Continuous Dynamics in the Real-Time Perception of Race
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Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision Making Among the Poor
Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision Making Among the Poor The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bertrand, Marianne, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Eldar Shafir. 2006. Behavioral economics and marketing in aid of decision making among the poor. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25(1): 8-23. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.25.1.8 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2962609 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision Making Among the Poor Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Eldar Shafir This article considers several aspects of the economic decision making of the poor from the perspective of behavioral economics, and it focuses on potential contributions from marketing. Among other things, the authors consider some relevant facets of the social and institutional environments in which the poor interact, and they review some behavioral patterns that are likely to arise in these contexts. A behaviorally more informed perspective can help make sense of what might otherwise be considered “puzzles” in the economic comportment of the poor. A behavioral analysis suggests that substantial welfare changes could result from relatively minor policy interventions, and insightful marketing may provide much needed help in the design of such interventions. -
DIALOGUE Page 1
DIALOGUE Page 1 Volume 23, No. 1 DIALOGUE Dialogue—Spring, 2008 The Official Newsletter of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Chris Crandall & Monica Biernat, Co-Editors SPSP Annual Meeting 2009: Inside the Tampa-Bound in February Current Issue: By Jeff Simpson Tampa is located on Tampa Bay and claims three of the top 10 beaches in the country. SPSP Executive 2, 27 The 2008-2009 SPSP Conference Committee The average February temperature is 72 Committee, Division 8 (Jeff Simpson, Monica Biernat, and Bill degrees F, so this should please conference- Graziano) is pleased to announce that SPSP goers hoping to escape dreary winter locales! Tribute to Bill McGuire 4 will hold its 10th annual meeting in Tampa, Florida on February 5-7, 2009. Other attractions include theme parks, zoos, News from APA Council 6, 25, an aquarium, the Salvador Dali Museum in 32 Sam Gosling and Wendi Gardner have nearby St. Petersburg, and the brick-lined Forsyth on Deception 7 graciously agreed to serve as Program co- streets of former “Cigar Capital of the Chairs for the event, Tara Miller is making World,” Ybor City, now a shopping, restaurant, and museum district that you can Committee News: 10, some special arrangements to celebrate our Publication, 13, th reach from downtown by streetcar. 10 anniversary, and various pre-conference Graduate Students, 19 organizers are beginning to plan their Diversity/Climate individual meetings. SPSP will be arriving shortly after Tampa’s Gasparilla Pirate Festival—the Mardi Gras of Jonas on Ethics and TV 8 The official Call for Submissions will be on- Tampa—which is typically held on the last line in May; see p. -
Math Is Hard!” the Evect of Gender Priming on Women’S Attitudes ଝ
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2006) 428–436 www.elsevier.com/locate/jesp “Math is Hard!” The eVect of gender priming on women’s attitudes ଝ Jennifer R. Steele a,¤, Nalini Ambady b a Department of Psychology, York University, Atkinson Faculty of Liberal and Professional Studies, Ont., Canada M3J 1P3 b Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA Received 11 May 2005; revised 6 June 2005 Available online 19 August 2005 Abstract In three studies, we examined the eVect of a self-relevant category prime on women’s attitudes towards the gender-stereotyped domains of arts (positively stereotyped) and mathematics (negatively stereotyped). In Study 1, women who were subtly reminded of the category female (Study 1a) or their gender identity (Study 1b) expressed more stereotype consistent attitudes towards the aca- demic domains of mathematics and the arts than participants in control conditions. In Study 2, women who were reminded of their female identity similarly demonstrated a stereotype-consistent shift in their implicit attitudes towards these domains relative to women in a control condition. The potential role of the working self-concept in mediating social category priming eVects as well as the practical implications of these Wndings are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Stereotype activation; Social category; Prime; Women; Attitudes; Mathematics; Stereotype threat; Implicit associations Introduction extreme sports enthusiasts (see Wheeler & Petty, 2001, for a review). Dijksterhuis and Bargh (2001) have argued Stereotyping researchers have found that priming a that this perception-behavior link stems from our innate social category, such as the elderly (Bargh, Chen, & Bur- propensity to imitate others. -
Culture in Social Neuroscience: a Review
Social Neuroscience ISSN: 1747-0919 (Print) 1747-0927 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/psns20 Culture in social neuroscience: A review Nicholas O. Rule , Jonathan B. Freeman & Nalini Ambady To cite this article: Nicholas O. Rule , Jonathan B. Freeman & Nalini Ambady (2013) Culture in social neuroscience: A review, Social Neuroscience, 8:1, 3-10, DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2012.695293 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.695293 Published online: 06 Jun 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1223 View related articles Citing articles: 18 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=psns20 SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE, 2013 Vol. 8, No. 1, 3–10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.695293 Culture in social neuroscience: A review Nicholas O. Rule1, Jonathan B. Freeman2, and Nalini Ambady3 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 2Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA 3Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA The aim of this review is to highlight an emerging field: the neuroscience of culture. This new field links cross– cultural psychology with cognitive neuroscience across fundamental domains of cognitive and social psychology. We present a summary of studies on emotion, perspective-taking, memory, object perception, attention, language, and the self, showing cultural differences in behavior as well as in neural activation. Although it is still nascent, the broad impact of merging the study of culture with cognitive neuroscience holds mutual distributed benefits for mul- tiple related fields. -
A Perceptual Pathway to Bias
PSSXXX10.1177/0956797615627418Freeman et al.Real-Time Race Perception and Mixed-Race Bias 627418research-article2016 Research Article Psychological Science 2016, Vol. 27(4) 502 –517 A Perceptual Pathway to Bias: © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Interracial Exposure Reduces Abrupt DOI: 10.1177/0956797615627418 Shifts in Real-Time Race Perception pss.sagepub.com That Predict Mixed-Race Bias Jonathan B. Freeman1, Kristin Pauker2, and Diana T. Sanchez3 1Department of Psychology, New York University; 2Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa; and 3Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick Abstract In two national samples, we examined the influence of interracial exposure in one’s local environment on the dynamic process underlying race perception and its evaluative consequences. Using a mouse-tracking paradigm, we found in Study 1 that White individuals with low interracial exposure exhibited a unique effect of abrupt, unstable White-Black category shifting during real-time perception of mixed-race faces, consistent with predictions from a neural-dynamic model of social categorization and computational simulations. In Study 2, this shifting effect was replicated and shown to predict a trust bias against mixed-race individuals and to mediate the effect of low interracial exposure on that trust bias. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that interracial exposure shapes the dynamics through which racial categories activate and resolve during real-time perceptions, and these initial perceptual dynamics, in turn, may help drive evaluative biases against mixed-race individuals. Thus, lower-level perceptual aspects of encounters with racial ambiguity may serve as a foundation for mixed-race prejudice. -
Neuroimaging of Person Perception a Social-Visual Interface
Neuroscience Letters xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neulet Review article Neuroimaging of person perception: A social-visual interface Jeffrey A. Brooks, Jonathan B. Freeman⁎ Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The visual system is able to extract an enormous amount of socially relevant information from the face, including Social perception social categories, personality traits, and emotion. While facial features may be directly tied to certain percep- Emotion perception tions, emerging research suggests that top-down social cognitive factors (e.g., stereotypes, social-conceptual Face processing knowledge, prejudice) considerably influence and shape the perceptual process. The rapid integration of higher- Top–down effects order social cognitive processes into visual perception can give rise to systematic biases in face perception and Stereotypes may potentially act as a mediating factor for intergroup behavioral and evaluative biases. Drawing on neuroi- Neuroimaging Fusiform cortex maging evidence, we review the ways that top-down social cognitive factors shape visual perception of facial Orbitofrontal cortex features. This emerging work in social and affective neuroscience builds upon work on predictive coding and Anterior temporal lobe perceptual priors in cognitive neuroscience and visual cognition, suggesting domain-general mechanisms that underlie a social-visual interface through which social cognition affects visual perception. The fields of social perception and emotion perception are moti- motion (i.e. walking and other naturalistic movements; [27]), and may vated by an impressive everyday phenomenon: human perceivers are serve to integrate multimodal information in social perception [51,50]. -
Brief Exposures: Male Sexual Orientation Is Accurately Perceived at 50 Ms Q
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008) 1100–1105 www.elsevier.com/locate/jesp Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms q Nicholas O. Rule *, Nalini Ambady Tufts University, Department of Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA Received 4 January 2007; revised 27 November 2007 Available online 25 January 2008 Abstract People have proved adept at categorizing others into social categories, at least when the categorical distinction is perceptually obvious (e.g., age, race, or gender). There remain many social groups whose boundaries are less clear, however. The current work therefore tested judgments of an ambiguous social category (male sexual orientation) from faces shown for durations between 33 ms and 10,000 ms. The sexual orientation of faces presented for 50 ms, 100 ms, 6500 ms, 10,000 ms, and at a self-paced rate (averaging 1500 ms), was categorized at above-chance levels with no decrease in accuracy for briefer exposures. Previous work showing impression formation at similar speeds relied on consensus to determine the validity of judgments. The present results extend these findings by providing a criterion for judg- mental accuracy—actual group membership. Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Person perception; Judgmental accuracy; Sexual orientation; Nonverbal behavior; Social cognition As we navigate the social world, we are constantly called groups. This leaves open the question as to whether groups upon to make judgments of those around us: friend or foe, that lack clearly defined visual markers can be accurately approach or avoid, mate with or fight with, etc. -
Stereotype Performance Boosts: the Impact of Self-Relevance and the Manner of Stereotype Activation
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 83, No. 3, 638–647 0022-3514/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.638 Stereotype Performance Boosts: The Impact of Self-Relevance and the Manner of Stereotype Activation Margaret Shih Nalini Ambady University of Michigan Harvard University Jennifer A. Richeson Kentaro Fujita Dartmouth College New York University Heather M. Gray Harvard University The activation of positive stereotypes has been shown to produce academic performance boosts. Evidence regarding the role of self-relevance in producing such effects has been mixed. The authors propose that the subtlety of stereotype activation plays a key role in creating performance boosts among targets and nontargets of stereotypes. Study 1 found that subtle stereotype activation boosted performance in targets, but blatant activation did not. Study 2 was conducted on both targets and nontargets using different methods of stereotype activation. Again, targets showed performance boosts when stereotypes were subtly activated but not when they were blatantly activated. Nontargets, however, showed boosts in performance only when stereotypes were blatantly activated. The role of self-relevance in mediating sensitivity to stimuli is discussed. Stereotypes, the categories people use to organize their social asking African American college students to indicate their race world, have recently been found to exert powerful effects on prior to the presentation of a standardized test was enough to cognition and behavior (Banaji & Greenwald, 1994; Bargh, Chen, decrease their score by almost half. The race item presumably & Burrows, 1996; Brewer, 1996; Devine, 1989). The heightened activated negative stereotypes about race, which then activated salience of social stereotypes has been shown to have striking self-confirming mental representations for poor academic perfor- effects on outcomes such as behavior (e.g. -
Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision-Making Among the Poor
Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision-Making among the Poor Marianne Bertrand, University of Chicago Sendhil Mullainathan, Harvard University Eldar Shafir, Princeton University (To appear in the Journal of Public Policy and Marketing) Marianne Bertrand: Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 5807 S. Woodlawn, Chicago, IL 60637; Sendhil Mullainathan: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Eldar Shafir: Department of Psychology & WWS, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. We thank Bob Giloth, John Herrera, John Lynch, and Patrick Malone for helpful comments on an earlier draft. JPPM: The Poor Abstract This paper considers several aspects of the economic decision making of the poor from the perspective of behavioral economics, and with a focus on potential contributions from marketing. Among other things, we consider some relevant facets of the social and institutional environments in which the poor interact, and review some behavioral patterns likely to arise in those contexts. A behaviorally more informed perspective can help make sense of what might otherwise be seen as “puzzles” in the economic comportment of the poor. A behavioral analysis suggests that substantial welfare changes may result from relatively minor policy interventions, and insightful marketing might provide much needed help in the design of such interventions. 2 JPPM: The Poor 1. Introduction Theorizing about poverty typically falls into two camps. Social scientists as well as regular folk regard the behaviors of the economically disadvantaged either as calculated adaptations to prevailing circumstances, or as emanating from a unique “culture of poverty,” rife with deviant values. The first view presumes that people are highly rational, that they hold coherent, well informed, and justified beliefs and pursue their goals effectively, with little error, and with no need for help. -
Is There an In-Group Advantage in Emotion Recognition?
Psychological Bulletin Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 128, No. 2, 243–249 0033-2909/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.2.243 Is There an In-Group Advantage in Emotion Recognition? Hillary Anger Elfenbein and Nalini Ambady Harvard University H. A. Elfenbein and N. Ambady (2002) examined the evidence for an in-group advantage in emotion recognition, whereby recognition is generally more accurate for perceivers from the same cultural group as emotional expressors. D. Matsumoto’s (2002) comment centered on 3 asserted methodological requirements. This response addresses the lack of consensus concerning these “requirements” and demonstrates that none alter the presence of the in-group advantage. His analyses had a serious flaw and, once corrected, replicated the original findings. Furthermore, he described results from his empirical work not meeting a literal interpretation of his own requirements. Overall, where Matsumoto considers subtle cross-cultural differences in emotional expression a methodological artifact in judgment studies, the present authors find a core phenomenon worthy of attention. In the current issue of Psychological Bulletin, we presented a Whose Requirements? meta-analysis providing evidence for both the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition (Elfenbein & Ambady, Matsumoto (2002) asserted three “methodological requirements 2002). Matsumoto (2002) commented on one particular finding in that are necessary to test the in-group advantage correctly” (p. this meta-analysis—that there appears to be an in-group advantage 236). The first is that studies should use balanced designs, in which in emotion whereby emotional communication is generally more members of each culture view stimuli equally from members of their own group and from each other group in the study. -
Jason E. Warnick Dan Landis Editors Neuroscience in Intercultural Contexts International and Cultural Psychology
International and Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Anthony J. Marsella, Ph.D. Jason E. Warnick Dan Landis Editors Neuroscience in Intercultural Contexts International and Cultural Psychology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6089 Jason E. Warnick • Dan Landis Editors Neuroscience in Intercultural Contexts Editors Jason E. Warnick Dan Landis Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Hawaii Arkansas Tech University Hilo , HI , USA Russellville , AR , USA ISSN 1574-0455 ISSN 2197-7984 (electronic) International and Cultural Psychology ISBN 978-1-4939-2259-8 ISBN 978-1-4939-2260-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936329 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. -
2020 SPSP Convention Program
We Build Meaningful Experiences on a Global Scale Giving people the power to build community requires constant innovation. At Facebook, research permeates everything we do. We believe the most interesting research questions are derived from understanding how people interact in the world around us. A hands-on approach Our world-class teams of researchers take a hands-on approach to understand, design, and build smarter, unique, and more meaningful experiences on a global scale. Immediate impact UX researchers at Facebook directly contribute new ideas to products that impact the experience of billions of people around the world. Get involved with research at Facebook Academic programs Visit the Facebook booth to learn about faculty sabbaticals, graduate fellowships, conference sponsorships, research award opportunities, and more. Visit research.fb.com for more information and follow our Facebook page @academics for updates. Careers - we’re hiring! We are looking for great people to join our team. Talk to us about internships, full-time positions, and postdoc opportunities. Visit facebook.com/careers to learn more TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFO General Information Convention Code of Conduct . 2 Letter from the Mayor of New Orleans . 3 #SPSP2020 Volunteers . 4 Convention Chair Welcome Letter . 5 SPSP Leadership . 6 Letter from the President . 7 General Information . 8 HIGHLIGHTS SCHEDULES & Maps . 10 Schedules & Highlights Schedule Overview . 13 Legacy Program . 14 Presidential Plenary and Invited Sessions . 15 Poster Schedule . 16 Student Highlights . 18 AWARDS Diversity Highlights . 19 Socials & Receptions . 20 Awards Primary Awards . 21 Student Awards . 25 Diversity Graduate Travel Awards . 27 Graduate Travel Awards . 29 Diversity Undergraduate Registration Awards .