings, mostly of an industrial nature, in zones adjacent to the airport.

Area (in red) covered by satellite imagery in and around Beirut Location of damaged areas (in red)

2. Statistics on destroyed or damaged buildings and infrastructure on the basis of the assessment by the JRC The main damages observed in Beirut concern residential high buildings of more than 5 floors and concentrate in the Daheih district of southern Beirut. The majority of these impacted buildings (around 60%) are completely destroyed and the remaining ones are damaged. Only few industrial buildings and infrastructure sections (airport runways and roads) are damaged. The analysis indicates that most of the above mentioned residential related damage is concentrated in the cadastral limit of Haret Horaik within the Daheih district.

The following tables summarise damage statistics for buildings in Beirut overall and in the worst affected cadastral limit of Haret Horaik, as well as for infrastructure in Beirut. An overview damage map and examples of the different types of damages observed in the analysis can be found in the annexes to this note.

10 Number of buildings - Total Beirut Visible Collapsed or damage as Total Destroyed debris Residential < or = 5 floors 15 23 38 Residential > 5 floors 116 172 288 Industrial 1 6 7 132 201 333

Number of buildings - Haret Horaik (cadastral limit) Visible Collapsed or damage as Total Destroyed debris Residential < or = 5 floors 12 12 24 Residential > 5 floors 113 132 245 Industrial 3 3 125 147 272

Comparison: Figures for the cadastral limit of Haret Horaik are put forward by the Hezbollah on the basis of a local census released on 17 August 2006 and which indicate a total of 280 impacted buildings (190 destroyed; 90 damaged).6

Infrastructure – Total Beirut Damaged Highway sections (incl. overpass) 6 Airport (runway sections) 20

The damaged sections of the highways each have an average length of 20m; the damaged airport runway sections each have an average length of 10 m.

3. Estimated impact of the damages The damaged or destroyed area represents approximately 1% of the total area of Beirut. The latest available estimation regarding the total population of Beirut indicates a population of circa 430,0007.

Haret Horaik and the other cadastral limits of the Daheih district are very densely populated suburbs of Beirut. Latest available data for the cadastral limits concerned indicate indeed a high population density (inhabitant/km2): Haret Horaik: 35,894; Chiyah: 22,848; Borge el Baragenat: 34,778.8

For Haret Horaik, we estimated that 15% of the total buildings have been destroyed or damaged (covering an area of 0.26 km2 representing 14,5% of the total area of Haret Horaik). This, in combination with the important number of buildings destroyed or damaged with more than 5 floors, suggests that the number of civilians impacted due to

6 http://www.armees.com/articleimp.php?id_article=6259 7 Data of 2001, cf. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/ 8 Source: UN GIST 11 damage observed to residential buildings from satellite imagery may amount to at least 30,0009 for Beirut overall.

As far as infrastructure is concerned, the picture is mixed. The airport has been seriously damaged since all five runways have been affected. Five of the highway sections concerned are situated in the Daheih district (close to the Haret Horaik area) along a principal highway. Some of them have been severely damaged and seem to be unusable (including at least two collapsed overpasses), others may remain open one way. The sixth highway section is located at a junction along the principal highway from the centre to the airport.

The Lebanese government estimates the damages in Beirut at 730 million US$.10

Annexes:

South Lebanon - Overview maps - Examples of observed damage (pre- and post satellite imagery) - Separate document (provided in separate excel sheet): Detailed tables on population and damage observed for a) buildings, b) infrastructure and c) land at the level of cadastral limits (for each district).

Beirut - Overview maps - Examples of observed damage (pre- and post satellite imagery)

9 Affected population is estimated on the basis of affected/damage area and population density (inhabitant/km2) 10 Source: Council for Development and Reconstruction, Lebanon.

Annex

South Lebanon

14 15 16 17 18

19 Example 1: Destroyed and damaged residential buildings (Tyr, Sour district)

Example 2: Damaged village (Qana, Sour district)

20 Example 3: Damage to industrial building (Abbassyat, Sour district)

Example 4: Destroyed road infrastructure (bridge over Litani river, Sour district)

Example 4: Damage to agriculture (greenhouses –Sour district)

Example 5: Damage to agriculture (cultivated land-Sour district)

Annex

Beirut

23 24

Example 1: Destroyed residential building

Example 2: Destroyed industrial building

Example 3: Destroyed highway section (overpass)

Example 4: Damaged airport runway

Lebanon Reconstruction

Background

Joint JRC and EUSC support to damage assessment and reconstruction in Lebanon

- Short-term (if possible in time for the planned donor meeting): Preliminary damage and needs assessment in South Lebanon (area south of the Litani River), inaccessible for the time being and where access is expected to remain difficult at least until the full deployment of the Lebanese army and of an international stabilization force in this area; - Medium-term: Establishment of a spatial data infrastructure for damage assessment and reconstruction process as basis for a more detailed assessment of the damages (critical infrastructure, private dwellings, public buildings) and related general support and training activities, incl. for the suggested Reconstruction Coordination Mechanism.

The objective of the short-term rapid damage is to provide a rapid, preliminary, damage and needs assessment based on grid analysis (no damage, damage, destroyed) in time before the planned donor meeting on 31 August, if possible for the whole area of Southern Lebanon. A rough indication of the critical infrastructure damage in the zone would also be given.

The assessment is being done on the basis of pre- and post-conflict very high resolution satellite imagery (IKONOS, 1m resolution and Quickbird, 61 cm resolution), for Southern Lebanon (the whole area south of the Litani River) as well as for most concerned zones in and around Beirut. The image license also covers the use by the EUSC and the Lebanese government.