Review Article : Beyond Beauty and Decor

and Ramninder kaur ٭Komalpreet kaur

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G.H.G Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar. Ludhiana. ()

Address for ABSTRACT Correspondence Marigolds were well known and valued by ancient people in South Asia. The bright and colours of marigolds are seen Department of everywhere in daily life of the Indian sub-continent. They are mainly Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G.H.G decorative and the are used in all kinds of ceremonies Khalsa College of including weddings. Marigold has been occasionally used in South Pharmacy, Gurusar Asian medicine. Marigold and flowers in particular have been Sadhar. Ludhiana. used for various disorders. Marigold species are being investigated Punjab (India) for their potential benefits to health. Now a days, they are being used Tel:+91-9544496752. for treatment of various diseases. E-mail: komalmpharm Keywords: Marigold, , , traditional-western @gmail.com medicines.

INTRODUCTION The golden colour of marigolds was ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUITION considered to resemble the colour of the Arya, or honourable people18. They are Marigolds are now widely cultivated made into garlands and are offered to the in the sub-continent. In Delhi, which is one gods and honoured guests, or used to of the centres of the trade in India, decorate the biers of the dead. They stud flowers are brought in from all over the country. A major centre of marigold cowdung balls which are used to decorate 18 rice-powder drawings. In folk-art of eastern production is the Calcutta region . India they are dried and powdered to produce a colour used to decorate SPIRITUAL village homes. Essential oils are also Marigold is one of the traditional extracted from marigolds for perfumery. flowers used in garlands and offerings in

South Asia. Marigolds are widely used in all HISTORY kinds of rites and rituals18. Marigolds were first discovered by the Portuguese in Central America in the

16th century. They introduced these flowers 18 to Europe and India .

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DESCRIPTION Two separate species of are known as marigolds, both edible, but we will get different results with the two. One is medicinal and not very palatable, the other makes a nice salad ingredient, but it won't cure what ails us. The National Institutes of Health explains that the marigold find in most home gardens is of the tagetes variety, which is purely ornamental. The marigold variety that delivers health benefits is calendula. The Tagetes flowers of the calendula marigold have been The Tagetes marigolds, or the used for centuries for their health benefits. common decorative type, are indeed edible, although they do not possess medicinal Calendula properties. The fresh flowers may be added to The most commonly cultivated and salads or used as an edible garnish; they used member of the is Calendula provide a bitter taste, which can be helpful to officinalis. Calendula marigolds look more balance out an overly sweet dish. The like a daisy with an obvious open center. Gem and the Gem varietals They lack the closely clustered petals of the are the best-tasting of the Tagetes. decorative marigold and are sometimes referred to as pot marigolds. Calendula should Botanical names not be confused with other plants that are also (African marigold) and known as marigolds, such as corn marigold, (French marigold) and Tagetes desert marigold, marsh marigold, or plants of minuta. the genus Tagetes. The name Calendula stems from the Latin kalendae, meaning first day of Family the month, presumably because pot marigolds Compositae, the daisy family (also are in bloom at the start of most months of the sometimes known as ) year. The common name marigold probably refers to the ‘Virgin Mary’ or its Old Saxon name 'ymbglidegold', which means 'it turns with the sun'. Medicinal use of calendula dates back at least to the 12th century, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center2.

Botanical name reflects the fact that the plant seems to be in bloom the first day of each calendar month.

25 OTHER NAMES Family Marigold, French marigold, African marigold (English) Sthulapushpa, sandu, ganduga (Sanskrit)

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Genda, gultera (Hindi) MARIGOLD -WESTERN MEDICINE25 Genda (Bengal) Guljharo, makhanala (Gujarat) Skin care Tangla, mentok, genda (Punjab). Controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue, Bedsores, Skin inflammation, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS21 sprains and wounds, , burns, radiation- induced dermatitis, eczema, sunburn, varicose Flavanoids veins, rashes and scars. Have strong anti-inflammatory properties, the University of Michigan Health Calendula Products System reports. Topically as an ointment, lotion, , oil, cooled calendula tea applied as a Triterpenoids poultice, or orally as a , extract or May suppress cell fusion and inhibit infusion11,12. viral replication, says the Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center. Herpes treatment Calendula Oil and calendula tea is Carotenoids used for herpes infections27. Which prevent the body from free radicals.These are lutein and zeaxanthin, often Cancer treatment paired together, and lycopene & Beta- Calendula shows some potential for carotene. The Linus Pauling Institute reports fighting cancer. A study published in the 2006 that lutein and zeaxanthin are the only issue of BMC Cancer found that an extract of antioxidants that are found in the retina of the calendula killed cancerous melanoma cells eye, where they protect the eye from the and stimulated lymphocytes, the blood development of cataracts and macular cells of the immune system. Another 2006 degeneration. Lycopene is reported to reduce study, published in the Journal of Natural the risk of prostate cancer and heart disease. Products, found that two triterpene glycosides High iodine, carotene and manganese, which in calendula flowers had a toxic effect against promotes skin cell regeneration, has also been colon cancer, leukemia and melanoma1-13. found in the plant. Ear infections MARIGOLD - TRADITIONAL Calendula has been used for MEDICINE25 generations to treat ear infections in children. The herb relieves the pain an ear infection. o Blood purification and to reduce blood flow. Calendula Products o Abdominal cramps and constipation. Tincture, Ear drops15,16. o Spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects o Culinary and medicinal herb. sting o Petals are used fresh in salads It has been asserted that a marigold o Used to cheese or as a replacement flower, rubbed on the affected part, is an for . admirable remedy for the pain and swelling o Menstrual discomfort caused by the sting of a wasp or bee20. o Ulcers o Varicose veins o Cancer

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Joint pains (arthrosis) release of bile from the gallbladder, thus Joint pains (arthrosis) are alleviated if relieving congestion. This action also aids the place is greased with Marigold ointment17. digestion and elimination, since bile is a natural laxative18. Psoriasis A tea from marigold flowers Food colouring and decoration associated with a mixture of oak, willow, Marigold flowers contain the yellow meadowsweet, celandine, walnutt rind, white carotenoid pigments and are used to produce deadnettle, common speedwell and yarrow is a yellow dye, which is sometimes used in effective in many cases of psoriasis as well as place of saffron to color rice. Calendula petals in case of doubtful origin eczema. are also added to salads and soups to give color and flavor. They have been used to Antiviral Activity colour pet and livestock foods1-18. According to a 1997 article in Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, calendula Crafts extracts exhibit antiviral activity against the Marigold flowers are used at many human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, and religious ceremonies and festivals. Strung a 2006 study published in BMC Cancer together they make colourful garlands and are attributes calendula with immune-stimulating used as offerings and to decorate religious properties. buildings and statues. Plant dyes have always been important during the Hindu festival Calendula Products , although now synthetic dyes are Calendula extracts14. generally used instead. But Dyes prepared from plants like marigold are safer18. Menstrual pain Marigold tea relieves menstrual pain, Cosmetics especially in anaemic individuals26. Toners and astringents, lip balms, shampoos and baby oil5. Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginal douche helps to destroy Insect repellent Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan. Calendula also acts as an insect repellent. Skin creams with calendula can Antibacterial deter mosquitoes and pests from the skin18. Calendula is effective against bacteria and is useful as an antiseptic lotion for minor HOMEOPATHIC USES cuts. Calendula is also active against bacteria that cause gastrointestinal infections. A study Homeopathic form of calendula is reported in the 2009 issue of Phytotherapy primarily used internally for infections resulting from bacterial skin conditions and Research found that calendula was one of the 28 most effective herbs for inhibiting the growth blood poisoning and fever . of Campylobacter jejuni, a common bacterial cause of severe diarrhoea in children29. Homeopathic Products Topical calendula products include Digestion herbal and homeopathic ointments, gels, Calendula can relieve some lotions and creams. Homeopathic calendula gallbladder problems, since it stimulates the remedies also include sprays, oils and sugar- based pellets. Calendula is not typically

AJPCT[1][5][2013]480-485 kaur et al______ISSN 2321 – 2748 ingested, with the exception of homeopathic 3. Andersen FA, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV et pellets and calendula tea. Cosmetic products al. Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient such as soaps, moisturizers and lip balms may Review Expert Panel amended safety also contain calendula. assessment of Calendula officinalis-derived cosmetic ingredients Int J Toxicol. 2010; 29(6 Suppl): 221S-43. Other Uses 4. Mehrabani D, Ziaei M, Hosseini SV et al. Anaemia, diabetes, edema, liver The effect of calendula officinalis in therapy dysfunctions, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, of acetic Acid induced ulcerative colitis in and muscle wasting, inflamed and sore eyes dog as an animal model Iran Red Crescent and Leucorrhoea. Med J. 2011; 13(12): 884-90. 5. Paulsen E. Contact sensitization from ADVERSE EFFECTS Compositae-containing herbal remedies and cosmetics Contact Dermatitis. 2002; 47: Herb should be avoided by those who 189-98. are pregnant or trying to become pregnant, or 6. Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D. Anti- who are breastfeeding; calendula can cause HIV activity of extracts from Calendula changes in the menstrual cycle. People who officinalis flowers Biomed Pharmacother. have an allergy to other members of the daisy 1997; 51: 176-80. family should also avoid treatment with 7. Gol'dman II. Anaphylactic shock after gargling with an infusion of Calendula Klin calendula remedies. Calendula might cause Med (Mosk).1974; 52:142-3. too much drowsiness if combined with 8. Reider N, Komericki P, Hausen BM et al. medications used during and after surgery. The seamy side of natural medicines: contact Stop taking calendula at least 2 weeks before sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) a scheduled surgery. and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Contact Dermatitis. 2001; 45: 269-72. CONCLUSION 9. Barajas-Farias LM et al. A dual and opposite effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract: No scientific study or research has yet chemoprotector and promoter in rat proven calendula as an effective remedy for hepatocarcinogenesis model PLanta Med. various disorders. But the use of marigold has 2006; 72 (3):217-21. shown success in curing different diseases. So 10. Basch E, Bent S, Foppa I et al. Marigold can be the most effective remedy of Marigold (Calendula officinalis): An choice for various diseases and this new evidence-based systematic review by the research will definitely help mankind to lead a Natural Standard Research Collaboration J Herb Pharmacother. 2006; 6(3-4):135-59. disease free and healthy life. 11. Duran V, Matic M, Jovanovc M et al. Results of the clinical examination of an REFERENCES ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous 1. Ukiya M, Akihisa T, Yasukawa K et al. leg ulcers Int J Tissue React. 2005; 27 Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, (3):101-6. and cytotoxic activities of constituents of pot 12. Fronza M, Heinzmann B, Hamburger M et marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers J. al. Determination of the wound healing Nat. Prod. 2006; 69:1692-1696. effect of Calendula extracts using the scratch 2. Preethi KC, Kuttan R. Hepato and reno assay with 3T3 fibroblasts J protective action of Calendula officinalis L. Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 126(3):463-7. flower extract Indian J Exp Biol. 2009; 13. Jimenez-Medina E, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L.et 47(3):163-8. al A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect:

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