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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of HEATING EFFECTS of 27.12 Mhz DIATHERMY UNIT on CLAY MODELS for HYPERTHERMIA APPLICATIONS in CANCER TREATMENT

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of HEATING EFFECTS of 27.12 Mhz DIATHERMY UNIT on CLAY MODELS for HYPERTHERMIA APPLICATIONS in CANCER TREATMENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEATING EFFECTS OF 27.12 MHz DIATHERMY UNIT ON CLAY MODELS FOR HYPERTHERMIA APPLICATIONS IN CANCER TREATMENT Beena Roshini John William B.E., Anna University, India, 2005 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SUMMER 2009 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEATING EFFECTS OF 27.12 MHz DIATHERMY UNIT ON CLAY MODELS FOR HYPERTHERMIA APPLICATIONS IN CANCER TREATMENT A Project by Beena Roshini John William Approved by: , Committee Chair Preetharn B. Kumar, Ph.D , Committee Chair Russ Tatro ,MS EE a g/11/h Date ii Student: Beena Roshini John William I certify that the student have met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this Project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded to this Project. Dr. Preetham B. Kumar, Ph.D., Graduate Coordinator Date Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering iii I Abstract of EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEATING EFFECTS OF 27.12 MHz DIATHERMY UNIT ON CLAY MODELS FOR HYPERTHERMIA APPLICATIONS IN CANCER TREATMENT by Beena Roshini John William This project will focus on the experimental characterization of heating effects by 27.12 MHz Mettler Diathermy system on clay models for use in hyperthermia for cancer treatment. The project involves microwave applicators suitable for hyperthermia treatment of advanced cancer colli uteri in combination with ionizing radiation. The Mettler diathermy system is used to record the heating patterns in the dielectric lossy media. The eventual application of this study is to have variations in the diathermy unit using dielectric lossy materials which are very close to the biological tissue and observe its relation to the temperature rise in the dielectric media that is used. This project mainly concentrates on the focusing ability of the diathermy system to target the tumor area with minimal effect to the healthy tissues. The clay models were used in this project to study the effect of radiation. The experiment was done for hardening and non hardening clay and the temperature was noted. The maximum temperature we achieved was with non hardening clay when the area was heated to 82.630 F , Committee Chair Dr. Preetham B. Kumar, Ph.D. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Dr. Preetham Kumar, Faculty Member, EEE department for his guidance, giving me the opportunity to take on this project and steering me in the right direction. A special thanks for his support, and constructive feedback throughout the course of fieldwork. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Professor Russ Tatro, Faculty Member, EEE department for being part of the review committee to help me finalize the project and strengthen the foundation I designed the project on. V TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgement............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .......................................................... vii List of Figures .......................................................... viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1 2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH ON MICROWAVE HYPERTHERMIA IN TREATMENT OF CANCER ........................................................... 3 2.1 Types of hyperthermia ........................................................... 3 2.1.1 Local Hyperthermia .......................................................... 3 2.1.2 Regional Hyperthermia ........................................................... 7 2.1.3 Whole Body Hyperthermia ........................................................... 8 2.2 Applications and Benefits of Hyperthermia .......................................................... 10 2.3 Risks of Hyperthermia .......................................................... 12 2.4 Hyperthermia and Radiation .......................................................... 14 3. DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AND DIATHERMY ....................................................... 16 3.1 Dielectric Properties .......................................................... 16 3.2 Dielectric Permittivity Spectrum .......................................................... 17 3.3 Diathermy .......................................................... 19 3.3.1 Dielectric Diathermy .......................................................... 20 3.3.2 Inductive Diathermy .......................................................... 20 3.4 Types of Diathermy .......................................................... 21 vi 3.4.1 Short wave diathermy (SWD) ............................................... 21 3.4.1 (a) Features of Diathermy devices .............................................. 22 3.4.2 Microwave Diathermy .............................................. 25 3.4.2(a) Microwave absorption in the tissues .............................................. 26 3.5 Effect of hyperthermia in Tumor treatment and blood flow ................................... 28 4. METTLER AUTOTHERM EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION ....................................... 31 4.1 Mettler Autotherm equipment details ............................................... 32 4.2 Mettler in heat therapy............................................................................................. 33 4.3 Advantages of Mettler Shortwave diathermy unit ............................................... 35 4.4 Safety Precautions while using Autotherm ............................................... 36 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH AUTOTHERM UNIT ..................................... 37 5.1 Measurements with the hardening clay medium ............................................... 37 5.1.1 Measurement with applicator on top of clay .............................................. 38 5.2 Measurements with clay using Reflector ............................................... 42 5.3 Measurements with the non hardening clay .............................................. 46 6. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 49 References .............................................. 51 Vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Penetration depths of tissues with high and low water content ............ ........... 26 Table 5. 1 Heating results with hardening clay medium (Applicator on top of the clay) .................................................... 38 Table 5. 2 Heating results with hardening clay medium (Applicator at D=1.5" top of the clay) .................................................... 40 Table 5. 3 Heating results with hardening clay medium (Applicator at D=2.5" top of the clay) .................................................... 41 Table 5. 4 Heating results with clay medium and reflector (Applicator on top of the clay).......................................................................................... 43 Table 5. 5 Heating results with clay medium and reflector (Applicator at D=1.5" top of the clay) .................................................... 44 Table 5. 6 Heating results with clay medium and reflector (Applicator at D=2.5" top of the clay) .................................................... 45 Table 5. 7 Heating results with non hardening clay medium (Applicator on top of the clay)........................................................................................... 46 Table 5. 8 Heating results with non hardening clay medium (Applicator at D= .5" top of the clay) .................................................... 46 Table 5. 9 Heating results with non hardening clay medium (Applicator at D=2.5" top of the clay) .................................................... 47 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. 1 Scheme of a system for local hyperthermia ..................................................... 4 Figure 2.2 Applicator types for local hyperthermia, such as (a) waveguide applicator; (b) spiral applicator; and (c) current sheet applicator .............................................................. 5 Figure 2.3 Sigma-60 applicator (four dipole pairs) with treatment couch of BSD-2000 system for regional hyperthermia ................... ........................................... 8 Figure 2.4 Schematic drawing of the Aquatherm system for whole-body hyperthermia .10 Figure 2.5 Density Measurements from stained tissues ................................................... 15 Figure 3. 1 Frequency response of dielectric mechanism ............................. ................... 18 Figure 3.2 Range of intensities of stray magnetic fields around the diathermy ......... ...... 23 Figure 3.3 Range of intensities of stray electric fields around the diathermy cables ....... 24 Figure 3.4 Rate of microwave radiation depth in tissues .................................................. 27 Figure 4. 1 Mettler Autotherm Diathermy Unit .............................................................. 31 Figure 4.2 Control Knobs on Mettler Diathermy Unit ..................................................... 32 Figure 4.3 Patient Input Meter of Mettler Unit ............................................................. 33 Figure 4.4 Relative absorption of RF power generated by the Autotherm equipment ... 34 Measurements with Hardening clay Figure 5. 1 Graphical representation of Temperature distribution Vs Time (Applicator on top of the clay).........................................................................................
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