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The 1563 M I 8 Puerto de la Navidad -Zone and 1567 M w 7.2 Ameca Crustal Earthquakes (Western Mexico): New Insights from Sixteenth-Century Sources by Max Suter quake within the overriding North America plate (Fig. 1) are the earliest major earthquakes in west-central Mexico known from historical sources. Based on a contemporary document, ABSTRACT the A.D. 1563 event destroyed the Pacific harbor settlement of Puerto de la Navidad (Muro, 1975; Castillo-Aja and The A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad subduction-zone earth- Ramírez-Herrera, 2017). However, its damage area, source lo- quake and the A.D. 1567 Ameca crustal earthquake in the cation, and magnitude remain unknown and are topics of this Trans-Mexican volcanic belt are the earliest earthquakes in macroseismic study. As for the A.D. 1567 crustal earthquake, west-central Mexico documented in historical sources. The the parameters and location of its surface rupture can be in- 27 May 1563 earthquake destroyed the shipyards at the Pacific ferred from contemporary sources (Suter, 2015). Nevertheless, harbor settlement of Puerto de la Navidad and caused severe the exact origin date of this earthquake and the extent of its damage to structures up to ∼100 km from the coast. The mac- damage area remain open to question and are for that reason roseismic intensity distribution for the 1563 earthquake is further evaluated in this article. M practically identical to that of the 3 June 1932 s 8.2 earth- My macroseismic analyses of the A.D. 1563 and 1567 quake, which ruptured the Rivera–North America plate inter- earthquakes are based on sixteenth-century sources. An excep- face over a length of ∼220 km. This suggests that the 1563 tion is the Crónica miscelánea de la sancta provincia de Xalisco earthquake had comparable rupture location and dimensions (Tello, 1891, 1942, 1945), which was finalized in A.D. 1653, and was of comparable magnitude. about a century after these earthquakes. The Tello chronicle M :  : The origin of the w 7 2 0 3 Ameca crustal earthquake can refers repeatedly to earthquakes. However, this information now be pinpointed to 28 December 1567 at dawn, relying on must be examined carefully because Tello often confused or information from sixteenth-century documents not incorpo- conflated events and chronologies (Parry, 1948; Brand, rated in previous studies. These new sources also permit defin- 1971; Murià, 2001; Altman, 2010; Regalado Pinedo and Be- ing more precisely its damage area, which in the north likely cerra Jiménez, 2016), and the two earthquakes were relatively included the region of sixteenth-century Lake Etzatlán but did close in space and time. Note that the recorded origin dates of not reach as far south as Zapotlán el Grande and Tuxpan as these two earthquakes are in the Julian calendar. The change to reported in the A.D. 1653 chronicle by Antonio Tello, who the Gregorian calendar, in which dates were advanced 10 days, partly confused the A.D. 1563 and 1567 earthquakes. occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Spain in A.D. 1582 (Feldman, 1993).

Electronic Supplement: Excerpts from contemporary sources M SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING documenting the 27 May 1563 I 8 Puerto de la Navidad subduction-zone and 28 December 1567 M 7.2 Ameca w – crustal earthquakes and the translation of the excerpts into The Rivera North America plate interface has been repeatedly English. the source of major and great earthquakes (Castillo-Aja and Ramírez-Herrera, 2017). Extreme events during the twentieth M M century were the 3 June 1932 s 8.2, 18 June 1932 s 7.8 M (Singh et al., 1985) and 9 October 1995 w 8.0 (Pacheco et al., INTRODUCTION 1997) shallow thrust earthquakes (Fig. 1). On the other hand, no inslab normal-faulting events are known from the sub- An A.D. 1563 subduction-zone earthquake along the Rivera– ducted , whereas such ruptures have originated fre- North America plate margin and an A.D. 1567 crustal earth- quently within the subducted beneath central

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▴ Figure 1. Plate tectonic overview map showing the rupture areas of the 3 June 1932 (marked in blue), 18 June 1932 (yellow), and 9 October 1995 (black) subduction-zone earthquakes based on their aftershock areas. Red stars mark major historical crustal earthquakes in the overriding plate (with year of occurrence). The sources are provided in the Seismotectonic Setting section. P, Puerto de la Navidad; B, Bolaños graben; T, Tlaltenango graben; J, Juchipila graben.

Mexico (e.g., Iglesias et al., 2002; Rodríguez-Pérez and Zúñiga, The overriding North America plate is characterized by 2016; Singh et al., 2018). The aftershock areas of the 1932 and active arc volcanism and active crustal extension along normal 1995 earthquakes were mostly offshore (Pacheco et al., 1997). faults bounding lake basins (Figs. 1 and 2), which are part of Their mainshocks caused and coseismic subsidence of the extensional stress and strain regimes in the Trans-Mexican the coastal area (Castillo-Aja and Ramírez-Herrera, 2017; Cas- volcanic belt and the southern Basin and Range Province tillo-Aja et al., 2019). (Suter, 1991). Besides the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake under Subduction of the Rivera plate along the Middle America study, major historical crustal earthquakes in the overriding trench (Fig. 1) is associated with counterclockwise rotation of plate (Fig. 1) also occurred (in chronological order) in A.D. the Rivera–North America relative motion, with the pole of 1622 near the northernmost part of the Juchipila graben rotation located off the southern tip of Baja California (Bandy (de la Mota Padilla, 1870); in A.D. 1749 in the Sayula et al., 2000). As a result, the Rivera subduction is the fastest at half-graben (García Acosta and Suárez Reynoso, 1996); in its southern margin at a rate of 38  4mm=yr but becomes A.D. 1774, causing moderate-to-severe damage in several progressively slower and right-laterally oblique farther north- communities of the Bolaños graben and moderate damage west (DeMets and Wilson, 1997), where the Middle America to communities in the Tlaltenango graben (my unpublished trench ends at the Tres Marías escarpment (Dañobeitia et al., data); in A.D. 1847 on the northern shoulder of the Chapala 2016; Fig. 1). This explains the concentration of the major graben (Suter, 2018); and in A.D. 1875 in the southernmost twentieth-century earthquake ruptures on the southeastern part of the Juchipila graben (Iglesias et al., 1877). part of the plate interface, whereas the seismicity decreases far- ther northwest in both frequency and magnitude (Jaramillo HISTORICAL CONTEXT and Suárez, 2011). The 38  4mm=yr convergence rate and a coseismic slip of about 2 m over a large part of the rup- The novohispanic harbor of Puerto de la Navidad (now Barra M ture area in the 9 October 1995 w 8.0 earthquake (Hjörleifs- de Navidad) (Figs. 1 and 2), devastated by the 27 May 1563 dóttir et al., 2018) suggests an average recurrence interval of earthquake under study, was of much importance during the ∼50 yr for great earthquakes along the southern margin of mid-sixteenth century. In A.D. 1540, Antonio de Mendoza y the Rivera–North America plate interface under the Pacheco, viceroy of New Spain, landed at Puerto de la Navidad assumption that the plates are fully coupled. to install shipyards there for maritime ventures; in A.D. 1552,

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▴ Figure 2. Macroseismic map showing the spatial distribution of intensity levels for the A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad subduction-zone earthquake (diamonds) and the A.D. 1567 crustal Ameca earthquake (squares). Orange squares indicate an intensity of degree VIII and red squares an intensity of degree IX. Heavy red lines mark interpreted trace of the A.D. 1567 surface rupture. Thin red lines show traces of normal faults with neotectonic activity (late Miocene and younger). Triangles mark active volcanoes.

he traveled from this same harbor to his new assignment in return voyage (tornaviaje), which was the beginning of trade Peru (Altman, 2010). A Trans-Pacific expedition sailed in between New Spain and Asia. Whereas the earlier expeditions A.D. 1542 from Puerto de la Navidad and reached the Phil- had failed to return against the North Equatorial current, ippines but was not able to establish permanent settlements Urdaneta sailed north with the Kuroshio current and then there nor was able to return to New Spain (Boncan, 2017). back east with the North Pacific current to reach the California The next voyage to the Philippines from New Spain was coast, along which he returned to Puerto de la Navidad the A.D. 1564–1565 expedition by Miguel López de Legazpi (León-Portilla, 1989). The shipyards at Puerto de la Navidad and Andrés de Urdaneta (Rubio Mañé, 1964, 1970; Muro, were closed down in A.D. 1564 immediately after the depar- 1975), who led approximately 200 participants in five boats. ture of the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition, possibly partly The 7-yr ship construction and preparation of this expedition because of their damage in the 27 May 1563 earthquake at Puerto de la Navidad was interrupted by the 27 May 1563 (Olveda, 2017), and ship construction and maritime activities earthquake. Two of the boats succeeded in completing the first were moved to Acapulco.

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Table 1 Macroseismic Intensity Observations for the 27 May 1563 Puerto de la Navidad Subduction-Zone Earthquake Longitude Latitude Macroseismic Township (°W) (°N) Description Intensity Source Reference Barra de Navidad 104.68 19.21 The majority of the buildings fell, IX Archivo General de la (Puerto de la including the principal structure Nación (ramo Mercedes, Navidad) where supply material and volume 84, folios 129verso– ammunitions were kept 130) Ciudad Guzmán 103.46 19.71 The church was destroyed VIII Tello (1942, p. 67) (Zapotlán el The earthquake lasted one day and Tello (1891, p. 592) Grande) the following night Colima 103.73 19.24 The monastery, a lime mortar and VIII Ponce (1873, p. 107) stone construction, collapsed A building belonging to a pilot of the VIII Archivo General de la Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition fell Nación (ramo Mercedes, volume 7, folio 151) Tuxpan 103.38 19.56 The convent was ruined VIII Relación geográfica de Tuxpan (Acuña, 1987, p. 385) The location names reflect modern Mexican usage; the historical location names are given within parentheses where different.

The region affected by the A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad May 1563 earthquake at Puerto de la Navidad (Fig. 3). The and 1567 Ameca earthquakes (Fig. 2) did not only suffer from majority of the buildings fell, including the principal structure the social and economic impacts of these natural disasters. In a where supply material and ammunitions were kept. The wider context, it also was affected by the use of large numbers of buildings (of unspecified construction material) had been indigenous workers and the increased demand for resources to established in support of the fleet that by royal order was con- construct the ships for the Trans-Pacific expeditions (Altman, structed there to sail across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines 2010) and by the need to move supplies and building materials (Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition). The viceroy requested up to to Puerto de la Navidad, as explicitly referred to in the A.D. 150 indigenous workers from the neighboring communities 1579 Relación Geográfica de Ameca (Acuña, 1988, p. 31). for the reconstruction and repair of the buildings.

M THE 27 MAY 1563 I 8 PUERTO DE LA NAVIDAD Sources Implicitly Referring to the Damage of the A.D. SUBDUCTION-ZONE EARTHQUAKE 1563 Earthquake in Colima Besides the Tello chronicle, there are two contemporary The earthquake-related content of the consulted historical sources that implicitly refer to the damage caused by the source documents is summarized in this section for the loca- A.D. 1563 earthquake in Colima: a 17 October 1563 order tions known to have been damaged in the A.D. 1563 earth- by viceroy Velasco, preserved at Archivo General de la Nación quake, which are Puerto de la Navidad, Colima, Tuxpan, (ramo Mercedes, volume 7, folio 151), requests the mayor of and Zapotlán el Grande (Fig. 2 and Table 1). Excerpts of Colima to provide indigenous workers for the reconstruction the documents, their paleographic transcription and edition of the property belonging to a pilot of the Legazpi-Urdaneta (where applicable), and the translation of the excerpts into En- Ⓔ expedition, who resided in Colima. The building fell, presum- glish are provided in File S1 (available in the electronic sup- ably in the 27 May 1563 earthquake. plement to this article). Subsequently, the information The journey of a group of Franciscan friars in February gathered from these documents is interpreted in terms of mac- 1587 from Colima to Zacoalco and from there to Guadalajara roseismic intensities, damage area, earthquake rupture area and is documented in a detailed diary (Ponce, 1873; de Ciudad Real, its location, and earthquake magnitude. 1976). During their visit in Colima (Fig. 2), the convent was being rebuilt because the previous monastery, a lime mortar The 25 June 1563 Order by Viceroy Luis de Velasco and stone construction, had collapsed in a major earthquake. Related to the Earthquake Damage at Puerto de la The damage likely occurred in the 1563 subduction-zone earth- Navidad quake because no other earthquake is known to have caused This document, preserved in Mexico City at Archivo General damage in Colima before A.D. 1587. de la Nación (ramo Mercedes, volume 84, folios 129verso–130) In the entries of his chronicle for A.D. 1584 (but based on (Muro, 1975; Castillo-Aja and Ramírez-Herrera, 2017), the context possibly referring to A.D. 1586), Tello (1891, provides information about the damage caused by the 27 p. 688) also mentions how the church of Colima was under

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Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220180304/4575159/srl-2018304.1.pdf by 15260 on 29 November 2018 SRL Early Edition provide any information about other earth- quakes such as the major A.D. 1567 crustal earthquake. Tello (1942, pp. 21–22) describes in his A.D. 1653 chronicle in detail the earthquake damage in Tuxpan caused by a 28 December 1577 [sic!] earthquake, based on the oral history of the native population. The ground shaking was severe and occurred intermittently for 2 hrs. The church was ruined; only a major chapel was left standing. The resident friar was buried beneath the fallen beams but re- mained without injuries. All the major buildings in Tuxpan fell, but only two children perished. At the same time, all the houses and churches of Tamazula, Zapotitlán, Ávalos, and other regions were ruined, and many persons died. If we accept the time frame indicated in the A.D. 1580 Relación geográfica de Tuxpan y su partido (Acuña, 1987), then Tello’s compelling narrative, written approximately 100 yrs after the earthquake based on oral tradition and which was related to the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake by Suárez et al. (1994), is likely to describe the damage in Tuxpan caused by the A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad earthquake. Other Relaciones Geográficas that possibly con- tain information about the A.D. 1563 or the A.D. 1567 earthquake are known to have been written for Sayula and Tamazula (Fig. 2) but are apparently lost (Cline, 1972). ▴ Figure 3. Excerpt from an A.D. 1563 document, preserved in Mexico City at Ar- chivo General de la Nación (ramo Mercedes, volume 84, folio 129verso), describing the damage caused by the 27 May 1563 earthquake at Puerto de la Navidad. The Earthquake Damage Reported from complete document and its transcription are part of Ⓔ File S1 (available in the Zapotlán el Grande electronic supplement to this article). Tello (1891, p. 592) reports an earthquake in A.D. 1563 that was felt at Zapotlán el Grande and lasted one day and the following night. Fur- construction because the previous building had been destroyed thermore, Tello (1942, p. 67) describes an A.D. 1557 [sic!] by earthquakes 25 yrs before. The information provided by earthquake that destroyed the church at Zapotlán el Grande Tello is similar to the one in the 1587 Franciscan travelog, (Ⓔ File S1). However, because he mentions in the same sen- possibly copied from there, and most likely refers to the tence that Spanish soldiers went the following year, A.D. 1558, A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad earthquake. to conquer China, he most likely refers to the A.D. 1563 Pu- erto de la Navidad earthquake and implicitly to the A.D. 1564 Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition. Earthquake Damage Reported from Tuxpan The responses by local novohispanic officials to a standard geo- Macroseismic Intensities and Damage Area graphic A.D. 1577 questionnaire, designed by the Spanish Based on the macroseismic intensity observations included in crown and known as Relaciones geográficas (Cline, 1972; above primary data sources, the following degrees of intensity Mundy, 1996), provides in some of these documents earth- can be estimated (based on the modified Mercalli scale, version quake-related information. The Relación geográfica de Tuxpan by Brazee, 1979;Table1). The highest known intensity, here y su partido (Acuña, 1987), written from 20 February 1580 on, estimated at degree IX, was observed at Puerto de la Navidad states that the Franciscan monastery of Tuxpan (Fig. 2)was (Fig. 2) where all the buildings fell or were severely damaged. In ruined in a major earthquake more than 15 yrs before the Colima, the church and convent, constructed from stone and writing of that document (Acuña, 1987, p. 385), likely in lime mortar, collapsed and were beyond repair, and a private the A.D. 1563 earthquake that destroyed the shipyards at Pu- residence, belonging to a pilot of the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedi- erto de la Navidad. On the other hand, this document does not tion, fell. In Tuxpan, the convent was damaged beyond repair,

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Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220180304/4575159/srl-2018304.1.pdf by 15260 on 29 November 2018 SRL Early Edition and in Zapotlán el Grande (now Ciudad Guzmán), the church degree VI in Zapotlán el Grande and in Tuxpan. These values was destroyed. Based on these limited observations, an intensity are probably lower than in the A.D. 1563 earthquake. of degree VIII can be tentatively estimated for the latter three Summarizing, the macroseismic intensity distribution of locations (Fig. 2). The damage area reached up to ~100 km from the A.D. 1563 earthquake is comparable to that of the 3 June M the coast. 1932 s 8.2 earthquake, which suggests that the two events had similar rupture locations and dimensions. The high inten- M sities of the 18 June 1932 s 7.8 earthquake were centered M Earthquake Rupture Area, Location, and Magnitude farther southeast. The 9 October 1995 w 8.0 earthquake The high macroseismic intensities near the Pacific coast had its maximum intensity in the Puerto de la Navidad region, strongly suggest that the source of the A.D. 1563 earthquake but its intensity values in Colima, Ciudad Guzmán, and was on the southeastern part of the Rivera–North America Tuxpan were probably lower than in the A.D. 1563 earth- plate interface. A first-order approximation of the rupture lo- quake. The magnitude of the A.D. 1563 earthquake must have M cation and the magnitude of this earthquake can be based on a been similar to that of the 3 June 1932 s 8.2 earthquake. comparison of its macroseismic intensity distribution with Given the very limited amount of information for the A.D. M M those of the 3 June 1932 s 8.2 and 18 June 1932 s 7.8 1563 earthquake and the uncertainties involved in estimating (Abe, 1981; Singh et al., 1985) and the 9 October 1995 its intensity distribution, the value of its intensity magnitude M M ≥ : w 8.0 (Pacheco et al., 1997) extreme events, whose ruptures I is estimated here as 8 0. (Fig. 1) have been studied instrumentally. Singh et al. (1985) estimated the rupture length of the THE 28 DECEMBER 1567 M s 7.2 AMECA CRUSTAL 3 June 1932 earthquake at 220 km and the rupture width EARTHQUAKE at 80 km based on its aftershock distribution. These authors also compiled macroseismic intensity observations and pro- The A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake originated approximately vided a macroseismic map. The mainshock intensities of IX 4.5 yrs after the Puerto de la Navidad subduction interface and X covered a broad region north and west of Manzanillo. earthquake. Its source was within the overriding North Based on my compilation of the damage descriptions in the America plate at a distance of ∼170 km from the epicentral Guadalajara newspaper El Informador, the macroseismic inten- region of the Puerto de la Navidad earthquake. According sity was of degree IX at Cihuatlán (near Puerto de la Navidad), to my previous study of the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake Autlán, and Zapotitlán (Fig. 2); of degree VIII in Manzanillo (Suter, 2015), that event likely ruptured to the surface along and Colima; and of degree VII at Tuxpan and Zapotlán el several segments of the Ameca–San Marcos normal-fault sys- Grande. The intensities in Puerto de la Navidad, Colima, Tux- tem (Fig. 2), which bounds the Ameca and Zacoalco half-gra- pan, and Zapotlán el Grande match the ones experienced at bens (Quintero Legorreta, 1995; Ferrari and Rosas-Elguera, these locations in the A.D. 1563 event (Fig. 2). 2000). The location of the surface rupture, its length (13– Similarly, Singh et al. (1985) estimated the rupture length 14 leagues, 54–59 km), and the scarp height (1–2 estados, of the 18 June 1932 earthquake at ∼60 km and the rupture 1.67–3.34 m) can be inferred from the description of this width at 80 km (Fig. 1) and provided also for this event a mac- earthquake in contemporary sources, mostly in the Relación roseismic map. According to their compilation, a mainshock de Ameca (Acuña, 1988). Given its dimensions and the semi- intensity of degree IX only occurred in and near Colima arid climate, remnants of the A.D. 1567 surface rupture scarp and in Manzanillo. Based on the damage descriptions in the are likely to be still preserved (M. Machette, written comm., Guadalajara newspaper El Informador, the macroseismic inten- 2016) but remain to be documented. From scaling relations sity was of degree VII–VIII in Tuxpan and Zapotlán el Grande, (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994), the moment magnitude of which is comparable to the intensity experienced there in the this earthquake can be estimated as 7:2  0:3 based on the rup- A.D. 1563 event (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the intensity was ture length, which makes it the strongest known historical higher than in A.D. 1563 in Colima (degree IX) but much crustal earthquake in central Mexico. Here, I present informa- less than in A.D. 1563 in the Puerto de la Navidad region tion from a large body of sixteenth-century source material that (degree VII). explicitly or implicitly refers to the A.D. 1567 Ameca earth- According to Pacheco et al. (1997), the maximum after- quake but was neither taken into account in earlier studies M nor included in earthquake catalogs. These new sources yield shock area of the 9 October 1995 w 8.0 earthquake was 170 km long and 70 km wide. This earthquake reactivated a precise origin date of the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake and a partly an area of the subduction zone that had previously rup- somewhat better definition of its damage area. Excerpts of the tured in the 1932 earthquakes (Fig. 1). Intensities of degree ≥ documents and their translation into English are provided in Ⓔ VIII were reported along about 100 km of the Pacific File S2. coastal area, where structures either collapsed or were heavily damaged. As in the A.D. 1563 earthquake, the maximum Origin Date of the Ameca Earthquake intensity centered in the Puerto de la Navidad region Two key primary sources, not taken into account in previous (Carrillo-Martínez, 1997; Juárez García et al., 1997). The in- studies, permit pinpointing the occurrence of this earthquake tensity of the 1995 event was of degree VII in Colima and of to 28 December 1567 (in the Julian calendar) at dawn. An

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Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220180304/4575159/srl-2018304.1.pdf by 15260 on 29 November 2018 SRL Early Edition A.D. 1568 document preserved in Mexico City at Archivo Sayula in the south. It included the towns of Chapala, Cocula, General de la Nación (ramo Inquisición, volume 20, expediente Zacoalco, Amacueca, and Sayula (Fig. 2). 5) and partly transcribed by Villaseñor Bordes (1959, p. 3) re- Hillerkuss (1994, pp. 334–335) includes the transcription fers to a statement on 16 January 1568 by the Franciscan friar of a document preserved at Archivo General de la Nación Pedro de Ayala, bishop of Guadalajara, according to which (Tierras 2955, expediente 37, folio 67), dated 20 April Ayala was visiting Ávalos Province because he had been in- 1584, that mentions the A.D. 1567 earthquake damage in Za- formed on 1 January 1568 about the earthquake devastating coalco (Fig. 2), which was razed. A macroseismic intensity of the major settlements of that region. Therefore, the Ameca degree IX for Zacoalco can be inferred from this description, earthquake must have occurred before the end of A.D. 1567. which is in agreement with the intensity previously assigned for The Franciscan friar Diego Muñoz, residing in Michoacán this location based on different sources (Suter, 2015). and Jalisco, wrote in A.D. 1583–1585 a chronicle (López, An inquiry in A.D. 1569 about the conditions in Nueva 1922; Muñoz, 1922, 1965) that provides information about Galicia, made on behalf of the Spanish crown by Juan de the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake not included in other six- Ovando, president of the Consejo de Indias, yielded several teenth-century literary sources or in the A.D. 1653 chronicle replies. The Franciscans of Guadalajara, in their answer dated by Tello. According to this source, the earthquake occurred at 8 November 1569 (Relación que los franciscanos de Guadalajara dawn of “el día de los Inocentes” which in the liturgical cal- dieron de los conventos que tenía su órden, y de otros negocios endar is celebrated on 28 December. Considering that Ayala generales de aquel reino; transcribed by García Icazbalceta, was informed on 1 January 1568 about the severe earthquake 1889, p. 171), call attention to the general regional earthquake damage in the Ávalos region (see above), the earthquake must hazard, most likely based on their experience in the A.D. 1567 have occurred on 28 December 1567 at dawn, a conclusion also earthquake, when several of their convents were ruined (Suter, reached by Ramírez Flores (1965) based on these two sources. 2015). On the other hand, the detailed survey by the chapter of This improves on the idea that the occurrence of this earth- the cathedral in Guadalajara, dated 20 January 1570, as an an- quake had been between late 1567 and early 1568 as previously swer to the same royal inquiry (Informe al Rey por el Cabildo inferred from information in the A.D. 1579 Relación de Ameca eclesiástico de Guadalajara acerca de las cosas de aquel Reino, (Acuña, 1988) and a letter, dated 9 March 1568, by Ayala to transcribed by García Icazbalceta, 1889, pp. 484–508), pro- the Spanish crown (Suter, 2015). vides an inventory of the Franciscan convents in Ávalos Prov- ince (damage area of the A.D. 1567 earthquake) and specifies Macroseismic Observations their building material but surprisingly does not mention any Here, I summarize a few macroseismic observations in six- earthquake damage neither to these convents nor to buildings teenth-century documents not taken into account in previous in Guadalajara. Similarly, the very detailed administrative re- studies of the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake or included in port by the judge Miguel Contreras y Guevara, as an answer earthquake catalogs. They include observations in the detailed to the same royal inquiry, drawn up in Guadalajara on 22 Feb- travelog by Alonso Ponce, Commissary General for the Fran- ruary 1570 and transcribed and commented by Diego-Fernán- ciscan Order of New Spain, and Antonio de Ciudad Real, his dez Sotelo (1994), does not include any information about the secretary, who inspected the parishes and convents of west-cen- A.D. 1567 earthquake. tral Mexico in A.D. 1587 (Ponce, 1873; de Ciudad Real, 1976). The Relación geográfica de Tlaxcala, written between A.D. Their travel diary implies, without directly stating it, that the 1581 and 1584, shortly after the A.D. 1579 Relación geográfica town and convent of Etzatlán (Fig. 2) and the neighboring de Ameca (Acuña, 1988), by the Tlaxcaltecan historian Diego settlements of San Juan and Santiago, located on islands within Muñoz Camargo (not to be mistaken with the Franciscan friar – Lake Etzatlán, were damaged in the A.D. 1567 Ameca earth- Diego Muñoz, author of the above-mentioned A.D. 1583 quake. These historical geographic observations are also invalu- 1585 chronicle about Michoacán and Jalisco), includes a com- able because Lake Etzatlán, which is documented on sixteenth- pelling narrative about the 1567 Ameca earthquake (Acuña, century maps (Ⓔ File S2; Calvo and Machuca, 2016), does not 1984, pp. 284–285; Ⓔ File S2). Muñoz Camargo reports exist anymore. The town of Etzatlán is located north of the an earth fissure more than 15 leagues (63 km) long that opened mountain range that is bounded on its southern side by the across mountains and plains and still remained visible during Ameca fault (Ferrari and Rosas-Elguera, 2000), which ruptured his writing but with time and floods was being filled in and to the surface in the A.D. 1567 earthquake (Acuña, 1988; closing. He also describes a village that dropped more than Suter, 2015). three estados (5 m) below its previous level, possibly because A further constraint on the damage area is provided by the of soil liquefaction. The Ameca River stopped flowing for three above-mentioned A.D. 1568 document, according to which calendar days, after which the river resumed its previous course. the Franciscan friar Pedro de Ayala, bishop of Guadalajara, A large hill, belonging to an upright mountain range bound by was visiting Ávalos Province because he had been informed a vertical scarp, was fragmented by the earthquake and moved that the earthquake had devastated the major settlements of from its location. This description corresponds to a major land- this region (Villaseñor Bordes, 1959). According to Gerhard slide, possibly to the slide that blocked the flow of the Ameca (1993), the province of Ávalos reached from just east of Ameca River. Unfortunately, the narrative by Muñoz Camargo does in the west to the western part of Lake Chapala in the east and not mention specific geographic locations. Given the

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Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220180304/4575159/srl-2018304.1.pdf by 15260 on 29 November 2018 SRL Early Edition ∼700km distance of the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake epi- relations (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994), the moment magni- central region from Tlaxcala, the document is unlikely to be tude of this earthquake can be estimated as 7:2  0:3 based on based on his personal observations, and Muñoz Camargo does the rupture length, which makes it the strongest historical not provide his sources. However, it is certainly surprising to crustal earthquake known from central Mexico. find a description of the A.D. 1567 Ameca earthquake in the Two key primary sources, not taken into account in pre- Relación geográfica de Tlaxcala, which may attest to the vious studies, permit pinpointing the occurrence of this earth- extraordinariness and social and economic impacts of this quake to 28 December 1567 (in the Julian calendar) at dawn. crustal earthquake. According to an A.D. 1568 document, the Franciscan friar Pe- The Geografía y Descripción Universal de las Indias, com- dro de Ayala, bishop of Guadalajara, was visiting Ávalos Prov- – piled 1571 1574 by the cosmographer and chronicler Juan ince because he had been informed on 1 January 1568 about López de Velasco, describes the Guadalajara region as being the severe earthquake damage in that region (Villaseñor subjected to great earthquakes but does not provide details Bordes, 1959); therefore, the Ameca earthquake must have oc- (López de Velasco, 1894, p. 265). However, this is the only curred before that date. Furthermore, according to the mention of Mexican earthquakes in this geographic compen- chronicle about Michoacán and Jalisco, written in A.D. dium, which similar to the Relación geográfica de Tlaxcala 1583–1585 by the Franciscan friar Diego Muñoz, the earth- may attest to the contemporary social and economic impacts quake occurred at dawn of “el día de los Inocentes,” which of the A.D. 1563 Puerto de la Navidad and A.D. 1567 Ameca in the liturgical calendar is celebrated on 28 December earthquakes. (Muñoz, 1922, 1965). My detailed critical evaluation of sixteenth-century docu- CONCLUSIONS ments not incorporated in previous studies indicates that the damage area of this earthquake mostly coincides with the ex- The earliest subduction-zone earthquake in west-central tent of sixteenth-century Ávalos Province and likely includes in Mexico documented in historical sources originated on 27 the north the region of sixteenth-century Lake Etzatlán. There May 1563 (in the Julian calendar). It devastated the novohis- is no evidence that the damage area extended as far south as panic harbor of Puerto de la Navidad, where all the buildings Zapotlán el Grande and Tuxpan as reported in the A.D. 1653 fell or were severely damaged. The earthquake interrupted the chronicle by Antonio Tello, who partly confused the A.D. ship construction for the Trans-Pacific Legazpi-Urdaneta 1563 and 1567 earthquakes. expedition, which would initiate trade between New Spain and Asia. In Colima, the church and convent, constructed from stone and lime mortar, collapsed and were beyond repair. DATA AND RESOURCES In Tuxpan, the convent was also damaged beyond repair, and in Zapotlán el Grande (now Ciudad Guzmán), the church was All data necessary to understand, evaluate, replicate, and build destroyed. The damage area of the earthquake reached up to upon the reported research are contained within this article, its ∼ 100 km from the coast. The high macroseismic intensities Ⓔ electronic supplements, and the cited references. The mac- near the Pacific coast suggest that its source was on the roseismic information about the 1932 earthquakes in the Gua- – southeastern part of the Rivera North America plate interface. dalajara newspaper El Informador was obtained through The macroseismic intensity distribution is comparable to that www.hndm.unam M Hemeroteca Nacional Digital de México ( of the 3 June 1932 s 8.2 earthquake, which suggests that the .mx). A 707-folio report about the 3 June 1932 earthquake, two events had similar rupture locations and dimensions and a organized alphabetically by township, is preserved at Archivo similar magnitude. On the base of this limited and partly cir- Histórico del Estado de Jalisco (ramo Fomento, subramo Fe- cumstantial historical evidence, the magnitude of the 27 May nómenos Naturales). The shaded relief map underlying Figure 1 1563 earthquake is estimated as M ≥ 8:0. I is from the Global Multi-Resolution Topography (GMRT) The earliest crustal earthquake in west-central Mexico www.geomapapp.org documented in historical sources originated in A.D. 1567. compilation (Ryan et al., 2009; ). The Its source was within the overriding North America plate, shaded relief map underlying Figure 2 is based on the digital at a distance of ∼170 km from the epicentral region of the elevation model Continuo de Elevaciones Mexicano 3.0 (CEM Puerto de la Navidad earthquake. The A.D. 1567 earthquake 3.0) by Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI, is likely to have ruptured to the surface along several segments http://www.inegi.org.mx/geo). They both were processed of the Ameca–San Marcos normal-fault system (Suter, 2015). with the digital cartography software Surfer 13 (Golden Soft- The location of the surface rupture, its length (13–14 leagues, ware, LLC, Golden, Colorado). The letter by Pedro de Ayala to 54–59 km), and the scarp height (1–2 estados, 1.67–3.34 m) Felipe II, dated Guadalajara 9 March 1568 and the A.D. 1550 can be inferred from the description of this earthquake in con- map of Nueva Galicia reproduced in the Ⓔ electronic supple- temporary sources, mostly in the Relación de Ameca (Acuña, ment are preserved at Archivo General de Indias (Seville, 1988). Given its dimensions and the semiarid climate, rem- Spain); their facsimiles are online at Portal de Archivos Espa- nants of the A.D. 1567 surface rupture scarp are likely to ñoles (PARES, http://pares.mcu.es). All these websites were be still preserved but remain to be documented. From scaling last accessed in September 2018.

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Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220180304/4575159/srl-2018304.1.pdf by 15260 on 29 November 2018 SRL Early Edition ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Castillo-Aja, R., M. T. Ramírez-Herrera, M. L. Machain-Castillo, A. Go- guitchaichvili, and R. Cejudo (2019). Sedimentary and microfossil imprint from historical earthquakes and tsunamis, Jalisco coast, The author is thankful to Associate Editor John Ebel for his Mexican subduction, Mar. Geol. 407, 32–43, doi: 10.1016/j.mar- review and the staff at Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico geo.2018.10.004. City), Instituto Cultural Ignacio Dávila Garibi (Guadalajara, Cline, H. F. (1972). The Relaciones Geográficas of the Spanish Indies, in Jalisco, Mexico), and Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid, Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 12, Guide to Ethnohis- Spain) for their guidance during his search for documents re- torical Sources, Part 1, H. F. Cline (Editor), University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 183–242. lated to these earthquakes. Archivo General de la Nación pro- Dañobeitia, J., R. Bartolomé, M. Prada, F. Núñez-Cornú, D. Córdoba, vided a high-resolution digital copy of the A.D. 1563 W. L. Bandy, F. Estrada, A. L. Cameselle, D. Núñez, A. Castellón, document describing the earthquake damage at Puerto de la et al. (2016). Crustal architecture at the collision zone between Navidad; an excerpt of it (Fig. 3) is reproduced here with their Rivera and North American plates at the Jalisco block, Pure Appl. 173, – permission. The paleographic transcriptions of the A.D. 1563 Geophys. nos. 10/11, 3553 3573, doi: 10.1007/s00024-016- Ⓔ 1388-7. source documents in the electronic supplement were made de Ciudad Real, A. (1976). Tratado curioso y docto de las grandezas de la by Stílogo, Consultoría Lingüística (Torremolinos, Málaga, Nueva España, Second Ed., J. García Quintana and V. M. Castillo Spain). Farreras (Editors), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, In- stituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 1, 272 pp., Vol. 2, 482 pp. (original document written in 1584–1589) (in Spanish). REFERENCES de la Mota Padilla, M. (1870). Historia de la conquista de la provincia de la Nueva-Galicia, Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, Abe, K. (1981). Magnitude of large shallow earthquakes from 1904– Mexico City, Mexico, 523 pp. (original document dated Guadala- 1980, Phys. Earth Planet. In. 27, 72–92. jara, 12 August 1742) (in Spanish). Acuña, R. (1984). Relaciones Geográficas del Siglo XVI, Tlaxcala—tomo DeMets, C., and D. S. Wilson (1997). Relative motions of the Pacific, primero, Vol. 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Insti- Rivera, North American, and Cocos plates since 0.78 Ma, J. Geo- tuto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Mexico City, Mexico, phys. Res. 102, 2789–2806. 324 pp. (in Spanish). Diego-Fernández Sotelo, R. (1994). 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Libro segundo de la Crónica miscelánea en que se trata de Pacheco, J., S. K. Singh, J. Dominguez, A. Hurtado, L. Quintanar, Z. la conquista espiritual y temporal de la Santa Provincia de Jalisco, Jiménez, J. Yamamoto, C. Gutiérrez, M. Santoyo, W. Bandy, et al. Imprenta de “La República Literaria” de Ciro I. de Guevara, Gua- (1997). The October 9, 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico earthquake dalajara, Mexico, 886 pp. (original document dated 20 April 1653) M ( w 8): An aftershock study and a comparison of this earthquake (in Spanish). with those of 1932, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2223–2226. Tello, A. (1942). Crónica miscelánea de la sancta provincia de Xalisco, libro Parry, J. H. (1948). The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Cen- 3, Editorial Font, Guadalajara, Mexico, 107 pp. (original document tury, Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom, dated 20 April 1653) (in Spanish). 205 pp. Tello, A. (1945). Crónica miscelánea de la sancta provincia de Xalisco, libro Ponce, A. (1873). Relación breve y verdadera de algunas cosas de las mu- 4, Editorial Font, Guadalajara, Mexico, 316 pp. (original document chas que sucedieron al padre Fray Alonso Ponce en las provincias de dated 20 April 1653) (in Spanish). Nueva España, Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero, Madrid, Spain, Villaseñor Bordes, R. (1959). La inquisición en La Nueva Galicia (siglo Vol. 1, 548 pp. and Vol. 2, 572 pp. (original document written XVI), Imprenta de José de Jesús Vera, Guadalajara, Mexico, 160 pp. in 1584–1589) (in Spanish). (in Spanish). Quintero Legorreta, O. (1995). Les frontières à terre du bloc de Jalisco Wells, D. L., and K. J. Coppersmith (1994). New empirical relationships (Mexique), étude néotectonique et structurale de la fracturation et among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and reconstruction des paleocontraintes, Mém. Sc. Terre, no. 95-5, Uni- surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, no. 4, 974–1002. versité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, France, 257 pp. (in French). Max Suter Ramírez Flores, J. (1965). Introduction to Descripción de la Provincia de San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacán cuando formaba una con Xa- Instituto de Geología lisco, escrita por Fray Diego Muñoz. Año de 1585, Serie de Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Vol. 8, Instituto Jalisciense de Antropología e Historia, Guadalajara, Estación Regional del Noroeste Mexico, 9–18 (in Spanish). Hermosillo, Sonora Regalado Pinedo, A., and C. G. Becerra Jiménez (2016). La consolidación Mexico de una capital: Guadalajara, in Historia del Reino de la Nueva [email protected] Galicia, T. Calvo and A. Regalado Pinedo (Editors), Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Guadalajara, Mexico, 463–492 (in Spanish). Published Online 28 November 2018

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