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DISEASE INFORMATION FACT SHEET Feline Herpesvirus 1

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DISEASE INFORMATION FACT SHEET Feline Herpesvirus 1 Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013) 15 , Supplementary File FACT SHEET DISEASE INFORMATION FACT SHEET Feline herpesvirus 1 This Disease Information Fact Sheet accompanies the 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report published in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013), Volume 15, pp 785 –808. AAFP FELINE VACCINATION ADVISORY PANEL Margie A Scherk Disease facts DVM Dip ABVP The 2013 Report of the Feline Vaccination (Feline Practice) Advisory Panel of the American Association of Advisory Panel Chair* Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1; feline rhinotra - Feline Practitioners (AAFP) provides practical Richard B Ford recommendations to help clinicians select DVM MS Dip ACVIM cheitis virus) induces relatively severe upper DACVPM (Hon) respiratory tract disease (URD) with marked appropriate vaccination schedules for their rhinitis, sneezing and conjunctivitis, which in feline patients based on risk assessment. Rosalind M Gaskell 1,2 BVSc PhD MRCVS some cases may lead to chronic signs. The recommendations rely on published data Less common manifestations include oral as much as possible, as well as consensus of a Katrin Hartmann multidisciplinary panel of experts in immunology, Dr Med Vet Dr Med Vet Habil ulceration and primary pneumonia, and Dip ECVIM-CA generalized disease may occasionally occur infectious disease, internal medicine and clinical practice. The Report is endorsed by the Kate F Hurley particularly in young or immunosuppressed DVM MPVM animals. The role of FHV-1 in various forms of International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM). ocular disease and skin lesions is increasingly Michael R Lappin 1,3 –8 DVM PhD Dip ACVIM being recognized. Julie K Levy Initial infection is followed by viral latency, DVM PhD Dip ACVIM primarily in the trigeminal ganglia, with peri - Vaccine types Susan E Little odic viral reactivation particularly after stress; DVM Dip ABVP (Feline Practice) reactivated carriers may show clinical 1,2,9 Shila K Nordone signs. Transmission is largely by direct Only one serotype of FHV-1 occurs and all MS PhD contact with infected ocular, nasal or oral isolates are very similar genetically, thus all Andrew H Sparkes secretions, but may also occur through envi - vaccine strains are likely to be equally effec - BVetMed PhD DipECVIM ronmental contamination. However, the virus tive. All FHV-1 vaccines are presented in MRCVS is relatively labile, remaining infectious for combination with feline calicivirus (FCV) *Corresponding author: less than 24 h. Aerosols are not of major vaccines; other antigens may be included. Email: [email protected] importance in the spread of this virus. Modified-live (ML) injectable FHV-1 vac - Disease tends to be seen in young kittens, cines are the most common preparations, particularly in breeding colonies with endem - but inactivated adjuvanted injectable prod - ic disease, following the decline of maternally ucts are also marketed. ML vaccines for derived antibodies (MDA); this generally intranasal administration are also available occurs by 9 weeks of age, but may be earli - in some countries. Both ML and inactivated 2,10 er. Disease is also common in groups of virus vaccines give reasonable protection cats, such as in boarding and shelter facilities, against disease in the majority of animals where stress may lead to virus reactivation but mild clinical signs may be seen in some. and spread by carrier cats; and high dose Vaccines do not prevent infection or viral 1 exposure may lead to shorter incubation peri - latency, although shedding post-challenge 2,11,12 13,14 ods and more severe clinical signs. may be slightly reduced. © ISFM and AAFP 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav FACT SHEET / Feline herpesvirus 1 Onset and duration of immunity Vaccine safety In general, onset of protection is considered to ML injectable FHV-1 vaccines, combined with be from 1 –3 weeks after the second vaccina - FCV antigens, are generally safe, although tion, and manufacturers recommend revacci - mild clinical signs may occasionally occur 13 22 nation after 1 year. Published serologic and after their use. In some cases, this may result challenge studies indicate, however, that vac - from accidental oronasal exposure to vaccine cination provides moderate protection in the virus (eg, a cat licking the injection site, or majority of animals for up to 3 years or longer being exposed to aerosolized vaccine while air 15 –18 23 –25 post-vaccination. Nevertheless, protection is expelled from the syringe). However, is not always complete shortly after vaccina - such cats may be undergoing coincidental tion and declines as the vaccination interval infection with field virus. URD signs are more 2,17,19 –21 26 increases. commonly seen (in one study, 30% cats) following intranasal vaccination. Inactivated vaccines may be more appropriate in disease- free colonies as there is no risk of spread or reversion to virulence. Advisory Panel Recommendations Vaccination against FHV-1 is considered core. In the majority of questionable MDA status (eg, orphaned kittens or those born to kittens, MDA are undetectable by 9 weeks of age, 1,2 but there is queens with unknown vaccination histories). Revaccination should considerable variation between individuals. In some they may take place at 1 year of age after kitten vaccination, or 1 year after decline earlier, while in others MDA may still be interfering at the primary course in older cats. Thereafter, cats should be 12 –14 weeks of age and thus are likely to last longer in vaccinated once every 3 years. If a cat is going to be placed in a some animals. 10,27,28 Because of this variability, the initial series known high-risk situation, an additional booster vaccination may of vaccinations ideally should begin at 6 weeks of age and be warranted 7 –10 days prior to entry, particularly if it has not been be repeated every 3 –4 weeks (or 2 –3 weeks in shelters) until vaccinated in the preceding year. 16 –20 weeks of age. In some countries vaccines are only A single dose of intranasal vaccine offers rapid onset of licensed for use from 8 –9 weeks of age, although studies protection (2 –6 days), and can be useful for animals entering a have shown that injectable vaccines may be effective after high-risk situation such as a boarding facility or shelter. 1,9,26 5–6 weeks. 10,29 (See also sections in the Report on boarding catteries and Vaccination as early as 4 weeks may be appropriate in situations shelters, pages 791 –794, for information on the use of intranasal of high risk (eg, shelters or catteries with endemic disease) or vaccines in these contexts.) References 1 Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A and Thiry E. Anim Pract 1999; 29: 1281 –1290. Feline herpesvirus. Vet Res 2007; 38: 337 –354. 7 Nasisse M, Glover T, Moore C and Weigler B. 2 Gaskell RM, Radford AD and Dawson S. Feline Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in infectious respiratory disease. In: Chandler EA, corneas of cats with eosinophilic keratitis or Gaskell CJ and Gaskell RM (eds). Feline medi - corneal sequestration. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: cine and therapeutics. Oxford, UK: Blackwell 856 –858. Publishing, 2004, pp 577 –595. 8 Stiles J, McDermott M, Bigsby D, Willis M, 3 Gould D. Feline herpesvirus-1. Ocular manifes - Martin C, Roberts W, et al. Use of nested poly - tations, diagnosis and treatment options. merase chain reaction to identify feline her - J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 333 –346. pesvirus in ocular tissue from clinically normal 4 Holland JL, Outerbridge CA, Affolter VK and cats and cats with corneal sequestra or conjunc - Maggs DJ. Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 tivitis. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 338 –342. DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with 9 Gaskell RM, Dawson S and Radford AD. Feline or without dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; respiratory diseases. In: Greene C (ed). 229: 1442 –1446. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4 ed. 5 Volopich S, Benetka V, Schwendenwein I, Möstl St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012, pp 151 –162. K, Sommerfeld-Stur I and Nell B. Cytologic 10 Dawson S, Willoughby K, Gaskell RM, Wood G findings, and feline herpesvirus DNA and and Chalmers WS. A field trial to assess the Chlamydophila felis antigen detection rates in effect of vaccination against feline herpesvirus, normal cats and cats with conjunctival and feline calicivirus and feline panleucopenia corneal lesions. Vet Ophthalmol 2005; 8: 25 –32. virus in 6-week-old kittens. J Feline Med Surg 6 Hargis A and Ginn P. Feline herpesvirus 1-asso - 2001; 3: 17 –22. ciated facial and nasal dermatitis and stomati - 11 Bannasch M and Foley J. Epidemiologic evalua - tis in domestic cats. Vet Clin North Am Small tion of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013) 15 , Supplementary File FACT SHEET / Feline herpesvirus 1 in animal shelters. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7: Glycoproteins gl and gE of feline herpesvirus- 109 –119. 1 are virulence genes: safety and efficacy of a 12 Pedersen N, Sato R, Foley J and Poland A. gl-gE deletion mutant in the natural host. Common virus infections in cats, before and Virology 1996; 220: 299 –308. after being placed in shelters, with emphasis 24 Povey RC and Wilson MR. A comparison of on feline enteric coronavirus. J Feline Med Surg inactivated feline viral rhinotracheitis and 2004; 6: 83 –88. feline caliciviral disease vaccines with live- 13 Jas D, Aeberle C, Lacombe V, Guiot AL and modified viral vaccines. Feline Pract 1978; 8: Poulet H. Onset of immunity in kittens after 35 –42. vaccination with a non-adjuvanted vaccine 25 Povey C. Feline respiratory disease – which against feline panleucopenia, feline calicivirus vaccine? Feline Pract 1977; 7: 12 –16. and feline herpesvirus.
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