PROJECT FOR A MUSEUM LAMAISON DES CIVILISATIONS ET DE L’UNITÉ RÉUNIONNAISE OFTHE PRESENT FRANÇOISE VERGÈS CARPANIN MARIMOUTOU PROJECT FOR A MUSEUM LA MAISON DES CIVILISATIONS ET DE L’UNITÉ RÉUNIONNAISE OF THE PRESENT Authors Françoise Vergès BOARD OF SPONSORS Carpanin Marimoutou The MCUR is sponsored by the following personalities for their active and determined commitment in favor of cultural differences and democracy. Mohamed Arkoun, Isaac Julien, Copy-editor for French text by philosophe, historian, Paris, France artist, Great Britain Marianne Fernel Marc Augé, Abdel Kebir Khatibi, anthropologist, directeur d’études at the École writer, Morocco des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Translation for English text Chérif Khaznadar, (président de l’EHESS, 1985 -1995), France Susan Wise Director of the Maison des cultures Raymond Barre, du monde, Paris, France former Prime Minister of the French Koyo Kouoh, Editorial Coordination/Iconography/ Republic, France African Association for Design and layout Richard Bohringer, Contemporary Art, Lawrence Bitterly, Paris actor, singer, France Cacao Dakar, Senegal [email protected] Aimé Césaire, Sarat Maharaj, poet, writer, former deputy-mayor of Art Critic and Professor, Great Britain Fort-de-France, Martinique, France Stéphane Martin, Michel Colardelle, director of the Musée du Quai-Branly, conservator general of the Patrimony, Paris, France director of the Musée des Civilisations Federico Mayor, de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée, poet, former director of UNESCO, Marseille, France Spain Maryse Condé, Elikia M’Bokolo, writer, Guadeloupe, France historian, France Mia Couto, Albert Memmi, writer, Mozambique sociologist, writer, France Jacques Derrida, [†] V. Nallam, philosopher, France President of the Alliances Françaises Abdou Diouf, de l’Inde, India Copyright: juin 2006 secretary general of the Agence Yousry Nasrallah, Internationale de la Francophonie, filmmaker, Egypt © 2006, Maison des civilisations et former President of the Republic of Senegal de l’unité réunionnaise/ conseil régional Jack Ralite, Marcelino Dos Santos, de La Réunion. All Rights Reserved. senator, former minister, France former president of the National Assembly, Mozambique Mario Soares, Website: former Prime Minister, http://www.mcur.fr Christiane Falgayrettes-Leveau, President of the Mario Soares Foundation, director of the Musée Dapper, Paris, France Portugal Mikhaïl Gorbachev, Christiane Taubira, Nobel Peace Prize, president of Elected representative, Guyana, the Gorbachev Foundation, Russia France Stuart Hall, Marie-Claude Tjibaou, sociologist, Professor Emeritus, University of President of the Agence de London, Great Britain développement de la culture Kanak, Albert Jacquard, Centre culturel biologist, France Jean-Marie Tjibaou, New Caledonia Summary PREFACE 8 FOREWORD 12 PREMISE 21 43METHODOLOGY FOR A POSTCOLONIAL MUSEUM OF THE LIVING PRESENT REFIGURING THE MUSEUM 5O REFIGURING THE OBJECT AND THE ARCHIVE 8O REFIGURING MEMORY 96 REFIGURING MATERIAL & IMMATERIAL CULTURE 104 REVISING THE NOTION OF CIVILIZATION 120 MAPPING THE INDOCEANIC CULTURAL SPACE 126 FIGURING REUNIONESE UNITY 138 REFIGURING THE PROCESSES OF CREOLIZATION 148 REFIGURING IDENTITY 154 POSTCOLONIALITY IN REUNION 164 CULTURE, DEMOCRACY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 178 I87THE CULTURAL PROJECT OF LA MAISON DES CIVILISATIONS ET DE L’UNITÉ RÉUNIONNAISE THE CULTURAL PROJECT 190 STAGING HISTORY AND CULTURE 198 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MCUR 208 MUSEOGRAPHY FOR A MUSEUM OF THE PRESENT 216 THE EXHIBITION: INDICATIONS 220 SEQUENCES 240 VISITORS, USERS AND PARTNERS 258 267ANNEX Paul Vergès President of the Regional PREFACE Reunion is a small island, its history is recent, and its people Council of Reunion came and still come from countries with very ancient and very different civilizations. May 2005. Whatever the conditions and reasons of their coming may be, they brought with them traces and memories of these civilizations and adapted them to their new country. Reunion’s history has been filled with violence, denials, negations, contempt. Yet it led to the edification of a common culture, one of hybridity and creolization. Six worlds converged here. The African, Chinese, European, Indian, Islamic, insular worlds were and still are the crucible of a culture in which we all recognize ourselves. The main expression of this common culture is orality which by definition is always dynamic and pregnant with changes. Our island’s contribution to the world is founded on our immaterial productions, a treasure that warrants an ethics of human relations that refuses to comply with the economic logic of merchandise. La Maison des Civilisations et de l’Unité Réunionnaise, born of practices of resistance and of constantly renewed affirmations, is the place where all the origins are shared, where all the memories join forces, where cultural differences build the dynamics of unity. Saint-Denis La Réunion Saint-Paul Saint-Benoit 1 6 5 2 3 7 4 Saint-Pierre 1. Maison des civilisations 2. Centre d’Études et de 3. Musée Stella Matutina. 5. Éco-musée de Cilaos. Carte de La Réunion. Les droits afférents correspondent et de l’unité réunionnaise, Découvertes des Tortues Marines, 4. Musée des Arts décoratifs de 6. Éco-musée de Salazie. Elle a été réalisée par le service à une publication de la Région, MCUR. KELONIA. l’océan Indien, MADOI. 7. Maison du Volcan. géographique de la Région Réunion. même commerciale. MCUR l FOREWORD FOREWORD This document presents the conceptual and methodological choices for a museum sponsored by the Reunion Region and supported by the French government and the European Community. It will be built on the island of Reunion and should be completed by 2010. It will be 13 located at Saint-Paul, the site of the first human settlement on the is- land in the seventeenth century. The conception of the museum results from several observations and interrogations: how can practices and processes that belong for the most part to what has been called “immaterial” or “intangible” culture be expressed visually without falling into a reductive ethnology? How can the maps of exchanges, contacts and conflicts of the Indoceanic world, where in the course of centuries six worlds converged (African, Chinese, European, Indian, Muslim, Malagasy and Comorian world), be expressed visually so as to render the contact zones, the cultural interactions, the modes of interpenetration, diffusion, dissemination and dispersion? How can the processes and practices of creolization at work in the creation of Reunionese unity be expressed visually? How can yesterday’s routes of slavery and indentured labor, today’s migrations, power relationships, inequalities, discriminations be * Words, expressions and abbreviations in grayscale are explained in a glossary at the end of the document. MCUR l PROJECT FOR A MUSEUM OF THE PRESENT MCUR l FOREWORD expressed visually, concurrently with the resistances, struggles We thank them all as we do all those who shared in varying and imaginaries? How can we make the museum a space of discus- sion open to reinterpretations, local and global transformations? degrees in the elaboration of this publication. This document seeks to answer those questions, putting forth the founding principles of a museum on a small territory of the “South”, This document was written first of all for the Reunionese people and, linked to France and Europe, Africa and China, India and the Muslim as such, may appear “localized.” We are aware of this pitfall. As a world, a museum of creolization processes, a museum of the living pedagogical tool, it is open to repetitions and its bibliography is only present. indicative. However, we think that the modest suggestions we make could interest artists, scholars, curators and cultural players all over 14 It is based on the results of a study and enquiry performed by the the world who endeavor to better express intercultural practices. It is 15 SCET, observations and recommendations expressed in seminars and an invitation to join in the discussion, because the MCUR wants to be the report drafted by the SCET/Abaque research consultancy. It a terrain for experiments, a dynamic tool serving a population in a benefited by suggestions offered by Reunionese social, economic and postcolonial situation. cultural actors, as well as by national and international scholars, artists, and curators. This text arises from the conclusions of the encounters It is difficult to present Reunion Island in a single paragraph. To begin of the past four years. It is especially indebted to the work and with, most people in the world will not even know where it is. It is not knowledge gathered on the Reunionese space by the Reunionese, associated to a recognized world like the Caribbean archipelago, nor knowledge that for ages was neglected or marginalized. to a single area of civilization: it is not an “African”, “Asian” or “French” The list of all those to whom we wish to express our gratitude is very island. Finally, it is a French territory and as such does not belong to long since we would have to go way back in time to avoid omitting any the accepted narrative of decolonization. Colonial and postcolonial contribution. We should in particular name all those who did not leave history tend to ignore this island. a written trace but without whom our culture, Reunionese culture, would not be what it is. Without them this project would never have Reunion Island is located in the southwest of the Indian Ocean, east come about, without them these reflections