DOCSLIB.ORG

Cortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Identified by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Identified by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Identified by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Jill M. Goldstein, PhD; Julie M. Goodman, PhD; Larry J. Seidman, PhD; David N. Kennedy, PhD; Nikos Makris, MD, PhD; Hang Lee, PhD; Jason Tourville; Verne S. Caviness, Jr, MD, DPhil; Stephen V. Faraone, PhD; Ming T. Tsuang, MD, PhD Background: Relatively few magnetic resonance imag- umes of brain regions, adjusted for age- and sex-corrected ing studies of schizophrenia have investigated the en- head size, were used to compare patients and controls. tire cerebral cortex. Most focus on only a few areas within a lobe or an entire lobe. To assess expected regional al- Results: The greatest volumetric reductions and largest terations in cortical volumes, we used a new method to effect sizes were in the middle frontal gyrus and paralim- segment the entire neocortex into 48 topographically de- bic brain regions, such as the frontomedial and fronto- fined brain regions. We hypothesized, based on previ- orbital cortices, anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, ous empirical and theoretical work, that dorsolateral pre- and the insula. In addition, the supramarginal gyrus, which frontal and paralimbic cortices would be significantly is densely connected to prefrontal and cingulate cortices, volumetrically reduced in patients with schizophrenia was also significantly reduced in patients. Patients also had compared with normal controls. subtle volumetric increases in other cortical areas with strong reciprocal connections to the paralimbic areas that Methods: Twenty-nine patients with DSM-III-R schizo- were volumetrically reduced. phrenia were systematically sampled from 3 public outpa- tient service networks in the Boston, Mass, area. Healthy Conclusion: Findings using our methods have impli- subjects, recruited from catchment areas from which the cations for understanding brain abnormalities in schizo- patients were drawn, were screened for psychopathologic phrenia and suggest the importance of the paralimbic ar- disorders and proportionately matched to patients by age, eas and their connections with prefrontal brain regions. sex, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status, reading abil- ity, and handedness. Analyses of covariance of the vol- Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:537-547 EVERAL MODELS havebeenpro- Despite the current emphasis on the posed to explain the wide- importance of cortical abnormalities in spread brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, structural imaging stud- patients with schizophrenia. ies of the entire cortex are relatively few. Early anatomical models were In fact, of 67 studies recently reviewed,8 based largely on hypothesized focal abnor- only 16 examined more than one cortical S 1 malities in particular brain regions, derived brain region in more than one lobe. Stud- mainly from adult lesion models of neuro- ies that have examined the entire cortex psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia has have sampled primarily men and ac- more recently been understood as, in part, quired images with relatively large slices— a neurodevelopmental disorder2,3 in which 5-mm slices with 2.5-mm gaps.17,20,21 The altered connectivity or multifocal abnor- relatively small number of cortical struc- malities are more likely than focal dis- tural imaging studies may be due, in part, orders.4-6 The most frequently replicated to the difficult and time-consuming na- findings have been in subcortical structures, ture of segmenting these relatively small suchasthehippocampalregion7-10 andthala- areas of the brain. Furthermore, until re- mus.10,11 An increasing number of studies, cently, methods to assess in vivo the subtle however, have demonstrated abnormalities volumetric reductions in small cortical re- in cortical brain regions,12-21 indicative of gions, which require fine distinctions be- developmental origins.12,13,20,22-24 Neuro- tween brain regions, were not available for pathologicandneuralnetworkfindingshave the analysis of brain images. Thus far, most The affiliations of the authors suggested that schizophrenia may involve of the subtle abnormalities in the cortex appear in the acknowledgement a defect in neuronal migration,22-24 myelina- have been identified at the cellular level section at the end of the article. tion,5 and/or corticocortical pruning.25-27 using postmortem techniques. ARCH GEN PSYCHIATRY/ VOL 56, JUNE 1999 537 ©1999 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/01/2021 METHODS The healthy controls were a proportionately matched comparison group. There were no significant differences in sex distribution, age, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic SAMPLE status, education, Wide Range Achievement Reading54 score, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised55,56 vocabulary Patients were systematically sampled from the universe of score, and handedness. There was a significant (P = .01) dif- outpatients at 3 public psychiatric hospitals in the Boston, ference in IQ, which is typical for schizophrenia. Mass, area that serve primarily patients with psychotic dis- orders.45-47 Inclusion criteria consisted of ages between 25 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES and 66 years, at least an eighth-grade education, English as the first language, and an estimated IQ of at least 70. Exclu- Research DSM-III-R diagnoses were based on the Schedule sion criteria for subjects were substance abuse within the past for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia57 and a system- 6 months, history of a head injury with documented cogni- atic review of the medical record. Patients primarily had un- tive sequelae or loss of consciousness longer than 5 min- differentiated or paranoid subtypes (Table 1). Interviews were utes, neurologic disease or damage, mental retardation, medi- obtained by master’s level interviewers with extensive diag- cal illnesses that substantially impair neurocognitive function, nostic interviewing experience. Senior investigators (Drs and a history of electroconvulsive treatment. Written in- Goldstein and Seidman) reviewed the transcripts from the formed consent was obtained after a complete description interview and the medical records to determine the consen- of the study was given to the subjects. sus, best-estimate, lifetime diagnosis. Blindness of assess- Healthy control subjects were recruited through ad- ments among psychiatric and MRI data was maintained. vertisements in the catchment areas and notices posted on bulletin boards at the hospitals from which the patients were IMAGING PROCEDURES recruited. They were proportionately matched to patients by age, sex, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status,49 read- Image Acquisition ing ability, and handedness. Control subjects were screened for current psychopathological disorders using a short form Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired at the of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory50 and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center of the Massachusetts a family history of psychoses or psychiatric hospital ad- General Hospital, Boston, with a 1.5-T MRI scanner (Gen- missions. We excluded potential controls if they had a cur- eral Electric Signa scanner; General Electric Corporation, rent psychopathological disorder; a lifetime history of any Waukesha, Wis). Contiguous 3.1-mm coronal spoiled- psychosis; a family history of psychosis or psychiatric hos- gradient echo images of the entire brain were obtained us- pitalization; or a score on any clinical or validity scale on ing the following parameters: repetition time, 40 millisec- the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, except onds; echo time, 8 milliseconds; flip angle, 50°; field of view, the Masculinity-Femininity scale, above 70. 30 cm; matrix, 2563256; and averages, 1. The MRI scans Patients were included if they had a DSM-III-R51 clini- were processed and analyzed at the Massachusetts Gen- cal diagnosis of schizophrenia. (Patients were rediag- eral Hospital Center for Morphometric Analysis for fur- nosed by research criteria, as described in the subsection ther processing and analysis. “Diagnostic Procedures.”) The sample consisted of 29 pa- Data were analyzed using image analysis workstations tients, 17 (59%) of them male. Table 1 presents a sum- (Sun Microsystems Inc, Mountain View, Calif). Images were mary of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics positionally normalized by imposing a standard 3-dimen- of the patients and controls. sional coordinate system on each 3-dimensional MRI scan, The patients were a middle-aged sample, primarily non- using the midpoints of the decussations of the anterior and Hispanic white (25 [86%]), with an average education of posterior commissures and the midsagittal plane at the level partial college, who came from a middle to lower-middle of the posterior commissure as points of reference for rota- socioeconomic status. Measures of premorbid and cur- tion and (nondeformation) transformation.38,58 Scans were rent IQ were in the average range. They had a mean ± SD then resliced into normalized 3.1-mm coronal, 1.0-mm axial, age at illness onset of 23.6 ± 5.8 years (range, 16-45 years), and 1.0-mm sagittal scans and were analyzed. Positional nor- with 4.2 ± 3.1 hospital admissions, reflecting 22.0 ± 9.9 malization overcomes potential problems caused by varia- months of hospitalization and 20.9 ± 10.2 years of illness. tion in head position of subjects during scanning. The daily chlorpromazine-equivalent dose was 689.9 ± 591.6 mg of typical neuroleptic medications. In general, the pa- Gray Matter–White Matter Image
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brain Responses Associated with Consciousness of Breathlessness (Air Hunger)
    Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger) Mario Liotti*†, Stephen Brannan*, Gary Egan‡, Robert Shade§, Lisa Madden§, Bart Abplanalp¶, Rachel Robillard*, Jack Lancaster*, Frank E. Zamarripa*, Peter T. Fox*, and Derek Denton‡ *Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284; ‡Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; §Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, P. O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549; and ¶Departments of Psychology and Educational Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 Contributed by Derek Denton, December 18, 2000 Little is known about the physiological mechanisms subserving the increased end-tidal PCO2 in quadriplegics, where the brainstem experience of air hunger and the affective control of breathing in respiratory oscillator is intact but its activity cannot be trans- humans. Acute hunger for air after inhalation of CO2 was studied mitted via bulbo spinal fibers to the anterior horn cells of the in nine healthy volunteers with positron emission tomography. respiratory musculature (7). The clinical data on the ‘‘locked-in’’ Subjective breathlessness was manipulated while end-tidal CO2- syndrome highlight the presence of unknown elements in respi- was held constant. Subjects experienced a significantly greater ratory control. Here a lesion of the ventral pons and lower sense of air hunger breathing through a face mask than through a midbrain involving motor tracts to the rest of the body will mouthpiece. The statistical contrast between the two conditions remove all voluntary control of muscle movement except eye delineated a distributed network of primarily limbic͞paralimbic elevation (8).
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria Official Journal of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association Psychiatry Volume 34 • Number 1 • March/2012
    Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2012;34:101-111 Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Official Journal of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association Psychiatry Volume 34 • Number 1 • March/2012 REVIEW ARTICLE Neuroimaging in specific phobia disorder: a systematic review of the literature Ila M.P. Linares,1 Clarissa Trzesniak,1 Marcos Hortes N. Chagas,1 Jaime E. C. Hallak,1 Antonio E. Nardi,2 José Alexandre S. Crippa1 ¹ Department of Neuroscience and Behavior of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP). INCT Translational Medicine (CNPq). São Paulo, Brazil 2 Panic & Respiration Laboratory. Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). INCT Translational Medicine (CNPq). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received on August 03, 2011; accepted on October 12, 2011 DESCRIPTORS Abstract Neuroimaging; Objective: Specific phobia (SP) is characterized by irrational fear associated with avoidance of Specific Phobia; specific stimuli. In recent years, neuroimaging techniques have been used in an attempt to better Review; understand the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to perform a Anxiety Disorder; systematic review of articles that used neuroimaging techniques to study SP. Method: A literature Phobia. search was conducted through electronic databases, using the keywords: imaging, neuroimaging, PET, spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance, structural magnetic resonance, SPECT, MRI, DTI, and tractography, combined with simple phobia and specific phobia. One-hundred fifteen articles were found, of which 38 were selected for the present review. From these, 24 used fMRI, 11 used PET, 1 used SPECT, 2 used structural MRI, and none used spectroscopy. Result: The search showed that studies in this area were published recently and that the neuroanatomic substrate of SP has not yet been consolidated.
    [Show full text]
  • 9.14 Lecture 29: Core Pathways of the Limbic System, and Remembering
    A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2014 Part 9: Hypothalamus & Limbic System MIT 9.14 Class 29 Core pathways of the limbic system, and remembering meaningful places (Limbic system 2) Chapter 26 Limbic system structures Topics • Hypothalamic cell groups • “Papez’ circuit” and the limbic endbrain • The various structures of the limbic system • Connections between limbic and non-limbic system structures • Limbic forebrain activity and mental states • Review of some major pathways 2 Questions, chapter 26 1) The hypothalamus has two major divisions, medial and lateral. What is a major difference between these two divisions? 3 Hypothalamic cell groups Per Brodal’s chapter 19: questions; discussion • Which major hypothalamic division can be divided into multiple distinct nuclei? – This was done, for example, by Le Gros Clark in 1936: see next slide. – See also Larry Swanson’s more detailed figure 6.11 – Comparison of human with rat/mouse/hamster • How can the remainder of the hypothalamus be characterized? 4 Cell groups of the human medial hypothalamus Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Clark, WE Le Gros. "The Topography and Homologies of the Hypothalamic Nuclei in Man." Journal of Anatomy 70, no. Pt 2 (1936): 203. “A diagram showing the hypothalamic nuclei projected on to the lateral wall of the third ventricle. This diagram has been made by taking a tracing from a photograph of the brain which was afterwards serially sectioned in a sagittal plane. The extent of the nuclei was reconstructed 5 from the serial sections.” From Le Gros Clark, 1936 Rat / mouse / hamster: Schematic parasagittal section Courtesy of MIT Press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Development of the Brain As It Pertains to Neurosurgery
    Open Access Original Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6748 The Evolutionary Development of the Brain As It Pertains to Neurosurgery Jaafar Basma 1 , Natalie Guley 2 , L. Madison Michael II 3 , Kenan Arnautovic 3 , Frederick Boop 3 , Jeff Sorenson 3 1. Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA 2. Neurological Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA 3. Neurological Surgery, Semmes-Murphey Clinic, Memphis, USA Corresponding author: Jaafar Basma, [email protected] Abstract Background Neuroanatomists have long been fascinated by the complex topographic organization of the cerebrum. We examined historical and modern phylogenetic theories pertaining to microneurosurgical anatomy and intrinsic brain tumor development. Methods Literature and history related to the study of anatomy, evolution, and tumor predilection of the limbic and paralimbic regions were reviewed. We used vertebrate histological cross-sections, photographs from Albert Rhoton Jr.’s dissections, and original drawings to demonstrate the utility of evolutionary temporal causality in understanding anatomy. Results Phylogenetic neuroanatomy progressed from the substantial works of Alcmaeon, Herophilus, Galen, Vesalius, von Baer, Darwin, Felsenstein, Klingler, MacLean, and many others. We identified two major modern evolutionary theories: “triune brain” and topological phylogenetics. While the concept of “triune brain” is speculative and highly debated, it remains the most popular in the current neurosurgical literature. Phylogenetics inspired by mathematical topology utilizes computational, statistical, and embryological data to analyze the temporal transformations leading to three-dimensional topographic anatomy. These transformations have shaped well-defined surgical planes, which can be exploited by the neurosurgeon to access deep cerebral targets. The microsurgical anatomy of the cerebrum and the limbic system is redescribed by incorporating the dimension of temporal causality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical Continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain
    fnsyn-13-616607 March 5, 2021 Time: 15:55 # 1 HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 11 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.616607 The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain Alberto A. Rasia-Filho1,2*, Kétlyn T. Knak Guerra2, Carlos Escobar Vásquez2, Aline Dall’Oglio1, Roman Reberger3, Cláudio R. Jung4 and Maria Elisa Calcagnotto2,5 1 Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 3 Medical Engineering Program, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, 4 Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 5 Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Edited by: Human cortical and subcortical areas integrate emotion, memory, and cognition when Kimberly M. Huber, interpreting various environmental stimuli for the elaboration of complex, evolved social University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States behaviors. Pyramidal neurons occur in developed phylogenetic areas advancing along Reviewed by: with the allocortex to represent 70–85% of the neocortical gray matter. Here, we Zdravko Petanjek, illustrate and discuss morphological features of heterogeneous spiny pyramidal neurons University of Zagreb, Croatia emerging from specific amygdaloid nuclei, in CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions, and Humberto Salgado, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, in neocortical layers II/III and V of the anterolateral temporal lobe in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Neuroanatomy: Large-Scale Networks, Association
    M. - MAR S E L M E SU LAM Faced with an anatomical fact proven beyond doubt, any physiological result that stands in contradiction to it loses all its meaning. ... So, first anatomy and then physiology; but if first physiology, then not without ana tomy. —BERNHARD VON GUDDEN(1824-1886), QUOTED BY KORBINIAN BRODMANN, IN LAU RENCE GAREY ‘S TRANSLATION I. INTRODUCTION The human brain displays marked regional variations in architecture, connectivity, neurochemistrv, and physiology. This chapter explores the relevance of these re- gional variations to cognition and behavior. Some topics have been included mostly for the sake of completeness and continuity. Their coverage is brief, either because the available information is limited or because its relevance to behavior and cog- nition is tangential. Other subjects, such as the processing of visual information, are reviewed in extensive detail, both because a lot is known and also because the information helps to articulate general principles relevant to all other domains of behavior. Experiments on laboratory primates will receive considerable emphasis, espe- cially in those areas of cerebral connectivity and physiology where relevant infor- mation is not yet available in the human. Structural homologies across species are always incomplete, and many complex behaviors, particularly those that are of greatest interest to the clinician and cognitive neuroscientist, are either rudimentary or absent in other animals. Nonetheless, the reliance on animal data in this chapter is unlikely to be too misleading since the focus will be on principles rather than specifics and since principles of organization are likely to remain relatively stable across closely related species.
    [Show full text]
  • Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. a Review
    REVIEW published: 04 October 2017 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00084 The Human Periallocortex: Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. A Review Ricardo Insausti 1*, Mónica Muñoz-López 1, Ana M. Insausti 2 and Emilio Artacho-Pérula 1 1Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain, 2Department of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy School, Public University of Navarra, Tudela, Spain The cortical mantle is not homogeneous, so that three types of cortex can be distinguished: allocortex, periallocortex and isocortex. The main distinction among those three types is based on morphological differences, in particular the number of layers, overall organization, appearance, etc., as well as its connectivity. Additionally, in the phylogenetic scale, this classification is conserved among different mammals. The most primitive and simple cortex is the allocortex, which is characterized by the presence of three layers, with one cellular main layer; it is continued by the periallocortex, which presents six layers, although with enough differences in the layer pattern to separate three different fields: presubiculum (PrS), parasubiculum (PaS), and entorhinal cortex (EC). The closest part to the allocortex (represented by the subiculum) is the PrS, which shows outer (layers I–III) and inner (V–VI) principal layers (lamina principalis externa and lamina principalis interna), both separated by a cell poor band, parallel to the pial surface (layer IV or lamina dissecans). This layer organization is present throughout the anterior- posterior axis. The PaS continues the PrS, but its rostrocaudal extent is shorter than the PrS. The organization of the PaS shows the layer pattern more clearly than in the Edited by: PrS.
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Brain Networks of the Human Left Temporal Pole: a Functional Connectivity MRI Study
    Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published September 24, 2013 Cerebral Cortex doi:10.1093/cercor/bht260 Large-Scale Brain Networks of the Human Left Temporal Pole: A Functional Connectivity MRI Study Belen Pascual1, Joseph C. Masdeu2, Mark Hollenbeck1, Nikos Makris3,4, Ricardo Insausti5, Song-Lin Ding6 and Bradford C. Dickerson1,4 1MGH Frontotemporal Dementia Unit, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, 2Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, 3Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Radiology Services, 4Center for Neural Systems Investigation, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, 5Center for Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain and 6Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA Address correspondence to Dr Bradford C. Dickerson, MGH Frontotemporal Dementia Unit, 149 13th St., Suite 2691, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Email: [email protected] The most rostral portion of the human temporal cortex, the temporal lesions as a result of one of these disorders have highlighted its Downloaded from pole (TP), has been described as “enigmatic” because its functional importance in semantic and lexical skills (Damasio et al. 1996; neuroanatomy remains unclear. Comparative anatomy studies are Mummery et al. 2000; Patterson 2007; Wilson et al. 2010), face only partially helpful, because the human TP is larger and cytoarchi- recognition (Damasio et al. 1990; Evans et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Human Cortical Areasin
    The Journal of Neuroscience, August 10, 2011 • 31(32):11597–11616 • 11597 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Mapping Human Cortical Areas In Vivo Based on Myelin Content as Revealed by T1- and T2-Weighted MRI Matthew F. Glasser and David C. Van Essen Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Noninvasively mapping the layout of cortical areas in humans is a continuing challenge for neuroscience. We present a new method of mapping cortical areas based on myelin content as revealed by T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) MRI. The method is general- izable across different 3T scanners and pulse sequences. We use the ratio of T1w/T2w image intensities to eliminate the MR-related image intensity bias and enhance the contrast to noise ratio for myelin. Data from each subject were mapped to the cortical surface and aligned across individuals using surface-based registration. The spatial gradient of the group average myelin map provides an observer- independent measure of sharp transitions in myelin content across the surface—i.e., putative cortical areal borders. We found excellent agreement between the gradients of the myelin maps and the gradients of published probabilistic cytoarchitectonically defined cortical areas that were registered to the same surface-based atlas. For other cortical regions, we used published anatomical and functional information to make putative identifications of dozens of cortical areas or candidate areas. In general, primary and early unimodal association cortices are heavily myelinated and higher, multimodal, association cortices are more lightly myelinated, but there are notable exceptions in the literature that are confirmed by our results.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Amd Iemotiomal Be!Ciwegunlantioma
    Social amd IEmotiomal Be!CIWegunlantioma DON M. PHAN LUU,h AND KARL H. PRIBRAMd.' bPsychology Departmenr . University of Oregon and Electrical Geodesics, lnc. Eugene, Oregon dRadford University Radford, Virginia 'Stanford University Stanford, California The assumption of some form of frontal dysfunction in emotional disorder has long been important in psychiatry. In the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, this assumption led to many thousands of frontal lobotomies, leukotomies, and tractotomies for the treatment of affective and psychological dysfunctions.'.' Yet it was clear at the time that the scientific evidence relating these deliberate frontal lesions to psychiatric symptoms was thin at best.' The rationale was that psycho- surgery treated the psychotic process by disrupting the "fixed" pathological idea- ti~n.'.~In fact. however, although orbital frontal and anterior cingulate lesions reliably decreased the symptoms of anxiety and depression, the clinical outcome studies of this era showed consistently that the psychotic disorder of schizophrenic patients was unchanged by the proced~re.~ In Sweden, physicians evaluated the effects of lobotomy by talking with the patients' family members. The damage to personality was clear. The wife of patient 2 says, "Doctor, you have given me a new husband. He isn't the same man." The mother of patient 4 declares, "She is my daughter but yet a different person. She is with me in body but her soul is in some way lost. Those deep feelings, the tendernesses are gone. She is hard, some- how." The brother of patient 3, a clergyman, states that her personality is altered; her interests, her outlook on life, her behavior, are different.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of the Cerebral Cortex of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera Novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae)
    THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 290:1–31 (2007) Structure of the Cerebral Cortex of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae) 1,2 1 PATRICK R. HOF * AND ESTEL VAN DER GUCHT 1Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York ABSTRACT Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals between 50 and 60 million years ago and acquired, during their adaptation to a fully aquatic milieu, many derived features, including echolocation (in odontocetes), re- markable auditory and communicative abilities, as well as a complex social organization. Whereas brain structure has been documented in detail in some odontocetes, few reports exist on its organization in mysti- cetes. We studied the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in comparison to another balaenopterid, the fin whale, and representative odontocetes. We observed several differences between Meg- aptera and odontocetes, such as a highly clustered organization of layer II over the occipital and inferotemporal neocortex, whereas such pattern is restricted to the ventral insula in odontocetes. A striking observation in Megaptera was the presence in layer V of the anterior cingulate, ante- rior insular, and frontopolar cortices of large spindle cells, similar in mor- phology and distribution to those described in hominids, suggesting a case of parallel evolution. They were also observed in the fin whale and the largest odontocetes, but not in species with smaller brains or body size. The hippocampal formation, unremarkable in odontocetes, is further diminutive in Megaptera, contrasting with terrestrial mammals. As in odontocetes, clear cytoarchitectural patterns exist in the neocortex of Megaptera, making it possible to define many cortical domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Where Motor Control Drive And
    REVIEWS PRIMATE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX: WHERE MOTOR CONTROL, DRIVE AND COGNITION INTERFACE Tomá˘sPaus Controversy surrounds the function of the anterior cingulate cortex. Recent discussions about its role in behavioural control have centred on three main issues: its involvement in motor control, its proposed role in cognition and its relationship with the arousal/drive state of the organism. I argue that the overlap of these three domains is key to distinguishing the anterior cingulate cortex from other frontal regions, placing it in a unique position to translate intentions to actions. 1 TEMPERAMENT AND The past decade saw a surge of interest in the structure sulcus, which is present in only 30–50% of individuals . CHARACTER INVENTORY and function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in The incidence1–3 and volume4 of the paracingulate sul- A self-report measure of seven human and non-human primates. Three key features cus are greater in the left hemisphere; this asymmetry basic dimensions of dominate current discussions on the role of the ACC in might be related to the involvement of the paracingu- temperament (novelty seeking, 5 harm avoidance, reward behavioural control. First, dense projections from the late region in speech . Conversely, the volume of grey dependence and persistence) ACC to the motor cortex and spinal cord seem to impli- matter buried in the anterior section of the cingulate and character (self-directedness, cate this region in motor control. Second, reciprocal cor- sulcus is greater in the right hemisphere, as compared cooperativeness and self- tico–cortical connections of the ACC with the lateral with the left4.
    [Show full text]