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English Bible Terminology Masaryk University Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature English Bible Terminology Bachelor thesis Miroslava Mačáková Brno, April 2014 Supervisor: Mgr. Radek Vogel, PhD. Declaration: I declare that I wrote this thesis by myself and that I used only the sources listed in the bibliography section. Brno, April 2014 Miroslava Mačáková 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. for his guidance and professional advice he provided to me during my work on this bachelor thesis. I would also like to thank my family for their patience and support while the thesis was being born. Special thanks belong to Mr Jiří Hedánek for providing me with some very helpful materials. Brno, April 2014 Miroslava Mačáková 2 Table of contents: 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Description and explanation of research procedure/Justification of chosen tools .......................8 2.1.1 Selected material for further examination ..................................................................................8 2.1.2 Selected means of research ........................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3 Problems encountered during the research .............................................................................. 11 3 The English Bible ....................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Brief history of English Bible translations .................................................................................. 12 3.1.1 Anglo-Saxon versions .............................................................................................................. 12 3.1.2 Middle English versions ............................................................................................................ 13 3.1.3 Early Modern English versions ................................................................................................. 14 3.1.4 Modern English versions ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Some difficulties translators of the Bible have to overcome ..................................................... 16 3.2.1 Types of translation ................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Cultural differences, semantic development and different language means and styles ............ 17 4 Examining selected words from the Bible .................................................................................. 19 4.1 Analysis of selected texts ............................................................................................................ 19 4.1.1 List of chosen words from the Old Testament book of Isaiah .................................................. 19 4.1.2 Comparison of the selected English terms ............................................................................... 20 4.1.3 New Testament terminology .................................................................................................... 37 4.1.4 Close examination of selected religious terms from the book of Philemon ............................. 40 4.2 Further research in the chosen texts, identifying possible difficulties for present readers of the English Bible and examining their nature ............................................................................ 45 4.3 Summary of the findings as a whole concerning the purpose of the thesis ................................ 45 5 Conclusions and practical outcomes of the research ................................................................... 46 5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 46 5.2 Practical outcomes of the research .............................................................................................. 47 3 Résumé ..............................................................................................................................................48 List of references ............................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 50 4 1 Introduction Many European states claim to have been founded on Christian principles, Great Britain is also an heir of that cultural heritage . However, it is questionable how many Europeans are acquainted with the content of the Bible, as the only authoritative book for Christians in general (both catholic and protestant believers), reasonably enough. One obstacle preventing some Europeans from even trying to read the ´thick book´ is a concern whether a non-religious person could find such a book intelligible at all. Whether the very words used in the Bible are purely religious, or just have the covering of religiosity when read in a religious context, is the subject of observance and study of the thesis focused on English Bible and its terminology . Therefore, the aim of the thesis is not so much to prove historical and other influences of the English Bibles, though history cannot be quite eliminated when examining the topic. The primary concern of the work is rather the words used in the different versions of English Bible translations, their etymological examination and comparison with the original sources as well as terminology usage contrast of different English translations. The aim then is to answer the following questions: 1. Are the terms used in the Bible (or one selected book of the Bible) purely religious or are they commonly used in everyday language (or used to be commonly used in secular sense in times when they were being written in the original Bible tongues) and only the Bible context makes them quite unique for religious purposes? 2. Is there any difference (concerning answers to the first question) between the original Bible languages (esp. Hebrew and Greek) and English in English Bible versions (old, newer and modern)? 3. What possibilities are there for teachers and learners of English in gaining profit from the different translations as well as audio recordings available (often free of charge on the Internet)? In order to answer the questions as thoroughly as possible, different available means are used which the author finds of vital importance, having considered the wide spectrum of different information necessary for such a demanding project. Some necessary tools used in order to complete the purpose of the thesis are listed below: Online Etymology Dictionary (http://www.etymonline.com ) Oxford Dictionary of English Strong´s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Different English Bible translations with the possibility of parallel comparison 5 (http://www.biblegateway.com) According to Guinness World Records, eHow (an internet magazine)1 and other sources, the Bible is the most read and sold book in the history of the world, besides having been translated the most too. A textbook of History for Czech 6th year learners at the elementary schools named Dějiny pravěku a starověkého orientu (translation into English would be: History of prehistoric times and ancient Orient) (p. 52)2 states that no other book is as much and as often quoted as the Bible, called there the ´primary part of European culture´. In the history of English literature the Bible and its translations are unique from several points of view: The amount and frequency of the works as well as special conditions many of the Bibles were translated or printed in (e.g. Tyndale´s work or the Geneva Bible). English translations similarly to those into Czech and some other languages had a tremendous impact concerning preserving and shaping mother tongue and national self-awareness. Similarities in Czech and English history can be easily spotted when comparing English ―French‖ and Czech ―Austrian‖ times. Tyndale and others had to face much opposition in their efforts to make the Bible accessible in translation directly from the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), in Czech history it can be compared to the birth of Kralice Bible. We could also compare the earlier Wyclif’s translation and opposition he faced to Constantinus and Methodius´s disputes with the followers of the idea arguing that only three languages were suitable and permitable for liturgy purposes (Hebrew, Greek and Latin). To one argument, claiming that English was too rude to be used for Bible translation, Tyndale replied: ―It is not so rude as they are false liars. For the Greek tongue agreeth more with the English than with the Latin, a thousand parts better may it be translated into the English than into the Latin‖ (McAfee, 8). McAfee clarifies the braveness of such an attitude in his ´Notes´3: This will mean the more to us when we realize that the literary men of the day despised the English tongue. Sir Thomas More wrote his Utopia in Latin, because otherwise educated men would not deign to read it. Years later Roger Ascham apologized for writing one of his works in English. Putting the Bible into
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