194·5 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE 8879 Traffic Organizations, railroad labor; and Mr. PITTENGER: Committee on Claims. PETITIONS, ETC. true!{ and bus associations. H. R. 3095. A bill for the relief of Ellis Duke, also known as Elias Duke; with amendment Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions The second week will be devoted to (Rept. No. 963). Referred to the Committee and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk various State commissions, agricultural of the Whole House. and referred as follows: associations, National Industrial Traffic Mr. McGEHEE: Committee on Claims. 1176. By Mr. BARRETT of Wyoming: Peti­ LeaJgue and various citizens' traffic asso­ H. R. 3987. A bill for the relief of Myrtle C. tion of Ben. R. Simpers and 32 citizens of ciations and traffic boards and chambers Radabaugh; without amendment (Rept. No. Park County, Wyo., in favor of H. R. 2000; of commerce. 964). Referred to the Committee of the to the Committee on the Judiciary. It is going to be necessary .to limit the Whole House. · 1177. By Mr. LECOMPTE: Petition of Mrs. time for this hearing if possible. It is Mr. McGEHEE: Committee on Claims. Claude A. Babb, What Cheer, Iowa, and other also desired to avoid any repetition in H. R. 4018. A bill for the relief of Robert A. citizens of Thornburg and What Cheer, Iowa, Hudson; with amendment (Rept. No. 965). urging that the draft be continued so that statements before the committee. Referred to the Committee of the Whole men n'ow in service may be released; to the The committee would be pleased to House. Committee on Military Affairs. have those who are intending to appear Mr. McGEHEE: Committee on Claims. 1178. By Mr. SHORT: Petition of Harley to a;dvise the clerk promptly the least H. R. 4048. A bill to provide for an appeal C. Rusk and other citizens of Jasper County, amount of time they will need in which to to the Supreme Court of the United States Mo., urging the passage of the Bryson bill, present their testimony. from the decisions of the Court of Claims in H. R. 2082; to the Committee on the Judi­ two suits instituted by H. B. Nelson (doing ciary. business as tb.e H. B. Nelson· Construction 1179. Also, petition of C. S. Henry and other REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC Co.); without amendment (Rept. No. 966). citizens of Joplin, Mo., favoring a· SO-year­ BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Referred to the Committee of the Whole service retirement for rail workers; to the Under clause 2 of rule- XIII, reports House. Committee on Interstate ·and Foreign Com­ of committees were delivered to the Clerk merce. for printing and reference to the proper PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS calendar, as follows: · Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public 'bills Mr. ELLIOTT: Joint Committee on the ahd resolutions were introduced and sev­ SENATE Disposition of E'xecutive Papers. House Re- , port No. 961. Report on the disposition of erally referred as follows: MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1945 certain papers of sundry executive depart­ By Mr . .HENRY: ments. Ordered to be printed. H. R. 4143. A bill to amend Revised Stat­

8880 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . SEPTEMBER 24 "An .act to provide for the ·appointment of clear thinking, candor, and courage? It miracle of radar, death-dealing rays, or an additional district judge for the eastern seems to me we have not. After the first other cruel and brutal methods of ex­ and western districts of Missouri," approved days of mingled wonder and foreboding, tinction may be now developing in this ·December 24, 1942; and unhappy world? H. J. Res. 225. Joint resolution to quiet the we have relaxed and are now dissipating titles of the respective States. and others, to our energies on unhappy controversies So, Mr. President, I think that any lands beneath tidewaters and lands beneath of very minor importance to the public ·committee appointed from the Senate to navigable )Vaters within the boundaries of welfare. But I cannot urge too strongly consider our atomic-bomb policy should such States and to prevent further clouding that we must not make a decision by be given power to inquire into and to re­ of such titles. default; that' all is lost if we let the· world port a policy on all the other potent in­ ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION drift into an era of intense, brutal com­ struments· of mass destruction now de­ PRESENTED petition at the conclusion o'f which looms veloping in the arsenals and laboratories catastrophe for all of us. of our country. The Secretary of the Senate reported I would not be understood as implying Mr. President, somewhere along the that on September 20, 1945, he presented · that wise and just action by the Govern­ road of competitive armament lies a to the President of the United States the ment of the United States would happily catastroph_e that will engulf and doom following enrolied bills and joint reso­ and forever settle the dangerous hazards civilized man. We need not travel that lution: involved. Most unfortunately, that is road. There is no compulsion in our S. 874. An act to amend the act of October not true. The good will, the courage, the nature that compels it. But if we would 29, 1919, entitled "An act to punish the trans­ e..andor, and the cooperation of every avoid it, we had best begin to act. There portation of stolen motor vehicles in inter­ other Allied nation, great and small, is · state or fo.reign commerce"; are many of us here who feel as I do- · S. 391. An act to provide for the presenta­ necessary. These failing, nothing we can . who. doubtful of our wisdom, would pre­ tion of medals to members of the United do will help divert world chaos. But, fer to go forward into a world organiza­ States Antarctic Expedition of 1939-41; manifestly, the initiative to establish an tion at a slower pace, feeling their way S. 1045. An act to provide for pay and al­ international polioy to control the atomic through preliminary stages of experi­ lowances and transportation and subsistence bomb must come from us. We built it; ments .in cooperation, of widening re­ of personnel discharged or released from the in its use we killed hundreds of thou­ gional agreements. But our ·preferences Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard because sands of human beings; we possess now. of under age at the time of enlistment, _and do not affect the atomic bomb. It de­ for other purposes; and its fearful mastery more than any other mands international control, or it will S. J. Res. 78. Joint resolution to provide for nation. No · one else now has the power mete out international chaos. Nor can designatioh of the Veterans' Administration even to attempt to banish from this un­ we hope to stave off its insistence by hospital at Crugers-on-Hudson, near Peeks­ happy world the fear that our bomb crea­ prohibitions on atomic research. No kill, N. Y., as "Franklin Delano Roosevelt tion has engendered. other nation would agree to stop re­ Hospital." I am, therefore, most happy that two search as long as we-and we only-held REPORT OF BANKING AND CURRENCY Senate committees are now directing the seC!·et. If, on the other hand, we COMMITTEE DURING THE RECESS their attention to the atomic problem. committed the se.cret to the World Coun­ The Military Affairs Committee-under - cil, then there would be every reason to Under authority of the order of the the leadership of the senior Senator 'from· Senate of the 20th instant, encourage it, with the hope that atomic Utah [Mr. THOMAS]-has already favor­ energy could be exploited and controlled Mr. WAGNER (for himself and Mr. ably reported to the Senate a . resolution. ToBEY), from.the Committc;e on Banking for the good, and not the evil, of man­ providing for a commission to deal with kind. and Currency, to which was referred the the atoniic bomb. The senior Senator bill (S. 380) to establish a national policy We move forward, willy-nilly, into a from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG], rank­ fur~ously dynamic world_:._the atomic and program for assuring continuing full ing minority m'ember of the Foreign Re­ employment in a free competitive econ­ age. _ In it the life of man can be peace­ lations Committee, whose leadership was ful, free of poverty, and creative. Or, in omy, through the concerted efforts of in­ so potent· in perfecting our present in­ dustry, agriculture, labor, State, and local the strident words of Hobbes, it can be ternational organization, now has pend­ "nasty, brutish, and short." Whether it governments. and the Federal Govern­ ing a resolution for the creation of a ment, reported it with amendments on shall be the one or the other depends on special joint committee of the House and our decision to choose-international September 22, 1945, and submitted a re­ St.nate to deal with this same question port

Henry V. Poor 3d, Ralph Stackpole and REPORT OF FEDERAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS therein on any legislation that may be pro­ David E. Finley, ha~ volunteered its serv­ A letter from the Secretary of the Treas­ posed on this subject. ices to supervise· the work on the Senate ury, transmitting, pursuant to law, the an­ Very truly yours, Chamber designs. The Senate special nual report of the Federal Bureau of Nar­ GEORGE TIERNAN, Presi dent. committee is to have a joint meeting with cotics. for the calendar year ended December E. G. DOWE, Se creta1·y. the Commission of Fine Arts on October 31, 1944 (with an accompanying report); to · THE COAL SITUATION 5, at which meeting preliminary plans the Committee on Finance. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS Mr.- WILEY. Mr. President, I ask will be considered along the line of sug­ unanimous consent to present for appro­ gestions which have already been made Letters from the Chairman of the· Presi­ priate reference and printing in the REc­ or will be made at the meeting. dent's Committee on Fair Employment Prac­ tice and the Chairman of the National Media­ ORD a resolution adopted by the city I ask unanimous consent that a most tion Board, transmitting, pursuant to law, council of the city of Superior, Wis., re­ interesting and able editorial appearing estimates of personnel requirements for their lating to the very critical coal situation. in the Washington Evening Star of Sep­ respective offices for the quarter ending De­ There being no objection, the resolu­ tember 11, entitled "Paul P. Cret," be in­ cember 31 , 1945 (with accompanying papers); tion was received, referred to the Com­ serted at this point in the RECORD, where to the Committee on Civil Service. mittee on Mines and Mining, and or­ it may be read by future generations. PETITIONS AND MEMORIAL dered to be printed in the RECORD, as There being no objection, the editorial follows: was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, -q'he PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ as follows: fore the Senate the following petitions Resolution declaring the existence of an PAUL P. CRET and a memorial, which were referred as emergency with respect to t he inadequate indicated: supply of coal now on the docks in the Few men of his time have left so many Head of the Lakes area, .an d requesting the monuments as Paul P. Cret. He was an art­ A resolution adopted by the American Solid Fuels Administration and the proper ist of the very greatest distinction, and he Geographical Union, Washington, D. C., fa­ agents and officers of the Government of will be remembered as long as the structures voring an appropriation for the making of the United States to t ake immediate steps he created stand-and longer, too, as they maps for national planning and other pur­ to rectify the situation take their respective places in recorded his­ poses; to the Committee on Commerce. W.hereas the supply of coal presently on tory. The Folger Shakespeare Library un­ A letter in the nature of a petition from doubtedly was his greatest achievement. It the docks in the Head of the Lakes area is a member of the armed forces of the United · entirely inadequate to care 'for consumers' -is, as the donors always considered it, "a States, praying for the enactment of legisla­ pearl" among modern works of architecture. needs and wants during the coming heating tion providing for the prompt release of mem­ season; and But Dr. Cret had accomplished many nota­ bers of the armed forces; to the Committee ble triumphs before he came to East Capitol on Military Affairs. Whereas reliable figures and information show a deficiency on the docks in the Head Street. ·Barn in Lyons, France, October 23, A resolution adopted by the executive com­ 1876, he was educated at the fine arts schools of the Lakes area of approximately 6,000,000 mittee of the Arkansas Valley Ditch Associa­ tons, and all bituminous coal used by indus­ of his native city and of Paris and through tion, assembled at Pueblo, Colo., protesting those institutions received the discipline of trial plants and domestic consumers moves against the enactment of legislation provid­ · from these docks; and the classic tradition to which, despit emore ing for the creation of the Missouri Valley than a little pressure from the age in which Authority, the Columbia Valley Authority, Whereas it is imperative that coal should he lived, he remained faithful all his life. the Ohio Valley Authority, and the Savannah be carried by boats to such docks immedi­ From 1903 to 1937 he served as professor of Valley Authority; to the Committee on Irri­ ately in order to insure a suffic ~ ent supply to design at the University of Pen.nsylvania. gation and Reclamation. .last until the opening of the 1946 navigation Meanwhile he was associated with Albert sea·son, which will probably not open until Kelsey in the execution of the drawings for DISCONTINUANCE OF USE TAX ON1 late in April or early in May of 1946; and the Pan American Building on Seventeenth AUTOMOBILES Whereas the close of navigation in 1945 Street here, with Zantzinger, Borie, and will be approximately on the 17th of No­ Medary in the Indianapolis Public Library Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask vember, but that date cannot be relied upon and the Detroit Institute of Arts, and with unanimous consent to present for appro­ because of severe weather conditions which Smith and Bassette in the County Building priate reference and printing in the · may cause lake shipments to cease .earlier at Hartford. His independent designs in­ RECORD a letter from the Wisconsin Mo­ than November 17; and cluded t he Federal Reserve Board Building, tor Carriers' Association embodying a Whereas a failure to have on hand a suf­ the Central Heating Plant and the Calvert resolution adopted by the board of direc­ ficient supply of coal on the docks in the Street Bridge in Washington, the Valley tors of that association at a meeting held Head of the Lakes area before the close of the Forge Memorial Arch and the Delaware present navigation season will create condi­ Bridge in Philadelphia, the Hall of Science at in Milwaukee, Wis.. on September 10, tions fraught with imminent danger to the the Century of Progress Exposition in Chi­ 1945, · rel~ting to the discontinuance of· health, welfare, and good order of all of the cago, new buildings for the University of the $5 use tax on motor vehicles. · communities in the Head of the Lakes area; Texas and for the Military Academy at West There being no objection, the letter and Point and the Nava: Academy at Annapolis. was received, referred to the Committee Whereas this serious coal shortage was The enterprises in which he probably found on Finance, and ordered to be printed in called to the attention of the Solid Fuels the keenest satisfaction were the Chateau the RECORD , as follows: Administration officials at a meeting held in Thierry, Bony, Waereghem, and Gibraltar the mayor's office in the city of Duluth, war memorials, into which he put his love for WISCONSIN MOTOR CARRIERS' Minn:, on June 12, 1945, and the situation the country of his birth as well as that for ASSOCIATION, has not been rectified or in anywise made the country of his adoption. Madison, Wis., September 18, 1845. better since that date: Now, therefore, be it No adequate conception of Dr. Cret's career, The Honorable ALEXANDER WILEY, Resolved by the City Council of the City Senate Office Bui lding, however, can be obtained from mere reading of Superior, Wis., That an emergency is de­ of a list of the projects to which he contrib­ Washington, D. C. clared to exist, and that steps must of neces­ uted his genius. In order to appreciate him DEAR SENATOR .WILEY: We are pleased to sity be immediately taken to rectify· that fully it is necessary to consider the pure and advise you that at a meeting of the board of emergency for the preservat ion of the health, lovely grace of the buildings he brought into directors of the Wisconsin Motor Carriers' welfare, and good order of the city of Su­ existence. He was possessed of powers of Association, held in Milwaukee on Sep-tem­ perior, Wis., and specifically on behalf of the imagination of the highest order, but he also ber 10, 1945, the following resolution was citizens of the city of Superior, Wis., and was gifted with the force of character re• unanimously adopted: generally on behalf of al! neigh boring com­ quired for translating dreams into realities. "Resolved by the board of directors of the munities, and that this resolu tion stand as a Whatever he touched took on some element Wisconsin Motor Carriers' Association, That petition to the Congress of the United St ates, of the strength that was in him. Thus he the $5 use tax on motor vehicles should be · the President of the United St ates, the Secre­ left his mark on the whole world both di­ abolished; and be it further tary of the Interior of the United States, rectly and, as in the Federal Commission of "Resolved, That the officers of this associa­ that the legislative and executive branches Fine Arts, for example, through his influence tion be hereby instructed to take all neces­ of the · Federal Government of the United upon others. No man could ask a grander sary steps to bring this resolution to the · States take immediate steps to insure at the privilege. attention of the Senators and Congressmen Head of the Lakes area a sufficient supply of EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. of this State and to other proper officials and bituminous coal ·on the doclts before the organizations." · close of the 1945 navigation season, in order The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ I am pleased to transmit this resolution to prevent extreme -suffering and hardship in fore the Senate the following letters, to you and· trust that you will give favorable this area during the coming heating season; which were referred as indicated: consideration to the suggestion contained and be it further XCI~60 . 8882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24

Resolved by the City Council of the City of mentioned plants, all Government agencies H. R. 1196. An act to make permanent the Superior, Wis., That the Solid Fuels Admin­ having jurisdiction over said plants are re­ judgeship provided for by the act entitled istration be immediately requested to give quested to continue the operation thereof, "An act to provide for the appointment of every reasonable opportunity to provide, and provided the products from such operation an additional district· judge for the eastern that the said Solid Fuels Administration do can be effectively used by the Federal Gov­ and western districts of Missouri", approved provide No. 1-A priorities which will imme­ ernment, or provided the plants can be used December ·24, 1942; and diately facilitate the shipping of coal from to process surplus or perishable crops. H. J. Res. 225. Joint resolution to quiet lower lake ports to docks in the area served BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION the titles of the respective States, and others, by the Head of the Lalces; and be it further to lands beneath tidewaters and lands be­ Resolved by the City Council of the City of INTRODUCED · neath navigable waters within the boundaries Superi or, Wis., That the city clerk be forth­ Bills and a joint resolution were in­ of such States and to prevent further cloud­ with directed to mail a certified copy of this troduced, read the first time, and, by ing of such titles. resolution to ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE and unanimous consent, the second time, and ALEXANDER WILEY, the Senators for the State STATEMENT ON DEMOBILIZATION BY of Wisconsin, to ALVIN E. O'KoNsKI, Con­ referred as follows: GEN. GEORGE C. MARSHALL (S. DOC. 90) gressman for the Tenth Congressional Dis­ By Mr. SALTONSTALL: Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, trict, President Harry S. Truman, Secretary S. 1421. A bill to authorize the appoint­ of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, and Under ment of William T. Bayley as an ensign in I ask unanimous consent that the state­ Secretary of the Interior Abe Fortas, all at the United States Naval Reserve; to the ment on demobilization made by Gen. Washington, D. C. Committee on Naval Affairs. George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the By Mr. GREEN: Army, delivered to Members of the Con­ REPORTS OF COMMITTEES S. 1422. A bill to provide optional retire­ gress in the auditorium of the Library of The following reports of committees ment for Government officers and employees Congress on Thursday, September 20, who have rendered at least 25 years of serv­ were submitted: ice; to the Committee on Civil Service. 1945, be printed as a Senate document. By Mr. ELLENDER: S. 1423. A bill .for the relief of Charles L. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ From the Committee on Agriculture and Phillips; to the Committee on Claims. out objection, it is so ordered. Forestry: S. 1424. A bill to renew and extend certain TESTIMONY OF SENATOR THOMAS OF S. 1414. A bill to assist in soil-conserva­ letters patent; to the Committee on Patents. tion and water-conservation work by m ak­ By Mr. BUTLER: UTAH ON FULL-EMPLOYMENT BILL ing certain surplus materials, equipment, S. 1425. A bill to revive and reenact the [Mr. THOMAS of Utah asked and obta1ned and supplies available for such work act entitled "An act to authorize the county leave to have printed in the RECORD the tes­ through the distribution thereof, by grant of Burt, State of Nebraska, to construct, timony given by him before the Banking and or loan, to public bodies organized under maintain, and operate a toll bridge across Currency -Committee concerning the so­ State laws, and for other purposes; with the Missouri River at or near Decatur, Nebr.," called full. employment bill, which appears amendments (Rept. No. 584). approved June 8, 1940; to the Committee on in the Appendix.] From the Committee on Claims: Commerce. s. 998. A bill for the relief of Gregory Stel­ By Mr. McCARRAN (for himself, Mr. HON. LEWIS B. 8CHWELLENBACH­ mak; with an amendment (Rept. No. 585), BURTON, and Mr. CAPPER): ARTICLE BY JACK H. POLLACK and S. 1426. A bill to provide for the replan­ (Mr. MAGNUSON asked and obtained leave S. 1101. A bill for the relief of the estate ning and rebuilding of slum, blighted, and to have printed in the RECORD an article of Manuel Rose Lima; without amendment other areas of the District 'of Columbia and entitled "Labor Is His Business," by Jack H. (Rept. No. 586). the assembly, by purchase or condemnation, Pollack, dealing with Secretary of Labor By Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on of real property in such areas and the sale or Lewis Schwellenbach, published in the This Claims: lease thereof for the redevelopment of such Week· magazine of the New York Herald S. 865. A bill for the relief of Richard A. area in accordance with said plans; and to Tribune of September 16, 1945, which ap­ AUberry; with amendments (Rept. No. 587). provide for the organization of, procedure pears in the Appendix.] By Mr. HATCH, from the Commit.tee on for, and the financing of such planning, ac­ the Judiciary: quisition, and sale or lease; and for other rur­ CHICAGO AND THE ST. LAWRENCE poses; to the Committee on the District of S. 1233. A bill to provide for the appoint­ PROJECT-EDITOIUAL FROM THE CHI­ Columbia. CAGO SUN ment of an additional district judge for the By Mr. LANGER: district of Kansas; with an amendment S. 1427. A bill to provide for insuran e or [Mr. AIKEN asked and obtained leave to (Rept. No. 588). annuities without cost to certain veterans, have printed in the RECORD an editorial en­ By Mr. THOMAS of Utah, from the Com­ and for other purposes; to the Committee on titled "Ch~6ago and the St. Lawrence Proj­ mittee on Military Affairs: Finance. ect," published in the Chicago Sun of Sep­ H. R. 3951. A bill to stimulate volunteer S. 1428. A bill authorizing the naturaliza­ tember 22; 1945, which appears in the Ap­ enlistments in the Regular Military and . tion of Meta D. Wipperling; to the Committee pendix.] Naval Establishments of the United States; on Immigration. with an amendment (Rept. No. 589). S. 1429. A bill to amend paragraph (3) of CRITICS OF THE INDUSTRIAL SOUTH­ STATEMENT BY E. H. CRUMP MANUFACTURE OF NITRATES FOR FER- subsection (s) of section 75 of the act en­ TILIZER FROM AGRICULTURAL AND titled "An act to esta"Qlish a uniform sys­ [Mr. STEWART ask_ed and obtained leave tem of bankruptcy throughout the United FOREST PRODUCTS . to have printed in the RECORD an article States," approved July 1, 1898, as amended; based on a statement by Mr. E. H. Crump, Mr. BUTLER, from the Committee on to the Committee on the Judiciary. of Memphis, Tenn., relative to attempts to Agriculture and Forestry, reported an S. J. Res. 97. Joint resolution to provide for prevent the postwar migratio.n of industry original resolution Stuart Symington, of Missouri, to be Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I am Bridges Hill Saltonstall Surplus Property Administrator; glad always to yield to the distinguished Briggs Hoey Shipstead Robert Porter Patterson, of New York, to majority leader, and I think he knows Brooks Johnson, Colo. Smith be Secretary of War; that to be true. I .respect him by reason Buck Johnston, S. C. Stewart Burton La Follette Taft Brig. Gen. William Clayton Rose (colonel, of the office he holds, and I shall yield Butler f,anger Taylor Adjutant General's Department), Army o! this time, but I ask that until I conclude Capehart Lucas Thomas, Okla. the United States, to be a temporary major my statement I be not further inter­ Capper McCarran Thomas, Utah general in the Army of the United States; Carville McClellan Tunnell and rupted. I ask that I be given the op­ Chandler McFarland Tydings Sundry oftlcers for temporary appointment portunity to place in the RECORD a state­ Chavez McKellar Vandenberg in the Army of the United States, under the ment of what I interpret the situation Connally McMahon Wagner Cordon Magnuson Wheeler provisions of law. to be, and then I shall be very glad to Donnell Maybank Wherry yield. · Downey Mead White The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If Mr. BARKLEY. I do · not desire to Ellender Millikin Wiley there be no further reports of commit­ interrupt the Senator from Nebraska. Ferguson Mitchell Willis tees, the clerk will state the nominations Fulbright Moore Wilson Mr. WHERRY. I yield this time. George Morse Young on the executive calendar. Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator said he Gerry Murdock DEPARTMENT OF STATE was reading from an article in the Murray Green The legislative clerk read the nomina­ Washington Post what Mr. Acheson was Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sena­ tion of Dean G. Acheson, of Maryland, to said to have said. I wondered whether tor from Mississippi [Mr. EASTLAND] and be Under Secretary of State. the Senator was going to read the state­ the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLAss] The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The ment that Mr. Acheson actually made. are absent from the Senate because of question is: Will the Senate advise and Mr. WHERRY. Yes. illness. consent to this nomination? Mr. BARKLEY. There is a steno­ The Senator from Alabama [Mr. Mr. WHERRY. There was so much graphic report. an accurate report, of BANKHEAD], the Senator from Virginia confusion in the Cnamber that I could what he said. [Mr. BYRD], the Senator from West Vir­ not ·hear the statement made by the Mr. WHERRY. Yes; if the distin­ ginia [Mr. KILGORE], the Senator from President pro tempore. guished Senator will bear with me. I Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY], the Senator Mr. President, a parliamentary in­ was simply bringing the Senate up to from Georgia [Mr. RussELL J, and the quiry. date respecting what had transpired. I Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. · shall not only ask that my queries sub­ WALSH] are absent on public business. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The mitted to Mr. Acheson be incorporated The Senator from Florida [Mr. PEP­ Senator will state it. in the RECORD as a part of my remarks, PER] is absent on official business. Mr. WHERRY. Is the Senate now in but I shall ask to have his reply thereto Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from executive session? inserted in the RECORD. He has given me South Dakota [Mr. BUSHFIELD] and the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The authority to do so. He has already re­ Senator from Idaho [Mr. THOMAS] are Senate is now in executive session, and leased his answer to my queries, and his absent because of illness. the subject under consideration is the answer can be interpreted as Senators The Senator from Vermont [Mr. nomination of Dean G. Acheson, of Mary­ care to interpret it as it relates to his AusTIN] and the Senator from New land, to be Under Secretary of State. previous statement. Hampshire [Mr. TonEY] are necessarily The question is: Will the Senate advise· Mr. President, I think the Members of absent. and consent to this nomination? the Senate will recall that I asked that The Senator from California [Mr. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I move consideration of the nomination be de­ KNOWLAND J is absent on official business. that the nomination be recommitted to layed until Monday. I wish to remind The PRESIDENT pro tempore. the Committee on Foreign Relations for Senators specifically that I also stated Eighty-two Senators having answered further consideration. on the floor on Thursday that I had n.o to their names, a quorum is present. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The intention, when I rose on the :floor of the Senator from Nebraska has moved that United States Senate, to ask that the EXECUTIVE SESSION the nomination be recommitted to the nomination be delayed. Members who Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, in view Senate Committee .on Foreign Relations. were present will recall, as I am sure the of the fact that today we have no legis­ for further consideration. All in favor (listinguished majority leader will, ·that lation program ready for consideration~ of the motion-- I said I simply wanted to insert intQ . 8884 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 · the RECORD further statements relative afternoon. These questions were asked tion which the public should not have. to the demobilization of our forces in in good faith. I wish to read them: In all fairness to Mr. Acheson, I -shaJle,sk Japan, a subject in which I' am vitally 1. Is General MacArthur acting as a rep· to have inserted in the RECORD his an­ interested, as well as the demobilization resentative only of the United States Govern­ swers together with all the accompanying of our forces across the water in Eu~ ment or of the Allied Governments as well in exhibits, including the Potsdam agree­ rope, a subject in which· I am also vi­ implementing the terms of the Potsdam ment, together with tb.e signatures, and tally interested: It was because of that agreement? the release made by the administration 2. Do you know of any instance or in­ statement of mine that the colloquy de~ stances wherein General MacArthur has evi­ Saturday ~i6ht, which sets forth the veloped among Members of the Senate denced any unwillingness to discharge his policy which this Government has and respecting Mr. Acheson's nomination, responsibilities as agent of the Allied Gov­ expects to maintain toward Japan in the and before any Member of the Senate ernments? future. expressed opposition to the nomination 3. Are you wholeheartedly in agree~ent Mr. REVERC.OMB. Mr. President, i"ast Thursday, I repectfully asked the with the Potsdam Declaration? will the Senator yield? majority leader if it were not possible I am speaking to Mr. Acheson person~ Mr. WHERRY. I am reluctant to to delay consideration of the nomination ally. · In view of the policy he,has an~ yield. I should like to comply with my until Monday without any further ar~ nounced, I wanted to know whether it colleague's request, but I asked the dis­ gument. I wish to bring the Members was his personal policy to foster a social tinguished majority leader [Mr. BARK­ of the Senate who did not hear the dis· economic revolution, paid for by the tax­ LEY], when he requested me to yield, to cussion Thursday up to date on the sub· payers of the country, or whether he was allow me to complete my statement with~ ject. There were not many Members the ''hatchet man'' for the administra­ out interruption. I told him that at the present at that time. As I previously tion in announcing to the public that conclusion of my statement I would be stated, I did not arise at that time to that was the administration's policy. glad to yield. I will yield to the Senator delay the nomination or to raise objec­ 4. Are not our dealings with Japan already at this time, but I should like to com­ tion to the nomination, because up to honor bound by our commitment to the plete my statement. I yield to the Sen­ that moment I had no personal objection Potsdam Declaration? ator from West Virginia. to Mr. Acheson. 5. Is there anything in the Potsdam Decla­ Mr. REVERCOMB. I rise only to ask Mr. President, I am cognizant of the ration which requires the Allied Nations to the Senator to read the answer from the fact that the Foreign Relations Commit­ deal with Hirohito any differently than Gen­ eral MacArthur is now dealing with him? nominee. tee unanimously favorably reported his Mr. WHERRY. · I thanlc the Senator, nomination. I realize how futile it would 6. Is there any provision in the Potsdam Declaration tor any one of the Allied Govern­ and I shall be glad to read it. I shall be to attempt to override the action of ments deliberately to foster a social and have to send to my office for a copy of the Foreign Relations Committee and to economic revolution in Japan? the answer. Evidently it is not among have his nomination recommitted to the 7. In implementing the provisions of this Foreign Relations Committee. But in the papers before me. declaration, do you believe that the judg­ Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I have view of the colloquy which developed ment, the wisdom, and the magnanimity of Thursday in the Senate Chamber. and spirit of General MacArthur's address aboard a copy of the answer, which I shall be in view of the editorials I have read and the U. S. S. Missou1·i could be surpassed when glad to lend the Senator. the letters and telegrams I have received he said: "Nor is it for us here to meet, rep­ Mr. WHERRY. I would appreciate the during the week end, I wish to make a resenting as we do a majority of the peoples use of the copy. presentation for the RECORD respecting of the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice, Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ or hatred. But rather it is for us, both vic­ sent to have printed in the RECORD at the nomination of Mr. Acheson. tors and vanfiuished, to rise to that higher . Although I may be alone in my vote, dignity which alone benefits the sacred pur­ this point as.. a part of my remarks the I want the RECORD to show that I do not poses we are about to serve, co~mitting all letter and the exhibits which Mr. Ache~ support the nomination of Mr. Acheson. of our people unreservedly to faithful com­ son sent to me, including the Potsdam I have not solicited any support for the pliance with the undertakings they are here agreement, and also the release which motion I have just made. formally to assume." was made Saturday night by the State In view of the fact that the able junior 8. Is not the real ground for any quarrel Department relative to its policies in between the State Department and General Japan. Senator from Kentucky [Mr. CHANDLER] ·MacArthur the fact that he did not use the also made some remarks in line with normal channels through which to transmit There being no objection, the matters those I made, I wish to say prior to the to the American people his conclusions as to referred to were ordered to be printed in time he made them I did not know he his future needs in Japan, and if he had the RECORD, as fo~lows: · intended to make any remarks relative used the normal channels, what guaranty is SEPTEMBER 21, 1945. to the nomination of Mr. Acheson. I there that the American people would have The Honorable DEAN AcHESON, acted solely upon my own motion. I pre­ been i¢ormed? Acting Secretary of State, sented my personal viewpoint. While I That is a very important question, be­ State Department, Washington, D. C. should like very much to be supported DEAR MR. SECRETARY: The confirmation Of cause of the question which follows. your nomination as Under Secretary of State in the motion I have just made, yet, as 9. If, after the few weeks that General Mac­ is to be called up on the Senate floor Mon­ I said, it still represents my personal Arthur has been in Tokyo he has been able day. I am tremendously interested in the viewpoint, and other Senators, of course, to revise his estimate of future needs so future policies of our Government which have the privilege of voting as they drastically, are not we warranted in assuming deal with demobilization and with laying the choose respecting recommittal of the that General Eisenhower has made a similar foundations for the restoration of peaceful nomination. I had hoped that over the revision? Do you know whether such a revi­ relations among the nations of the world. week end the answers from Mr. Acheson sion has been made .bY General Eisenhower I was amazed to read in the Washington would clarify the former statements and transmitted to this country; and if so, Post of Thursday, September·2o, your rebuke whether or not the information has yet been of General MacArthur and your views relative which he is reported in the Washington given to the America:a people? to our future relationships with Japan. In­ Post to have made to the press, and that asmuch as I will be called upon to vote upon I would be enabled to know what his po­ I expect to have something to say about your nomination, I am anxious to know sition or the administration's policy was the questions which he did not answer. whether the following three statements from toward Japan, and whether or not he was This particular question was unanswered, the Post are substantially correct in ·reflect~ speaking for himself or for the State and I should like to have it answered. ing your views: Department. I had hoped that Mr. Information has come to me from high 1. The United States Government not the Acheson would clarify his rebuke to Gen­ military sources which I cannot :reveal occupation forces under General MacArthur eral MacArthur and-also.. the relationship that there has been a revised estimate is determining American policy toward Japan. given by General Eisenhower to the high · 2. A decision on the part of the State De­ which exists between the State Depart­ partment for social and economic revolution ment and General MacArthur concern­ command, and that figure has not been in Japan. ing our occupation of Japan. ·· made known to the American people. 3.· In -speaking of this Government's policy · At this point I should like to enter into Mr. Acheson has already publicly re­ toward Japan, you said the policy would not the RECORD a list of the questions which leased the answers -to my questions,. and be changed and that it would be carried out I forwarded to Mr. Acheson_ on Friday the answers do not contain any informa-' regardless of cost. · 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8885

Mr. Secretary; do these statements refiect numbered 6 to 12, and the statement of gen­ tion of the Japanese armed forces and just your attitude toward th.is Government's eral policy relating to Japan which has been as inevitably the ·utter devastation of the Japanese policy and toward MacArthur's ad­ released by the White House. Japanese homeland. ministration of the task he has been as­ With the documents before you, you will 4. The time has come for Japan to decide signed? Furthermore, I feel it my duty to have the exact text of my answer and also whether she will continue to be controlled direct the following questions to you and the official pronouncements of the Govern­ by those self-willed militaristic advisers ask that you be good enough to forward your ment on the same subject with which to test whose unintelligent calculations have reply to me by Monday morning, at the latest, the correctness of my statement. brought the Empire of Japan to the thres­ since my further interest in your confirma­ Sincerely yours, hold of annihilation, or whether she will tion will be largely conditioned by your DEAN ACHESON, follow the path of reason. answers. Acting Secretary. 5. Following are our terms. We will not 1. Is General MacArthur acting as a repre­ Enclosures: deviate from them. There are no alterna­ sentative only of the United States Govern­ 1. Excerpt from stenographic transcript of tives. We shall brook no delay. ment or of the Allied Governments as well in the Acting Secretary of State's press confer­ 6. There must be eliminated for all time implementing the terms of the Potsdam ence of September 19, 1945 (in duplicate). the authority and influence of those who agreement? 2. Copy of Potsdam Proclamation (in du­ have deceived and misled the people of Japan 2. Do you know of any instance or -in .. plicate). into embarking on world conquest, for we stances wherein General MacArthur has evi­ 3. Copy of statement of general policy re­ insist that a new order of peace, security denced any unwillingness to discharge his lating to Japan (in duplicate). and justice will be impossible until irre­ responsibilities as agent of the Allied Gov­ sponsible militarism is driven from the ernments? world. ENCLOSURE No. 1 3. Are you wholeheartedly in agreement 7. Until such a new order is established with the Potsdam Declaration? Question. Sir, there were reports that you and until there is convincing proof that 4. Are not our dealings with Japan already were disturbed over some of the recent state­ Japan's war-making power is destroyed, - honor bound by our commitment to the Pots- ments made by General MacArthur. Do you points in Japanese territory to be designated dam Declaration? · have any comment to make on the occupa­ by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the 5. Is there anything in the Potsdam Dec­ tion? achievement of the basic objectives we are laratipn which requires the Allied Nations to Answer. Well, I have not any comment to here setting forth. deal with Hirohito any differently than Gen­ make on the state of my own being. That is 8. The terms of the cairo Declaration shall eral MacArthur is now dealing with him? not a very important matter. be carried out and Japanese sover~ignty shall 6. Is there any provision in the Potsdam I have no comment to make on the mili­ be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hok­ Declaration for any one of the Allied Govern­ tary aspect of what General MacArthur kaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, and such minor ments deliberately to foster a social and eco­ stated. That is a purely military matter with islands as we determine. nomic revolution in Japan? which the State Department is not properly 9. The Japanese military forces, after be­ 7. In implementing the provisions of this concerned. I think I can say that I am sur­ ing completely disarmed, shall be permitted declaration, do you believe that the judg­ prised that anybody can foresee at this time to return to their homes with the opportunity ment, the wisdom, and the magnanimity of the number of forces which will be necessary to lead peaceful and productive lives. spirit of General MacArthur's address aboard in Japan. That may come from my inade­ 10. We do not intend that the Japanese the U.S. S. Missouri could be surpassed when quate knowledge of the military field, how­ -shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a he said, "Nor is it for us here to meet, repre­ ever, and it is not very important. nation, but stern justice shall be meted out senting as we do a majority of the peoples of The important thing is that the policy in to all war criminals, including those who the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice, or regard to Japan is the same policy which has have visited -cruelties upon our prisoners. hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors always been held by this Government and is The Japanese Government shall remove all and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity still held so far as I know, and I think I obstacles to the revival and strengthening which alone benefits the sacred purposes we know. In carrying out that policy, the oc­ -of democratic tendencies among the Jap­ are about to serve, committing all of our cupation forces are the instt·uments of policy anese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, people unreservedly to faithful compliance and not the determinants of policy and the and of thought, as well as respect for the with the undertatings they are here formally policy is and has been that the surrender fundamental human rights shall be estab- to assume." of Japan will be carried out; that Japan will lished. , 8. Is not the real ground for any quarrel be put in a position where it cannot renew 11. Japan shall be permitted to maintain between the State Department and General aggressive warfare; that the present eco­ such industries as will sustain her economy MacArthur the fact that he did not use the nomic and social system in Japan which and permit the exaction of just reparations normal channels through which to transmit makes for a will to war will be changed so in kind, but not those which would enable to the, American people his conclusions as to tllat "that will to war will not continue and her to rearm for war. To this end, access to, his future needs in Japan, and if he had used that whatever it takes to carry this. out will ·as distinguished from control of, raw mate­ the normal channels, what guaranty is there be used to ce,rry it out. that the American people would have been in­ rials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world-trade relations shall formed? be permitted. 9. If, after the few weeks that MacArthur ENCLOSUXE No. 2 -has been in Tokyo, he has been able to revise PROCLAMATlON BY HEADS OF GOVERN_MENTS, 12. The occupying forces of the Allies shall his estimate of future needs so drastically, are UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, AND be withdrawn from Japan as soon as -these objectives have been accomplished and there not we warranted in assuming that General CHINA Eisenhower has made a similar revision? Do has been established in accordance with the 1. We-the President of the United States, freely expressed will of the Japanese people you know whether such a revision has been the President of the National Government of made by General Eisenhower and transmitted a peacefully inclined and responsible govern­ the Republic of China, and the Prime Min­ ment. to this country, and, if so, whether that in­ ister of Great Britain, representing the hun­ formation has yet been given to the American 13. We call upon the Government of Japan dreds of millions of our countrymen, have to proclaim now the unconditional surrender people? conferr~d and agree that Japan shall be given Because of the confusion which your state­ of all Japa.nese armed forces, and to provide an opportunity to end this war. proper and adequate assurances of their good ments have caused, you should have an op­ 2. The prodigious land, sea and air forces _portunity to clarify them. I am sure there faith in such action. The alternative for of the United States, the British Empire and Japan is prompt and utter destruction . .are .a great number of American people who of China, many times reinforced by their are as intensely interested in your answers armies and air fleets from the west, are ·as I will be. Therefore, I am making this poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. ENCLOSuRE No. 3 letter public and trust you will do the same This military power is sustained and inspired with your reply. UNITED STATES INITIAL POST-SURRENDER POLICY by the determination of all the Allied Na- FOR JAPAN Very truly yours, . tions to prosecute the war against Japan KENNETH S. WHERRY. until she ceases to resist. Purpose of thi.s document iJ, The result of the futile and senseless This document is a statement of general SEPTEMBER 22, 1945. German resistance to the might of the initial policy relating to Japan after sur­ ·The Honorable KENNETH S. WHERRY, aroused free peoples of the woi'ld stands render. It has been approved by the Pres­ United States Senate, washington, D. C. forth in awful clarity as an example to the ident and distributed to the Supreme Com­ MY DEAR SENATOR W:a:ERRY: It is plain to me people of Japan. The might that now con­ mander for the Allied Powers and to ap­ from your letter of September 21 that you verges on Japan is 1mmeasur~ably greater than propriate United States departments \lnd have not had before you the statement which ·that which, when applied to the ~esisting agencies for their guidance. It does not deal I made in response to a question from the Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the with all matters relating to the occupation press. I enclose the stenographic transcript industry and the method of life of the whole o! Japan requiring policy determinations. of both question and answer. I also enclose a German people. The full application of our Such matters as are not included or are· copy of the Potsdam proclamation, calllng military power, backed by our resolve, will not fully covered herein have been or wm your attention specifically to paragraphs mean the inevitable and complete destruc- be dealt with separately. 8886 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 Part I. Ultimate Objectives tion. This policy, however, will be subject nationals shall, if not wanted for trial or as The ultimate objectives of the United to the right and duty of the supreme com­ witnesses or otherwise by the supreme com­ States in regard to Japan, to which poUcies mander to require changes in . governmental mander, be turned over to the custody of in the initial period must conform, are: machinery or personnel or to act directly if . such other nation. (a) To insure that Japan will not again the Emperor or other Japanese authority 3. Encouragement of desire for individual become a menace to the United States or to does not satisfactorily meet the requirements liberties and democratic processes the peace and security of the world. of the supreme commander in effectuating Freedom of religious worship shall be pro­ (b) To bring about the eventual . estab­ the surrender terms. This policy, moreover, claimed promptly on occupation. At the lishment of a peaceful and responsible gov­ does not commit the supreme commander same time it should be made plain to the ernment which will respect the rights of to support the Emperor or any other Japa­ Japanese that ultranationalistic and mili­ other States and will support the objectives nese governmental authority in opposition to taristic organizations and movements will of the United States as reflected in the ideals evolutionary changes looking toward the at­ not be permitted to hide behind the cloak and principles of the Charter of the United tainment of United States objectives. The of religion. Nations. The "!Jnited States desires that policy is to use the existing form of govern­ The Japanese people shall be afforded op­ this Government should conform as closely ment in Japan, not to support it. Changes portunity and encouraged to become familiar as ms.y be to principles of democratic self­ in the form of government initiated bY the with the history, institutions; culture, and governme~t but it is not the responsibility Japanese people or government in the direc- the accomplishments of the United States of the Allied Powers to impose upon Japan . tion of modifying its feudal and authori­ and the other democracies. Association of any form of government not supported by tarian tendencies are to be permitted and personnel of the occupation forces with the the freely expressed will of the people. favored. In the event that the effectuation of Japanese population should be -controlled, These objectives will be achieved by the such changes involves the use of force by the only to the extent necessary, to further the following principal means: Japanese people or government against per­ policies and objectives of the occupation. (a) Japan's sovereignty will be limited to sons opposed thereto, the supreme comman­ Damocratic political parties, with rights of th: i~l ands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, der should intervene only where necessary assembly and public discussion, shall be en­ Shiko.~u and such minor outlying islands as to insure the security of his forces and the couraged, subject to the necessity for main­ may be determined, in accordance with the attainment of all other objectives of the . taining the security of the occupying forces. Cairo Declaration and other agreements to occupation. Laws, decrees, and regulations which estab­ which the United States is or may be a party. 3. Publicity as to policies lish discriminations on grounds of ·race (b) Japan will be c.ompletely disarmed and The Japanese people, and the world at nationality, creed, or political opinion shali demilitarized. The authority of the mili­ large, shall be kept fully informed of the be abrogated; those which conflict with the tarists and the influence of militarism will objectives and policies of the occupation, objectives and policies outlined in this docu­ be t~tally eliminated from her political, eco­ and of progress made in their fulfillment. ment shall be repealed, suspended, or ~omiC, and social life. Institutions expres­ P-art III. Political amended as required; and agencies charged SIVe of the spirit of militarism and aggres­ specifically with their enforcement shall be sion will be vigorously suppressed. 1. Disarmament and demilitarization abolished or appropriately modified. Persons (c) The Japanese people shail be encour­ Disarmament and demilitarization are. the unjustly confined by Japanese authority on aged to develop a desire for individual liber­ primary tasks of the military occupation an.d political grounds shall be released. The ties and respect for fundamental human shall be carried out promptly and with de­ judicial, legal, and police systems shall be rights, particularly the freedoms of religion, termination. Every effort shall be made to reformed as soon as practicable to conform assembly, speech, and the press. They shall bring home to the Japanese people the part to the p"olicies set forth in articles 1 and 3 of also be encouraged to form democratic and . played by the military and naval leaders, and this part III and thereafter shall be progres­ representative organizations. those who collaborated with them, in bring­ sively influenced, to protect individual (d) The Japanese people shall be afforded ing about the existing and future distress of liberties and civil rights. opportunity to develop for themselves an the people. 1 Part IV. Economic economy which will permit the peacetime re­ Japan is not to have an army, navy, air quirements of the population to be met. force, secret police organization, or any civil 1. Economic demilitarization Part II. Allied Authority aviation. Japan's ground, air, and naval · The existing economic basis of Japanese 1. Military occupation forces shall be disarmed and disbanded, and military strength must be destroy£d and not be permitted to revive. There will be a military occupation of the the Japanese imperial general headquarters, the general staff, and all secret police organi­ Therefore, a program will be enforced con­ Japanese home isla;nds to carry into effect taining the following elements, among oth­ the surrender terms and further the achieve­ zations shall be dissolved. Military· and naval materiel, military and naval vessels ers: ~he immediate _cessation and future pro­ ment of the ultimate objectives stated above. and military and naval installations, ao.d hibition of production of all goods designed The occupation shall have the character of an for the equipment, maintenance, or use of operation in behalf of the principal Allied military, naval, and civilian aircraft shall be surrendered, and shall be disposed of as re­ any military force or establishment; the im­ powers acting in the interests of the United position of a ban upon any specialized facil­ Nations at war with Japan. For that reason quired by the supreme commander. High officials of the Japanese imperial ities for the production or repair of imple­ participation of the forces of other nation~ ments of war, including naval vessels and an that have taken a leading part in the war general headquarters, and general staff, other high military and naval officials of the Japa­ forms· of aircraft; the institution of a sys­ against Japan will be welcomed and expected. tem of inspection and control over selected The occupation forces will be under the com­ nese Government, leaders of ultranationalist and militarist organizations, and other im­ elements in Japanese economic activity to mand of a supreme commander designated prev~nt concealed or disguised military prep­ by the United States. portant exponents of militarism and aggres­ sion will be taken in to custody and held for aration; the elimination in Japan of those Although every effort will be made, by con­ selected industries or branches of production sultation and by constitution of appropriate future disposition. Persons who have been active exponents of militarism and militant whose chief value to Japan is in preparing advisory bodies, to establish poliGies for the for war; the prohibition of specialized re­ conduct of the occupation and the control nationalism will be removed and excluded from public office and from any other posi­ search and instruction directed to. the de­ of Japan which will satisfy the principal Al­ velopment of war-making power; and the lied powers, in the event of any differences tion of public or substantial private respon­ sib111ty. Ultranationalistic or militaristic limitation of the size and character of of opinion among them, the policies of the Japan's heavy industries to its future peace­ United States will govern. social, political, professional, and commercial societies and institutions will be dissolved ful requirements, and restriction of Japa­ 2. Relationship to Japanese Government and prohibited. nese merchant shipping to the extent re­ The authority of the Emperor and the Militarism and ultranationalism in doc­ quired to accomplish the objectives of de­ Japanese Government will be subject to· the militarization. trine and practice, including par~-military · The eventual dis13os1tion of those existing supreme commander, who will possess all training, shall be eliminated from the educa­ powers necessary to effectuate the surrender production facilities within Japan which are tional system. Former career military and to be eliminated in accord with this pro­ terms and to carry out the policies established naval officers, both commissioned and non­ for the conduct of the occupation and the gram, as between conversion to other uses, commissioned, and all other exponents ·of transfer abroad, and scrapping will be de· control of Japan. militarism and ultranationalism shall be termi~ed after inventory. Pending decision, In view of the present character of Japa­ excluded from supervisory and teaching facilities readily convertible for civilian pro­ nese society and the desire of the United positions. duction should not be destroyed, except in States to attain its objectives with a. mini­ 2. War criminals emergency situations. mum commitment of its forces and resources, the supreme commander will exercise his au­ Persons charged by the supreme com­ 2. Promotion of democratic forces thority through Japanese governmental ma­ mander or appropriate United Nations Encouragement shall be given and favor chinery and agencies, including the Emperor, agencies with being war ·criminals, including shown to the development of organizations to the extent that this satisfactorily furthers those charged with having visited cruelties in labor, industry, and agriculture, organ­ United States objectives. The Japanese Gov­ upon United Nations prisoners or other ized on a democratic basis. Policies shall be ernment will be permitted, under his instruc• nationaLs, shall be arrested, tried and, if con­ favored which permit a wide distribution of tions, to exercise the normal power of gov• victed, punished. Those wanted by another income and of the ownership of the means of ernment in matters of domestic administra .. of the U:nited Nations for o1Ienses against its Ilroduction and trade. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8887 Those forms of economic activity, organi­ 5. Fiscal, monetary, and banking policies Answer. Well, I have not any comment to zation, and leadership shall be favored that The Japanese authorities will remain re­ make on the state of my own being. That is are deemed likely to strengthen the peace­ sponsible for the management and direc­ not a very important matter. ful disposition of the Japanese people, and tion of the domestic fiscal, monetary, and Mr. President, I am standing in the to make it difficult to command or direct credit policies subject to the approval and economic activity in support of military review of the Supreme Commander. rear of the Chamber. There was some ends. comment the other day with regard to To this end it shall be the policy of the 6. International trade and financial relations the fact that I went down to the front supreme commander: Je.pan shall be permitted eventually to of the Chamber in what is called the (a) To prohibit the retention in or selec­ resume normal trade relations with the rest tion for places of importance in the eco­ of ' the world. During occupation and un­ well. I did so because of those whom I nomic field of individuals who do ·not diJ;ect der suitable controls, Japan will be permitted thought might be interested in hearing future Japanese economic effort solely to­ to purchase from foreign countries raw nia­ what I had to say. When we speak ward peaceful ends; and terials·and other goods that it may need for loudly we are accused of shouting. I do (b) To favor a program for the dissolution peaceful purposes, and to export goods to not wish to have too much competition. of the large industrial and banking combina­ pay for approved imports. If I may, I should like to have order in tions which have exercised control of a great Control Is to be maintained over all im­ the Chamber. I shall be glad to com­ part of Japan's trade and industry. ports and exports of goods, and foreign ex­ plete my statement as quickly as I can. 3. Resumption of peaceful economic activity change and financial transactions. ·Both The reason I stand back here is because The policies of Japan have brought down the policies ·followed in the exercise of these this is my regularly appointed place, and upon the people great economic destruction controls and their actual administration shall be subject to the approval and super­ there would be no significance today in and confronted them with the prospect of my going down to the front· of the Cham­ economic difficulty and suffering. The plight vision of the supreme commander in order of Japan is the direct outcome of its own to make sure that they are not contrary to ber. I would appreciate it if I could behavior, and the Allies will not undertake the policies of the occupying authorities, have the cooperation of the Members of the b1u·den of repairing the damage. It can and in particular that all foreign purchas­ the Senate until my statement has been be repaired only if the Japanese people re­ ing power that Japan may acquire is utilized completed. nounce all military aims and apply them­ only for essential needs. I continue reading from Mr. Acheson's selves diligently and with single purpose to 7. Japanese property located abroad answer. the ways of peaceful living. It will be neces­ Existing Japanese external assets and I have no comment to make on the mili­ sary for them to undertake physical recon­ existing Japanese assets located in territories struction, deeply to reform the nature and tary aspects of what General MacArthur detached from Japan under the terms of sur­ stated. That is purely a military matter direction of their economic activities and render, including assets owned in whole or institutions, and to find useful employment with which the State Department is not part by the imperial household and Govern­ properly concerned. I think I can say that for their people along lines adapted to and ment, shan be revealed to the occupying devoted to peace. The Allies have no inten­ I am surprised that anybody can foresee at authorities and held for disposition accord­ this time the number of forces which will tion of imposing conditions which would ing to the decision of the Allied authorities. prevent the accomplishment of these tasks in • be necessary in Japan. That may come from due time. 8. Equality of opportunity for foreign my inadequate knowledge of the military Japan will .be expected to provide goods enterprise within Japan field, however, and it is not very important. and services to meet the. needs of the occupy­ The Japanese authorities shall not give, or The important thing is that the policy in ing forces to the . extent that this can be permit any Japanese business organization to regard to Japan is the same policy which has effected without causing starvation, wide­ give, exclusive or preferential opportunity always been held by this Government, and spread disease, and acute physical distress. or terms to the enterprise of any for-eign is st111 held so far as I know, and I think The Japanese authorities will be expected­ country, or _cede to such enterprise control I know. and, if necessary, directed-to maintain, de­ of any important branch of economic activity. By the way, that is what I want to velop, and enforce programs that serve the have clarified. I want to know what Mr. following purposes: 9. Imperial household property (&) To avoid acute economic distress. Acheson knows about our policy. That (b) To assure just and impartial distribu­ Imperial household property shall not be is the only reason I stood on the floor of tion of available supplies. exempted from any action necessary to carry the Senate last Thursday and spoke with (c) To meet the requirements for repara­ out the. objectives of the occupation. regard to this nomination. I wanted to tions deliveries agreed upon by the Allied Mr. WHERRY. First I should like to know what the social and economic policy Governments. read the letter: (d) To facilitate the restoration of Japa­ might be to which Mr. Acheson was re­ nese economy so that the reasonable peaceful MY DEAR SENATOR WHERRY: It is plain to ferring in his statement to the press. requirements of the population can be satis­ me from your letter of September 21 that Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will fied. you have not yet had before you the the Senator yield? In this connection, the Japanese authori­ statement which I made in response to a Mr. WHERRY. Yes. The Senator ties t':r. their own responsibility shall be per­ ·question from the press. I enclose the from Texas· is the chairman of the For­ mitted to establiSh and administer controls stenographic transcript of both question and over economic activities, including essential answer. I also enclose a copy of the Potsdam eign Relations Committee. I do not wish national public services, finance, banking, Proclamation, calling your attention specifi­ to yield to only one or two Senators and and production and distribution of essential cally to paragraphs numbered 6 to 12, and not to any others who ask me to yield. commodities, subject to the approval and re­ the statement of general policy relating to Mr. CONNALLY. I decline to go fur­ view of the Supreme Commander in order to Japan which has been released by the White ther. assure their conformity with the objectives House. Mr. WHERRY. No; I will yield if the of the occupation. With the documents before you you will Senator from Texas has something to say 4. Reparations and restitution have the exact text of my answer and also about this particular phase of the matter. the official pronouncements of the Govern­ Reparati.ons: Reparations for Japanese ag­ Mr. CONNALLY; I was about to ask gression shall be made- ment on the same subject with which to test the correctness of my statement. the Senator a very)lolite question. (a) Tqrough the .transfer-as may be de­ Mr. WHERRY. I will treat the Sena­ termined by the appropriate Allied authori­ The enclosures include, first, an ex­ ties--of Japanese property located outside of tor with respect. He may go ahead and th... territories to be retained by Japan. cerpt from the stenographic transcript ask his question. (b: Through the transfer of such goods or of the Acting Secretary of State's press Mr. CONNALLY. I suppose the Sena~ existing capital equipment and facilities as conference of September 19, 1945; sec­ tor will read on, will he not, concerning are not necessary for a peaceful Japanese ond, a copy of the Potsdam Proclama­ the- economy or the supplying of the occupying tion; and, third, a copy_of the statement Mr. WHERRY. If the Senator will forces. Exports other than those directed to of general policy relating to Japan. be shipped on reparation account or as resti­ give me sufficient time, I will put this tution may be made only to those recipients Relative to the first enclosure, I read exhibit, as weil as the remainder of the ·who agree to provide necessary imports in the questions and answers: exhibits which I have, in the RECORDL I exchange or agree to pay for such exports in Question. Sir, there were reports that you do not wish to be unfair. Moreover, I foreign exchange. No form of reparation · were disturbed over some of the recent state­ will put into the RECORD copies of com­ shall be exacted which Will interfere with or ments made by General MacArthur, do you ments which have come to me from places prejudice the program for Japan's demili­ have any comment to make on the occupa­ in various States of the Union, so that the tarization. tion? Restitution: Full and prompt restitution RECORD will show the reaction to this will be required of all identifiable looted He was speaking t.o the press on the situation of some o{ tbe editors and other property. 19th of September. persons throughout the country. 8888 CONGRESSIONAL; RECORD-SENATE S.EPTEMBER 24 Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator has . the country and upset the system there, Mr. TYDINGS. I think the Senator said that he wants to know Mr. Acheson's and if that cannot be done politically, will agree that when the Potsdam agree­ source of knowledge with regard to what it will have to be done in some other way. ment was signed, the Soviet Union was . the policy of the Government is. He What that other way is is something not at war with Japan. Therefore, it quotes, does he not, in his statement, the which I would like to have clarified, be­ would not have been proper for a country Potsdam agreement? cause it will involve not only the money not at war with Japan to have joined in Mr. WHERRY. Yes. of our taxpayers, but possibly hundreds this agreement. Mr. CONNALLY. Will the Senator of thousands of American lives. I am Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will put that in the RECORD also? vitally interested in that matter. The the Senator yield? Mr. WHERRY. I certainly will. I policy to which Mr. Acheson has referred Mr. WHERRY. I should like to have have already said that I will put into the has not been made clear by the State the Senator permit me to continue for a RECORD not only this exhibit but also the Department? moment. Potsdam agreement and the statement Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the Mr. President, to my knowledge there that came from the administration last Senator yield? , has been no agreement, supplementing Saturday night. Does that fully answer Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I have the Potsdam agreement, which the Rus­ the distinguished Senator's question? asked not to be interrupted. Does the sian people have signed or by which they Mr. CONNALLY. ,I assume that it an­ Senator make his request for the pur­ have an agreement with the United swers the question so far as the Senator pose of asking a question? · States which we know anything about. wishes to go. Mr. TYDINGS. Yes. Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will Mr. WHERRY. I will present the doc­ Mr. WHERRY. I yield. the Senator yield to me now? uments fully in order that all the an­ Mr. TYDINGS. I should like to ask Mr. WHERRY. I yield. swers will be contained in the RECORD. I the Senator if he has read the entire Mr. CHANDLER. Is there· any doubt thank the Senator for his contribution. memorandum? in the Senator's mind that Russia had [Laughter.] Mr. WHERRY. I believe I have. I am agreed to go to war with Japan at the I repeat from the answer of Mr. Ache- trying to get it into the RECORD as fast as time when we had the Potsdam meeting? son: I can do so. I want to put into the Mr. WHERRY. No; I am not disputing The important thing is that the policy in RECORD the agreement which was signed, that. regard to Japan is the same policy which has then the Potsdam agreement, followed Mr. CHANDLER. There was no meet­ always been held by this Government, and is by the State Department's reply which ing after that, was there? · still held so far as I know, and I think I know. was placed in the newspapers last Satur­ Mr. ·WHERRY. No. Those are the words of Mr. Acheson. day night. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will i continue reading: Mr. TYDINGS. Does the Senator not the ·Senator yield? In carrying out that policy, the occupation think that his inquiry relative to what Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask forces are the instruments of policy and not the policy may be is answered and clari- • that I be permitted to complete·my state­ the determinants of policy, and the policy is fied beginning on page 6 of .the memo­ ment. However, I yield to the distin­ and has been that the surrender of Japan randum with the words "ultimate ob­ guished majority leader. will be carried out; that Japan will be put jectives"? Mr. BARKLEY. Since the Senator is in a position where it cannot renew aggres­ Mr. WHERRY. That seems to be one yielding generally, I should like to ask sive warfare; that the present economic and social system in Japan which makes for a attempt to clarify the policy, but it is about his statement that he has not will to war wm be changed so that that wm still not clear to me. I want to know heard of any subsequent agreement. to war will not continue and that whatever how far the State Department wishes to The Senator will recall that the articles it takes to carry this out will be used to carry go in adopting "that poli-cy. of surrender signed by Japan on the it out. Mr. TYPINGS. That is what Mr. battleship Missouri were also signed by Mr. TAFT. Will the Senator read Acheson explained to the press. representatives of Russia, China, the again that answer? It seems to me to be Mr. WHERRY. I have read into the United States, France, Great Britain, and one of the most extraordinary state­ REcORD the answer which he made to the possibly other countries. That is the ments on policy I have ever heard. press. It was taken down by his own later document which followed the Pots­ Mr. WHERRY. I have read from a stenographer and is a part of the steno­ dam agreement which was not signed by copy of an excerpt from the stenographic · graphic record. Regardless of what was Russia because, as the Senator from transcript of the Acting Secretary of quoted by the Washington Post, what I Maryland has said, Russia ·was not then State's press conference of September have read is the record of his statement. at war with Japan. 19, 1945, in which he sets out questions It was sent to me by Mr. Acheson in all Mr. WHERRY. Has any agreement and answers. The answers are replies good faith. I want to be fair to him. ·I been made with Russia since that time to questions which I put to Mr. Acheson do not want to misquote him or misin­ by which the United States has made in the letter which I wrote to him. I will terpret what he means. Senators will definite commitments -to Russia? read from the copy again. have to interpret his statement for Mr. BARKLEY. I do not know. Mr. WHERRY. No; and I do not know The important thing is that the policy themselves. in regard to Japan is the same policy which This is of significance to me. It is the either. That is what I am trying to find has always been held by this Government first information I have had and doubt out. We did not find out until Saturday and is still held so far as I know, and I think if anyone has had it before. Possibly night about the Government's · policy, I know. In carrying out that policy, the someone has had it. I read from the which apparently was determined in Au­ occupation forces are the instruments of Potsdam agreement: gust, but was not released until Saturday policy and not the determinants of policy night. and the policy is aild has been that the The attached proclamation by the heads of Governments of the United States, the Mr. BARKLEY. Oh, no; the Govern­ surrender of Japan wil~ be carried out; United Kingdom, and China was signed by ment's policy was incorporated in the Mr. TAFT. The remaining part of the the President of the United States and Prime Potsdam agreement. Subsequently, Rus­ statement is what I wanted. Minister of the United Kingdom at Potsdam sia declared war against Japan, and sub­ Mr. WHERRY. It reads as follows: and concurred in by the President of the sequent to that the articles of surrender National Government of China, who com­ were promulgated and signed by all the That Japan will be put in a position where municated with President Truman by dis­ it cannot renew aggressive warfare; that the patch. governments involved. present economic and social system in Japan Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, on the which makes for a will to war will be There is not one word there about basis of the stenographic report which changed so that that will to war Will not whether the Soviet Union either signed Mr. Acheson has forwarded to me, I sub­ continue and that whatever it takes to carry the agreement or permitted anyone else this out will be used to carry it out. mit that Mr. Acheson's rebuke of Gen­ to sign for it. eral MacArthur becomes all the more Mr. TAFT. How does the Senator Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will mysterious. In the stenographic report, think he can change the social system the Senator yield to me? there is the following comment, which, of another country? _ Mr. WHERRY. I yield. to me, is nothing more than completely Mr. WHERRY. I have an answer to Mr. TYDINGS. I think the Senator ambiguous·: that in my direct statement. The only wishes to be fair. I have no comment to malte on t-he mill• way by which to change it is to go into Mr. WHERRY. f do. tary a.S~ects of what General . MacArthur 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8889 stated. That is a purely mllitary matter complete collapse," General MacArthur de­ "Will the .demobi11zed Japanse Army in with which the State Department is not clared. "Her food supplies are scarce and Japan be put to work under the supervision properly concerned. she faces conditions in this emergency that of American authorities?" I asked. Mr. Acheson went on to say, however, may well become catastrophic. Her punish­ "They will be a responsibility of the Japa­ ment for her sins, which is Just beginning, nese themselves," he said. "They will be in the same paragraph: will be long and bitter." absorbed into the normal J apanese civil pop­ The occupation forces are the instruments The supreme commander told me that ulation." of policy and not the determinants of war-criminal trials would commence very Asked 1f there was any deterioration in policy. shortly. Japan's army will be absolutely the attitude of respect and cooperation shown abolished by October 15. The remnants of If by Japanese soldiers and civilians toward the that was Mr. Acheson's position, why Japan's navy are doomed to destruction ex­ occupation forces, General MacArt hur replied, did he rebuke General MacArthur about cept "minor specimens which may be re­ "None whatsoever." his estimate of 200,000 men? Concern­ tainable for scientific or museum purposes." "Is the retention of the Emperor serving a ing General MacArthur's statement that ARMS PLANTS TO BE DESTROYED useful purpose?" I asked. General MacArthur he needed only 200,000 to occupy Japan, All Japanese munitions and all munitions said: "His retention during the surrender and Mr. Acheson had already said: plants that survived the war will b.e de­ demobilizing steps is serving its full purpose. That is a purely military matter with stroyed, General MacArthur said. Japan will An untold saving in American lives, money, · which the State Department is not properly be -kept on an austerity basis regarding and time has resulted." concerned. sports, entertainment, and luxuries. Regarding reports in the United States that The Japanese are not being treated brutally General MacArthur was not treating the Jap­ Yet, in the same paragraph, he re­ but the surrender terms, no matter how anese with sufficient harshness, he com­ buked General MacArthur for making harsh, are l;>eing rigidly enforced, General mented: that statement. MacArthur emphasized. Furthermore, he "The Japanese are not being treated with I still maintain, Mr. President, that said, Japan can expect no relief, no food, brutality, but every step provided by the sur­ there is more to this deliberate rebuke clothing, or supplies from the Allied Powers render terms, no matter how harsh, is being this winter. · enforced. Their humiliation, their despair, of General MacArthur by Mr. Acheson General MacArthur pointed out that the and the hardships which they face cannot be than ·appears on the printed pages of complete execution of the terms imposed by overestimated." the current discussion of the matter. the Allies was expected to take many years. Asked whether .he believed the Japanese I now wish t(J read an Associated Press He plans to remain personally on the scene military elements and people realize their dispatch of September 23, 1945, date­ enforcing, directing, and administering Allied defeat, General MacArthur replied : "Com­ lined Tokyo. ' rule over the Japanese. pletely, although there will always be the Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will Reiterating that he had no political aspi­ guardhouse type of lawyers who will pre­ rations, General MacArthur said that he sent their own arguments. An educational the Senator yield? started as a soldier and intended to·finish as campaign is planned further to drive home The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does one. the realization of their· complete defeat." the Senator from Nebraska yield to the LAST PUBLIC ASSIGNMENT "Could our troops have safely entered Senator from Texas? "I'm on my last public assignment, which Toky~ before they did?" I asked. Mr. WHERRY. Yes; I yield t() the when concluded ,;111 mark the definite end ENTRY TIED TO SAFETY distinguished Senator. of my service,'· he said. "I believe the entrance was made as soon Mr. CONNALLY. I do not wish to General MacArthur received me in his as possible without taking unwarranted have the Senator yield unless he chooses headquarters in Tok~ ·~ . My first question risks,'' General MacArthur replied. to do so. was: "In the occupation of Japan are the "When the First Cavalry Division arrived it · Mr. WHERRY. I should like to fin­ terms of the Potsdam Declaration being en­ was pushed into Tokyo without delay. The ish my statement, and then I shall be forced to the letter?" only other troops available to me at the time "Absolutely yes." was the Eleventh Airborne Division, which glad to yield to the §enator, if he does "There seems to be an impression in the not mind waiting for a few minutes. lightly held the Yokohama beachhead. United States that you are going to tolerate "It would have been foolbardy to push this Mr. CONNALLY. Very well. the existence of a standing army of Japanese diviston into Tokyo sooner." Mr. WHERRY. This is exhibit 4, from who will do most of the policing of Japan," I then asked, "Are discharged Japanese the New York Times: I said. "Would you care to comment on soldiers going into the gendarmerie in any this?" SEPTEMBER 23, 1945.-America's current This query evoked. an emphatic reply. numbers, so that Japan would continue to long-distance discussion on occupation pol­ have a large disciplined force? Is the total icy has produced genuine bewilderment "There is no fabric of truth in this state­ strength of the gendarmerie to be con­ among Japanese coupled with the opinion ment," General MacArthur said. trolled?" in some quarters that it further emphasizes "The Japanese Army is being completely demobilized by October 15 and absolutely General MacArthur replied, "The Japanese potentially dangerous indecision among the abolished." gendarmerie is strictly a police force com­ Allies. I then asked what would be done with posed solely of state and civil policemen. It the remnants of the Japanese Navy. has little or no basis of military training. Some say that this situation has not Its strength is strictly controlled, and no made any difference, but that dispatch He replied decisively, "All of it will be destroyed except minor specimens which may discharged soldiers will be added to this has come from Tokyo. be retained for scientific or museum pur­ force. The m111tary police and the secret Mr. President, I also wish to place in poses:" police are being abolished." the RECORD at this point a statement Asked how long the occupation of Japan General MacArthur then stated, as supreme made by the president of the United would be continued, General MacArthur an­ commander, that he was planning to keep Press, to be found in the New York Times swered, "I am sure it will take many years Japan on an austerity basis, particularly in regard to sports entertainment, and luxury for the same day-September 23-on the to fulfill the terms of the surrender." 1 front page. In it the interview between Asked if he had any authenticated reports of any nature. General MacArthur and the president of of concealment of weapons by Japanese sol­ Asked whether any Japanese munitions or diers or civil1ans, General MacArthur said, arms had actually been delivered to the the United Press is given in full; and I "None. I hav,e no doubt that in the begin­ American occupation forces yet, General ask unanimous consent that it be printed ning in small isolated cases individuals have MacArthur said: at this point in the RECORD. attempted to conceal arms, but it would be "Yes, and all arms and ammunitions being There being no objection, the article impossible in any degre~." assembled for destruction." was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, There have been many reports regarding Asked for the ultimate objective of the as follows: the numerical strength of the American Army military occupation of Japan, he said: "The MACARTHUR DECLARES JAPAN ENDED AS A GREAT at present in Japan and the future maxi­ complete execution of the terms imposed by PoWER-ORDERS DOIHARA ARRESTED-RUIN IN mum that wlll be required for the occupation, the Allied Powers is the ultimate objective. WAR CITED-ALLIED CHIEFTAIN PLEDGES To so I asked General MacArthur for a statement This is expected to take many years." DESTROY WAR-MAKIN-G ABILITY OF JAPA­ on this. "None whatsoever," he said when asked "At the present· time there are approxi­ NESE-SEES A LONG OcCUPATION-DENIES mately 150,000 troops in Japan," he said. whether there had been any "incidents" since ARMS ARE BEING HIDDEN BY MILITARY-DIS· "The maximum figure will reach approxi­ our landing that would indicate that J apan AVOWS ANY PoLmCAL AMBmON mately 500,000." had a tendency to become truculent. . (By Hugh Baillie) He said that it was not planned to use "Why was the Japanese Diet permitted to ToKYO, September 21.-Japan will never American troops for any construction of meet?" I asked. again become a world power, Gen. Douglas housing for the Japanese and that there was "The Diet was permitted to meet as the MacArthur said today in an interview. no plan for importing food, clothing or sup­ representative group of the people for the "Japan industrlaliy, commercially, m111- plies for the use of the Japanese population purpose of disseminating the surrender tar!J.y, and every other way is in a state of this winter. terms and directives." 8890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 General MacArthur said that the progress Mr. President, I also wish to call to As Representative ED. V. IzAc (Democrat, of the occupation had surpassed his expecta­ the attention of the Senate the fact that California) declared: tions. "The fact still remains that the American Asked whether he would refer to it as an the liberal press throughout the United people are not convinced that we're harsh invasion or as a pacification, he replied, States has attacked General MacArthur. enough toward either Germany or ·Japan. "Neither. It is the occupation of a con­ I do not wish to dwell too long on this The evidence st ill remains that we endeavor quered country by the forces that defeated particular point, but I wish to say that to be so fair that we are probably making it it." over the week end I have received copies necessary to fight anot her war 24 years from Asked if be believed that Japan would of statements or articles appearing in now." ever become a world power again, General what I call the more liberal press. Some The political general, smarting under ris­ MacArthur said emphatically, "Never again may go further and may call it radical, ing American criticism, had evidently been when the terms of the surrender have been well prepared for the 13aillie interview. AS accomplished." or some may go further and may call it the UP president himself says: . I asked the Supreme Commander whether communistic. Somehow they have "Occasionally he (MacArthur) fell silent he anticipated visiting the United States in gotten around into Dean Acheson's cor­ to meditate, but mostly the answers came the near future and he replied, "No, I re­ ner, judging- from some of the state­ instantaneously. He senses the questions gret to say. I feel the situation here will ments th.ey have made. Talk about be­ before the phraseology has actually been require my personal presence for some time clouding General MacArthur's name or completed." to come." blackening his name! I shall not intro­ MacArthur's statements were largely a re­ I asked, "Now that the war is over, have hash of past official promises, with a few you any political aspirations?" duce them for the RECORD, but I shall call variations. General MacArthur replied, "None what­ attention to some of them. He repeated again that the retention of soever. I have never entered politics and I submit, Mr:· President, that it is not the Japanese Emperor was necessary "dur­ never intend to do so. I have stated before only the Japanese who are confused. ing the surrender and demobilizing steps." and reiterate now that I started as a sol­ There is an ever-growing number of When asked why the Japanese Diet was dier, and shall finish as one. I am on my Americans who find in the White House permitted to meet, the American general re­ last public assignment, which, ·when con­ release of Saturday, September 22, con­ ferred to it as a "representative group of cluded, will mark the definite end of my the people." Its job, he said, "was to dis­ service." cerning our occupation policy toward seminate the surrender terms and directives." "What has been the conduct of American Japan, no reassurance whatsoever as to · MacArthur insisted that there was no anti­ ,troops in Japan, General MacArthur?" I what our real policy toward Japan is. American guerrilla activity, that all arms weze asked. To those who will be interested, I sub­ being turned in to the authorities and that PRAISES TROOPS' CONDUCT mit articles from the Saturday, Septem­ these arms, together with munition-making plants, WQUld be destroyed. He replied, "They have been magnificent ber 22, edition of the Daily Worker, and the Sunday, September 23, edition of "Japan industrially, commercially, and in every way. They h ave acted with dignity, militarily," he said, "was in a state of com­ with firmness, and with a self-restraint that PM as the outstanding illustrations of plete collapse." He painted a picture of ex­ has been admirable. Wherever they go, they the type of support Mr. Acheson is re­ haustion in Japan so grim that it almost are America's finest diplomats." ceiving and of the violent and abusive at­ causes sympathy, and said the "conditions of Responsible to an inquiry as to whether tacks of General MacArthur which are emergency were likely to be catastrophic." Japan's industries were generally operative, blackening his name and which cannot He added that the punishment of Japan is General MacArthur said, "Japan industrially, fail to cause him loss of face in carrying just beginning, also declaring that he ex­ commercially, militarily, and in every other pected to remain in Japan for some time to way is in a state of complete collapse. out his difficult task in Japan. There being no objection, the articles come. "Her resources of every kind are absolutely MacArthur, who was boomed as a GOP were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, exhausted. Her food supplies are scant, and Presidential candidate in 1944 and is still she faces conditions of emergency that may as follows: looked upon as a possible reactionary choice well become catastrophic. Her punishment [From the New York Daily Worker of Sep­ for 1948, denied any political ambitions. for her sins, which is just beginning, will be tember 22, 1945] "I am on my last public assignment, which, long and bitter." TORIES RALLY TO MACARTHUR-WHITEWASH when concluded, will mark the definite end Asked whether any fraternization was de­ MANIPULATED IN CONGRESS AND IN PRESS of my service," he said. veloping between American troops and the (By Joseph Starobin) As for the Japanese Army, which is sup­ Japanese civilian popul&tion, General Mac­ posed to be fully demobilized by October 15, Arthur said, "None. The general aloofness of A campaign to whitewash ,Gen. Douglas MacArthur said it would be absorbed into the American soldier, based upon his innate MacArthur wa~ sprung on the· American the civilian population. self-respect, is one of ~be most noticeable people yesterday. He denied that Army officers were entering characteristics of the occupation." Hugh Baillie, president of the United Press, the· Japanese police and gendarmerie, and Asked whether he thought our troops en­ which is under Scripps-Howard domination, he claimed that the secret military and po­ joyed the occupation, General MacArthur re­ interviewed the Allied supreme commander litical police would be abolished. plied, "I believe the predominant interest of at his Tokyo headquarters. It was a trans­ At.tempting to contradict Australian re­ our officers and soldiers is to do their duty parent attempt to offset the growing popular ports that the American Army was behaving wherever and howeve~· it may occur. Within anger with the dangerous prospect of a soft as though it were a "tourist and shopping this limitation, their burning desire is to peace for Japan. expedition," MacArthur spoke of the "general return home." The specter that Japan's imperialist system aloofness of the American soldier." would remain intact to make war upcm an­ "General, will the war criminals be brought OMISSIONS to trial within a reasonable length of time?" other generation of Americans is so menac­ I asked. ing that Dean Acheson, State Department But the trouble with Baillie's questions, of Under Secretary, was compelled to rebuke course, was that they were not very searching "Yes," he said. "Trials will commence very MacArthur last Wednesday. or very important. In fact Baillie admitted shortly." ' Prominent Republican reactionaries, like in his own story that "my own observations "Will all Japanese munitions and muni­ Senator KENNETH WHERRY, of Nebraska, and are certainly in accord with his estimate'~ tion-manufacturing plants be abolished?" Alfred Landon, the repudiated GOP Presi­ that is, wit h MacArthur's. I asked. dential aspirant in 1936, came to MacArthur's MacArthur declared, for example, that the "Yes, entirely so,'' he said. "Many were defense. Similar support was heard from war criminals' trials would start shortly. But destroyed during the war. All will be even­ Democratic reactionaries like Senator ALBERT whether any of the big industrial leaders, the tually." CHANDLER, of Kentucky. Zaibatsu, would be included was not even : n conclusion I asked General MacArthur touched on. And then the United Press interview Nothing was 8aid a;bout the resumption of whether the policies that governed a defeated popped up-as though by a careful prear­ Japan would be determined by him or by a political liberties in Japan; the whole im­ rangement. pression is that the existing Japanese feudal­ higher authority. All yesterday afternoon United Press re­ He replied, "All major policies will be de­ Fascist system would simply be required to porters were lining up congressional reac­ knuckle under to the United States, without termined on the highest governmental levels tionaries, attempting to whitewash MacAr­ by the Allied Powers and will be executed by any inner changes. thur. Even an ordinarily farsighted . pro­ That, obviously, will not bring democracy ID' as their agent, as I may be directed." gressive like Elbert Thomas of Utah was in J apan at any time, and therefore means Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, the hooked into the campaign. only the eubordination of one imperialism statements of Douglas MacArthur in MacArthur's interview with Hugh Balllie to another. repeats-in words-what has already been Not a word was mentioned about the re­ Tokyo and Dean Acheson in Washington promised many times, namely, that Japan is lease of political prisoners in Japan-those on enforcement of long-range peace con­ going to get a tough peace. But so far the who opposed the Fascists for years--or the tl'uls have clouded rather than clarified actual deeds do not correspond with the beginnings of normal political parties, op­ policies for Japan. promises. position newl'!papers, et c. 1945 · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8891

Nothing, also, on Japanese· trade-union or­ had b~en taken into custody by these police · The "red herring'' act by which the News ganization. a week after occupation. What was Mac­ seeks to smear everyone who has the audacity Nothing on agrarian reform, which is a Arthur going to do about it? to criticize MacArthur, is pretty old stuff, but critical precondition for democracy in Japan. The general hesitated a bit, then said: it is important as an indication of the line Nothing on the nationalization of the big "We intend to maintain law and order. Any that bas been increasingly bolder since the industries under the auspices of a really other questions?" Law and order. Where end of the war. democratic government. did you hear that last? During a strike? During the bonus march? In Greece? MACARTHUR'S HARD PEACE IF MACARTHUR COMMANDED IN REICH It's good to know that the voice of the (By Alfred G. Larke) [From New York PM of September 23, 1945) people-the essence of democracy-carries ToKYo, September 21.-Adolf Hitler's APPROVAL OF ACHESON BY SENATE Is LIKELY­ across the Pacific even faster than our three gTeatest mistake was in fighting against OPPOSITION TALKS LOUD, BUT IT LACKS SUP- B-29's made it. It's even better to know that Eisenhower, Zhukov, and Montgomery, in­ PORT the voice is not only being heard, but ap­ stead of drawing MacArthur for an oppon­ (By Alexander H . Uhl) parently heeded by MacArthur. That's ent. His ·ond biggest mistake was in not shown in MacArthur's interview with Hugh WASHINGTON, September 22.-The savage Baillie, president of United Press, and his palming himself o:!f as the religious leader attack on Acting Secretary of State Dean of his Nation, as well as the political leader. order for the arrest of Gen. Kenji Doihara, Acheson by the New York Daily News and the "Lawrence of Manchuria." The United Nations would have won all• the Washington Times-Herald, as well as that the battles, just the same. But judging by by other MacArthur worshipers in the Sen­ It's also good to know that MacArthur what has happened in Japan, here is what ate, are not likely to get very far. As things considers this his last assignment, and that Adolf could have brought about in Germany: stand now there is every indication that be has no political plans for the future, 1. The United States, U. S.S.R. and Great Acheson will be confirmed as Under Secretary probably meaning the Presidency. If he Britain, having reached the Rhine and the of State, though there will be a lot of bot air means it, it's a hard-headed realization that Oder, would have ·quit fighting, largely at let off before debate is over. he can't win because of the handicap of the people on his side-the Hearst-Patterson­ the insistence of the reactionary press in Acheson's confirmation, which was to have the United States, crying to "bring the boys McCormick press and its followers and come before the Senate Thursday afternoon, spokesmen in and out of Congress. home," and asking what other civilized na­ will come up on Monday. It is likely that tion would be left in Europe if Uermany Senators WHERRY and CHANDLER, WhO rushed But while it has been proved 'that Mac­ were destroyed. to the defense of MacArthur, will resume Arthur is susceptible to democratic pressure 2. Hitler would have :tiled his wartime their attacks on Acheson, but indications over by the people, there is still no proof that he cabinet and brought back the liberals and the week end are that the confirmation will bas the know-how to bring democracy to moderates who helped rule the nation go througn. The Senate Foreign Affairs Com­ Japan. There is not even proof that be when 1t was attacking only Austria and mittee approved it unanimously last Wednes­ understands what is wanted from him. Czechoslovakia. day. And study of Thursday's debate indi­ For instance, after the deluge of criticism, 3. A few chiefs of staff would have had to cated little support for any effort to oppose he denied a week ago that there would be a commit suicide. that recommendation. "soft peace" and now promises a "hard peace" 4. A campaign would be started in Ger­ for Japan; points that she is short of food.and many and internationally to prove it was the CRITICISM VERBOTEN in a itate of collapse, and says she can expect militarists, not the industrialists, who forced Actually, neither WHERRY nor CHANDLER ap­ "no relief, no food, no clothing, or supplies Germany into war. peared to ,have any clear-cut idea of what from the Allied Powers this winter." 5. Hitler would be told he was going to be Acheson bad said and when you boiled down That's not a hard peace; it's a stupid one. shorn of civil or temporal power but might their remarks you didn't have much more Alexander H. Uhl answered that one in PM remain as the spiritual leader of the Nazis than the broad · and somewhat untenable September 17: "A 'hard peace' for Japan must and that all United States occupation orders -statement that you must not criticize Mac­ mean a just peace, a peace tl;lat is infinitely would be issued to him, and through him to Arthur. more than a punishment peace, but rather a the German public. Which, of course, is all right for fishers in peace that can hold hope of striking at the 6. The supreme commander of the Allied troubled waters and hero worshipers, but ts essential causes of war and the system that force:> would bring occupation troops in as a · hardly likely to determine the Senate vote. made war possible. Such a peace is vital to personal guard of honor, explaining it would The debate, in fact, brought out what is : ourselves as well as for the Japanese people. be violation of international law to call them obviously the feeling of the Senate that the Batting some Japanese on the heads with a occupation troops. peace with Japan must assure carrying out brickbat isn't a 'hard peace.' Tearing power 7. About the twelfth day of occupation, the Potsdam declaration. What is astonish­ out of the hands of the Mitsubishis and the. supreme commander would announce ing about the seven pages it occupies in the Mitsuis and giving it to the Japanese people bow happy he was that the Fuehrer was obey­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD iS hOW SO many words is * * * ." ing-all commands, in contrast to the situa­ could be used to say so little. I can only add that the Mitsuis and Mitsu­ tion in other countries, where "the only It 1s the line taken by the Patterson press bishis won't starve this winter; the people, leaders the people followec" during the war that is far more revealing. To begin with, were of necessity placed in jails." (M!tcAr­ the workers, and the peasants who could the Daily News editorial started off with a bring democracy to Japan, will. . thur, regarding the Emperor, September 11, gross misrepresentation when it used the United Press dispatch.) There are some good points in th.e Mac- heading, ···You can quote me on this," and ' Arthur interview: quick war-criminal trials 8. Thr e weeks after occupation the Ges­ later, in the body of the editorial, added: tapo would still . be operating and Heinrich are promised (but no assurance that the trials "The Acheson statement waf:i couched in will reach beyond professional militarists), Rimmler's · lieutenants would be placed in terms which its author evidently considered charge of Belgium and Czechoslovakia be­ the army will be demobilized by October 15 tops in heavy sarcasm. To emphasize, he and the navy destroyed, the military and cause our Army couldn't locate native lead­ added: "You can quote me on this.' " ers and had to preserve law and order. secret police will be abolished. But the cred­ What di:!ference does it make, so long as EXPLANATION ibility of his forecast that Japan will never we beat the Japanese? A lot. If Japan The implication here is that Acheson de­ again become a great power must be judged keeps the same bosses it has bad for the liberately volunteered direct · quotation of in the light of a forecast he made in 1939, past 50 years, indeed the past 10 centuries, his remarks. In reality, he was asked by quoted by John McCarten in the American how are the people to learn how to run their reporters if they could quote him directly, Mercury of January 1944: own government? And if the people have something that frequently is done at the De­ "It has been assumed, in my opinion erro­ no say, who will keep the peace? partment in the case of important state­ neously, that Japan covets these (Philippine) Taking full advantage of public pressure ments, and Acheson granted the permission. islands. Just why has never been satisfac­ created by his good friends and political But the whole line of the editorial simply torily explained. Proponents of such a backers, the Hearsts, Howards, Pattersons, served to point up the desperate eagerness of theory fail fully to credit the logic of the and McCormicks, General MacArthur has gone the old isolationist, anti-Soviet crowd to Japanese mind. Strategically, possession of out of his way, while slapping the Japanese build MacArthur up as the shining knight these islands would introduce an element of Emperor's stooges around; to blow kisses to extraordinary weakness in the Japanese the Emperor himself-the man without in armor who is going to tell the "liberals" where to head off some day. Empire. It would .split that Empire mili­ whose authority everyone admits the stooges tarily into two parts, separated by a broad could never have hoodwinkled and bulldozed 'l;hey have been having their troubles do­ ing this of late, for exactly the· same peo­ stretch of ocean, aud in between it would lie the Japanese people. its present military enemy, China. Lately the general has taken to announcing ple who have been screaming for the full American policy in Japan without consult­ truth of Pearl Harbor have been strangely "Every reason that is now advanced as to ing either our State or War Departments. silent when it comes to an investigation of the indefensibility of the archipelago by the In Yokohama an American correspondent what happened in the Philippines 12 hours United States, because of its distance there­ asked MacArthur's public-relations officer, a later and their embarrassment is under­ from, would apply in principle to this defense general, why the Japanese "thought police" standably acute. And now their hero bas of Japan." were not put out of operation. He claimed been catching some more bell and, of course Ceiling zero, visibility zero. he knew an American citizen in Tokyo who they don't like it. RICHARD A. YAFFE. 8892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 PRESS AxiS SEES RED OVER ITS FAVORITE SON sniped at the general. They said he didn't ously interpreted' to mean a change in the MAC ARTHUR BACKERS, PRESS understand modern combat, called him a American policy of a firm military occupa­ braggart.'" (From CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.) tion as long as necessary to enforce the sur­ It is interesting to watch the tactics of the Hon. JoHN E. RANKIN, of Mississippi, in render terms. It also raised false hopes of a. newspaper axis in its defense of MacArthur. the House of Representatives, Wednesday, faster demobilization of American troops than The Daily News lumps the Communists and September 19, 1945: possible." (World-Telegram, September 20, the liberals and impugns their motives, the "Mr . . RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, some news­ 1945.) .. Journal-American inferentially smears all papers, in particular the Washington Post "THE PEACE IS YET TO BE WON critics in a headlined red scare, and the Chi­ and the Communist Daily Worker, have at­ cago Tribune distorts the meaning of a hard tacked General MacArthur for his statement "What has happened, of course, is that peace to make it appear that its real end is to the effect that within 6 months· he would what Ge:1eral MacArthur said has been ex- - to hurt the Japanese people rather than to probably need not more than 200,000 men in plaited by those campaigning so aggres­ help them achieve democracy. Japan. None of the papers which attacked sively to halt the draft and bring the boys "Our 'liberals,' to whom Acting Secretary General MacArthur have published his full back hom!;l at once. They have been quick Acheson seems to be playing up, turned statement. I got hold of it last night and I to jump at the 200,000 figure of the general as an over all requirement fixed definitely against MacArthur the moment the Japs sur­ am inserting it in th~ RECORD this morning. rendered. MacArthur's name is reported, for It is absolutely unanswerable.'' (From CoN­ by the commanding officer in the field. Why, example, to have beer. booed and hissed at a GRESSIONAL RECORD.) they ask, ·if 80,000,000 militant Japanese can big Communist pow-wow in New York Tues­ be held in check by 200,000 men, cannot day evening. 'Liberals' of other persuasions MAC ARTHUR CRITICS, MILITARY the cowed Germans in the section this coun­ are just about as violently against MacArthur Again a sampling-the list is longer than try is occupying be controlled by a fraction as are the Reds. Why? this col.umn. Here are opinions of ranking of that number? To answer that, President "OUR LIBERALS VERSUS MAC ARTHUR Pacific military leaders who don't follow the Truman fe't impelled to elaborate on his MacArthur line: statement of the preceding day and back "Is it that MacArthur is not sharing the "Vr\inwright says, 'Occupy Japan for 20 up Mr. Acheson by agreeipg that, in respect occupation job with the Russians? That ar­ years.'" (PM, September 18, 1945.) to Japan, 'No one now can foresee what those rangement seems to be all right with St alin, " 'The Japs are spiritually undefeated,' said needs are going to be.' That, of course, is however. Or is there some 'liberal' suspicion the founder of the Flying Tigers and com­ sound. Clearly' General MacArthur, in his that the United States secretly intends to manding general of the succeeding China Air enthusiasm over the smoothness with which build up Japan as a future buffer against Task Force and Fourteenth Air Force. 'T.hey the occupation is going, spoke with a def­ Russia?" (New York Daily News, September realized after the atomic bombings that 1;hey initeness which the uncertainties of the 21, 1945.) didn't make proper preparations for the war. future may not justify. Neither in Tokyo "REDS FOMENTING MAC ARTHUR SMEAR FACE They feel they won't be defeated again.' nor in this country should it be forgotten UNITED STATES PROBE "General Chennault, once in first place on that the peace has yet to be won." (New "(By David Sentner) the J apanese list of war criminals with Presi­ York Sun, September 20, 1945.) dent Roosevelt as No. 2, declared the greatest "WASHINGTON, September 21.-William Z. THE REAL ISSUE 1 'J tential danger was in leavin~:; the Japanese Foster and other Red leaders will be quizzed Emperor in control." (Quoted in the CoN­ If a newspaper wants to defend Mac­ on the current smear campaign being waged GRESSIONAL RECORD.) Arthur, that's its business, but when the by the Communists against General Mac­ "Too lenient treatment of Japan will 'Sure press axis creates a witch hunt over crit­ Arthur when they are called as witnesses•next icism of MacArthur it becomes everybody's Wedn.esday before the House committee." as death and taxes lead to another war,' the admiral said in a speech broadcast to the business. For if democracy dies stillborn (New Yorlt Journal-American, September 21, naval aviation anniversary dinner in Wash­ in Japan, world peace may die with it. 1945.) ington." (Admiral Halsey, quoted in the R. A. Y. "Nevertheless, General MacArthur is being CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.) accused of incompetence. His course is Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, we being condemned as a 'kid-glove policy.' MAC ARTHUR CRITICS, PRESS seem to be confronted in these attacks That's pretty funny. It assumes that it is Now, some viewpoints from the non-Axis with an organized campaign to remove better to get what you want from the other press. The Tribune is liberal-Republican, General MacArthur. As further evi­ fellow by socking him than by persuading the Sun conservative-Republican, the Times dence of the organized smear campaign him. The truth is that there was a time conservative-Independent, and the World­ when we had to sock the Japs, and MacArthur which is now under way, I ask that an Telegram is on a teeter weighted on the right: article entitled "Boos Hint Communists did that. Now it is no longer necessary, but "LORD HIGH EVERYTHING ELSE the general's critics want him to go on sock­ Plan MacArthur Smear Campaign,'' ing anyhow. It is odd that the people who "The general's actions so far have tended published in the Washington Times­ are screaming loudest about MacArthur's kid to strengthen the imperial institution of Herald of September 24, be printed in gloves are those who are most certain that Japan, one of the world's worst political evils and thus to give more power to the rapacious the RECORD at this point, as a part of my the era of universal peace is upon us. May­ remarks. be they think that peace is promoted by a oligarchy · which controls the institu~ion. victor nation throwing its weight around." The general's assertion that the occupation There being no objection, the article (Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1945.) force in Japan probably could be cut to 200,- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, 000 within 6 months no doubt encouraged as follows: MAC ARTHUR BACKERS, POLITICAL members of the oligarchy to believe that all Now look at a sampling of tnose pressing PROPAGANDA WHEELS GREAS~BOOS HINT they are required to do is bow low in the COMMUNISTS PLAN MACARTHUR SMEAR CAM• this line-Representative REED of New York, presence of .the general until he gives them who voted against all defense measures; Sen­ PAIGN-DEMONSTRATION AT NEW YORK MEET­ a good-conduct parole." (New York Herald ING SEEN BuT START OF ScHEME To DIM ator WHERRY, antilabor reactionary; RANKIN, Tribune, September 21, 1945.) whose record you know: GENERAL'S STAR Hon. DANmL A. REED, of New York, in the "TOKYO AND WASHINGTON (By Guy Richards and Russ Symontowne) House of Representatives, Wednesday, Sep­ "2. While General MacArthur must decide NEw YoRK, September 23.-A few !Small tember 19, 1945: the pace at which new policies are intro­ boos-harbingers of bigger and better boos "Mr, REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, the duced, he cannot be left to determine what to come--greeted the name of General of the character assassins have ventured into the these policies themselves will be. The ques­ Army Douglas MacArthur at the Madison open, and ·from now on General MacArthur tions at issue here involve far more than the Square Garden meeting of 12,000 Communists will be the victim. Why? Because he has judgment and the purposes of the comman­ and their sympathizers last Tuesday night. dared to express his honest opinion with ref­ der in the field. They involve the judgment The boos went almost unnoted against the erence to the required number of men to and the purposes of the whole Government background of tumultuous cheering for the occupy Japan, an estimate which is at of the United States, acting in cooperation early overthrow of capitalism and the quick variance with those who are opposed to the with its allies. Under Secretary of State rise of the socialist state, demanded by leaders demobilization of our boys." (From CoN­ Acheson is entirely right when he says that of the newly reorganized party. · GRESSIONAL RECORD.) 'the occupation forces are the instruments SEEN AS TEST BOOS "Mr. WHERRY. I ask unanimous consent to of policy and not the determinants of have printed in the RECORD at this point an policy.'" (New York Times, September 21, But it is almost certain these were test editorial entitled 'Statesman Ml}.cArthur,' 1945.) boos, little samples of a wide variety of boos and hisses, hoots and jeers soon to come published in the Chicago Daily Tribune of "MAC ARTHUR AND WASHINGTON September 18, 1945. rolling from the party's production lines. "There being no objection, the editorial "As for the general, he was obviously in In fact, we were told by Communists off was or,dered to be printed in the RECORD, the wrong in announcing to the world that the recorp, and it took little. reading between as follows: 'within 6 months the occupation force will the lines of party publications to assure us, probably number not more than 200,000 the great Red .propaganda machines are " 'STATESMAN MAC ARTHUR men,' when his latest oftlcial estimate to the ready-greased for a full-scale _smear cam­ " 'Throughout much of the war a group of . President and War Department specified paign against the general who brought an MacArthur haters in this country and abroad 500,000. Thts was generally though errone· end to the world's greatest war. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8893' GROUND WORK DESCRIBED one of us. ''Frankly, we are not very hope­ many editof'ials outside of my own State Today we will describe how the ground ful. But, it might be done. He's been which will convince the Senator that work for this campaign ·to discredit Mac­ spanked several times by the administration." Mr. Acheson's statement was considered Arthur has been laid and what the Reds hope A series of articles, signed with a nom de plume and datelined from the Philippines, a rebuke by the American people and to gain by it in this country. In another also by the people of Japan. article we will attempt to show how this get­ appeared last week in the Worker, purporting MacArthur movement fits into the jigsaw to show that under MacArthur's orders troops Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I do picture of Moscow's plan for world expansion. in the Philippines were working Wifh Quis­ not want to engage in discussion with Before he left New York for Chicago, where lings and in some instances actually· jailing the Senator-- he spoke tonight, William Z. F9ster, national Filipinos who worked in the underground. Mr. WHERRY. I notice that no Sen­ chairman of the party, gave us a quotation RED FEAR CITED Russia's mounting fear .of American might ator wants to engage in a discussion, but which broadly summarizes the party's new Senators are attempting to prevent me hatred of MacArthur. peeps through the lines written by James S. "MacArthur's conduct in Japan,'' said Fos­ Allen in the Worker September 16: from making a coherent statement, and. ter, "has been such as to require his cor­ "It is well known,'' Allen wrote, "among they are doing a very good job of it. If rection by the President and by the State those in close contact with MacArthur, and they will bear with me, I shall be glad Department. His activity on behalf of a it has also been voiced in the press, that the to finish my statement, and then they quisling regime in the Philippines, his meth­ commander views Japan as a base of recon­ can ask any question. I shall be glad to ods in Japan and Korea, demonstrate that naissance against the Soviet Union. yield to any Senator at any time if I may he is unfit to carry out the job of crushing The Daily Worker is seeking hard to ma):{e it appear that MacArthur is on the defensive .. be permitted to COlllPlete my statement Japanese fascism and its collaborators. in the RECORD. "It is no wonder that the reactionary, This is an old and famiilar party tactic, used pro-Fascist press in America is grooming him often before against its enemies. When Mac­ Mr. BARKJ$Y. Mr. President, the for the Presidency in 1948." Arthur announced that he believed only Senator from Nebraska does not have to A careful study of the columns of the 200,000 troops would be needed to occupy emphasize that. I was wondering if he Daily Worker, the Communist official organ, Japan, instantly the Worker declared this was was going to put into the RECORD edi­ and talks with Communist leaders disclosed bait to make American mothers and fathers torials from the New York Herald Trib­ the party's alleged grievances against Mac­ of soldiers and sailors accept hiS soft han­ une, the New York Times, the Washing­ Arthur. dling of the Japanese. NOT VERY HOPEFUL ton Post, and other newspapers, since he MAC ARTHUR IS TARGET But, while the party feels that abusing has used the name of the Daily Worker But also it was revealed to us that· the MacArthur as a Fascist is helpful and useful and PM with some obvious aspersions party is not hankering at this time for an in restoring it to prewar vigor, one leader upon those publications. If he is going out-and-out fight with the Truman admin­ confided to us it really had little hope of al­ to put them into the RECORD I would not istration and intends to use MacArthur as a tering the course of affairs in Japan. want to do it myself. convenient target for abuse it might other­ ''However," this man said, "we will certainly wise heap upon the President and State De­ fix his wagon for the Presidency. You see, Mr. WHERRY. I will say I am going partment. we dont really think he can be elected Pres­ to put in a number of editorials, includ­ "We may never learn to love Harry Tru­ ident. But you never can tell what will hap­ ing some from Texas and one or two man but we may still wish to support him pen in poliitcs and it is a good thing to knock from Kentucky. I have also a lot of in 1948 against some greater reactionary," him out of the race now." correspondence to which I intend to one Communist put it. "For the time being ''However," he continued, "that isnt the refer, so that the Senate may be advised at least, MacArthur will serve our purpose main idea. Our real fear iS that the reac­ how the people feel abeut the matter. · yery well." tionary and Fascist politicians and news­ Now, turning to the specific Communist papers will build him up and then use him to · I ask perinission to insert in the REcORD "case" against the general, we found .that force the nomination and election of some at this point an article by Sidney Shalett, until quite recently the party had very little lesser known Fascist tool. If we can discredit appearing in the New York Times of against him. him thoroughly now, he will lose hiS value to September 23, which I think will be BLASTS FROM DAILY WORKERS the American reactionaries long before 1948 highly informative to the distinguished Quite suddenly the Daily Worker began, rolls around." · Senator frem Kentucky. If he wants shortly after VJ-day, to blossom forth with It was a little boo for MacArthur at the something placed in the RECORD from the headlines, articles, and editorials blasting the Garden last Tuesday, but that little boo will New York Times. general. · soon become .a great big boo, if the Commu­ There being no objection, the article "As a reactionary military man he didn't nists can so contrive it. The party line says: "Get MacArthur!" was ordered to be printed in the RECORD · matter so much to us," said one Communist as follows: high in the leadership. "But as a reaction­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will ary boss of Japan, playing with its Fascist the Senator yield? OuR PoLICY TowARD JAPAN Is ExAMINED elements, he matters a great deal." Mr. WHERRY. I yield. ANEW-CONTROVERSIES GIVE IMPETUS TO The first thing griping the Reds is the WORK ON A SOUND, LoNG-RANGE COURSE · Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not see where fact that only American soldiers are occupy­ (By Sidney Shalett) ing Japan. there is any rebuke involved. Exactly WASHINGTON, September 22.-The Mac­ "Instead of planning a joint occupatlon what language does the Senator consider Aruthr-State Department controversy over with our allies, as in Germany, the United a rebuke? the long-range occupation of Japan pro­ States is making the job harder and costlier," Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I re­ duced, on the surface, a number of lively a Worker editorial of last Wednesday l'ead. fuse to yield any further for the Senator forensic reactions. Beneath the surface, WANTED ,REDS IN JAPAN to make a speech. If he wants to make however, the dispute served to heighten the "Of course we wanted Russian soldiers in a speech in his own time, that is all serious concern in certain responsible official Japan," a Communist leader told one of us. quarters here that our basic policies for the right with me. rule of conquered countries are by no means ••we wanted the same quick and virtually Mr. FULBRIGHT. I was merely ask~ bloodless revolution we had in European as firmly formulated as they should be. countries, in Poland, Rumania, and even 1ng a question. Certain officials in Washington directly France. We wanted the old Fascist leaders, Mr. WHERRY. I am making a state­ concerned with the keeping of the peace we not merely the military but the industrial ment relative to the objections I have to have just won-and among them is at least war makers as well, turned out immediately confirming the nomination of a distin­ one high War Department authority-were and democratic elements installed in their guished citizen. Mr. Acheson, at this disturbed by the frictions. These sources places. As it is, every day MacArthur plays time. I should like to complete my have felt for some time that our 1ong-range with these industrialists and politicians they statement, and then if the distinguished policies of occupation in Europe, as far as entrench themselves and fix fascism's hold international agreement on the ultimate fate more tightly on Japan." Senator from Arkansas wants to take of Germany is concerned, are woefully weak; So, it is the party line to fix the blame upon the opposing ground, as I know he will, in fact, some say that there is no real long­ MacArthur for the over-all occupation plan that will be all right with me. range policy. They had been less pessimistic Which was surely decided upon by the ad­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I merely asked the concerning Japan, since the United States ministration in agreement with the other question what language the Senator con­ was more completely in the saddle there and the international aspects were less compli!. Allies. sidered a rebuke. Can the Senator giv~ In ma-ny editorials in the last tw:o weeks the Senate his idea as to what consti;.. cated. the Worker has harped upon MacArthur's Nevertheless, the future of Asia is not an continuance in office of. Japanese officials. tutes · a rebuke in that stenographic exclusively American show, and these ob­ "If .we can raise enough heat we might b.e transcript of the 'interview? servers !eel that any display of lack of de­ able to force the administration to withdraw Mr. WHERRY. If the Senator will be cisiveness on our part is not a good omen for MacArthur from Japan," a Communist told patient with me, I think I can refer to keeping the peace. r 8894 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 To put it mildly, there has been a con­ was the United States Government, not Gen• It may be authoritatively said that the siderable degree of confusion concerning our eral MacArthur, that was determining Ameri­ Navy definite:l,f is against any ."softness" or policies in Japan. Much has been said by can policies in Japan. The State Department "briefness" in our occupation of Japan. The many authoritative officials, and they have intends to see that Japan is socially and eco­ Navy feels that if there is another war in not always agreed with one another. nomically revolutionized and that her future Japan it will have to repeat its difficult and SPHERES OF AUTHORITY war-making potential is destroyed, regardless costly role; it wants everything possible to be of what military decisions General Mac­ done to avert a return engagement in the To set the record si.raight, so far as divi­ Arthur may take, he averred. sion of the conquered territories was con­ Pacific. While a number of congressional spokes­ It would be unwise to assume that, because cerned, there were certain agreements among men stormed against Acting Secretary Ache­ the United States, Russia, Britain, and China; of all the smoke, Washington is irrevocably son, he received unexpected support from a gloomy on our prospects in Japan. To sum the spheres of these nations are generally top-ranlring spokesman of the Army Air defined now, and the authority of each up, the feeling here is that the controversies Forces. Lt. Gen. Barney McK. Giles, for­ are unfortunate, and that it would be better nation within its sphere is clear-cut. merly sec6nd in command of the AAF, and In the territory we are governing, prin­ for the United States, both in the eyes of now deputy commander of the Strategic Air Japan and in the eyes of the ·rest of the cipally Japan proper and part of Korea, the Forces in the Pacific, returned from his non­ basic American policy is decided in Wash­ world, to steer a firmer course with less stop flight from Japan with some vivid ideas squabbling in the ·Far East. There is no ington. These decisions are up to Presi­ about Japanese policy. dent Truman and the State Department un­ basic lack of confidence, however, that Gen. der Secretary J ames F. Byrnes. The Joint ONE-HUNDRED-YEAR OCCUPATION eral MacArthur will rule J apan with firmness. (Army-Navy) Chiefs of St aff advise the · The Japanese were acting fine and peaceful, It also is hoped that the Government even­ President on military and naval matters. he' observed, and General MacArthur was tually will work out its long-range policies Theoretically General MacArthur is our handling the situation beautifully. But, for Japan, and see to it that they are carried chief of police in Japan, subject to the General Giles declared, the millions of Jap- out. orders of the joint chiefs. He is on the scene . anese soldiers who had had to lay down their Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I should and great authority has been vested in him, arms without even fighting were convinced so naturally his recommendations carry that they had not been defeated. If we got like also to put into the RECORD some let .. great weight. 'out too quick these sullen warriors would stir ters I have received. I have not: asked Military and diplomatic authorities here up another war, he declared; therefore, it was permi_ssion to use the names, but I am agree, however, that it is not up to General his opinion that we should·occupy Japan for going to try to get it. If, however, any MacArthur to make the final decisions; he "not less than 100 years." Senator would like to see the letters, I is the instrument, rather, to carry out Wash­ The final confusing element came Friday should be glad, indeed, to let them do so. ington's policies. when General MacArthur, in an exclusive in­ They are responsive to the very question The original basic policy for rule of Japan terview granted to Hugh Baillie, president of was outlined in the Potsdam _Declaration, the United Press, placed himself unequiv­ which the distinguished Senator from issued before the Japanese surrender. In ocally on the side. of a long and severe occu­ Arkansas asked, as to whether or not the this declaration the Allies promised to elim­ pation. The Allies must stay in Japan for statement of Mr. Acheson was consid­ inate Japan's future ability to make war by many years, General 1\,{acArthur declared. ered· a rebuke and in the nature of a dismantling her armed forces and her muni_. His own intentions are to see that Japan Is smearing campaign. · 1tons industries, to punish her war criminals, kept on an "austerity basis," that he!: war Here is a letter which came from Ten.. and to occupy her soil as long as she could criminals are relentlessly punished and that be considered a menace. every vestige of her ability to wage war is nessee: Then Japan surrendered and General Mac­ destroyed. NASHVILLE, TENN.; September 22, 1945. Arthur went in with his occupation forces. There was no more trace of softness in l-Ion. Senator WHERRY, While he was establishing himself in an ab.: General MacArthur's sweeping declaration United States Senate Office Building. solutely secure military position and com­ than there has been in the measures he is Washington, D. C. mencing the dismantlement of the Japanese progressively putting into effect in Japan. DEAR SENATOR WHERRY: Permit me to con­ Army, the clamor on the home front for Asked if he believed that Japan would ever gratulate you upon the list of questions ultrarapid demobilization of our own Army become a world power again, General Mac­ which you propounded to Dean Acheson. Arthur said: "Never again when the terms of began to assume irresistible proportions and Regardless of his answers, however, 1t the Congress went along with the popular the surrender have been accomplished. "Japan industrially, commercially, militar- . seems to me that a man who gets peeved over sentiment. a thing like MacArthur's statement cif how Two significant statement!! soon came out ily, and in every other way is in a state of complete collapse. · many men he thinks will finally be needed of Japan. First, Lt. Gen. Robert L. Eichel­ to hold Japan in line is a small man. berger, commander of the Eighth Army in ";Her resources of every kind are absolutely Tokyo, observed that "if the Japs continue exhausted. Her food supplies are scant, and Certainly, MacArthur has shown he pos­ acting as they are now, within a year this she faces conditions of emergency that may sesses what it takes. If this is a sample of thing should be washed up." Then General well become catastrophic. Her punishment Acheson's caliber, he lacks a-lot, in my judg­ MacArthur himself exploded his bombshell for her sins, which is just beginning, will be ment, and I hope enough Senators agree to long and bitter." hold up his confirmation. on the War Department and blandly forecast Sincerely. that he should be able to cut his Japan-Korea Asked whether he would refer to it as an forces to 200,000 within 6 months. invasion or as a pacification, he replied, .Here is one from Oklahoma: A DIFFICULT PERSONALITY "Neither. It is the occupation of a con­ quered country by the forces that defeated ALVA, OKLA., September 21, 1945. It is common knowledge in military circles it." Hon. Senators WHERRY and CHANDLER, that the War Department has unbounded Meanwhile, however, the State Department Washington, D. C. admiration for General MacArthur's military DEAR SENATORS: I want to compliment you took steps to establish a closer liaison with on your stand relative to the insulting atti· genius. It also is common knowledge that the supreme military commander. It or­ General MacArthur is regarded as a rather dered Arthur B. Emmons, foreign service om- _ tude of Dean Acheson in regard to General difficult personality. His indepenq,ent ac· cer and a far eastern expert, to proceed to .MacArthur. tions on a number of occasions have em­ It is high time someone called a check on 'Tokyo to serve as its "link" with the general. such high-handed egotism as is being mani­ barrassed the General Staff back home. For Meanwhile a staff of State Department ex­ instance, in the face of the cries for rapid perts is being established in Tokyo. fest in some of our high places in Govern.. demobilization, it embarrassed the War De­ ment. partment to justify General Eisenhower's NAVY BELIEVED PIQUED It is astounding how men-and supposedly need for 400,000 men in Germany when Gen­ Not much has come out to date about how of high caliber---.sometimes let their igno• eral MacArthur was talking of doing his job the Navy feels about General MacArthur's rance crop out. with 20o.ooo. ' policies in Japan. Diligent inquiries this Dean Acheson probably knows about as Gen. George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of week seemed to justify the impression that much about the military needs in Japan RS the Army, is polite and diplomatic. He did the Navy was sour over what one source re­ a pig does about hip pockets. And to ques­ not criticize General MacArthur's statement; ferred to as· "the whole deal." Rightly or tion as high an authority as General Mac­ yet, he significantly dwelt, in his talk to the wrongly, the Navy feels that it made the Arthur is to but show his lack of intelligence. Congress on Thursday, on the fact that Gen­ major contribution to victory in the Pacific I am only one of thousands of fathers who eral MacArthur originally had asked for great and it undeniably feels that it should have ·have boys in the service who are in sympathy numbers of men and that the War Depart­ had at least some share of governing Japan. · with you in your stand. · ment's original demobilization plans, now It is a relatively small matter, but some · Yours. being speeded, had to be pegged on these Navy authorities point to the fact that the early large demands. Fifth Marine Division is doing occupation That is an answer to the Senator from Acting Secretary Acheson was less polite. duty in Kyushu, but no publicity about its Arkansas. As I have said, I am with· In a statement that from a diplomat was activities has been released by General Mac· ·holding the names until I can get per­ positively fiery, he tartly . declared that lt Arthur's organization. mission to have them printed. 1945 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 8895

Here is a letter from Ohio: to impose democracy there-which seems to the imperial government that ~he occupation NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO, be a contradiction of terms. We shall have would be without resistance. But ·Japan is September 21, 1945. to wait and see. filled with fanatical young men-1ike those Hon. KENNETH S. WHERRY, who piloted the kamikaze planes. Tha.t army. Mr. WHERRY. Here is a -letter from is still being disarmed. United States Senator from Nebraska, Washington, D. C., written by a man Washington, D. C. who served with MacArthur in the First NO SYMPATHY VOICED DEAR Sm: I write to commend you for He went on to discuss his plans for Japan. opening your splendid defense of our splen­ World War. He says this is a deliberate There was no pity or sympathy in his voice. did, glorious, unequaled General MacAr­ plan to blacken the. name of MacArthur To put it simply, he means to incapacitate thur. The campaign of vilification which and remove him from his command. Japan so far as war is concerned for genera­ has been studied, deliberate, and politically I quote a letter from my own State, tions to come. carried on against him is just one more dis­ . written by one of my very best friends: He means to bring every Jap back from graceful scandal in government. China, and there are 4,000,000 of them, he Yours truly. The war is over. Why keep millions of our says. In the future they're going to live on boys in the Army, while they ought to be at the four main Japanese islands. We asked Here is a letter from a man who lives home preparing themselves for their future if he thought the islands could support such in Cincinnati, Ohio, who encloses an careers. And that is the way 99 out of every an increased population. editorial from the Cincinnati Times­ 100 feel about it. "Well, they can die, can't they," General Star. The criticism of the State Department of MacArthur replied. the statement of General MacArthur as to That didn't strike me as the words of a CINCINNATI, Omo, September 21, 1945. the necessary size of the occupation army KENNETH S. WHERRY, Esquire, man who intends to be soft. in Japan comes with very poor grace. Gen­ Again, _while driving through the ruins United States Senator. eral MacArthur knows more about it than HoNORABLE Sm: I enclose editorial from of Yokohama, he pointed to areas with suth all the departments in Washington .. comments as "We killed thousands in that today's Times Star, which may be of interest. Re.spectfully submitted. Where does this fellow Acheson come from section." He might just as well have been and how does he get that way? Since when Here is one from Kansas City, Mo.: speaking of cabbages. did the State Department become the Gov­ Acheson must go! TO AVOID HATRED ernment of these United States? Missourians are proud that you and Sena­ From what General MacArthur told us, it Very respectfully yours. tor CHANDLER have been quick to rebulte was apparent he does not want to build up I ask unanimous consent that the edi­ Dean Acheson for his impudent and unwar­ hatred il} the Japanese for Americans. He ranted criticism of General MacArthur. intends to break the military caste that has torial from the Times-Star be printed in had Japan in its grip. He wants the people the RECORD. That is written by a consulting engi­ to have a taste of democracy, to break down There being no objection, the editorial neer. ·some of the age old traditions. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Here is an article which I ask to have He told us of his plans to extend suffrage inserted in the RECORD. It is by Mr. to the women of Japan, who heretofore have as follows: raised their sons for one purpose only-that WOULD ACHESON START SOMETHING? W. R. Walton, managing editor of the of serving in the armed forces. General MacArthur's statement that, as South Bend Tribune, who comes to the He spoke of plans for handling the prison- things look now and barring unforeseeable defense of General MacArthur. Mr. . ers of war and they fit into the general pat­ factors, the forces occupying Japan can be Walton was out in the Pacific and had a tern he has laid down. He said the For­ reduced to 200,000 by the end of 6 months, long ·talk with the general before he eign Minister expressed incredulity at the was, on its face, a report of progress which returned to the United States. atrocity stories told by allied prisoners. the facts justified his making. Not so the There being no objection, the article General MacArthur promised to provide con• public utterance of Dean Acheson, Acting was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, clusive proof. Secretary of State, implying that MacArthur MAY USE J AP COURTS was endeavoring to modify the Government's as follows: [From the Washington Star of September 23, The· general said he was· considering having policy toward Japan, and stating that the these prisoners tried in Japanese courts by policy will be carrieq out whatever it takes. 1945] Japanese judges and juries. ·In that way the This will make the country wish that Secre­ MACARTHUR ESTil\iATED OCCUPATION ARMY SIZE Japanese would punish themselves and they tary Byrnes was in Washington now, instead EARLY, EDITOR REVEALS could bear no grudge against the allies. I of London. The head of the State Depart­ (By w. R. Walton, managing editor, South got the idea, however, that punishment ment is not supposed to carry on a public Bend Tribune-) would be severe. debate with a commanding general in the SoUTH BEND, IND., September 22.-How big We had an opportunity to , observe the field, and at least Jimmy Byrnes knows it. Japanese for ourselves. No one could deny The plain fact is that MacArthur has a force will it take to occupy Japan? The furore started early this week when that the Japs were docile, that they were moved so swiftly and successfully that the Whi;J>ped. What else was lurking behind Washington policy-makers have fallen as far General MacArthur, Allied supreme com­ mander, said he could do it with 200,000 men. their poker .faces we could only guess. behind him as war maps fell behind Patton But one thing was certain: From now on in his dash across France. The occupation To this writer, his announcement came as they're going to take their orders. from the of Japan has taken a course unprecedented no surprise, because General MacArthur out­ headquarters of General MacArthur. And and unexpected. Indeed, it represents a new lined his plan to three of us over the lunch­ so is Hirohito. If General MacArthur says and refreshing sort of collaboration, to use eon table in his Yokohama residence 2 days he can rule them with 200,000 troops, he can a familiar word. The Japanese are comply­ after the surrender ceremony on the battle­ do it. ing, so far as can be seen, with all MacAr­ ship Missouri. thur's order, and seemingly. going beyond We were a little startled, too, and raised in­ Mr. WHERRY. Here is a letter from a them in bringing in men accused of being quiring eyebrows, but when the supreme com­ certified public accountant who lives in war criminals, in suggesting additions to mander had finished, we were wholeheartedly Boston, Mass.: the lists of the accused, and in even volun­ with him. At that time, however, we couldn't teering to undertake their trial and punish­ tell the world about it because the general BosToN, MAss., September 21, 1945. ment. This never happened before anywhere. was talking off the record and insisted he had Senator WHERRY, You might charge it all to a dark scheme to remain loyal to the more than 100 other Washington, D. C. or merely to the ways of an unpredictable correspondents. DEAR SENATOR WHERRY: I note that action people. But the apparent motive is just to OCCUPATION CALLED GAMBLE on the nomination of Dean Acheson is clear up the wreckage of war speedily-as was scheduled for next week. done after the cataclysmic earthquake of It seems that many Americans are willing Robert Young, in his book Behind the 1923-and make the country again a going to criticize the general for not being more Rising Sun, did not speak very well for Mr. concern. ruthless from the start. Acheson's actions at the time Mr. Young was A prime factor, of course, has been Mac­ I wonder how many of them realize just held in prison by the Japanese. Arthur's complete compliance with the Allied what a gamble America was taking that day In view of Mr. Acheson's recent statements tenns of surrender as regards the Mikado, when less than 10,000 marines and blue­ I wonder if he is the proper person to be who in turn has been able to secure the jackets scrambled ashore at the Yokohama delegated any authority in connection with complete compliance of his people. Mean­ naval base, while airborne troops were land­ the Japanese surrender. It would seem to while, tlabbergasted Washington ofilcials look . ing at Atsugi air base outside Yokohama. me that authority in Japan should not be on, and a few fatuous Senators talk of having They were invading a country which had a diVided and that General MacArthur should Hirohito arrested. By and by, when the · fully armed and undefeated army of 4,000,000, have absolute authority unhampered by any­ thinking of tnese officials catches up with at least 1,000,000 of whom were on Honshu one from the State Department until such swift-moving events, we may look for a policy Island. No one knew-not even General Mac­ time as it is believed he is not doing the as to Japan. There are rumors that it may Arthur or Admiral Nimitz-what the reac­ job as it should be done. mean the use of millions of soldiers in order tion would be. They had been assured by Very truly yours. ,8896 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 Here is a telegram from Huntington, administration is trying to place in the im­ complete obedience to their war lords and W. Va. I presume I have received 150 portant position .of Under Secretary. their Emperor that it is easy for them to If there 1s anyone in Was]1ington or else­ swi_tch about and display this sam•e spirit of telegrams. If Senators want to see them where better qu_alified to handle the Jap cooperation and obedience to the Ameri- . I shall bring them to the Senate Cham­ situation than General MacArthur, he should cans, now that our military leaders are in ber. I am merely reading some- of the be there instead of the general, and certainly the saddle. communications I have received in order Acheson is not the man. Several publishers had lunch with Gener-al to give the viewpoint of a cross section of We are pleased to know that we have a MacArthur in Yokohama as recently as the the country. _ few representative men in the Senate who 4th of this month, and on that occasion we have the courage to rebognize the ability of asked the general how long the army of occu­ HUNTINGTON, \V. VA., men like MacArthur and General Wainwright pation would h ave to stay in Japan. This · September 24, 1945. and will protect them against the insults of United States Senator WHERRY, was the reply: such political parasites who have assumed · "Six months if we handle the Japs right, Washington, D. C.: authority in the bureaus in Washington. Met you when here. Dr. Logan, Presby­ and by that I mean if we are not too ruthless Very truly yours, and cruel; indefinitely if we do not handle terian missionary to Japan, 39 years now lo­ WM. N. SMITH. cated States. General MacArthur has not them right." made a mistake yet in occupying Japan, con­ The article from the Dallas Morning STATEMENT IS SURPRIS. gratulations on your stand. News is by Mr. Ted Dealey, who by invi­ This rather floored us, because up until Here is a telegram from Florida: tation was present at the surrender of that time we had no idea that General Mac­ Japan aboard the U. S. S. Missouri. I Arthur even remotely entertained the idea WINTER PARK, FLA., ask unanimous consent that the article that all American troops could be removed September 23, 1945. from the Japanese home islands within a Honorable KENNETH WHERRY, be printed in the RECORD. There being no objection, the article half year. B enate Office Building, So the next question was a natural corol­ - Washington, D. C.: was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, lary. We inquired, "Well, if we do move out Just returned from Pacific theater of war. as follows: of Japan within the next 6 nronths, what As recent member of general headquarters ACHESON STATEMENTS CALLED IN!?ULT TO GEN• is to prevent the Japanese from starting to special staff, strongly recommend Senate re­ ERAL MACARTHUR; WRITER BACKS COMMAN­ build up fbr another war 25 years from jection of Dean Acheson as tactless, impetu­ DER-OCCUPATION CHIEF DESCRIBED AS now?" ous, illogical, immature, uninformed, and K!jOWING SITUA'f!ON BEST "I'm going to fix things," replied General unfair candidate for State Department post. , (By Ted Dealey) MacArthur, "so that the Japs will have a Nation can place implicit confidence in superb hard enough time eating for · the next 25 qualities of Douglas MacArthur, soldier, One would have a great deal of temerity, after having spent only a week in Japan, to years, much less having the leisure and ma­ statesman, gentleman of honor, and master terials to build up for another war. The strategist. Identify sender in Who's Who. set himself up as an authority on the prob­ lem of how best to handle that conquered Rising Sun is a setting sun. Japan is Here is a letter from Eastland, Tex.: country. "through forever as a military power." 1s · EASTLAND, TEX., September 21, 19i5. But this writer cannot refrain, neverthe­ And that stands to reason. Japan an Senator KENNETH WHERRY, _less , from siding wholeheartedly with Gen. insular empire. Its agriculture is not suffi-_ Senate Office Building, Douglas MacArthur in his belief that only cient without imports to feed its own peo­ Washington, D. C. 200,000 American troops will be needed in ple. It has no minerals, such as iron, sulfur, DEAR SENATOR WHERRY: You are hereby pe­ Nippon for the army of occupation and magnesium, aluminum, oil, or the like, with titioned to permanently block the nomina­ against Dean Acheson, of the State Depart­ which to build ships of war, airplanes, or tion of Communist Dean Acheson as Assist­ ment, who has quite different ideas and who munitions factories. All these have to be ant Secretary of State of the United States. has not hesitated to express them. imported, and yet today Japan has no ·navy The play is like this, for the Communist In the first place, it might be asked with and very little merchant shipping. planners to get Acheson in office as Assist­ all propriety, What does Mr. Acheson know or commercial ships it has left today less ant Secretary of State for awhile, then get about Japan or the Japanese that General than 800,000 tons, and of this total only about Jimmy Byrnes out of office, and, presto, the MacArthur !s ignorant of? 375,000 tons are in serviceable condition. United St ates lias a Communist, Dean Ache­ It's entirely possible that Mr. Acheson has How can Japan start another war, even if it son, as Secretary of State of the Republic b~en in Japan some time or other, but even wanted to, if we see to it that they build no of the United States. if he has, it's a lead.:pipe cinch that he has new navy and if we watch over their imports, not visited the country since Pearl Harbor which we assuredly will? days. And it is equally sure that General That as I said, is from Eastland, Tex. WOMEN TO GET VOTE Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the MacArthur knows what is what in the Pa­ Senator yield? cific Ocean areas on the basis of his experi­ MacArthur told us he planned to institute ence before and during the war. woman suffrage in J~n and that he planned Mr. WHERRY. I refuse to yield any The American people do not want their also to encourage labor unions in the islands. further until I have finished my st_ate­ boys to be policing Japan for the next 20 The latter, he said, were just getting started ment. When I have concluded I shall years with a half million or a million men before the war. In addition to these meas­ ·be glad to yield to any Senator. I want - and their best chance that this does not come ures, he plans to seek out and strengthen and to put in the RECORD a letter from a man to pass is to leave policy making in the put eventually into power the antiwar party by the name of Smith, of Dallas, Tex-., Nipponese home islands to MacArthur who is of Japan, which most certainly exists and who encloses an article published in the on the groun.d and who ought to know what which will flourish and grow powerful now Dallas Morning News. methods are best to pursue. that the war lords are either committing If 200,000 men are not enough for a func- harakiri or are getting themselves ready to Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, let . tioning army of occupation, then Japan and be tried before American courts as war me ask who wrote the letter? the Japanese people are a much tougher outfit breeders and criminals. Mr. WHERRY. It is from a man in than appears to a casual visitor in that Thus, under the MacArthur policy, Japan Dallas, Tex., who has kindly sent me the COU:t?-try. will be ruled within a fairly short time by article from the Dallas newspaper. NIPPON SMALLER THAN TEXAS the bette.r element of its own people-that Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President­ After all, the Jap home islands, taken as a element of the Japs that believes in demo­ Mr. WHERRY. I have the :floor and I whole, are much smaller in area than is the cratic government, freedom of speech, ~ree­ refuse to yield. State of Texas. Speaking in round figures, dom of religion, and is motivated by a sincere Mr. CONNALLY. I was merely asking there are fewer than 150,000 square miles in desire to get along peaceably with the rest of the Senator who wrote the letter. r did the 4 home islands of Japan, while Texas can the world. not understand him to say who wrote it. boast of an area 267,000 square miles in General MacArthur and his staff know who ext ent. · these Japanese antiwar people are and have Mr. WHERRY. It is from a Mr. Smith, Doesn't it seem reasonable that 200,000 known for a long time. · They are at the pres­ of Dallas, Tex., and this is what the Texas Rangers could preserve order in this ent time searching them out and preparing writer says: State, tough as we think we are? to put them in positions of power. . DALLAS, TEx., September 21, 1945. If the conquered Japanese are looked upon How much better this is, from CiUr stand­ Hon. KENNETH WHERRY, as a sullen, morose, a.nd hostile people who point, than the forCed contemplation of our Washington, D. C. are only biding their time before starting sustaining a military government in Japan DEAR SENATOR: Perhaps the enclosed has another war, then perhaps the big occupa­ for several generations through a tremendous not come to your attention. This, we be­ tion army proponents would be right. army of occupation? · lieve, echoes the sentiment of 90 percent of But the Japs are not taking their defeat The Japs we saw in Japan p,rere not hostile the people out here. In this way. They are a regimented and a or unfriendly. They were more apathetic This outrage on General MacArthur is the thoroughly docile people. They have been and indifferent than anything else. They evidence of the ineffici~ncy of the man the accustomed for sa many y~ars to rendering didn't seem to mind that they were.now being 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8897! - bossed by Americans rather than their own Those words of Mr. Acheson call for· sober, I say to Senators from the Middle war lords. For untold generations they have even solemn, consideration by the American Western States, this is the man who is to beeri accustomed to being ground under the people. Their implications are far-reaching. heel of their own ruling class. They mean that demobilization- pass on the reduction of schedules under It makes, very little difference to them now the reciprocal trade agreements. I can­ that their war lords are .passing out of the ! wish to get into the RECORD this state­ not afford to have my record show that I picture and a new bunch of bosses are com~ ment from this editor: joined in unanimously confirming this ing in. As a matter of fact, a great many They mean that demobilization will .have man's nomination, if he is going to re­ people in Japan are actually relieved that the to be slowed down and indefinitely prolonged duce the schedules so as to work a hard­ Americans came into their homeland and are to allow Mr·. Acheson and his subordinates to ship against the farmers of the State of now in the process of emancipating them carry out their "econolllic and social revo~ Nebraska. · from the slavery that has been theirs almost lution." Another matter this policy question from time immemorial. We received this im· American soldiers are going to be kept in brings up, of course, is the matter of pression from undoubted authorities. Japan in larger numbers than military ex~ When General MacArthur said we will not perts like General MacArthur and General the demobilization of the Army, and I have to occupy Japan for more than 6 months Eichelberger say are necessary. am certainly interested in that. De­ "if we are not too ruthless and cruel," he was The confidence with which this bureaucrat mobilization is completely dependent not indicating by that remark that he favored tells Congress and the people of the country upon our policy both in Europe and Asia. a soft peace for the Japs. what they are going to do is only matched by The Senator from Texas will find many MacArthur will be pienty tough. But he the way President Truman has since equivo­ people writing him about whether or not knows the Jap psychology. He knows that to cated on his first spontaneous approval of we are going to keep soldiers in the Pa­ get cooperation from the Japs he has to treat General MacArthur's announcement. Some· them firmly but with strict justice and some body has spoken in firm enough tones to cific area, and foster a revolution. He consideration. President Truman to cause him to speak eva· . will receive many communications about sively where once ·he spoke frankly. When that. The mothers and fathers are Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I want people are evasive they know something which writing me, and writing with tears in to refer to the sentiment in another sec. they are afraid to tell about. their eyes, in an effort to get the boys tion of the country. I hav·e picked out I wish to stop in the reading of this home as soon as they can, and our job some editorials because I thought they is to see that after we have permanently were very important. editorial and suggest again to the Sen· ate that this raises the whole question of secured . peace in Japan the boys are Here is one from Tucson, Ariz. I brought home. never met the writer of this editorial, but policy maldng. Who has been consulted I have read many editorials, and this is in regard to the policy making hereto­ I will go just as far as will any Mem­ one of the finest I have ever. read in my fore? Who in the United States Senate ber of the United States Senate on the life. It comes from a newspaper away or what committee was consulted about terms necessary to assure a permanent down in the Southwest, the Arizona Daily the Potsdam agreement, the occupation peace, and I think they are set out in the Star, published every morning of the year of Germany, or of Japan? As the White Potsdam agreement. I will support them by W. R. Mathews and Clare R. Ellin­ House announcement said, the United wholeheartedly. But if it amounts to wood, Tucson, Ariz. I read: States alone is dictating the policy for going into a policy about which we know Regardless of what opinions one may have Japan, because in this release that is nothing, and which has not been clari­ on the occupation of Japan, one thing has given out it is said that even though it fied, which will result in a longer time become apparent from official statements. A has to be done by the United States being taken for demobilization, then cer­ struggle is going on within the State Depart­ alone, they are going to carry out this tainly I shall stand on this floor and call ment, within the White House, and within so-called revolution over there in Japan, it to the attention of the Senate if I the War Department over the matter of so that they can disarm Japan and pre­ am the only man who does so, and if I official policy in connection with Japan. vent Japan being an aggressive nation. am the only one who votes against the That Assistant Secretary of State Dean Ache· I say, who makes the policy? Does not son dares to rebuff General MacArthur- confirmation. I can go back to my peo- the Senate advise and consent? We are . ple with a clean recorc4. .and tell them That is what the press is saying­ certainly doing so today in connection that the blood of American boys is not dares to rebuff General MacArthur, would in· with the pending nomination. Do we not on my hands for fostering a revolution dicate that the so-called liberals who cham­ help make the policy? which might take hundreds of thou­ pion a policy of "Russia is always right, or Let us remember the discussion that sands of lives before it is ever put down. Britain is always right, but America is al· took place at the time the extension of ways wrong" are winning out. I read from the statement: For instance, General MacArthur an­ the reciprocal-trade agreements was be­ The important thing is that the policy in nounces that 200,000 men will be sufficient fore us. By the way, this man Acheson regard to Japan is the same policy which has to disarm Japan, and that the occupation was for them, this same man Acheson always been held by this Government and is need not be ·a prolonged job. General Eich­ who sold Bretton Woods to the people of still held, so far as I know, ahd I think I elberger, another successful general, is on the this country. Look at his record. I know. spot and agrees with this estimate. After have had only a few hours, over the the successful campaign these men have week end, to look it over, but we find this I wish now to put into the RECORD a condpcted, it would seem that they are quali· man . ready to go the limit in spending resolution-that was offered by Mr. CoFFEE, :tied to speak. the taxpayers' money all over the world. a Democratic Member of the House of But no, they are not. This is the man, the next Under Secre· Representatives, calling for an investi· Instead of jubilation or relief back in gation. This was in the Seventy-seventh Washington, General MacArthur's announce­ tary of State, or perhaps the Secretary of ment brings anger and disappointment. The State, who will pass upon the reduction Congress, in 1941. The resolution called plans of some of the young liberals like Mr. · in schedulas under the reciprocal trade for a thorough investigation into the sale Acheson have been upset. They want to agreements, this man who has declared of oil and scrap iron to Japan. I want reform Japan, as well as Germany and Italy. himself for all these international bene­ the resolution in the RECORD. They plan for Japan an economic and social The PRESIDING OFFICER e. treacherous enemy in the dark. A mistake a complete about-face in his attitude. · It is an outstanding editorial and, Mr. might have been fatal. · Mr. President, I do not have any of President, I ask unanimous consent that That he made no such mistalce is a great the executive records. They are not this editorial, which corroborates the edi­ item to his credit. available. But if any Member of the torial from which I just read, published Japan has lost ber navy, her merchant ma­ Senate wants me to give him the names in the Tucson ecause it is too long. He was born stenographic report of what he said. thorities belatedly followed Russia's example in Middletown, Conn. · Newspaper people are inquisitive. They and permitted Germans to assemble pub· There being no objection, the bio- are sometimes really almost impertinent licany. graphical sketch was ordered to be in the questions they ask. Of course, The American plan is for each certified printed in the RECORD, as follows: that does not apply to any of those now non-Nazi Party to enter. candidates in the DEAN G. ACHESON forthcoming elections. In the Soviet zone, in the press gallery Daughter], but there a hard and fast combination of Communists Born Middletown, Conn., April 11, 1893; are some like that. This is from the and Social Democrats is expected to win any Groton School graduate; Yale, A. B. 1915; stenographic report: vote Marshal Georgi K. Zhukoff, Russian Harvard, LL. B. 1918; member of bar of Dis­ Sir, there were reports that you were dis­ military administrator in Germany, permits, trict of Columbia; United States Navy, 1918- turbed over some of the recent statements even if Christian Democrats and Liberal 19, ensign; private secretary to Associ:- te Jus­ made by General MacArthur. Do you ·have Democrats now allied with them in a union tice of United States Supreme Court, 1919- any comment to make on the occupation? should split away. 21; .law practice, 1921-33, 1934-41; Under Answer. Well, I have not any comment to Secretary of Treasury, 1933; appointed Assist­ make on the state of my own being. That is Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I ant Secretary of State February 1, 1941; not a very important matter. thank the Senator from Nebraska for his member Foreign Service Personnel Board, I have no comment to make on the mil1· willingness to yield a moment ago. Board of· Examiners for the Foreign Serv­ tary aspects of what General MacArthur The Committee on Foreign Relations ice a.nd Foreign Service School Board, 1941- ; chairman . Executive Committee stated. That is a purely military matter has handled this nomination and made on commercial Policy, 1941-44; chairman . with which the State ·Department is .not its report to the Senate. We know Mr. Board of Economic Operations, october properly concerned. Acheson, and have known him for many 9, 1941 to June 24, 1943; member Frozen Is there anything wrong about that? years. He has been Assistant Secretary Funds Commission, 1941- ; member· Re­ It was a military matter as to how many of State for a considerable period, and he quirements Commission, War Production troops would be required to occupy will remain Assistant Secretary of State Board, 1942; director, Office of Foreign Eco­ unless his nomination to be Under nomic Coordination, June 24-November 6, Japan. That was a military matter, and 1943; chairman, Policy Committee and Co- it was perfectly appropriate for General Secretary is confirmed. ordinating Commission, Committee for Eco- MacArthur to express his opinion on So I suggest to the Senator from Ne- nomic Policy in Liberated Areas, 1943; United that subject, but normally that opinion braska that if Mr. Acheson is as bad a States member of the Council, first session of would not go to the newspapers. Nor­ man as he thinks he is-- Council of United Nations Relief and Re­ mally it would com~ up through appro­ Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will habilitation Administration, Atlantic City, priate channels to the Chief of Staff, and the Senator yield? N.J.; 1943; member, Department of State Pol- Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. icy Commission, January 15, 1944; member, then to the President of the . United Department of State Committee on Postwar States. General MacArthur saw fit to Mr. BARKLEY~ Mr. Acheson had al- Programs, January 15, 1944; chairman, Ex­ put it in the newspapers. I am not ob­ ready resigned from the position as As- ecutive Committee on Economic Foreign jecting to that. I am not criticizing sistant Secretary. Policy, June 20, 1944; delegate, United Nations that course. However, all Senators know Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I am Monetary and Financial Conference, Breton that when a subordinate military com­ in error. I suppose he resigned in ·view Woods, N. H., 1944. Legal resident of Mary­ mander has something to report, or of this. appointment. He was out only a land. some suggestions as to policies, the prac- - day or two, and I had overlooked that Mr. CONNALLY. · Mr. President, there tice is to send it up through channels. fact. is nothing deep, dark, or dismal about But· General MacArthur did not do so. Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, will Mr. Acheson. He has been around That is all right. The Under Secretary the Senator yield? Washington for many years. He was of State says-and I think very appro­ Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. ., formerly Assistant Secretary of the priately-that that is a purely military Mr. BREWSTER. Apparently there l'reasury, and of late years has been an matter, with which the State Depart­ was no relation between the two events. Assistant Secretary of State. He is a ment is not properly concerned. Does It is generally understood that he had re- resident of the State of Maryland. I am the Senator from Nebraska challenge signed and retired, and this other matter sure that the Senators from Maryland that statement by Mr. Acheson? Does came up subsequently. I do not think can advise the Senator as to his char­ he challenge the statement of Mr. Ache­ there is any relation between the two. acter and standing. At one time he was son when he says that that is a military Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator. · a member of probably the most powerful matter? He said, "I have no comment In a conversation with Mr. Acheson he law firm in the· city. He retired fro~ to make on it." Is there anything wrong told me that he intended to resign as As- private practice at considerable expense with that.? sistant ·secretary, and that it had no · and sacrifice to enter the State Depart­ I am trying to find the terrible attack r,elationship -wha;tever to the other ap- ment at the specific request of Mr. Hull, which he made ~pon General MacArthu.r. pointment. I presume this matter arose who had a . particular job which he and the humiliating rebuke which he subsequent to his resignation. -thought he could do. gave him• . I have read the statement 8.902 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENA. TE . SEPTEMBER 24 over a number of times, and I cannot Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will Mr. BARKLEY. 'Mr. President, if the locate anywhere in it a humiliating re­ the Senator answer my question? Senator will yield to me for a moment, buke to General MacArthur. Mr. CONNALLY. Yes; I shall answer I should like to say that General Eisen­ Mr. Acheson further ::.:ays: it in a moment, when it is ·appropriate to hower estimated it would take between I think I can say that I am surprised that answer it and when I come to it in the 500,000 and 600,000 United States sol­ anybody can foresee at this time the number logical development of my remarks. diers to occupy the section of Germany of forces which will be necessary in Japan. Mr. WHERRY. If the Senator is going which we are to occupy, Subsequently to do that, I should like to suggest-­ he reduced that number, not through the Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. .President, will Mr. CONNALLY. Let the Senator go newspapers, but through the general the Senator yield? ahead and suggest. channels of ·the War Department; and Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Mr. WHERRY. The Senator referred General Marshall himself gave out the Mr. BREWSTER. Without taking to the logical development of his re­ information that the number had been sides in this dispute, I think that is where marks. I should like to have the Senator reduced to 400,000. he stubbed his toe. Having said that he be logical and answer my question. Mr. CONNALLY. Of course that is so. could not talk on military matters, he Mr. CONNALLY. Yes. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will immediately said that he was surprised Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator the Senator yield? that anyone should ha:ve an opinion on think the release would have been made Mr. COI\TNALLY. I shall yield in a the subject. I am perfectly neutral in public if it had not been made by Gen­ moment. this controversy, but I believe that Mr. eral MacArthur? Mr. President, I thank the Senator Acheson violated the principle which he Mr. CONNALLY. Of course it would. from Kentucky for the suggestion he had just stated. Mr. WHERRY. Then I should like to just made. As I suggested earlier in my Mr. CONNALLY. I read that not to ask another question. remarks, if either one of these generals justify it in its entirety, but to try to find Mr. CONNALLY. I ask the Senator to in the field wishes to make a recommen­ out wherein lies the terrible attack. I wait a minute; let me answer one ques­ dation, the thing for him to do is to send do not believe that that is a terrible at­ tion at a time. Those in authority would it through the proper channels to the tack. He said that he was surprised that have gone right straight to the Senator Chief of Staff, and it will go from him to anyone -should have an opinion on the from Nebraska, just as they did with the President of the United States. subject. Let me say to the Senator from other military secrets, and the Senator Let me ·say to the Senator from Ne­ Maine that the estimates with regard to w.::uld have immediately put it in the braska that in one breath he says he the occupation forces in Japan have al­ newspapers, as he put this matter in the does not wish to see in Japan a rebel­ ready been changed several times. At newspapers; and so it would have gotten lion ·which will cost the lives of 200,000 first it was said that 900,000 men would to the people, even though it is claimed Americans, but in the next breath he be required to occupy Japan and the con­ that Mr. Acheson tried to suppress it. says that Japan is prostrate, unarmed, tiguous islands. General MacArthur Mr. WHERRY. Would it have gone to and cannot move a muscle. Yet he is changed his ·own mind very quickly, be­ the Senate? worried about a military uprising in cause instead of 17 divisions, which he Mr. CONNALLY. Let me answer the Japan. I say to the Senator that I want wanted at the outset, he changed it to Senator. It vould have gone to the Chief to see our boys return home at the 6. · Then he changed it to 3, and then of Staff and to the Secretary of State, and earliest possible moment. I have used to 2. If General MacArthur, who can then they would have sent it to the such feeble powers as I possess to that make no mistakes as to .estimates and no President. end. I have talked to the Chief of Staff, mistakes in statements to the press, has Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the I have talked to the Secretary of War, changed his own estimates four or five Senator yield? and I have made remarks here on the times, is there any basis for anyone to Mr. CONNALLY. I shall yield in a ftoor of the Senate. All of us want the complain when someone says, "I do not moment. boys to come home. But when we have know, and I do not know anyone else who Mr. WHERRY. I should like to ask met and announced a statement in re­ knows just how many men will be re­ the · Senator where he got that infor­ gard to Japan, namely, that we wish to quired to occupy Japan"';! mation. pursue a policy toward Japan which will Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will Mr. CONNALLY. I shall. yield in a eradicate the war lust from the Japa­ the Senator yield? moment. The Senator refused to yield nese system, because we do not want an­ Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. to several Senators on one or two occa­ other war in a ·few years, we should use Mr. WHERRY. I should liKe to ask sions. I shall yield to enable the Senator whatever number of men it requires to the Senator a question. Does the Sen­ to ask any questions he may wish to ask, oc.cupy Japan until we can make our ator feel that if General MacArthur had but I shall do so in my own way and in late enemy realize that war does not pay. not made public the release stating that my .own time. · Until we can make them come to the he could occupy Japan with 200,000 men, Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the conclusion that· their· military ambitions the American people would ever have re­ Senator yield now, in his own way and in are not going to be recognized in this ceived the information if it had to come his own time? world. I am in favor of keeping in Japan through Mr. Acheson? Mr. CONNALLY. I shall yield in a the number of men necessary to perform Mr. CONNALLY. I will say to the moment. If the Senator will cool bini­ that task. I do·not wish to see the world Senator-- self off a little, that will help. I know he plunged into another great World War; Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator an­ is heated up. He is like a fox hound that and the Senator from Nebraska should swer the question? sees a victim, and he is spurred on by his know, and I think he does know, that in Mr. CONNALLY. Yes; I will answer enthusiasm of some years hence. Japan, probably even to a greater extent 1t. I am not evading the question. The Mr. President, the Senator said it than in Germany, there is a fanatical Senator boasted when he started his would not be known. The Foreign Rela­ military spirit which builds up their ego speech that he was in possession of some tions Committee is here. We have hon­ and. makes thertl think they are the con­ military knowledge which he had ob­ ored members of the committee on both querors of the·world and a superior race. tained from high military officers whose sides of the aisle. We are not going to We wish to do whatever is necessary to names he could not divulge. Why is it conceal from the American people any­ be done. to drive out that spirit. That is that the Senator can have that sort of thing they should know. We would have what Mr. Acheson was talking about information, and cannot divulge it to the known it. We knew the estimates. First, when he said in his statement, which JUnerican people? If he is so anxious they said it would take 900,000 men. has been characterized as a terrible as­ for the American people to have it, why Was that information concealed from sault on General MacArthur-and let does he not give it to them? the American people? They found out me say to the Senator from Maine that Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator everything about that. he apologized for what he said, which is pleal?e answer my question? So the whole matter is merely an un­ what the Senator from Maine criticized. Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator is de­ justified attack upon the War Depart­ ·as follows: bating an important question on the ment, the State Department, and all That may come from my inadequate knowl­ fioor of the Senate, and withholding others concerned, charging that they ·edge of the military field. from the Senate and from the American are.concealing something from the peo· However, that is not very important. people certain vital info~mation.. · ple of the :U:nited States. He was not assuming to aetermine tqo

/ 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8903 matter. He said he had inadequate of his backers if he should determine to Mr. CHANDLER. However, we can knowledge. run for office. But I wish to say that I not keep newspapers away from the What he had to say was that the deter- had an opportunity to talk with General public. mination of the number of men needed is MacArthur when I was in New Guinea, Mr. CONNALLY. I have no objection a military question and a military prob- and I have had an opportunity to ascer­ to the publication of any information lem, to be determined by the military tain some of the things on his mind. which is of interest to the people of the authorities, but, after all, under the I find that there is a misunderstand­ United States. I merely say that the higher level of the President and the ci- ing regarding Dean Acheson's. statement. normal way for General MacArthur to vilian control of this Government. Is I have no fault to find with him. ·I hope have made a recommendation was to there anything wrong with his statement . that what has happened to others whose have sent it through the regular chan­ that the military are simply the instru- nominations have been hurriedly con­ nels to the Chief of Staff and to the ments of higher policy? In the war the firmed will not happen to him, if his President. The Senator from Kentucky military performed the battle duty; but nomination is confirmed, because we is on the Military Affairs Committee, is the fields of its activity, the places where seem to be getting along fairly well now. he not? · · it would attack, and the agencies through I have a copy of the statement which Mr. CHANDLER. Yes; and I have which it would carry on its mjlitary duty Dean Acheson made. I think the trou­ been ~ member of that committee for · a were all determined' by the civilian au- ble came about when the newspaper men long time. I do not believe there is any thority, by the President of the United asked him, "May we quote you on this?" record that General MacArthur said to States, the Prime Minister of Great Brit- And he seemed to have expanded a little the press in effect, "I will occupy Japan ain, Marshal Stalin, and other heads of and said, "You may quote me on that,'' in 6 months with 200,000 soldiers, and governments. The military is an instru- or perhaps he voluntarily said, "You you can quote me on that." I think that ment. It is not itself the repository of may quote me on that." While dis­ he sent his statement through the regu­ power. avowing any knowledge of the conditions lar channels, but the newspapermen Next I · shall refer to another portion he said, in effect, "This is from my in- · were smart and got hold of it, and re­ of Mr. Acheson's statement; or at least, I adequate knowledge of the military ported it through the press. Then Dean shall do so when the consultation on the field." . Acheson said he was surprised, and when other side of the Chamber has concluded. I do not believe any citizen questions questioned by representatives of the I yield four minutes to the Senators on General MacArthur's knowledge of the press, he said, "You can quote me on the other side of the aisle, until they can military field from Port Moresby to Ja­ this." That invited a general quotation confer and get through with their joint pan, perhaps, or from here through Pearl from General MacArthur. · statement. Harbor to Japan. But when Dean Ache- Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Sena­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I thank son said, "I am surprised that any one tor. I accept the Senator's statement. the Senator for yielding 4 minutes to can foresee now the number of forces General MacArthur did not give the in­ me. The argument which the Senator that will be necessary," I think he laid formation out to the newspapers, but has been presenting-- himself open to some criticism. by those they got hold of it. Some newspaper­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I ob- of us who fear that he might have been men have radar minds. They look into serve that the conference is over. joining in the somewhat general public the heads of persons and find something Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, the clamor of trying to pull down General there. [Laughter.] Senator yielded to me for 4 minutes. MacArthur who was on the spot. I as- Mr. BARK~EY. I do not know whose Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I make sert again that General MacArthur has f~ult it was that the information got into the point of order that a Senator who perhaps performed one of the outstand­ the newspapers, but I make no charge has the floor cannot parcel out his time ing services of American military :field against anyone. to any other Senator. commanders in all military history. Mr. CONNALLY. And neither do I. Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will General MacArthur, in speaking of the Mr. BARKLEY. ' General Marshall the Senator Yield to me? situation, said in effect "It is one which stated to the Members .of the Senate and Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. unquestionably will be determined upon of the House of Representatives on the Mr. ·CHANDLER. I have made a the highest diplomatic level of the United day he addressed us on the subject of rather careful examination of both the Nations, and it is one to which the answer demobilization, which was last Thurs­ statement of General MacArthur and the cannot fail but be influenced by import­ day, that he had only that morning re­ statement of Dean Acheson, since the ant events in the near and proximate ceived the official report from General last meeing of the Senate. I wish to say future." So I think the whole situation MacArthur with respect to the require­ to the Senator from Texas that I do not has been generally misunderstood. I ment of 200,000 soldiers, but that the · think General MacArthur selected the think that General MacArthur's state­ newspapers had carried the story 2 or newspapers to inform the War Depart- ment was seized upon and misunderstood. 3 days previous to that time. Perhaps ment of tne number of men needed for I assert again that I am very sure that the delay in getting the information to the occupation of Japan. He could not General MacArthur sent his communica­ General Marshall or to the War Depart­ have prevented the newspapers or he did tions through the General Staff because ment resulted in some one catching up not prevent the newspapers from getting General Marshall and the President, at with it on its way and putting it into information. :first blush, approved the statement. the press. I do not believe General As I understand his statement, origi- When Dean Acheson said that he could MacArthur was responsible for that, but nally he asked for 500,000 men to occupy be quoted it gave at least the appearance the information did get into th3 press Japan. Subsequently he revised the of an opportunity to assume that an before the War Department received it. estimate and asked for 400,000 men. insult was intended against General Mr. CONNALLY. I have no objection But in his statement which was widely MacArthur. I do not think it was in­ to the information having been published published in this country he said that, if tended as such, and I do not believe that in the newspapers. What I am trying to unforeseen circumstances did not arise, General MacArthur deserved the criti­ ascertain is where Mr. Acheson com­ within 6 months he could do it with cism which he received. mitted the heinous ct:ime of making an 200,000 Regular Army troops. He sent Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator attack upon General MacArthur. I have that word to the War Department. I read most all of his statement. Here is have talked with high ranking generals for his observations. I wish to say· that the important part of it, according to who have been in Japan, within the week, I am not attacking General MacArthur. my judgment: and they assert that General MacArthur I have no quarrel with what he did. If The important thing is that the policy in h h h ld · t he wanted to give his statement to the regard to Japan is the same policy which has di d not d 0 anyt ing w ic wou JUS ify newspapers, it was all right with me.· an attack upon him by the newspapers, always been held by this Government and is as they did attack him by claiming that Mr. CHANDLER. I do not believe that still held so far as I know, and I think I he mixed politics with the running of he did give the statement to the news­ know. the Army. I disavow any interest in papers. I know that he did not send his Does anything in that statement at-· politics in connection with General Mac- official communications to the news­ tack General MacArthur? Is there any Arthur's possible candidacy for the office papers. language in it which commits assault of President or for any other public office, Mr. CONNALLY. Well, I would not - and battery upon Gen~ral MacArthur? so that I can dissociate myself fro_~ ~~Y. .. object to It if he had. I do not think so. Every Senator admits 8904 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 that matters of Government policy al'\! is rendering to the country a very great started. He started it last Thursday. determined by the President and by the service in explaining this matter. Un­ He made extensive remarks. Secretary of State, and that military doubtedly there is a great deal of mis­ Mr. WHERRY. Who started what? matters are determined, not in the final understanding pertaining to it. I have Mr. CONNALLY. This discussion analysis but in the recommendatory reached that conclusion, not from the about Dean Achesor... stage, by the military authorities, and statement of the Senator from Nebraska, Mr. WHERRY. The Senator means ultimately by the top level. I hope that but from reading editorials, statements I started the discussion about confirm­ that will always be the policy of the of commentators in the press, and from ing Mr. Acheson? United States, irrespective of the glamor statements made by persons over the Mr. CONNALLY. On the floor. and glory and panoply of war and those radio. I think the country as a whole Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from who love war. I hope that in this Re­ should be given a clarification of this Texas stated he was not here last public of ours the civil authority will al­ important matter. It may all be a tem­ Thursday. ways have supreme jurisdiction over the pest in a teapot, and I have no doubt that Mr. CONNALLY. I was not. military and over the naval. llook with it is. If it is such, it is a wise thing for Mr. WHERRY. Has the Senator read apprehension and regret upon the the Senator from Texas to explain it in the RECORD? tendency to put in high civilian positions detail so that there will be a better Mr. CONNALLY. I have read it. military men, who sit behind desks with understanding of it throughout the Mr. WHERRY. And the Senator says a row of stars on their shoulders and uni­ country. From interpretations of the I started the discussion? forms about their bodies. We should situation which have been given by edi­ return to the custom of filling civilian tors of newspapers, as well as news and Mr. CONNALLY. I may have made positions with civilians, and let the radio commentators, it seems to me that another grievous error. [Laughter.] I civilian authorities dominate this Repub­ a clarification is absolutely necessary. wish to say to the Senator very kindly lic. That is what Mr. Acheson was try­ So I do not entirely agree with what the that I had no intention of ruffling his ing to do. The matter of policy is de­ Senator from New Mexico has said. feelings, I meant no discourtesy, but when it comes to courtesy, I think we termined by the civilian authority, such Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator as the President and the Secretary of might use the reverse lend-lease, and from Colorado._ In his usually wise and when I am replying to the Senator's State, in conjunction with our allies. able manner, he has completely met the Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the · issue. ' speech it looks to me as though he should Senator yield? do me the courtesy to listen; rather than Mr. President, let us see what else Mr. spend time conferring with various per.:. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Acheson said. What I am about to read Mr. CHAVEZ. I agree with the state­ sons. I do not know what the subject is r~ally an important part of the whole matter of the conference was, and do not ment of the Senator from Texas that as statement: soon as possible we should restore civil­ care what it was, but I think the Senator ian authority. The pending question is, In carrying out that policy, t he occupation owes me the courtesy, if he is talking as I understand it, Will the Senate advise forces are the instruments of policy and not about courtesy, to listen to what I am and consent to the nomination of Dean the determinants of policy. saying when I am trying to reply to him. Acheson? Is there anything wrong with that Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator Mr. CONNALLY. That is correct. · statement, that the military ·is the in- yield? Mr. CHAVEZ. What difference does it strument of the policy-making power, Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. make what General MacArthur or some and is not the determinant itself on Mr. WHERRY. I have listened to civilian representative of the Govern- policy? I do not think there is anything what the Senator has said, and I am ment may have said? The question is, wrong with them, when anyone con­ delighted to stand on my feet and yield Shall we vote upon this nomination "yes" siders the relationship of the Army and for any question. The Senator gave me or "no"? the civilian authority. 4 minutes once, and retracted it. Mr. CONNALLY. I think the Senator He further said-and I wish the Sena- Mr. CONNALLY. No; I did not do is correct. tor from Nebraska would not choose the that. Before us is the guilty man. Mr. CHAVEZ. I am becoming a little time I am speaking for all his confer­ Shake not thy gory locks at me annoyed by having to listen to a discus- ences. I want him to hear what I have * * * * • sion relative to the statements of Gen- to say, because I am trying to answer My withers are unwrung. eral MacArthur and Dean Acheson, and some of the questions he. asked. [Laughter.] not getting down to a vote on the pend- Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator ing nomination. yield? In -all kindness, the Senator knows I Mr. CONNALLY. I am sorry. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. am not going to be discourteous. I do Mr. CHAVEZ. I am glad the Senator Mr. WHERRY. I have always found not mean to be discourteous. I am very is making his statement. However, it the distinguished Senator from Texas fond of the Senator. will not change one vote either way. courteous. Let us see what else Dean Acheson Mr. CONNALLY. Oh, I do not know. M CONNALLY I t · t b said. What are the policies, the horrible 0 policies, Dean Acheson is going to put in Mr. CHAVEZ. General MacArthur now.r. · al)l rymg e. does not need any defense. If Senators \ Mr. WHERRY. The offlcial reporter effect? believe that Dean Acheson is not the was asking me a question. That Japan ~ will be put in a position where proper man for the position to which he Mr. CONNALLY. I do not care who it it cannot renew aggressive warf are. has been appointed, 'they can vote was. Has anyone any complaint about that? against him. If they think he is the Mr. WHERRY. I did not call him in That is one of the policies we want to proper man, they can vote for him. 1· f nf d h t or a co erence, an e was no con- enforce in Japan, and I thought it was should like to have an opportunity to suiting with me. I think it is highly dis­ subscribed to by all Members of the Sen­ vote. Mr. CONNALLY. I sympathize with courteous to accuse a person of bringing ate. I know it is subscribed to by the people of the United States, that Japan the senator from New Mexico. _ The in a secretary and conferring with him will be put in a position where it cannot 1·eason I am making my remarks is that when the official reporter comes here to renew aggressive warfare. That means I was not present the other day when find out something about what I wanted we are going to teach them not to start the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. in the RECORD. I cannot understand why another world war, not to have another WHERRY] raised the issue and the ma- the distinguished Senator from Texas, Pearl Ha~bor, not to treacherously ,as­ jority leader asked me to submit some re- wl:}om I have always treated with such sault us at Pearl Harbor while their marks because I happen to be the chair- high regard, and who has the high re­ emissaries are standing at the White man of the Senate Foreign Relations gard of all the Members of the Senate, House pretending that they want a treaty Committee. The committee has favor- would take an opportunity to do such a of peace. I want Japan to be taught bly reported the pending nomination to thing, that it will not pay to renew aggressive the Senate. Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I warfare, and I think that Dean Acheson Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. abjectly apologize to the Senator from is to be applauded for letting the coun­ President, if the Senator from Texas will Nebraska. I meant no unkindness. I try know that that is one of the policies yield, I ;should like to say that I think he was trying to reply to the discussion he to which this Government will adhere. / 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 890·5 Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will am ready to interpret it, and I hope the considered as the administration's policy the Senator from Texas yield? Senator will listen this time. toward Japan? Mr. CONNALLY. I yield for a ques­ What is this, statement? Mr. CONNALLY. Administration! An­ tion, not for a speech. That the present economic and social sys­ tiadministration! Administration! Mr. Mr. CHANDLER. Can we not all agree tem in Japan which makes for a wlll to President, I have not talked to the ad­ that General MacArthur is just as anx­ war. ministration about this matter at all. ious as anyone else to bring about in Ja­ Does the Senator deny that there is Mr. Acheson came to see me the o-ther pan complete adherence to the Pots­ such a feeling in Japan, and has been for day about a matter, and we did not even dam declaration, and complete subjuga­ a quarter of ·a century? mention the question of his confirma­ tion of the Japanese people in every par­ Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator tion. I am not blindly following any ad­ ticular? There is no issue so far as that mean that he is willing to go into Japan ministration leader or any political is concerned, is there? with American boys and foster revolu­ leader either. Mr. CONNALLY.. I am not making tion? Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the any issue. We are talking about con­ Mr. CONNALLY. No; I did not say Senator again yield? firming Dean Acheson or not confirm­ anything about revolution. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. ing him. I have no complaint about Mr. WHERRY. Is the Senator willing Mr. WHERRY. Did the Foreign Rela­ General MacArthur, and I am not at­ tions Committee hold hearings. on the to do that? Is that what he means? . nomination of Mr. Acheson? tacking him at all. I am not complain­ Mr. CONNALLY. Willing to do what? ing about what General MacArthur has Mr. WHERRY. Is it the administra­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. Acheson came to done. No doubt General MacArthur, if tion's policy-- the committee. He was present and he is a good soldier-and the Senator willing to testify, but no one cared to in­ Mr. CONNALLY. I am explaining terrogate him, and the committee voted says he is, and I assume he is-will carry what this means. out in Japan the policies which this ·Gov­ to report his nomination favorably, be-:­ Mr. WHERRY. The Senator should cause he had bee-n before the committee ernment, through its President and its do it in a lo.gical way. State Department, lays down. I assume previously. He had been acted upon fa­ Mr. CONNALLY. I am willing to go vorably once before when nominated to ·ne will carry out the policy which the in there and change their minds. United States and its allies agree upon. be Assistant Secretary. · Mr. WHERRY. No matter what it Mr. WHERRY. Did he announce his Mr. CHANDLER. Has the Senator any takes? policy then? Did he say what he was go­ doubt about General MacArthur being a Mr. CONNALLY. I do not know what ing to do with Japan? good soldier? it will take, but I am ready to go in there Mr. CONNALLY. Oh, well, he is not Mr ~ CONNALLY. I said I assumed he and undertake to change their minds. announcing any policy. was. Mr. WHERRY. No matter what it Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Mr. CHANDLER. Does not the record takes? Sen a tor yield? show that he is a good soldier? Mr. CONNALLY. Just a moment; I Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Mr. CONNALLY. So far as I know, it will answer the Senator's question. I am Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. Acheson has does. I was 'not over in the Pacific area, willing to go in there and do the things been before the Foreign Relations Com­ as the Senator from Kentucky was, right necessary to change their minds toward mittee time after time. Everyone on where these operations were taking place. a constant will to war. We saw their will the committee knows him and knows I did not have the privilege of going. 'to war at Pearl Harbor. If they had not him well. Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator had · had a will, they would not have slipped Mr. CONNALLY. Yes; every member the privilege of sending someone. up on us like a thief in the night, like of the· committee knows him. Mr. · Mr. CONNALLY. I say, the Senato_r a porch climber, and assaulted us and Acheson is not making the policy. He has more knowledge, and if he has not murdered our men. That is a will to is simply expressing his views about the more knowledge, he had no business war. I am willing to teach the Japanese policy. Let us see what he says: being sent. That was why he was sent, that the will to war will not bring them That 'the present economic and social and I agree th~ Senator had better op­ dividends. system in Japan which makes for a wlll to portunity for judging than I had. I take Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator yield? war will be changed so tha:t that will to it General MacArthur is a good soldier Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. war will not continue and that whatever it and a good man, and a good subordinate Mr. WHERRY. Is not that exactly takes to carry this out will be used to carry of the President of the United States what General MacArthur is doing? Is it out. - when it comes to carrying out policies. he not doing it exactly as the Potsdam I wholly· subscribe to that doctrine. Now, let us see what else there was. agreement designed it should be done? Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the We do not want Japan to be able to Mr. CONNALLY. If that is what he is Senator yield? make aggressive warfare. Does anyone doing, the Senator should not complain Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. complain of that policy? If so, I should at Mr. Acheson backing him up. [Laugh­ Mr. LUCAS. Is that not what we have like to have it put into the RECORD, along ter.] been fighting for? with the letter from some constituents Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator in­ Mr. CO~NALLY. I was going to sug­ saying they do not agree to it. [Laugh­ terpret what Mr. Acheson says as indi­ gest that throughout this war we have ter.] cating he wants to go further than Gen­ all proclaimed that we were going to What else does he say? Here is the eral MacArthur has gone? Does the make the result of the war so decisive bug under the chip: Senator want to interpret it to mean that that Japan and Germany would never That the present economic and social sys­ he has gone further than the Potsdam dare to attack us again, and we are try­ tem in J apan which mal~es for a will to war agreement has called for? ing to put in the minds of the Japanese will be changed so that that will to war will Mr. CONNALLY. If the Senator will people that that is our purpose. Let me not continue and that whatever it takes to bear with me, in my poor, humble, stag­ address myself to the Senator from Ne­ carry this out will be used to carry it out. gering way, I shall try to answer him. braska for a moment. He speaks about Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will I am not interpreting anything but the social and ecopomic system. Does the Senator yield? what is in this paper. I do not know he know what those systems are in Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. General MacArthur's secret mental con­ Japan? Does he know that Japan is a volutions, and I do not know Mr. Ache­ feudal country, and has been for cen­ Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator son's mental lucubration; but I do know turies? Does he know that in Japan please interpret that statement? what is in this p~per. That is what I am there is still present the old Samurai Mr. CONNALLY. I am just getting talking about. theory of militarism? ready to interpret it. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the The Japanese have been brought up Mr. WHERRY. As Mr. Acheson would Senator yield for another question? on the theory that a few great fam­ like to have it. Mr. CONNALLY. Yes. ilies, a few great industrialists rule the Mr. CONNALLY. 'I am going to inter­ Mr. WHERRY. If the Senator from nation, and have a right to rule the mi­ pret the statement. I do not know any­ Texas knows what is in that paper, are tion. They are the ones who have fos­ thing about what Mr. Acheson thinks. I the remarks he is about. to make to be tered the agitation for new markets and 8906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 new territories and new outlets, and name that has been so much discussed and justice will be impossible until irre­ they have built up the military concept. at this time. We are not passing on sponsible militarism is driven from the We want to dislodge that theory from General MacArthur. world. the minds of the JapaiJ.ese people, and . Mr. CONNALLY. Not at all. If that declaration is carried out, it if it requires the destruction of these Mr. TUNNELL. The question directly certainly involves a change in the social hard groups of industrial czars and so­ before us, as I understand, is as to and economic order of Japan. cial magnates to do it, I am willing to whether Mr. Acheson's nomination shall More important, I shall read the last do it. be recommitted to the Foreign Relations part of paragraph 10: Mr. President, I am speaking for the Committee. The Foreign Relations The Japanese Government shall ren:ove all peace of the world. I am speaking for Committee, I believe the Senator said, obstacles to the revival and strengthening of the lives of boys not only in the United voted unanimously to report the nomi­ democratic. tendencies among the Japanese States but in distant lands across the nation. people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and seas. I do not want another world war. Mr. CONNALLY. All members who of thought, as well as respect for the funda­ If we can stamp out of the minds of the were present did. mental hUJI?-an rights shall be established. Japanese the will to war and if we can Mr. TUNNELL. Yes. The Senator If we carry out this one policy, we stamp out of the minds of the Germans from Nebraska says he does not know must of necessity change the social sys­ the will to war I am hopeful that we whether he will vote to make the con­ tem in Japan. If we carry out the terms shall be blessed by many years of peace. firmation unanimous. I believe he said of the Potsdam Declaration in their en­ Mr. President, I have read the entire something to that effect, or that he was tirety, certainly we must change the so­ statement by Mr. Acheson. I find in it not ready to act. The question before the cial order in Japan. no reflection and no attack on anyone. Senate is whether anything contained in Paragraph 11 reads as follows: The nearest approach was the matter recent statements so reflects on Dean Japan shall be permitted to maintain such which the Senator from Maine suggested, Acheson that his nomination ought not industries as will sustain her economy and and that probably could have been han- to be confirmed. There have been no permit the exaction of just reparations in . died in a more diplomatic way. But, Mr. charges made against him . kind, but not those which would enable President, many people talk too fast and Mr. CONNALLY. No. ber to rearm for war. To this end access to, ·talk too much. lLaughter.J I would not Mr. TUNNELL. Does the Senator as distinguished from control of, raw mate~ think anything has been brought out rials shall be permitted. Eventual Japa­ be surprised if both parties to this trans­ nese participation in world trade relations action liad not talked a little too fast which should influence the matter? shall be permitted. and a little too much. But it is not of Mr. CONNALLY. I will say to the the magnitude, it is not of the importance Senator that I think he is entirely correct That involves a complete change in that is sought to be attached to it here. in his statement. Even at the -worst, the the economic system of Japan. All her Mr. President, I do not care to discuss offense would ·seem to be that Mr. Ache­ industries which made for war are to be the matter any. further. Mr. Acheson son did not agree or had a different idea destroyed. Certainly the economic and is well known, I am sure, to a great many respecting something said by General social systems of Japan are going to be Senators. He is a man whom I regard MacArthur. All of us wish to have free­ changed. Everyone must recognize this as possessing unusual ability. I think he dom of opinion. I have differed fre­ inevitable fact. Acheson's statement is is one of the strong men in the State De­ quently with the President of the United on all fours with the Potsdam Declara­ partment. I think he is a valuable man, States. But if it is a crime to disagree tion. If the social and economic orders a valuable servant of the Government, with the general, so far as I know, that are not changed, we can get ready for an­ and I would not judge his whole future is the only crime with which Mr. Acheson other war. If they are not changed, we on the basis of some trivial incident. has been charged-that he did not agree have fought this war in vain. All the If someone were to take a microscope with some remark made by General Mac­ special pleading about a social and eco·­ and examine all of us I wonder if he Arthur. I have no complaint of General nomic revolution in Japan costing -the would determine our whole career on the MacArthur. lives of hundreds of thousands of Ameri­ basis of one little insignificant some­ Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the cans is ridiculous. thing? If so, we would all be in a pretty Senator yield? Mr.· WHERRY.· ·Mr. President, will bad fix. If the membership of the Sen­ Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. the Senator yield? ate were dependent on such an examina­ Mr. LUCAS. I think the Senator's last Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator from tion I am afraid there would not be a statement with respect to what Dean Tilinois cannot yield. I have the floor. quorum of the Senate present. Everyone Acheson said to the press is the all­ Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator from makes mistakes now and then. I am not important thing in this debate, in view Texas yield so that I may ask the Senator admitting that what we have been speak­ of the fact that the Senator from Ne­ from Illinois a question? ing of is a mistake, or for that matter braska has refe.rred not only once but a Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. that it is of any significance if Mr. Ache­ dozen times to a so-called social and eco­ Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator son did make a mistake. nomic revolution which the State De­ from Illinois take the figure 200,000 from Mr. President, the Senate of the United partment wants to carry on in Japan. any statement I made? States should have something more im­ I submit that anyone who does not agree Mr. LUCAS. The record will speak portant to do than spend so much time with what Dean Acheson says with re­ for itself. on such a matter as this. I apologize for spect to destroying the Japanese social Mr. WHERRY. I said that hundreds making so long a statement. I did not and economic forces which have made of thousands of men might be required. intend to make a speech or make any war, he must admit that he wants tore­ Mr. LUCAS. Did not the Senator remarks. I was not present in the Senate turn Japan to her previous position as a from Nebraska ask me a question? Thursday. I looked over the RECORD of militarist nation with the power to again Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I do Thursday. The Senator from Kentucky make war upon this country and other not care to yield for a jomt debate. [Mr. BARKLEY], I suppose in deference to Allied Nations. Mr. LUCAS. I should like to finish the fact that I happened to be chairman In addition to what Dean Acheson my statement. of the Foreign Relations Committee, said, I should like to invite the attention Anyone who advocates a different thought I ought to say something to ex­ of the Senate to the terms of the Pots­ policy than that set out in the statement plain why the Committee on Foreign Re­ dam agreement. made by Mr. Acheson. advocates the re­ lations had recommended the confirma­ Mr. CONNALLY. I have it in my turn to the old order. It is unfortunate tion of Mr. Acheson's nomination. hand. that the Senator :from Nebraska has Mr. TUNNELL. Mr. President, will Mr. LUCAS . . I read: heralded to the· country an article he the Senator yield? · Following are our terms. We will not de­ read in the Washington P'ost as the basis Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. viate from them. There are no alternatives. for his inquiries· instead of taking Mr. We shall brook no delay: Mr. TUNNELL. I ask the Senator if There must be eliminated for ail time. the Acheson's statement. · he understands that General MacArthur authority and influence of those who have Mr. ,WHERRY. Mr. President, will fn any way is to. be here for confirmation deceived and misled the people of Japan the Senator yield? or that his name is to. come before the into embarking on world . conquest, for we Mr. CONNALLY. I decline to yield Senate for action? His seems to be the 1ns1st that a new order or peac~. secuntr, further at this time. \ ' 1945 CONGRESSIONAL R·ECORD-SENATE 8907. Mr. LUCAS. Anyone who advocates cate the great forces in Japan which have motion will be rejected. But if there is a different policy than that set out in mothered that · thought. · only one vote in favor of it, I certainly Mr. Ach::son's statementjs advocating a Until such a new order is established and shall have rendered that much service return to where we were 5 years ago, back until there is convincing proof that Japan's to the American people. A number of to the policy of isolationism, back to the war-making power is destroyed, points in interpretations have been offered here policy under which we would permit Japanese territory to be designated by the today. The Senator from Illl.nois told Japan and Germany to rearm and be­ Allies shall be occupied to secure the achieve­ us how he felt about it. Now the Sena­ come agressors, thereby bringing on ment of the basic objectives we are here tor from Texas has given his interpreta­ World War III, which would mean the setting forth. tion, and shortly we shall hear from the beginning of the end of civilization. Does anyone complain about that? majority leader, I judge, and he will give Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Sena­ That is in the Potsdam agreement. That us his interpretation. But Mr. Acheson tor from Illinois. Let me mal{e a few has been accepted by Japan. That has did not clarify a thing. comments, and then I shall be glad to been accepted by us, and that is to b~ I have asked whether Senators know yield to the Senator from Nebraska if the chart for the future. Of course, it what Mr. Acheson meant relative to the he desires to have me yield. I wish to will cause some changes in Japan. That administration's policy. No one knows be courteous, but when I yield to one is w.hat we want. We do not want to what he meant. There has ·been a tre­ Senator, it is not quite in order to yield revive the Samurai $YStem, with a sword mendous amount of speculation about to another Senator and let them engage on each Japanese, a rifle in his hand, what is in his mind. Some say we can in a controversy. and a pistol in his pocket~ radar this thing. That is what Senators. I hold in my hand the Potsdam Decla­ I read further from the Potsdam nave been trying to do. ration, to which the Senator from Illi­ agreement: I have asked certain questions in con­ nois has referred. · I have it marked in The Japanese Gwernment shall remove all nection with Mr. Acheson's statement red pencil. I was about to comment on obstacles to the revival and strengthening about going into Japan and making eco­ it when the Senator from Illinois made of democratic tendencies among the Japanese nomic or social changes there. I wish to his statement. people. know how far he wants to go. Is he go­ Mr. President, the Potsdam Agreement Is there any objection to that? Is ing to use any men or any money? constitutes the terms upon which Japan there any objection to our trying to teach What kind of a doctrine is he going to surrendered. They are her terms as well the Japanese how to have free demo­ teach? Are we going to go in there to as our terms. The condition of the sur­ cratic government suGP as our own? We appease some other nation? render was that Japan should accept the have always preached the doctrine that Mr. President, I know I am hopelessly conditions of the Potsdam Agreement. democracy was interested in peace and in the minority on this question, I realize That agreement provides that-- was a:gainst war. Is there any harm in that my motion will be rejected; but I There must be eliminated for all time the teaching the people of Japan that in fol­ have made· it in all sincerity; and be­ authority and influence of those who have lowing· their war gods, in worshiping lieve me, Mr. President, there will be deceived and misled the people of Japan into at their military shrines, and in dipping many people in the United states who embarking on world conquest- their hands in ceremonial blood, they will be more interested in the clarifica­ tion of Mr. Acheson's statement than Is there any objection to that? Do are on the road to ruin? Why can we they will be in the somewhat jocular way we :p.ot wish to put out of power those not teach them to live as democratic na­ ' some Senators have treated my motion who brought about this war of world tions live? If we do we shall eradicate on the floor of the· Senate. conquest?- from their system a desire for war. [Manifestations of applause in the for we insist that a new order of peace, se­ Freedom of speech, of religion, and of galleries. J curity, and justice will be impossible until thought, as well as respect for . the funda­ irresponsible militarism is· driven from the mental human rights shall be established. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The world. occupants of the galleries must not in­ Is anyone against that? Is anyone dicate their feelings regarding the pro­ Is there any controversy about that? against free speech? Is anyone against ceedings. If they do, the Sergeant at Is there any challenge to that state­ freedom of religion or of thought? Arms will be directed to clear· the gal­ ment? Is it not a wise one? Is it not a Mr. President, I very much hope that leries. wholesome one? Is it not one which is the Senator from Nebraska will with­ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I hope in the interest of the peace of the world? draw his motion and let the Senate vote the occupants of the galleries will not Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the direct on this nomination. be expelled. They do not often get an Senator yield? Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President--­ opportunity to attend the sessions of the Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Senate and hear what is happening here. · Mr. LUCAS. Does not that fit in with Mr. WHERRY. I have no disagree­ I know it is against the rules of the Sen­ the declaration of Mr. Acheson in his ment whatever with the Potsdam Dec­ ate for them to applaud, but I know statement? laration, which the Senator has been sometimes they cannot resist the out­ Mr. CONNALLY. He refers to it and reading. That is why I inserted it in bursts of emotion which well up within approves it. the RECORD. I made that very plain in them. I hope the President pro tern­ I read further from the Potsdam Dec­ my opening remarks. pole will not be too hard on them. laration: I am in total agreement with every The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Until such a new order is established and phrase of the Potsdam Declaration. . Chair realizes, of course, that the oc­ until there is convincing proof that Japan's What I am taking exception to is the cupants of the galleries do not ordinarily war-making power is destroyed, points in statement about which I wish to have a violate the rules of the Senate, but the Japanese territory to be designated by the clarification, but the Senator from Texas rules of the Senate must pe observed. Allies shall be occupied to secure the achieve­ certainly has not clarifled it for me. The Chair calls attention to paragraph ment of the basic objectives we are here Mr. CONNALLY. I have not? 6 of rule XIX of the Senate, which reads setting forth. Mr. WHERRY. No. as follows: If the Senator from Nebraska ·objects · Mr. CONNALLY. I have endeavored Whenever confusion arises in the Cham.. to any change in the social system of to do so. I am merely a poor mortal, of ber or the galleries, or demonstrations of ap­ Japan, if he objects to any change in course. proval or disapproval are indulged in by the the industrial system of Japan, I do not Mr. WHERRY. The Senator has not occupants of the galleries, it shall be the clarified for me-for what reason, I do duty of the Chair to enforce order on his see how he can avoid the conviction that own Initiative and without any point of in the course of time there will again be not know-anything relative to what Mr. order being made by a Senator. generated the feeling that the Japanese Acheson has said about what will happen must conquer with arms, with swords in to Japan. The Senator has not clarified Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will their hands, with airplanes in the air, for me what Mr. Acheson has said about the Senator yield to me? and with battleships plowing the deep. going into Japan and stirring up social Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. We are trying to get away from that, and economic revolution. Mr. BARKLEY. I wish to add a sug­ and in order to get away from it we are Mr. President, I realize that I am out­ gestion to what the Senator has read trying to negative, overcome, and eradi- numbered in this matter and that my about the Potsdam agreement. It was 8908 CONGRESSIONAL EECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 followed up, as the Senator knows, by a a social and economic revolution in statement. The language complained of more elaborate statement which was in Japan and that they will carry it out, is as follows: substance sent to General MacArthur on whatever the cost. That is what he said. That Japan will be put in a .position where the 29th of August, and was sent to him Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, Mr. lt cannot renew aggressive warfare. ofllcially on the 6th day of September. Acheson said nothing of the kind. The No one complains about that. Even It attempted to integrate the Potsdam word "cost" is not in his statement. The the Senator from Nebraska has said that agreement. If the Senator will permit, word "revolution" is not in his statement. That is the misguided interpretation he is in favor of the Potsdam Declaration. I should like to call his attention to one Objection is being made to the present or two paragraphs of it. · which the Senator from Nebraska placed economic and social system in Japan . Mr. CONNALLY. ·I wish to have it all on Mr. Acheson's statement last week. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, which makes for a will to war. That is printed in the RECORD. will the all. O;ur State Department ofllcials do Mr. BARKLEY. Of course, it is all to Senator yield for another question? not care anything about Japan's system be printed in the RECORD. Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. Mr. WHERRY. I ask the distinguished except to eradicate that portion of it Under part 1, which is entitled "Ulti­ which fosters and promotes a will to war. mate Objectives," we finQ. the following: majority leader whether we have not That is in the agreement in connection The ultimate objectives of the United had at least half a dozen interpretations made regarding what Mr. Acheson with the Potsdam Declaration. States in regard to Japan to which policies Mr. President, I hope the Senator from in the initial period must conform, are: meant. (a) To insure that· Japan will not again Mr. BARKLEY. At least none of them Nebraska will withdraw his motion tore­ become a menace to the United States or to was as far wrong as was the interpreta­ commit the pending nomination to the the peace and security of the world. tion made by the Senator from Nebraska. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. · (b) To bring about the eventual establish­ Mr. WHERRY. Then let us ·have a The committee has done its duty. It has ment of a peaceful and responsible govern­ disposed of the nomination by report­ ment which will respect the rights of other clarification of the statement. Why not do that so that we may understand it ing it favorably to the Senate. Now let states and will support the objectives of the the Senate make -the ultimate disposi­ United States as reflected in the ideals and correctly? principles of the Charter of the United Mr. BARKLEY. I should like to read tion of it. Nations. what he said on the 6th of ·september: ·I think we are undoubtedly magnify­ ing the importance of this incident; but _ And so forth. The document is a long The existing economic basis of Japanese I believe that its magnification may have one, but it is almost in the same lan­ military strength must be destroyed and not . be permitted to revive. a very deleterious effect in Japan and in guage as that used in the Potsdam agree­ Therefore, a program will be enforced con­ other foreign countries by suggesting ment. taining the following elements, among others: that a disagreement exists between the Under part 4~ which is entitled "Eco­ the immediate cessation and future prohibi­ military and the State Department, as nomic Demilitarization,'' we find the fol­ tion of production of all goods designed for well as between other departments of our lowing: the equipment, maintenance, or use of any Government. That kind of an impres- · The existing economic basis of Japanese military force or establishment; the imposi­ . sion going forth will not do any of us any mmtary strength must be destroyed and not tion of a ban upon any specialized facilities good. We are working with ·Our ·ames permitted to revive. for the production or repair of implements of war, including naval vessels and all forms of who are partries to the Potsdam agree­ In the mind of the Senator from · aircraft; the institution of a system of in­ ment. They have subscribed to it. Ja­ Nebraska or in the minds of other Sen­ spection and control over selected elements pan has subscribed to it. We have sub­ ators that may mean a revolution. Dean .in Japanese economic activity to prevent con­ scribed to it. It is the program for the Acheson did not refer to it as a revolu­ cealed or disguised military preparation; the years in the future. There is nothing elimination in Japan of those selected indus­ which Mr. Acheson said that in any way tion. He was talking about economic tries or branches of production whose chief and military changes in Japan which value to Japan is in preparing for war; the transgresses upon or went beyond the would rob her of the power and ability prohibition of specialized research and in­ terms of the Potsdam agreement. to make war. struction directed to the development of war­ Several Senators. Vote! Vote! Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will making power; and the limitation of the size The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the Senator yield to me for a question? and character of Japan's heavy industries to question is on agreeing to the motion of Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. 1ts future peaceful-requirements, and restric­ the Senator . from Nebraska [Mr. Mr. WHERRY. I should like to call tion of Japanese merchant shipping to the WHER Y] to recommit the pending nom­ extent required to accomplish the objectives Re­ the attention of the distinguished ma­ of demilitarization. ination to the Committee on Foreign jority leader to the fact that Mr. Ache­ lations. On that motion the yeas and son said they are determined to carry Subsequently the statement deals with nays have been ordered. that out at any cost. the "promotion of demo.cratic forces," as Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I wish to Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, Mr. follows: · say that I intend to vote against the Acheson dia not say that, in the first Encouragement shall be given and favor motion of the Senator from Nebraska place. shown to the development of organizations in [Mr. WHERRY]. I know Mr. Acheson . . I Mr. WHERRY. That is the Senator's labor, industry, and agriculture, organized on have known him well. I do not believe a democratic basis. Policies shall be favored that any further investigation could statement. which permit a wide distribution of income Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. Acheson did not and of the ownership of the means of pro­ possibly reveal anything that I, at least, say that. He said they are determined duction and trade. do not already know about him. I think to carry out the policy that is agreed to Those forms of ecomonic activity, organiza­ that he is qualified to be Under Secretary and established, whatever it may take. tion, and leadership shall be favored that are of State. I do not think that the Under If the Senator from Nebraska is against deemed likely to strengthen the peaceful dis­ Secretary of state makes the policies of that, that is :his privilege. position of the Japanese people, and to make the United States Government. I think Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I wish it dimcult to command or direct economic that such policies must be made by the to have it distinctly understood that I activity in support of military ends. President. Therefore I do not believe am for the Potsdam agreement 100 per­ All those things are a part of our policy. that the disagreement with Mr. Ache­ cent. I am just as much for an enduring all those things are a part of the outline son's policies as expressed in the contro­ peace in the Pacific as any other Senator which we established at Potsdam, and of versy, so-called, with General MacArthur possibly can be. The idea that certain course they are the policies which any is any ground for refusing to confirm Members of the Senate are the only ones responsible official of the American Gov­ this nomination. who want a lasting peace in that area is ernment has in mind when he says those I voted against the confirmation of as far from the fact as it can be. Some are the policies to be established by the Mr. Wallace to be Secretary of Commerce Senators have been waving the fiag and Government of the United States. because I thought that as Secretary of have been speaking of themselves as the Mr. CONNALLY. I thank the Senator Commerce Mr. Wallace would be in only ones who want peace in the Pacific from Kentucky. charge of' a fundamental policy of gov­ area. Mr. President, let me · say that I Mr. President, in conclusion I wish to ernment, and that his presence in the know something about the war, just as say that there is nothing in the state­ Cabinet would affect such policy. I other Senators do. Mr. Acheson has said ment of Mr. Acheson which mentions a think that unless some important ques-. that it is orooosed to soonsor and foster r€volution. No such word is used .in his tion is involved the President is entitled 1945 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-SENATE 8909 to have confirmed anyone whom he ap4 this time the number of forces which will be Mr. CONNALLY. I have the state4 points. So far as the office of Under necessary in Japan. ment here-the Potsdam agreement and Secretary of State is concerned I do not That was none of Mr. Acheson's busi­ the statement. , think that we should interfere' with the ness. That was a matter for the War . Mr. REED. I was talking about a par­ President's right to select a man for that Department and for the Army. In the tiCular statement which appears on page post merely because we happen to dis4 determination of the number of men nec­ 3 of the mimeographed memorandum agree with his policies. That applies essary in Japan there is no one human which was sent here. While we are on also to a Cabinet officer. A Cabinet offi­ being so well qualified·to speak as is .Gen. that point-- cer cannot himself reflect substantially Douglas MacArthur. He is the supreme . Mr. CONNALLY. Just a moment. Is the policy of the United States Govern­ commander in the Pacific theater. His the Senator asking me a question, or not? ment. statement is the most authoritative one Mr. REED. No; I was not asking the Insofar as there is a difference of that could be made. Senator a question. ~pinion between Mr. Acheson and Gen­ Then Mr. Acheson continued as fol­ . Mr. CONNALLY. Then I am satisfied. eral MacArthur regarding policy, I sym- . lows: Mr. REED. I hold in my hand a pathize with General MacArthur. I The important thing is that the policy in mimeograph copy of a statement which think there has probably developed a regard to Japan is the same policy which has I secured only a few minutes ago. The fundamental difference in policy toward always been held by this Government and is still held, so far as I know, and I think ~en.ior Senator from Kentucky, the ma­ Japan about which I should like to speak Jority leader, was gracious enough to let at a later time. But I think it is not I kno~. In carrying out that policy, the oc­ cupatwn forces are the instruments of pol­ me read his copy at an earlier hour in involved in the vote on the confirmation icy and. not the determinants of policy, and today's proceeding. I wonder if the of Mr. Acheson's nomination: I think the polwy is and has been that the surren· Senators on this fioor have been fur­ the country should understand that a der of Japan will be cat ried out. nished with a copy of this document vote by any individual Senator to con­ which was made up in the State De~ firm Mr. Acheson's nomination, or a vote Mr. President, I agree with that state4 ment. The occupation forces do not partment and sent· here, and which pur­ by the Senate as a whole to confirm the ports to be an answer to the Senator from nomination, would in no way be passing make the policy of the United States Government any more than does the Nebraska. It is a rather voluminous upon the difference as to the general document consisting of 12 pages. Only question of policy which may appear State Department determine the number of soldiers to be used in the army of 15 minutes ago was I able to secure a between Mr. Acheson's statement and copy, and I got it from the secretary General MacArthur's statement, if there occupation. The press of this country, the citizenry for the majority, who was good enough is any difference of policy between them. to give me a copy. I therefore wish to explain why I shall of this country, and the newspapermen who were present at the conference cer­ Mr. President, I do not think the Sen­ vote for Mr. Acheson's confirmation, and ate should vote when it has only inade­ at the same time disagree to a large tainly received the impression that Mr. q~ate and incomplete information. I extent with what I think is the tendency Acheson was administering a rebuke to General MacArthur. No man occupies thmk I suggested to the majority leader of the policy which he has advocated. 2 hours ago that before the vote came on Mr. REED. Mr. President, l do not a place of greater responsibility than does Douglas MacArthur. Next to the , the pending motion, and before it came know Mr. Acheson. I do not know Gen­ on the confirmation of Mr. Acheson, this eral MacArthur in any personal sense. I Secretary of State, the Under Secretary of State is presumed to be the most in­ document should be in the hands of every approach the pending question as objec­ Senator, and every Senator should be tively as I think any man can approach fluential voice in the State Department. The net result of all this has been a state given an opportunity to read it. it. Frankly, I am a bit confused as to the Mr. President, what harm could there sequence of events which have led up to of cOnfusion which should be cleared up and it should be cleared up before th~ be if this nomination went back to the the present moment. As I understand Committee on Foreign Relations? The the situation, General MacArthur made Senate has to vote upon the question of confirming Mr. Acheson for the office to committee then could hold a hearing at a statement in Toyko the effect of which which all parties could be heard, all ~is­ was that if nothing untoward happened which he has been appointed. With all due respect for my good friend understandings cleared up, and all con• he could get along with 200,000 regular fusion removed. This and other docu~ soldiers, thereby permitting many of our the majority leader and the Senator from Texas, the chairman of the Com­ ments and all other pertinent informa­ soldiers to return to their homes. I hope tion would be before the committee, and that statement is true. The country mittee on Foreign Relations, I should think they would find it desirable in their then before the Senate. I submit that hopes that it is true. that is the fair and reasonable and digni­ Mr. President, at a press conference­ mirids that we clear up this confusion instead of letting it continue. fied way to proceed. It would not hurt ! am speaking not of any private con­ ~nyone, and in a matter so important, ference-at the State Department rep4 Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? m connection with a situation about resentatives of the press suggested that which there is so much confusion in the Mr. Acheson was disturbed over some of Mr. REED. I yield. Mr. CONNALLY. What confusion is United States, extending to other coun­ the recent statements which had been tries of the world, we should be very sure made by General MacArthur. It is no the Senator talking about? business of the State Department to de 4 Mr. REED. I am talking about the of our ground. termine the number of soldiers to be used confused state of mind of the country. Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President. in occupied countries. The policy in that Mr. CONNALLY. Here is the state­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does regard is not determined by Mr. Acheson, ment. Anyone who can read the English the Senator from Kansas yield to the or even by the State Department. Of language should understand it. I do not Senator from Minnesota? course, they are instrumental in deter­ see why there should be any confusion. Mr. REED. I yield. mining the policy. But the policy had Mr. REED. The Senator from Texas Mr. SHIPSTEAD. The first estimate already been made at Potsdam by the was not paying attention to what I was of forces necessary to occupy Japan was highest level of government. The state4 saying. 900,000 men. Then MacArthur, I as­ Mr. CONNALLY. I heard the Senator sume after investigation-and we all ment of General MacArthur was confined mention my name as being the chairman to the number of soldiers which would know his reputation for efficiency-issued of the committ.ee, and I rose to pay him a statement that he could occupy Japan be necessary for occupation, and did not the attention I thought he deserved. refer to policy. · Mr. REED. Will the Senator from with 400,000. I think that was the num.. Mr. Acheson said: Texas tell the Senator from Kansas to ber, was it not? I have no comment to make on the military what statement he is now referring? Mr. REED. It was 900,000, and then aspects of what General MacArthur stated, Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator said he · it was reduced to 400,000, and finally he That is a purely m111tary matter- wanted this confusion cleared up. What said 200,000. That is correct- confusion is he talking about? Mr. SHIPSTEAD. · Was there any­ with which the State Department Is not .·Mr. REED. The Senator from Texas thing wrong about that? properly concerned. I think I can say that then referred .to some statement which Mr. REED. No; it was very welcome I am surprised that anybody can foresee at he ~eld up. news to the United States. 8910 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Of course, every­ which he framed, as ·I happen to agree dom of the air. From much of that dis­ body was happy about it. with him in most of the matters which cussion- before the Foreign Relations Mr. REED. That is correct. it seemed to me were in issue, but which Committee and in other forums I have Mr. SHIPSTEAD . .Then what is all we cannot resolve by this vote. I have accumulated a very considerable respect, this fuss about? Was the State De­ been entirely in accord with him on Bret­ first, for the brains, second, for the guts, partment disappointed that we could ton Woods, and reciprocal trade, par­ and, third, for the energy of this gentle­ control Japan with an Army of only ticularly the importation of Canadian man, and I submit those are qualities that 200,000 men? potatoes, which is a very tender subject we very much need in our State Depart­ Mr. REED. That inference could be with me. I agreed with him on aviation, ment at this time. and was drawn from what Mr. Acheson when we were trying to preserve the So I am quite prepared to accept said. Whether he intended to be under­ United States air program in complete President Truman's conclusion that Mr. stood that way I do not undertake to freedom, as against the program which Acheson is the one who can most effec­ say, but that is the inference that was Mr. Acheson has so eloquently and so tively implement those policies under the drawn. The newspapers broadly printed successfully advanced over my futile ob­ direction of the Secretary of State, Mr. the fact that the Under Secretary of jections thus far. And there are sev­ Byrnes, and under the final control of State had rebuked General MacArthur. eral other matters. If those were the is­ the President of the United States, and That is unfortunate. sues, I should certainly have to support it is for those reasons that I shall find Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Who was in better the Senator from Nebraska. myself obliged to vote contra to the mo­ position to say how many men it would To me the· unfortunate aspect of the tion of the Senator. from Nebraslra, al­ take to control Japan than General situation is that apparently we should though I sympathize very deeply with MacArthur? try the issue here between Mr. Acheson much of what he has said. I also think Mr. REED. No one. and General MacArthur, both of whom he has rendered a profound public serv­ Mr. SHIPSTEAD. That is the whole are now functioning, Mr. Acheson under ice by bringing to public knowledge the question in issue. What business is it of the temporary appointment, as I under­ far more complete enunciation of the the State Department to find fault with stand; as Under Secretary of State, for ·United States policy regarding Japan him? They should have cheered him. which he holds a commission, so that he which was issued by the White House on Mr. REED. I think it was none of is Acting Secretary of State at this time, Saturday night and which all the people and General MacArthur, who has been of this country are now privileged to their business. I think Mr. Acheson given the very tremendous responsibility clearly spoke out of turn. His friends, know. · of carrying on our affairs in Japan. Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I have in personal conversation, rather agree It certainly would be most unfortunate that that is the fact. They do not want ·listened with a great deal of interest to to see him possibly humiliated, as they if an apparent division should seem to . the debate this afternoon. Recently at lend substance to any suggestion that a meeting of the Fo::-eign Relations Com­ would call it, by having the· 'nomination the divisions in council which have been· held up. I am much more concerned .mittee I voted to ... eport favorably the _the despair of democracy are continuing nomination of Mr. Acheson to be Under that the confusion in the country be­ even under our Chief Executive now in cause the State Department has under­ Secretary of State. In fact, I think I taken to administer a rebuke to General -office, \Vhose entire course in this body seconded the motion to approve his nom­ was dedicated, by his great committee, to 'ination. MacArthur in regard to something that eliminating suggestions of disagreement is none of their business should be · I like Mr. Acheson personally. He is and friction of this character. a ·man of character and ability. I do cleared up. · Mr. President, I am "inclined to agree For these reasons, Mr. President, I not agree with him in all the positions with the Senator from Texas that the he has taken, in the past, nor do I expect shall vote for the motion of the Senator fault was not great in this particular epi­ from Nebraska. to in the future. On this particular is­ sode. I appreciate that it well may be sue I feel it is unfortunate that the Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, I am that Mr. Acheson said a little something not willing to have this issue come to a Acheson-MacArthur angl~ has entered that he should not have said; that in a into the picture. vote in the state in which it has been left · way he exhibited his dramatic powers so far as the discussion has proceeded, First let me say that I think the Sena­ and treaded a little on the military side tor from Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY] was as it seems to me that it may not be en­ when he said what he did with respect to tirely clear precisely upon what the Sen­ making forecasts. But, on the .other very sincere and very courageous, as he ate must vote. :Pand, it was a somewhat minor fault, and always is, in raising this issue. I have been impressed by the return to 'profoundly as I disagree with some of the This is not a ~ vote of approval or dis­ "the arena here of the redoubtable Sen­ principles which Mr. Acheson, as Assist­ approval of General MacArthur. I re­ ator from Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY] in all ant Secretary, necessarily has presented, .gret as much as anyone in this .Nation his ancient form, exhibiting the vestigial and undoubtedly will present as Under the effort which is being made in the remnants of the dramatic power which Secretary if his nomination is now con­ country today by some people to smear ·has so often thrilled this Chamber. It firmed, as I think we all realize it is· lil{ely General MacArthur. I think General has been conspicuously if not unhappily to be, that is not the immediate issue. MacArthur is a great American. He is a absent for the past 2 years, when he has The immediate issue is whether or not a great soldier. He is a great leader and been performing a remarkable feat of ·President of the United States is entitled I believe he is handling the situation in prestidigitation in bringing 91 Senators tp have in his immediate official family, ·the Pacific area in a very admirable way. in this Chamber to such a point that they as a Secretary or Under Secretary, in It is . very unfortunate that we should could agree in following him in foreign that very close relationship, men in whom see headlines such as this: "Boos hint policy. I think it. is one of the greatest he has confidence and whose character is Communists plan MacArthur smear feats that has been performed, and that not under serious attack. campaign." ,history will ultimately so regard it. To­ We must assume that the policies are It is very unfortunate to hear speakers day· we see him in his ancient form, as a ­ determined in the final analysis by the on the radio attempt to .smear General gladiator in the arena, or a matador in Chief Executive, insofar as the executive MacArthur. It is a sad commentary on the ring, and it has seemed somewhat power extends, and certainly all the his­ decency and fairness. It is a reflection like ancient times. tory of our present President during his on those who are doing the smearing. However much I must agree with the tenute of office with us showed that he Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will Senator from Texas in his conclusion was dedicated to that very end. the Senator yield for a question? on the question before us, i.n agreement I have a great deal of sympathy for Mr. BRIDGES. I yield. with the Senator from Ohio, whom the the President in not being able to bring Mr. McMAHON. In what newspaper Senator from Texas rather unjustly and his boys entirely under control in thi:s ·did that· headline appear? perhaps unkindly dragged in by his heels, unfortunate controversy that has been Mr. BRIDGES. It appeared in the when it finally appeared the Senator perhaps somewhat magnified. But I Times-Herald of this morning. ·from Ohio was going to agree with him, personally know Mr. Acheson. I have Mr. McMAHON. Oh! [Laughter.] I have to express a good deal of appre­ had very serious disagreements with him Mr: WHERRY. Mr. President, will ciation of and agreement with the Sena­ in the policies which he has so effectively the Senator yield? . tor from Nebraska in some of the issues presented dealing with the so-called free- . Mr. BRIDGES. I yield. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8911 Mr. WHERRY. The headline appears at least, MacArthur will serve our purpose President. But you never can tell what will above a news article from New YO'l"k City. very well." happen in politics, and it is a good thing to I have a copy of the newspaper in my Now, turning to the specific Communist knock him out of the race now." case against the general, we found that un­ "However," he continued, "that isn't the hand, and, if the Senator will yield for til quite recently the party had very little main idea. Qur real fear is that the reac­ a moment longer, I wish to say that the against him. tionary and Fascist politicians and news­ article states that the booing took place BLASTS FROM DAILY WORKER papers will build him up and then use him in Madison Square Garden, where 12,000 to force the nomination and election of some Quite suddenly the Daily Worker began, Communists and their sympathizers met lesser known Fascist tool. If we can discredit last Tuesday night. At that meeting shortly after VJ-day, to blossom forth with him thoroughly now, he will lose his value to headlines, articles, and editorials blasting the American reactionaries long before 1948 General MacArthur was booed. the general. I ask unanimous consent to have the "As a reactionary military man he didn't rolls around." It was a little boo for MacArthur at the article inserted in the R,_ECORD at this matter so much to us," said one Communist Garden last Tuesday, but that little boo will point in the remarks of the Senator from high. in the leadership. "1;3ut as a reaction­ soon become a great big boo, if the Com­ New Hampshire. ary boss of Japan, playing with its Fascist elements, he matters a great deal." munists can so contrive it. The party line There being no objection, the article The first thing griping the Reds is the says: "Get MacArthur." was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ...fact that only American soldiers are occupy­ Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, the as follows: ing Japan. point I wish to make is that .if it comes Boos HINT COMMUNISTS PLAN MACARTHUR "Instead· of planning a joint occupation SMEAR CAMPAIGN-DEMONSTRATION AT NEW with our allies, as in Germany, the United down to a question whether or not we in YORK MEETING SEEN BUT START OF SCHEME States is making the job harder and cost­ America are going to stand behind Gen­ To DIM GENERAL'S STAR lier," a Worker editorial of last Wednesday eral MacArthur and the job he is doing (By Guy Richards and Russ ::;ymontowne) read. over there, then I want to be counted as WANTED REDS IN _JAPAN NEw YoRK, September 23.-A few small being for General MacArthur and the boos-harbingers of bigger and better boos "Of course we wanted Russian soldiers in gallant men under him. I think most to come-greeted the name of General of the Japan," a Communist leader told one of us. Americans in this country feel as I do Arm'Y Douglas MacArthur at the Madison "We wanted the same quick and virtually respecting this. I regret the effort to Square Garden meeting of 12,000 Communists bloodless revolution we had in Eurqpean tear him down and to smear him at and their sympathizers last Tuesday night. countries, in Poland, Rumania, and even a time such as this, when he is over there The boos went almost unnoted against the France. We wanted the old Fascist leaders, not merely the military but the industrial representing not only America but the background of tumultuous cheering for the Allied Powers, and when he is doing an early overthrow of capitalism and the quick war makers as well, turned out immediately rise of the Socialist state, demanded by and democratic elements installed in their excellent job. leaders of the newly reorganized party. places. As it is, every day M;acArthur plays But, Mr. President, I think the Ache­ with these industrialists and politicians they son nomination does not involve that SEEN AS TEST BOOS entrench themselves and fix fascism's hold issue. So I propose to vote for Mr. But it is almost certain these were test more tightly on Japan." Acheson as I did in the committee. In boos, little samples of a wide variety of boos So, it is the party line to fix the blame making this explanation, I want it to be and hisses, hoots and jeers soon to come roll­ upon MacArthur for the over-all occupation ing from the party's production lines. plan which was surely decided upon by the clear that my vote in no way is a reflec­ In fact, we were told by Communists off the administration in agreement with the other tion on the able Senator from Nebraska record, and it took little reading between Allies. or on the courageous stand he has taken the lines of party publications to assure us, In many editorials in the last 2 weeks the in defense of that great American, Doug­ the great ·Red propaganda machines are Worker has harped :upon MacArthur's con­ las MacArthur. ready-greased for a full-scale smear campaign tinuance i~ office of Japanese officials. against the general who brought an end to "If we can raise enough heat we might be MAJ. GEN. LESLIE R. GROVES the world's greatest war. able to force the administration to withdraw Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I wish· MacArthur from Japan," a Communist told to speak about another matter for a few GROUNDWORK DESCR~ED one of us. "Frankly, we are not very hope­ Today we will deEcribe how the ground­ ful. But it might be done. He's been minutes because I am obliged to take a work for this campaign to discredit Mac­ spanked several times by the administra­ train out of the city in about 40 minutes. Arthur has been laid and what the Reds hope tion." I do not wish to delay a vote on the to gain by it in this country. In another A series of articles, signed with a nom· de pending nomination. article we will attempt to show how this "get plume an~ date lined from the Philippines, Mr. WHITE rose. MacArthur" movement fits into the jig-saw appeared last week in the Worker, purport­ Mr. STEWART. Does the Senator picture of Moscow's plan for world expansion. ing to show that under MacArthur's orders from Maine wish me to yield to him? Before he left New York for Chicago, where troops in the Philippines were working with Mr. WHITE. If the Senator would be he spoke tonight, William Z. Foster, national Quislings and in some instances actually chairman of the party, gave us a quotation jailing Filipinos who worked in the under­ so courteous, I should like to make a very which broadly summarizes the party's new ground. brief statement respecting the nomina­ hatred of MacArthur. RED FEAR CITED tion of Mr. Acheson, but I shall wait "MacArthur's conduct in Japan," said Fos­ Russia's mounting fear of American might until the Senator from Tennessee has ter, "has been such as to require his cor­ peeps through the lines written by James 6. ·concluded his remarks, if that is his rection by the President and by the State :Allen in the Worker, September 16: desire. Department. His activity on behalf of a "It is well known," Allen wrote, "among Mr. STEWART. It will take rile only a quisling regime in the Philippines, his meth­ those in close contact with MacArthur, and few minutes. I am pressed for time. ods in Japan and Korea, demonstrate that it has also been voiced in the press, that he is ·unfit to carry out the job of crushing Mr. President, on September 19 I sub­ the commander views Japan as a base of mitted a resolution (S. Res. 175) which Japanese fascism and its collaborators. reconnaissance against the Soviet Union." "It is no wonder that the reactionary, The Daily Worker is seeking hard to make requests the President of the United pro-Fascist press in America is grooming him it appear that MacArthur is on the defen­ States to appoint Leslie R. Groves, who is for the Presidency in 1948." sive. This is an old and fami11ar party now a major general, Army of the United A careful study of the columns of the tactic, used often before against its enemies. States, to be a major general of the line Daily Worker, the Communist official organ, When MacArthur announced that he be­ in the Regular Army of the United and talks with Communist leaders disclosed lieved only 200,000 troops would be needed the party's alleged grievances against Mac­ States; that is, to give him a permanent to occupy Japan, instantly the Worker de­ rank of major general. As the resolu­ Arthur. clared this w;as "bait" to make American MAC ARTHUR IS TARGET mothers and fathers of soldiers and sailors tion provides, this would be done ''in But also it was revealed to us that the accept his "soft" handling of the Japanese. recognition of his outstanding services party is not hankering at this time for an to the Nation and particularly the plan­ out-and-out fight with the Truman admin­ NOT VERY HOPEFUL ning, organization, magnitude of work, istration and intends to use MacArthur as But, whiJe the party feels . that abusing a.nd risks. demanded by his contribution a convenient target for abuse it might other­ MacArthur as a "Fascist" is helpful and use­ in the development of the atomic bomb." wise heap upon the President and State ful in rest oring it to prewar vigor, one leader Department. confided to us it really had little hope of As everyone knows, at least a large "We may never learn to love Harry Tru­ altering the course of afi'airs in Japan. portion, if not the major portion, of the man but we may still wish to support him "However," this man said, "we will cer­ work done in the development of this tn 1948 against some greater reactionary," tainly fix his wagon for the Presidency. You bomb was done in the State of Tennes­ oue Communist put it. "For the time being, see, we don't really think he can be elected see, at Oak Riqge, where on Saturday 8912 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 24 of this week, I understand." there is to Public attention is currently focused on the BOSSES WANTED be a celebration, which will be attended weapon and the potentialities of its power. Groves'. second task was to contract for ·by Secretary of War Patterson and It will not be amiss for it to be thinking of . building and operating the plants, and the others. honoring those who produced it. second enterprise found some big firms re­ luctant. Du Pont, for example, remember­ I call attention to this resolution today Mr. STEWART. Next I refer to an ing its rake-over by the Nye munitions in­ chiefly for the purpose of emphasis. In article in the September" 3 issue of News vestigation a decade ago, came in only after doing so, I should like to refer to a num­ Week, Gn page 42, under the title "Na­ Groves explained the urgency of the project ber of comments from newspapers tional Affairs." Almost a full page is and then put its management fee at cost throughout the country. I shall not take devoted to General Groves. He is re­ plus $1 profit. And though some Dt her firms the time to read them all, but shall ask ferred to as the "Atom Man," and tribute sought to profit unreasonably by the speed unanimous consent that they be printed is paid him. In this article it is sug­ factor, the only irregularity uncovered to gested that recognition be given bY the date has been the short:-changing of the Gov­ in ~ull in the RECORD as a part of my ernment by a few contract off-area bus remarks. President of the United States for his drivers at the Oak Ridge, Tenn., plant. They I refer first to an editorial entitled "He services. I read a portion of the article: have been prosecuted. Deserves Reward," published in the President Truman's military advisers have In his third task-enrolling a constru~­ · Memphis Commercial Appeal of Sunday, fixed their general ideas of what this Na­ tion force of 100,000 or more and an op­ September 9, 1945. It reads, in part, as tion's policy on atomic power should be. In erating force of 65,00Q--Groves made the follows: · order to maintain our headstart over other American Federation of Labor joint recruit­ nations, they want continued research iri and ing agent with the War Manpower Commis­ For 3 years ~he activities of Maj. Gen. production of atomic energy, but for the sion. To William Green and the chiefs of Leslie R. Groves were cloaked in complete Government's sole account and under its AFL craft unions supplying the needed skills, anonymity and secrecy. While others, more complete control. Only when the danger of Groves, at a meeting in the fall of 1942, said: conspicuously placed, were receiving public aggression has been banished would they ''Of this project, I can only say that unless adulation and decorations for military ac­ share our advanced discoveries with the the Germans edge us out, it will win the war complishment, he was quietly plodding along world at large. and save the lives of labor's sons. We ca,.t in one of the most responsible tasks ever as­ have jurisdictional strikes." There were signed a human being-that of directing the The article then proceeds to discuss none. atomic bomb project. General Groves and the work which he FATHER WOULDN' T TELL I shall not read al\ of the editorial, but did at Oak Ridge in Tennessee in con­ To safeguard the secret, Groves limited hls nection with the development ·of the social life to the Army and Navy Club, where I ask unanimous consent that it be reticence is respected. Sometimes, his printed in full in the RECORD at this point bomb, which, of course, won the war. I ask that the article be printed in full in daughter Gwen joined him on the club's ten­ as a part of my remarks. nis court. But, until the President an­ There being no objection, the editorial the RECORD at this point as a part of my nounced it, neither the 16-year-old subdeb was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, remarks. nor her mother knew that he was working There being no objection, the article a"S follows: ' daily with glittering scientist-socialites, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD. whom the project had summoned to Wash­ HE DESERVES REWARD as follows: ington. For 3 years the activities of Maj. Gen. THE ATOM MAN Groves' promotions-to brigadier general Leslie R. Groves were cloaked in complete when he took the job and to major general anonymity and secrecy. While others, more President Truman's military advisers have later-piqued the curiosity of his son Rich­ conspicuously placed, were receiving public fixed their -general ideas .of what this Na­ ard, who was a student at West Point. Upon adulation and decorations for military ac­ tion's policy on atomic power should br. his graduation last June, the young man complishment, he was quietly plodding along In order to maintain our head start over probed his father; "J?ad, the fellows here all in one of the most responsible tasks ever as­ other nations, they want continued research ask me what my old m an has done to rate signed a human being-that of directing the in and production of atomic energy, but for two sto.rs and his own sleeper plane." Groves atomic bomb project. . the Government's sole account and under let him remain perplexed. It was his job to produce what science its complete control. Only when the danger Three times, aides left unlocked at night 1n had made possible, and that meant produc­ or aggression has been banished would they Groves' otlice· safe drawers containing proj­ tion from the ground up--construction of share our advanced discoveries with the ect papers. Discovering the third offense the gigantic Tennessee and Washington world at large. himself, Groves called the culprit before him, plants, and development of the testing reser­ The President's diplomatic advisers believe exploded with a "Good Heavens," then asked: vation in New Mexico. It involved the em­ with the military experts that no such shar­ "Lsn't this a bad example for the lower ployment of skilled technicians and the train­ ing will be warranted in the next few years. ranks?" ing of thousands of others and, when ·the Assuming then that Mr. Truman r~com­ Groves' own example to his staff-a 12- time came, direction of productive opera­ mends and Congress adopts their policy, the hour workday-has not been altered by tions and final testing of the weapon. In military men see a long-time job ahead for the Japanese surrender. Should he be de­ addition there was the over-all responsibility a mild-mannered colleague, Maj. ·Gen. Leslie tached from the Manhattan District and of maintaining complete secrecy, one of the R. Oroves. revert to his permanent rank of lieutenant most difficult of all the many complex phases WHAT MAKES KNOW-HOW colonel, Groves, just turned 49, has told of the undertaking. · An Army chaplain's son, GrovelS, when friends he might leave the Army and try The entire world knows· the success of the named executive director of.the "Manhattan farming for a while. They think it unlikely project, although it cannot yet begin to esti­ District" project in June 1942, already had that he'll leave. To Secretary of War Stim­ son's comment on his service, "truly out­ mate the effect of release of atomic energy on much experience on big Army construc~ion man's future. Such success is deserving of jobs, among them the Fort Peck Dam and stan

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The NAYs-1 States marshal for th~ eastern district of yeas and nays are ordered and the clerk Wherry Oklahoma. will call the roll. NOT VOTING-26 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ The legislative clerk proceeded to call Austin Green Russell out objection, the nomination is con­ the roll. Bankhead Gutrey Shipstead firmed. Brewster Kilgore Taylor The legislative clerk read the nomina­ Mr. WHITE (when Mr. KNOWLAND'S Bushfield Knowland Thomas, Idaho name was called). I again announce Butler Langer Thomas, Utah tion of Dave E. Hilles to· be United States the necessary absence on official busi­ Byrd Mlllikin Tobey marshal for the western district of Okla­ ness of the junior Senator from Cali­ Eastland O'Mahoney Walsh homa. Gerry Pepper Wheeler fornia [Mr. KNOWLANDl. If he were Glass Reed The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ present he would vote "yea." out objection, the nomination is con­ So the nomination of Dean G. Acheson firmed. The roll call was concluded. to be Under Secretary of State was con­ Mr. BRIDGES (after having voted in THE NAVY the affirmative). I have a general pair firmed. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE The legislative clerk read the nomina-· with the Senator from Utah [Mr. tion of Capt. Gilchrist Baker Stockton, THOMAS]. I am advised that if present he The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The to be rear admiral in the Naval Reserve. would vote as I have voted, and I there­ clerk will proceed to state the other nom-· The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ fore allow my vote to stand. inations on the Executive Calendar. out objection, the nomination is con­ Mr. HILL. The Senator from Penn­ The legislative clerk read the nomina­ firmed. sylvania [Mr. GUFFEY] is absent on of­ tion of Frank McCarthy to be Assistant Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President,. I cia! business in one of the Government Secretary of State. wish to point out to the Senate that de:tJartments. I am advised that if pres­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ the Committee on Naval Affairs of the ent and voting he would vote "yea." out objection, the nomination is con­ Senate has more or less temporarily I announce further that the Senator firmed. adopted a policy of holding up nomina­ from Mississippi [Mr. EAsTLAND] and the FOREIGN SERVICE tions for temporary promotions to the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASs] are The legislative clerk read the nomina­ higher echelons of the Navy. In the case absent from the Senate because of ill­ tion of Maxwell M. Hamilton to be Envoy of Captain Stockton, because of the pe­ ness. Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten­ culiar type of job this reserve officer was The Senator from Alabama [Mr. tiary to Finland. to handle in the Philippines, we deviated BANKHEAD], the Senator from Virginia The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ from our policy. [Mr. BYRD], the Senator from West Vir­ out objection, the nomination is con­ I know that the Senate will be pleased ginia [Mr. KILGORE], the Senator from firmed. Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY], the Senator to hear that, now that the war is over, in from Georgia [Mr. RussELL], and the UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR view of the fact that we are trying to Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA demobilize the Navy, as well as the Army, The legislative clerk read the nomina­ we are· attempting to have the Navy De­ WALSH] are detained on public business. partment in every case justify any tem­ The Senators from Rhode Island [Mr. tion of Bennett Champ Clark to be asso­ ciate justice. porary promotion from now on in the GERRY and Mr. GREEN] · are detained in a higher echelons. conference with the ~ecretary of the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Navy. , out objection, the nomination is con­ POSTMASTERS The Senator from Florida [Mr. PEP­ firmed. The legislative clerk proceeded to read PER], the Senator from Idaho [Mr. The legislative clei·k read the nomina­ sundry nominations of postmasters. TAYLOR]. and the Senator from Utah tion of Wilbur K. Miller to be associate The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ [Mr. THoMAs] are absent on official busi­ justice. out objection, the postmaster nomina­ ness. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With·­ tions are confirmed en bloc. That com­ I am advised that if present and vot­ out objection, the nomination is con­ pletes the Executive Calendar. ing, all the Senators whose absences I firmed. Mr. BARKLEY. I ask unanimous con­ have announced would vote "yea."- The legislative clerk read the nomina­ tion of E. Barrett Prettyman to be asso­ sent that the President be immediately The Senator from Montana [Mr. ciate justice. notified of all confirmations of today. WHEELER J is detained on official business. The PRESIDENT pro tempo;e. With­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from out objection, the nomination is con­ out objection, the President will be noti­ Vermont [Mr. AusTIN] and the Senator firmed. fied forthwith. from New Hampshire [Mr. -TOBEY] are LEGISLATIVE SESSION necessarily absent. . DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES The Sen-ator from South Dakota [Mr. FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I move BusHFIELDJ 'and the Senator from Idaho The legislative clerk read the nomina'­ ·that the Senate proceed to the consider­ [Mr. THOMAs] are absent because of tion of Alexander Holtzoff to be asso­ ation of legislative business. illness. ciate justice. The motion was agreed to; and the The result was announced-yeas 69, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Senate proceeded to the consideration of nays 1, as follows: out objection, the nomination is con·­ legislative business. FULL EMPLOYMENT ACT OF 1945 YEAS-69 firmed. Aiken George Morse UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS Mr. BARKLEY. · Mr. President, with- Andrews Gurney . Murdock The legislative clerk read the nomina­ _out intending to have the bill taken up Bailey ·Hart Murray today, but merely in order to make it the Ball Hatch Myers tion of John A. Carver to be United Barkley Hawkes O'Daniel States attorney for the district of Idaho. unfinished business so that it can be Bilbo Hayden Overton The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ taken up for consideration tomorrow, I Bridges Hickenlooper Radcl11fe move that the Senate proceed to con­ Briggs Hill . Revercomb out objection, the nomination is con­ Brooks Hoey Robertson firmed. sider Senate bill 380, Calendar No. 582, Buck Johnson, Colo. Saltonstall The-legislative clerk read the nomina­ the so-called full-employment bill. Burton Johnston, S.C. Smith The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Capehart La Follette Stewart tion of Whitfield Y. Mauzy to be United Capper Lucas Taft . States attorney for the northern district clerk will state the bill by title. Carville McCarran Thomas, Okla. of Oklahoma. The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (8. Chandler McClellan Tunnell 380) to establish a natiqnal policy and Chavez McFarland Tydings The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Connally McKellar Vandenberg out objection, the nomination is con­ program for assuring continuing full em­ Cordon McMahon Wagner firmed. ployment in a free competitive economy, Donnell Magnuson White , through the concerted efforts of indus- Downey Maybank Wiley UNITED STATES MARSHALS , Ellender Mead Willis . try. agriculture, labor, State and local Ferguson Mitchell Wilson - The legislative clerk read the nomina­ governments, and the Federal Govern- Fulbright Moore Young tion of Granville T. Norris to be United . ment. ' - 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8917 Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr: President, I through the concerted efforts of industry, whether ·for public works, for public services, have no objection to our proceeding im­ agriculture, labor, State and local gov­ for assistance to business, agriculture, home mediately with the bill, except that it ernments, and the Federal Government, owners, veterans, or consumers, or for other purposes, shall be designed to contribute to occurs to me that a bill which has been which had been reported from the Com­ the national wealth and well-being and to reported regarding Army volunteers mittee on Banking and Currency with an stimulate increased employment opportuni­ could probably pass the Senate in 30 amendment to strike out all after the ties by private enterprises. Any such Fed­ minutes. Until 'that is -done, the entire enacting clause and to insert: eral investment and expenditure calling for draft problem will remain complicated. SHORT- TITLE the construction of public works by the Fed­ eral Government shall provide for the per­ Mr. BARKLEY. I appreciate the im­ SECTioN 1. This act may be cited as the ~ormance of the necessary construction work portance of that bill, and if it could be "Full Employment Act of 1945." considered without long debate, I should by private enterprises undet: contract;, except be in favor of laying aside temporarily _ FREE ENTERPRISE AND FULL EMPLOYMENT where the peformance of such work by some SEc. 2. (a) It is the responsibility of the other method is necessary by reason of spe­ the full-employment bill. The chair­ Federal Government to foster free competi­ cial circumstances or is authorized by other man of the Committee on Military Affairs tive private enterprise and the investment of provisions of law; and all such work shall be is not at tJle moment in the Chamber, private capital. performed in accordance with all applicable and I do not like to do anything about (b) All Americans able to work and desir­ laws, including laws relating to labor stand­ the bill until he is present. If my motion ing to work are entited to an opportunity ards. shall be agreed to, and we can reasonably for useful, remunerative, regular, and full­ (e) It is the policy of the United States hope to dispose of the bill referred to time employment. to discharge the responsibilities herein set (c) In order to assure the free exercise of forth in such a manner as will contribute by the ~enator from Michigan after brief to an expanding exchange of goods and serv­ discussion tomorrow, or at any other the rights to an opportunity for employment set forth above and in order to (1) foster ices among nations and without resort to tlme, by laying aside the full-employ­ free competitive private enterprise and the measures or programs that would contribute ment bill, I shall be agreeable to that investment of private capital; (2) promote to economic warfare· among nations. program. the general health and welfare of the Na­ THE NATIONAL PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT Mr. VANDENBERG. I thank the tion; (3) foster the American home and BUDGET Senator for his statement. It seems to American education as the foundation of SEc. 3. (a) The President shall transmit to me that in view of the turmoil of public the American way of life; (4) raise the stand­ Congress at the beginning of each 1regular opinion, both in and out of Congress, ard of living of the American people; (5) pro­ session the National Production and Employ­ with respect to enlistments, the quicker vide aaequate employment opportunities for ment Budget (hereinafter referred to as the returning veterans; (6) develop trade and "National Budget''), which shall set forth~ we can undertake this ·experiment the commerce among the several States and ( 1) for the ensuing fiscal year and such sooner we can know whether or not it with foreign nations; (7) maintain expand­ longer period as the President may deem ap­ 'will be necessary to proceed with the ing markets for agricultural products and propriate, an estimate of the number of draft. assure expanding income for agricultural . employment opportunities needed for full Mr. BARKLEY. I appreciate we can­ enterprises; (8) contribute to the eponomic employment, the production of goods and not know what further legislation will development of underdeveloped areas .of the services at full employment, and the volume be necessary until we know. the degree· of country; (9) encourage and strengthen com­ of investment and expenditure needed for petitive small business enterprises; (10) the purchase of such _goods and services; success the voluntary system may attain, strengthen the national defense and secu­ (2) current and foreseeable trends in the and it is import~nt to dispose of the. mat­ rity; and (11) contribute to the est~blish­ number of employment opportunities, the ter at the earliest possible date. I shall ment and maintenance of lasting peace production of goods and services, and the cooperate to that end. among nations, the Federal Government has volume of investment and expenditure for Mr. VANDENBERG. In addition to the responsibility to assure continuing full the purchase of goods and services, not tak­ that is the fact that the full-employment employment, that is, the existence at all ing into account the effects of the general bill cannot even pretend to take effect times of sufficient employment opportunities program provided for in paragraph (3) here­ 3 4 for all Americans able to work and desiring of; and for. or m·onths, and· after that will to work. (3) a general program, pursuant to section not really become effective for 6 months, (d) To that end the Federal Government 2, for assuring continuing full employment, -so that I think we might spare an hour. shall, in cooperation with industry, agricul­ together with such recommendations for Mr. BARKLEY. All that is cumula­ ture, labor, State and local governments, legislation as he may deem necessary or de­ tive argument in favor of.·disposing of and others, develop and pursue a consistent sirable. Such program shall include what­ the· other ·matter as quickly as possible. and carefully planned economic program ever measures he may deem necessary to pre­ Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President., I with respect to, but not limited to, taxa­ vent infiationary or deflationary dislocations tion; banking, credit, and currency; monop­ or monopolistic practices from interfering wish wholeheartedly to join the senior oly and monopolistic practices;·· wages, hours, with the a~surance of continuing full em­ Senator from Michigan in urging early and working conditions; foreign trade and ployment. consideration of the bill which has just investment'; agriculture; educat.ion;_ hous­ (b) .The National Budget shall include a been reporteA by the Committee on Mili­ ing; social security; natural resources; the review of the eConomic program of the Fed­ tary Affairs . permitting volunteeripg in provision of public services, works, and re- eral Government during the preceding year the Army and Navy. I hope the major­ . search; and other revenue, investment, ex­ and a report on its effect upon the amount ity leader will, during the course of t.he penditure, service, or regulatory activities of of the national income and upon the dis­ th_e Federal Government. Such prog~:am tribution of the national income among agri­ consideration of the fUll-employment bill. shall, among other things- culture, industry, labor, and others. fthd' time to have the bill dealiiJg with (1) stimulate, encourage, and assist pri­ (c) The President shall transmit quar­ volunteering in the services taken:up and vate enterprises to provide, through an ex­ terly to Congress a report' on economic devel­ disposed of. I realize "it cannot· be taken panding production and distribution of opments, together with such modifications up ·today, because it was reported to­ goods and services, the largest feasible vol-­ in the National Budget and such legislative day by the chairman of the Committee ume of employment opportunities; recommendations as he may deem neces­ on 'Military A1Iairs, but I paint out that (2) stimulate, encourage, and assist State sary or desirable. the bill has been passed by the House of and local governments, through the exercise (d) When the National Budget and the of their respective functions, to make their quarterly reports thereon are transmitted Representatives and is ready and ripe for to the Congress, they shall be referred to the consideration tomorrow by this body. most effective contribution to assuring ·con­ tinuing full employment; Joint Committee on the National Budget I wish to urge earnestly that the bill (3) provide for an income for the aged hereinafter established. dealing wih volunteers be taken up at sufficient to enable them to maintain a de­ PREPARATION OF NATIONAL BUDGET the earliest possible moment. cent and healthful standard of living, and SEc. 4. (a) The National Budget shall be The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The promote the retirement from the labor force prepared under the general direction and question is on the motion of the Senator of the older· citizens; and supervisio:1. of the Pre~dent, and in con­ from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY] to pro­ (4) to the extent that continuing fuli em­ sultation with heads of departments and ceed to the consideration of the Senate ployment cannot otherwise be assured, pro­ establishments. bill 380. vide such volume of Federal investment and (b) The President shall consult with in­ The motion was agreed to; and the expenditure as may be needed, in addition to dustry, agriculture, labor, consumers, State the investment and expenditure by priv~te and local governments, and others, with re­ Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. enterprises, consumers, and State and local gard to the preparation of the National 380) . to establish a national policy and governments, to assure continuing full em­ Budget, and for this purpose shall .establish program for assuring continuing full em­ ployment. Such Feder.al investment and ex­ such advisory boards, committees, or com­ ployment in a free competitive econo~y, penditure, whether direct or indirect, or missions as he may de~m desirable. 8918 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE SEPTEMBER 24 JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL _BUDGET Budget, unless such program shall have been UNITED STATES MARSHALS• SEc. 5. (a) There is hereby established a authorized by provisions of law other than Granville T. Norris to be United States Joint Committee on the National Budget, to this act. marshal for the eastern district of Oklahoma. be composed of 15 Members of the ·senate, AUTHORIZATION TO FILE MINORITY Dave E. Hilles to be United States marshal to be appointed by the President of the VIEWS AND TO PRINT AMENDMENTS for the western district of Oltlahoma. Senate; and 15 Members of the House of IN THE NAVY Representatives to be appointed by the Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Senator yield? APPOINTMENT IN THE NAVAL RESERVE FOR The party representation of the Joint Com­ Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. TEMPORARY SERVICE mittee shall as nearly as may be feasible re­ Capt. Gilchrist Bates Stockton to be a rear flect the relative membership of the major­ Mr. TAFT . .I -ask unanimous consent admiral in the Naval Reserve, for temporary ity and minority parties in the Senate and that permission be granted for the filing service, to continue while serving as naval the House of Representatives. of minority views during the recess of the aide and liaison officer to the United States (b) It shall be the function of the Joint Senate and that various amendments High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands, Committee- which are to be proposed to the bill may to rank from the date of confirmation by the ( 1) to make a continuing study of mat­ be submitted and printed during the Senate. ters relating to the National Budget and recess, so they may be available by POSTMASTERS to consult with the President w_ith respect thereto; tomorrow. IOWA (2) to make a study of the National Budget Mr. BARKLEY. I thought the Sena­ Gussie M. Jarvis, Bradgate. transmitted to Congress. by the President in tor asked and secured such consent last John J. Franta, Gilbertville. accordance with section 3 of this Act; and Thursday. Henry A. Nemmers, Lamotte. (3) as a guide to the several committees Mr. TAFT. Consent was secured dur­ Perry M. Dougherty, Legrand. of Congress dealing with legislation relating ing the last recess of the Senate. I have Oley C. Hanson, Otho. to the National Budget, not later than April now renewed the request to apply to the Edward Moroney, Swaledale. 1 of each year (A) to· file a report with the present recess. OREGON Senate and the House of Representatives Glenwood Pounds, Adrian. containing its findings and recommenda­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ out objection, it is so ordered. Marie W. Havill, Beavercreek. tions with respect to each of the main rec­ Darrell L. Howser, Burns. ommendations made by the President in RECESS Leola L. Stoddard, Butte Falls. the National Budget, and (B) to prepare Robert G. Henderson, Chemawa. and report a joint resolution setting forth Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Sen­ Sadie E. Wadswortl\, Delake. for ~he ensuing fiscal year its summary rec­ ate take a recess until 12 o'clock noon Arthur Roy Kerr, Depoe Bay. ommendations concerning the National tomorrow. Clara D. Neal, Sublimity. Budget. The motion was agreed ·to; and