Dynamics of Fantasy- Realism Exchange in the Game of Thrones
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Dynamics of Fantasy- Realism Exchange in the Game of Thrones A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Philosophy in English Studies by Jain Mary Sajeev (Reg. No: 1730023) Under the Supervision of Arya Aiyappan Assistant Professor Department of English Studies CHRIST (Deemed to be University) BENGALURU, INDIA December 2018 Approval of Dissertation Dissertation entitled Dynamics of Fantasy-Realism Exchange in the Game of Thrones, by Jain Mary Sajeev, Reg. No 1730023, is approved for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in English. Supervisor: ______________________________________ Chairman: ______________________________________ General Research Coordinator: ______________________________________ Date: Place: Bengaluru ii DECLARATION I Jain Mary Sajeev hereby declare that the dissertation, titled ‘Dynamics of Fantasy-Realism Exchange in the Game of Thrones’ is a record of original research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in English. I have completed this study under the supervision of Dr. Arya Aiyappan, Assistant Professor, Department of English. I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation. Place: Bengaluru Date: Jain Mary Sajeev Reg No: 1730023 Department of English CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru iii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Jain Mary Sajeev (Reg. No 1730023) titled ‘Dynamics of Fantasy- Realism Exchange in Game of Thrones’ is a record of research work done by her during the academic year 2017-2018 under my supervision in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Philosophy in English. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation. Place: Bengaluru Date: Dr. Arya Aiyyappan Assistant Professor Department of English CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru Head of the Department Department of English CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru iv Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank Christ (Deemed to be University) for giving me an opportunity to pursue Master of Philosophy. My sincere gratitude goes to all the faculty members of Department of English, for their insightful comments, stimulation and for widening my research perspectives. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Arya Aiyappan for her guidance, encouragement and patience throughout the course of this work. Her insights enlightened me to grow as a researcher and interactions with her were a truly wonderful experience. My special thanks to my internal examiner, Dr. Anupama Nayar for her valuable and thoughtful comments. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my family who always stood as a supporting pillar in all my endeavors. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends who were always a source of encouragement and stimulation. v Abstract George RR Martin’s bestselling novel series A Song of Ice and Fire revived the interest in the fantasy genre after J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. In 2011, American channel HBO adapted it as a television series entitled Game of Thrones. This blockbuster show amasses a global audience and is critically acclaimed for its verisimilitude in representation and gritty realism. The series can be considered as a modern high fantasy for its alternative world construction and integration of various motifs of high fantasy. The series draws heavily from Medieval European history and the pseudo-medieval setting offers a non-fictionality to the series. Unlike other popular happy ending fantasy narratives, Game of Thrones provides a dystopian and cynical portrayal of the world we live in. The possibility of one fantasy narrative being deemed as more realistic and non-fictional requires further thought. The research attempts to establish the series as a Modern Realistic Fantasy by paying attention to realism and the six basic motifs of Modern Fantasy. The theoretical foundation for the research is laid by Modern Fantasy Theory by Linda Lee Madsen and Jacobs and Tunnels, Representation theory by Stuart Hall and Daniel Chandler, and Andre Bazin’s Realist Film Theory. Key words: Realism, Modern Fantasy, Game of Thrones, television series, Representation, Medievalism, gritty realism, dystopian fantasy vi CONTENTS Approval of the dissertation ii Declaration iii Certificate iv Acknowledgements v Abstract vi Contents vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Magic, Fantastic Objects and Special Character Types in Game of Thrones 19 Chapter 3 Alternative World-building, Characterization and Good versus Evil Motif in Game of Thrones 40 Chapter 4 Conclusion 63 Select Bibliography 73 Appendices i-iv vii Chapter 1 Introduction “The best fantasy is written in the language of dreams. It is alive as dreams are alive, more real than real … for a moment at least … that long magic moment before we wake” (George RR Martin). Geoffrey Chaucer uses the word “Fantasye” (Stableford i) to describe bizarre events and strange concepts that do not happen in our everyday life. The meaning of this word is exactly same even in the modern context and as a genre, Fantasy generally encompass intriguing worlds and magic systems and demands the boundless creativity and imagination of the author. Fantasy stands in contradiction to the realistic or naturalistic literature as involves an imaginative process where simulacra of rational objects and images are replicated in our mind. (Stableford xxxv). Manlove explains fantasy as “A fiction evoking wonder and containing a substantial and irreducible element of the supernatural with which mortal characters in the story or the readers become on at least partly familiar terms”. (Manlove 1) Brian Stableford’s The Historical Dictionary of Fantasy and John Clute’s Encyclopedia of Fantasy tracks the evolution of fantasy from 8th Century B.C to 21st Century paying attention to the key motifs of fantasy, its subgenres, different types and technical terms associated with the fantasy theory and criticism. These works are an intellectual treatise on the subject of fantasy and provides a wonderful overview in a chronological manner. The foundation of modern fantasy theory originated in the form of a lecture in 1938 by Tolkien entitled On Fairy Stories which proposes that the three functions of fantasy as recovery, escape and consolation. Tolkien defines Sajeev 2 fantasy and fairytales and traces the root of fantasy genre to fairytales. He introduced the concept of alternative world which features both magical and internally consistent elements. The imaginative world represented in a fantasy provides ample space for the reader to recover a proper perspective of the real world. Fantasy is escapist in nature as it liberates the viewer from the mundane reality of everyday life. Consolation or a moral fortification happens when the reader witnesses the happy ending present in fantasy stories. The supernatural and fantasy elements were a part of literature from the beginning. The traditional fantasy tales were transmitted orally and are ingrained to the culture and tradition of a particular land. Fables, fairytales and folklore can be associated with traditional fantasy and it performed a psychological function by stressing on the clear demarcation between good and bad. In general, fantasy narratives follow a linear pattern and emphasizes mainly on the heroic quest and the struggle between good and bad. It transports the viewer into an imaginative world which totally breaks from our everyday reality. The immersive nature of fantasy thus provides an escape from the mundane reality and also grants the wish fulfillment of the viewer in a fantasy world where moral choices are rewarded and evil deeds are punished. Modern Fantasy is a much evolved genre which differentiates itself from folktales and children’s fantasy as it is directed towards an adult audience. J.R.R Tolkien is the key exemplar of Modern fantasy through his publication of Lord of the Rings trilogy in the 1950s, thus germinating a new found interest among adults for imagination. After Tolkien, American novelist and short story writer George Raymond Richard Martin renewed the interest in the fantasy genre with his epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire. As of now, the book series comprises of seven volumes starting with the book A Game of Thrones published in 1991. Sajeev 3 Martin widened the boundaries of fantasy genre by introducing issues like sexual violence, rape, religious fanaticism and racism and by portraying the brutal realities of the middle ages. Different critics considered it as an example for grim dark fantasy for his depiction of grittiness in a medieval setting which was absent in his predecessors who always tried to valorize the middle ages. In 2011, the American premium cable channel HBO adapted A Song of Ice and Fire, to the mini screen under the title Game of Thrones, transforming television as a fitting medium to represent neo-medievalism. This blockbuster television series with a global audience is credited with changing the status of the genre of fantasy from a high brow intellectual culture to the mainstream box office and from a light, happy ending utopian genre to a dystopian and cynical world. The middle ages depicted in the series is grim-dark as it attempted to make a faithful representation of the gender politics, class system, power-mad rulers, sexual violence and racism. Fig 1: Game of Thrones title sequence (Art of the Title,2011) Sajeev 4 The HBO television series is directed by David Benioff and D.B Weiss. Compared to the filmic rendering, the serialized mode of narration involves increased viewer investment and adds more depth to the plotline.