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Chapter 33: Cultural Geography of Australia and Oceania

Chapter 33: Cultural Geography of Australia and Oceania

Chapter Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English CD-ROM or DVD Language Learners

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess FOCUS

BL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 33-1 33-2 TEACH BL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 31 p. 32 BL ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 24 BL OL AL ELL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 27 OL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 29 BL OL AL ELL Location Activity, URB p. 1 OL World Literature Contemporary Selection, URB p. 11

pp. 238– pp. 241– BL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* 240 243

OL Foods Around the World p. 42 p. 44 BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Atlas* ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Political Map Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities p. 23

11-1, BL OL AL ELL Map Overlay Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 11-5

BL OL AL ELL World Cultures Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 20 19

BL OL AL ELL World Art and Architecture Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 55 BL OL AL ELL National Geographic World Desk Map ✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Writer’s Guidebook for Social Studies ✓✓✓✓ OL AL World History Primary Source Documents Library ✓✓✓✓ National Geographic World Video Program ✓✓✓✓ BookLink for Social Studies ✓✓✓✓ StudentWorks™ Plus ✓✓✓✓ ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

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816A-816D_C33_IL_895263.indd 816A 2/1/10 11:40:33 AM Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Printable reports of daily • Interactive Teacher Edition assignments All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters • Standards Tracking System • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Differentiated Lesson Plans

Levels Chapter Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL ELL Section Video Program ✓✓ BL OL AL ELL World Music: A Cultural Legacy ✓ ✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL High School Writing Process Transparencies ✓ ✓✓✓ High School Character Education ✓ ✓✓✓

Inclusion for the High School Social Studies Classroom ✓ ✓✓✓ Strategies and Activities High School Reading in the Content Area Strategies and Activities ✓ ✓✓✓ Success with English Learners ✓ ✓✓✓ Teacher Differentiated Instruction for the Geography Classroom ✓ ✓✓✓ Resources Literacy Strategies in Social Studies ✓ ✓✓✓ Standards-Based Instruction ✓ ✓✓✓ Presentation Plus! with MindJogger CheckPoint ✓ ✓✓✓ TeacherWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓ National Geographic Focus on Geography Literacy Teacher Guide ✓ ✓✓✓ ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests p. 405 p. 406 p. 407 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 63 BL OL AL ELL ExamView Assessment Suite 33-1 33-2 Ch. 33 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 25 BL OL ELL Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Guide Foldables p. 75 pp. 81– Graphic Organizer Transparencies, Strategies, and Activities 82 ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter. *Also available in Spanish

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816A-816D_C33_IL_895263.indd 816B 2/1/10 11:40:40 AM Chapter Integrating Technology

Using the Lesson Planner Teach With Technology

What is the Lesson Planner? The TeacherWorks™ Plus Lesson Planner is a practical tool for creating and organizing daily lesson plans using an interactive calendar. How can the Lesson Planner help me? The Lesson Planner makes it easy to see, at a glance, the resources you have chosen to use for each class on any given day. Using a simple drag-and-drop format, you can generate lesson plans using any number of ancillary titles included in the TeacherWorks™ Plus software, as well as Internet links, documents, files, and programs of your choosing. Once a lesson plan is created, the Lesson Planner serves as a launching point for these resources. The Lesson Planner is a feature of TeacherWorks™ Plus.

Geography ONLINE You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill WGC2630C33T for Chapter 33 resources. widget. Student Teacher Parent World Geography and Cultures Online Learning Center (Web Site) • Section Audio ●●● • Spanish Chapter Audio Summaries ●●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In-Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Nations of the World Atlas ●●● • Glencoe Graphing Tool ●●● • btw — Current Events Web Site ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●●

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816A-816D_C33_IL_895263.indd 816C 2/1/10 11:40:45 AM Additional Resources

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps stu- The following videotape programs are available from dents increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to Chapter 33: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • The Thunderbirds: Thunder Over the Pacific assessments. (ISBN 0-76-700448-5) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find class- concentrates on six essential reading skills that help room resources to accompany many of these videos, students better comprehend what they read. The book check the following pages: includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written A&E Television: www.aetv.com at increasing levels of difficulty. The History Channel: www.historychannel.com • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. • Content Vocabulary Workout (Grades 6-8) acceler- ates reading comprehension through focused vocabu- lary development. Social Studies content vocabulary comes from the glossaries of Glencoe’s Middle School Social Studies texts. www.jamestowneducation.com

Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to cre- Index to National Geographic Magazine: ate a customized reading list for your students. Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading The following articles relate to this chapter: • level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • “Beyond the Blue Horizon,” by Roff Smith, March 2008. • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ • “While the King Sleeps,” by Matthew Teague, (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. 2007. • A brief summary of each selection is included. • “Tattoo: Pigments of Imagination,” by Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa, December 2004. Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: • “Banjo,” by Roff Smith, August 2004. For students at a Grade 7 reading level: • Australian Aborigines, by Richard Nile National Geographic Society Products To order the following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: For students at a Grade 8 reading level: • The Remarkable Voyages of Captain Cook, • National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book). By Rhoda Blumberg Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine For students at a Grade 9 reading level: Web site and other geography resources at: • Houses, by Piero Ventura www.nationalgeographic.com For students at a Grade 10 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com/maps • Coming of Age in , by Margaret Mead

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816A-816D_C33_IL_895263.indd 816D 2/1/10 11:40:51 AM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF Focus The movement of people, goods, More About the and ideas causes societies to Photo change over time. The geography and climates of Australia and Visual Literacy Tell students have drawn people from and Oceania great distances. Migrations of people that is home to hun- from to island made it a var- dreds of indigenous cultures. There ied and fascinating . Later, is a folk saying in New Guinea that European and Japanese colonization reshaped the region. Today, interna- states, “to each village, a different tional travel has made the region culture.” This saying is emphasized more accessible than ever. by the fact that there are more than 800 languages spoken in the country and only about half of Essential Questions them are related. Section 1: Australia and How did the migration and settle- ment of foreign cultures affect Teach indigenous cultures in Australia As you begin teaching and New Zealand? this chapter, read the Big Idea out Section 2: Oceania loud to students. Explain that the How did European colonization Big Idea is a broad, or high-level, affect the island countries of Oceania? concept that will help them under- stand what they are about to learn. Use the Essential Question for each section to help students focus on sthe Big Idea.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC9952C33 for Chapter 33 resources. Women use face paint to celebrate their indigenous culture in .

816 Unit 11

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 816 2/1/10 9:19:24 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 817 2/1/10 9:19:48 AM Section 1 removed from lands they had lived on for thou- Australia and New Zealand sands of years.) Tell students that in Section 1 Essential Question How did the migration they will learn about how indigenous peoples and settlement of foreign cultures affect the and cultures were affected by European settle- indigenous cultures of Australia and New ment in Australia and New Zealand. Also dis- Zealand? (European cussed is how indigenous peoples have won and New Zealand has had a negative impact on greater recognition of their cultural identities indigenous peoples, many of whom were forcibly and become more politically active. OL

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816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 816 2/1/10 11:37:58 AM CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

Organizing Information Make Previewing a Three-Pocket Book to help you organize information about each of the Region the areas in the chapter: Australia and New Zealand and Oceania. If you have not already done so, engage students in the Regional Atlas and Country Profiles activi- ties to help them become familiar with the general content of the region.

Dinah Zike’s Foldables Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write Purpose This Foldable helps Essential Questions information about the cultural geography of each sub- region on note cards and then file them in the Three- students organize their notes Pocket Book. about the cultural geography

AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania. The completed Foldable will help students prepare for assessment.

Geography ONLINE Visit glencoe.com and enter code WGC2630C33T for Chapter 33 resources.

Chapter 33 817

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 816 2/1/10 9:19:24 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 817 2/1/10 9:19:48 AM Section 2 previously known to Oceanic cultures, also Oceania played a significant role in population reduction.) Essential Question How did European Tell students that in Section 2 they will learn colonization affect the island countries of about how change brought about by the Oceania? (Many European countries struggled movements of many different peoples and cul- to control this region. European violence against tures has resulted in widespread change in resisting indigenous cultures was a major factor Oceania over the past 200 years. OL in reduced populations. European diseases, not

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816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 817 2/1/10 11:38:27 AM CHAPTER Section 1 SECTION 1 Australia and section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Guide to Reading New Zealand Focus Essential Question Australia and New Zealand have been meeting How did the migration and settle- Daily Focus Transparency 33.1 ment of foreign cultures affect places for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. indigenous cultures in Australia The dramatic deserts, mountains, and of and New Zealand? these places meet the oceans along temperate Content Vocabulary coastlines. British colonists met indigenous people • clan (p. 820) • here during the colonial period. Travelers today, • (p. 821) (p. 820) • Strine (p. 822) just as they have for years, can encounter amazing wildlife in Australia and New Zealand. Academic Vocabulary • establishing (p. 821) • structure (p. 821) Voices Around the World Guide to Reading Places to Locate Answers to Graphic: • (p. 819) “I was hunting for eggs with Aborigines when our boat ran up against • (p. 820) a log. Everyone jumped into the and walked to land as I lagged behind (p. 820) I. Population Patterns • with my camera gear. I’d only gone a few steps in the water when I looked up A. The People • Auckland (p. 820) at the shore and saw a crocodile’s huge gaping mouth coming right at me. All 1. Aborigines • Christchurch (p. 820) I remember thinking is “How do they see where they’re going with all those 2. Maori • (p. 820) teeth lifted up in front of their eyeballs?” 3. Europeans Reading Strategy 4. Asians — Randy Olson, “Australia’s Monsoon,” Taking Notes As you read about B. Density and Distribution National Geographic, November 2004 II. History and Government the population patterns, histories, A. Early Peoples and cultures of Australia and New B. European Zealand, use the major headings 1. European Settlement of the section to create an outline 2. Indigenous Peoples similar to the one below. C. Independence III. Culture I. Population Patterns A. Education and Health Care A. B. Language and Religion B. C. The Arts and Leisure II. History and Government A. B.

To generate student interest and provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 33, Section 1 video at glencoe.com. A crocodile in Australia’s Resource Manager 818 Unit 11

Reading Critical816-823_C33_S1_ 879995.indd 818 Differentiated Writing Skill 2/1/10 9:20:13 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 819 2/1/10 9:20:36 AM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Determining • Comparing and • Kinesthetic, p. 822 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, Importance, p. 820 Contrasting, p. 819 p. 820 pp. 819, 822 • Predicting Additional Resources • Reading a Map, p. 821 Additional Resources Consequences, p. 821 • Diff. Instr. for the Geo. Additional Resources • Guided Reading 33-1, Classroom, pp. 129–131 • World Cultures Additional Resources URB, p. 31 Additional Resources • Foldables, p. 75 Trans. 20 • Daily Focus Skills • RENTG, pp. 238–240 • World Lit., URB, p. 11 • World Art & Arch. Trans. 33-1 • Graphic Organizer • Quizzes and Tests, p. 405 Trans. 55 • Reinforcing Skills Act., Trans., pp. 81–82 • Map Overlay Trans. 11, URB, p. 27 11-1, 11-4 • Location Act., URB p. 1

816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 818 2/1/10 11:38:33 AM where each group lives in specific regions of the Population Patterns . One such group is the Arrente, who CHAPTER Section 1 have lived in central Australia for about 20,000 MAIN Idea Indigenous peoples and British set- years. Aborigines feel a direct relationship to the tlers influenced the look of modern-day Australia landscape and believe in Dreamtime, a system of and New Zealand. beliefs that they feel connects them back to the beginning of time. Another group is the Palawa Essential Question GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How are rural areas differ- ent from urban areas where you live? Read to learn peoples who have lived on the island of Tasmania Teach why most people in in urban areas. for about 32,000 years. C Critical Thinking Maori The Maori (MOWR•ee) of New Zealand Indigenous peoples and foreign colonizers came from the of . They lived Comparing and Contrasting have made this very diverse. by hunting, fishing, and raising crops. Many Have students compare and con- ancient Maori traditions still exist. The People trast the lifestyles of Australia’s Europeans Starting in the late 1500s, Europeans The Aborigines, Australia’s earliest people, may Aborigines and New Zealand’s sailed the around Australia and New have the world’s oldest surviving culture. Recent Maori. Ask: What is the major dif- Zealand. They eventually colonized the region, arrivals give the subregion its new diversity. and today most of the area’s people are of British ference in the two cultures? Aborigines The first of these nomadic hunters descent. (Aborigines are nomadic. Maori and gatherers probably arrived in Australia raise crops.) BL 40,000 to 60,000 years ago from Southeast . C Today, Aborigines number about 315,000, or For additional practice on this about 2 percent of the population. Numerous skill, see the Skills Handbook. groups make up the Aborigines in Australia, 1. Location Where is most of Australia’s population concentrated? 2. Place Which part of Papua New Guinea is the most S Skill Practice Australia and Oceania: densely populated? Population Density Using Geography Skills Have students study the map on this 20°N POPULATION NORTHERN Wake Island page. Ask: How many cities in MARIANA ISLANDS U.S. Per sq. mi. Per sq. km U.S. Johnston Atoll Philippine U.S. 63 and over 25 and over Australia have a population South MARSHALL Sea 25–62 10–24 China U.S. ISLANDS greater than one million? Sea 2.5–24 1–9 Kingman Reef U.S. Less than 2.5 Less than 1 (five) OL Palmyra Atoll U.S. SOUTHEAST FEDERATED STATES OF LINE DATE INTERNATIONAL Howland Island U.S. ASIA EQUATOR 0° Baker Island U.S. Jarvis Island U.S. New Guinea PAPUA NEW GUINEA Answers Port Marquesas Moresby SAMOA Islands 1. along the eastern coast WALLIS AND AMERICAN Society S FUTUNA Fr. SAMOA Coral U.S. Islands 2. the central part of the main Sea N.Z. FRENCH POLYNESIA 20°S New Fr. island Caledonia N.Z. TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Fr. AUSTRALIA PACIFIC Island Gold Coast Australia Cities Kermadec Islands (Statistics reflect metropolitan areas.) Newcastle N.Z. Sydney Over 2,000,000 Auckland N 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Melbourne Tasman NEW 250,000 to 1,000,000 40°S ZEALAND W E Sea 0 1,000 kilometers Tasmania Christchurch Wellington S 0 1,000 miles Chatham Islands Mercator projection 120°E 140°E 160°E 180° N.Z. 160°W 140°W Hands-On Chapter 33 819 Chapter Project Step 1

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 818 2/1/10 9:20:13 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.inddCultural 819 Exchange Directions Tell students that the cultural2/1/10 Putting 9:20:36 AM It Together Have students research they are doing will underscore the begin to create a presentation for the class Step 1: Research the Culture Groups idea of the differences and similarities that that will inform everyone about this spe- Have student groups research the diverse exist among cultures. Have each group of cific regional culture. OL cultural practices, identities, and customs students identify a specific culture they (Chapter Project continues on page 825.) of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania. would like to research in depth. Then have Essential Question How do so many students collect information regarding cul- different cultural practices survive in the tural practices such as folk stories, dress, region? music, religious beliefs, and so on.

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816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 819 2/1/10 11:38:57 AM CHAPTER Section 1 History and Government

MAIN Idea Together, but not always in agreement, Reading Strategy indigenous people and British settlers shaped the R course of history in Australia and New Zealand. Determining Importance GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What effects did European Ask: Why do you think the Maori colonization have in the ? Read to wear tattoos to indicate ancestry learn about the impact of European colonization on the cultures of Australia and New Zealand. and social status? (Answers will R vary, but may include as a way to The early inhabitants of Australia and New identify with the family group and Zealand, the effects of colonization, and the to pass on family history.) OL recent experience of independence have shaped the modern countries of today.

W Writing Support Early Peoples Persuasive Writing Explain Australia’s earliest settlers may have migrated that much has been written about Maori women have tra- to the area over land bridges during the Ice Age, the negative effects of European ditionally worn tattoos when ocean levels were much lower than they around their chin and mouth to indicate migration into this region. Have are today. The early Aborigines led a nomadic ancestry and social status. life. They used well-traveled routes to reach students write a one-page persua- Place From where did the Maori of New Zealand originally water and seasonal food sources. Clans, or fam- sive statement in support of migrate? ily groups, traveled together within their ances- European exploration and tral territories, carrying only baskets, bowls, migration. OL spears, and sticks for digging. To hunt animals, Asians In recent decades, Australia has actively Aboriginal men used a heavy throwing stick, recruited immigrants. As a result, increasing num- called a boomerang, that soars and curves in bers of East and Southeast Asians have moved to flight, and the women and children gathered Caption Answer: the country for economic opportunities. plants and seeds. the islands of Polynesia Increased trade was accompanied by migra- Density and Distribution tions among the islands. Between the a.d. 900s Australia’s physical geography results in the and 1300s, the Maori left eastern Polynesia and Answer: its uneven distribution of its people. Very few peo- settled the islands of New Zealand. Maori farm- physical geography ple live in the dry central plateaus and deserts. ers lived in villages and grew traditional root Most live along the southeastern, eastern, and crops, such as taro and yams, which they had southwestern coasts, which have a mild climate, brought from their Polynesian homeland. fertile soil, and access to the sea. Most of New Zealand’s people live in coastal areas as well. European Exploration Most people in Australia and New Zealand From the 1500s to the 1700s, Europeans of live in cities or towns along the temperate coasts. various nationalities explored vast stretches of The largest Australian cities are Sydney and the South Pacific region. Perhaps the most well- Melbourne. Each has more than 4 million resi- known explorer was the British sailor James dents and is a major commercial port. New W Cook, who undertook three voyages to the Zealand’s ports of Auckland, Christchurch, and region between 1768 and 1779. Cook claimed Wellington are the country’s largest cities. eastern Australia for , visited vari- Human-Environment Interaction ous South Pacific islands, circled Antarctica, and What has influenced population distribution in produced remarkably accurate records and maps Differentiated Australia? of these places. Instruction 820 Unit 11

816-823_C33_S1_879995.inddLeveled 820 Activities 2/1/10 9:20:43 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 821 2/1/10 9:20:45 AM

BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Differentiated Instruction, AL Differentiated Instruction, ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB, p. 31 p. 130 p. 129 URB, p. 24

Name Date Class CHAPTER 33 Name Date Class

Many Languages Many Languages

Key Terms and Reinforcement Australia and New Zealand Key Terms and Reinforcement

Australian English subsistence farming Australia’s may have the oldest surviving culture in the world. a blend of English and an indigenous language clan (Aborigines/Originals) a family group pidgin English The peoples have lived on the island of Tasmania for about 32,000 years. a heavy throwing stick that curves in flight dominion (Palawa/Ngarrindjeri) a dependent area placed under temporary control trust territory The came to New Zealand from Polynesia. (Maori/Polynesians) of a foreign country horticulture The of many of these islands led to the development of unique languages. a largely self-governing country within the boomerang (deserts/isolation) Strine Europeans of descent still make up most of the populations of both growing only enough for one’s own needs Australia and New Zealand. (French/British) raising of plants and fruits on small plots Australia and New Zealand’s demand for workers led to more open immigration policies after the Boomerangs . (1970s/1870s) Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Most people in this region live in . (Australia/New Zealand)

Australia has very low population density in its ______areas. (rural/urban) Strategic Battles of World War II Strategic Battles of World War II The high standard of living in the region’s major attracts people from rural areas. (cities/farms) Samoan Proverbs After World War II, Australian expanded greatly. (energy/industry) Write these Samoan proverbs on the board and ask students to explain what Government help immigrants adjust to Australian Life. (programs/housing) they mean or to find equivalents in English. “When a crab is caught it is pierced with its own leg.” in the region enhances lifestyles but also causes disagreements. “A careless person will be taken by surprise by his watchful enemy.” (Isolation/Diversity) “In every generation there are some outstanding chiefs.” 820 “Having foolishly got into trouble he is asking for help.” is called . (pidgin/Strine) The most widely practiced religion in Australia and New Zealand is . The Cultures of Australia The Cultures of Australia and New Zealand and New Zealand (/) Aborigines and the Land Australian literacy rates reach . (90 percent/99 percent) Tell students that some Aborigines feel that they have not been adequately Maori meeting houses are decorated with . (oil paintings/wood carvings) compensated for all the tribal lands that were taken by the European colonial governments. Ask students how they think government should

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright resolve the issue.

816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 820 2/1/10 11:39:09 AM European Settlement Starting in 1788, Great Commonwealth of Australia. The new country Britain used Australia as a colony for convicts was a dominion, a largely self-governing country CHAPTER Section 1 sent from overcrowded British prisons. By the within the British Empire. Australia’s form of early 1850s, the imprisonment of British con- government blended a U.S.-style federal system victs had ended, and free British settlers were with a British-style parliamentary . MAIN Idea establishing coastal farms and settlements. In 1907 New Zealand became a self-governing Livestock, mostly sheep, were introduced to the dominion with a British . C Critical Thinking continent, and settlers profited from exporting New Zealanders, however, contributed some to Britain. Another source of wealth was political “firsts” of their own. In 1893 New Predicting Consequences gold, discovered in Australia in the 1850s. Zealand became the first country in the world to Before reading the subsection on Meanwhile, the British and other Europeans legally recognize women’s right to vote. indigenous peoples, ask students were also establishing settlements in New Zealand, Since World War II, the two countries have what consequences they think which offered fishing and rich soil. By the end of forged close economic and political relationships the 1800s, raising livestock had become a major with the United States. At home, the Aborigines will result from the European set- part of New Zealand’s economy. and the Maori have won greater recognition of tlement of the region, specifically their unique cultural identities and become Indigenous Peoples The arrival of Europeans in between the Europeans and the politically active. the region had a disastrous impact on indige- indigenous population. (conflict nous peoples. The British forcibly removed many Place What led to the decline of over land, fight for independence, Aborigines from the land and denied them basic Aborigine populations during colonization? racial issues) OL rights. Many Aborigines resisted, but European dis- eases and violence against Patterns of European Settlement S Skill Practice them steadily reduced their Reading a Map Have students populations. In the mid- N 140°E 120°E 160°E 1800s, authorities placed Darwin study the “Patterns of European many Aborigines in reserves, W E Coral Sea Settlement” map. Ask: Did or separate areas. S European settlement in Australia British settlement in New 20°S occur from east to west, or west C Zealand brought hardships Great Sandy Desert to east? (from east to west) Why to the Maori, as well. The AUSTRALIA TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Maori social structure was Simpson do you think this is so? (Eastern Desert weakened when the British Brisbane Australia provides fertile soil, rivers, colonists introduced new Great Desert Lake PACIFIC and milder climate, and so was set- R. S ways of farming and other Eyre g lin OCEAN ar tled first.) aspects of European cul- Perth D ture. In the 1800s, an armed M Sydney u Maori resistance fought Adelaide rr ay Canberra British rule for 15 years. INDIAN R. Melbourne During these conflicts, OCEAN Answers many Maori were killed, 40°S and they lost most of their Areas of European Settlement Tasman 1. the interior deserts land to the British. by 1830 No European Tasmania Sea by 1850 settlement by 1930 2. along coastal areas and rivers 0 800 kilometers by 1880 Area of Aboriginal Independence resistance 0 800 miles by 1930 Mercator projection Australia and New Answer: con- Zealand peacefully won their independence from flict and disease Great Britain in the early 1. Movement Which areas of Australia were the last to be settled by the Europeans? 1900s. In 1901 Britain’s 2. Location Where were most areas of Aboriginal resistance located? Australian colonies became Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. states and formed the Additional Chapter 33 821 Support

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 820 2/1/10 9:20:43 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 821 Did You Know? 2/1/10 9:20:45 AM

• Language Both English and Maori are village has since been excavated and is • The “Spirit of Mateship” Australia the national languages of New Zealand. now the site of a museum of Maori Day, celebrated on January 26, observes culture. the day Captain took for- Government New Zealand’s govern- • mal possession of the colony of New ment is structured on the British parlia- Transported In the late 1800s, Great • South Wales and became its first gover- mentary system. Britain used Australia as a , and sent the worst offenders to Tas- nor. It is typically marked by day-long A Southern Pompeii The New • mania. Australia’s first police force was public celebrations including breakfasts, Zealand village of Te Wairoa is known as made up of “well-behaved” convicts. games, concerts, and . the “buried village.” In 1886, Te Wairoa was buried by a volcanic eruption. The

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816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 821 2/1/10 11:39:17 AM CHAPTER Section 1 Teen in Culture Life New MAIN Idea Indigenous cultures and European tra- ditions shaped the present-day cultures of Australia Zealand and New Zealand. Differentiated GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How is the culture of your D Teen life in New Zealand is very much like teen Instruction community a mix of old and new influences? Read life in the United States. Teens in New Zealand to learn about the Aborigines’ religious traditions. Kinesthetic Ask interested enjoy playing sports and hanging out with friends. students to conduct Internet Like American teens, many hold part-time jobs to Australia and New Zealand blend both earn extra money. research on the rules of in European and indigenous elements in their cul- order to mount a game of their Did you know . . . tures. In recent years, Asian influences have also own. After the game, have them increased in the region. While daily life in much report to the rest of the class on Rugby, a game similar to American , is of Australia and New Zealand may resemble the most popular sport in New Zealand. that in Western countries, one can find many the exercise. OL New Zealanders also like to play soccer and ways of life in different parts of the region. D netball, which is like but without S Skill Practice dribbling. Education and Health Care The quality of education varies throughout Using Geography Skills Have New Zealanders eat hamburgers like North Americans do, but a real New Zealand burger Australia and New Zealand. Both countries pro- students look at the various maps includes a fried egg and a beet slice. vide free, . Literacy rates of Australia in this section and Students can choose whether to attend a coed are high, at over 99 percent, and many students define the region called the high school or an all-boys or all-girls high attend universities. Many students in Australia’s S remote receive and turn in assignments Outback. Ask: Why would some school. by mail or communicate with teachers by two- students in the Outback have to Students are required to attend school from way radios. take lessons by radio? (because the ages of 5 to 16. and New Zealanders, especially the region is so remote) OL Great importance is placed upon the education those in cities, generally have access to quality of children in New Zealand. A large portion of medical care and other social services. In some the government’s budget is set aside for parts of Australia, rugged terrain and long dis- education. tances make access to health care difficult. High school students must pass a difficult exam Modern technology, however, allows doctors to Essential Question to gain university admission. consult with patients through the use of two- way radios and through mobile clinics. Indigenous peoples, however, often do not receive these and other benefits. Many Aborigines suffer from poverty, malnutrition, and unemployment. In recent years, the and private organiza- tions have been trying to make up for past injustices, and the courts have recognized the claims of Aborigines to government assistance, land, and natural resources. Language and Religion English is the major language spoken in both Australia and New Zealand. Australian English, called Strine, has a unique vocabulary made up of Aboriginal words, terms used by early set- Additional tlers, and slang created by modern Australians. Support 822 Unit 11

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 822 Activity: Collaborative Learning 2/1/10 9:20:49 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 823 2/1/10 9:21:03 AM Collaborative Learning This activity allows students Organizing Have students work in groups to restaurant and have them try to find illustra- to work together to research, research the foods that are unique to Australia tions of their menu items to help them sell the write, learn, and present as a and New Zealand. Have each group design a idea of the establishment. Also ask them to team. It allows students with menu that focuses on these foods. Once they design a specialty dish that incorporates different skill levels to work have completed their menus, instruct groups to regional dining customs. Students should pre- and learn together. come up with an idea for a restaurant that sent their newly designed restaurants to the serves the foods of Australia and/or New rest of the class. BL ELL Zealand. Ask them to think of a name for the

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816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 822 2/1/10 11:39:21 AM Because of the rather large population of Maori The Arts and Leisure CHAPTER Section 1 in New Zealand, Maori is also spoken in certain The peoples of Australia and New Zealand tra- areas. Only about two percent of Australians — the MAIN Idea ditionally used art, music, dance, and storytelling Aborigines — speak Aboriginal languages. to pass on knowledge from generation to genera- English in Australia tion. Australian Aborigines, for example, recorded Australian slang: English meaning: their past in rock paintings and developed songs Barbie Barbecue to pass on information about routes and land- marks. In New Zealand, Maori artisans devel- Geography ONLINE Sheila Woman oped skills in canoe making, basketry, tattooing, Objectives and answers to the Ridgy-Didge Original; Genuine and woodcarving. Today Maori meetinghouses Student Web Activity can be Mad as a cut snake Very angry are decorated with elaborate wood carvings. Chuck a sickie To call in sick from school or Sports and leisure activities in Australia and found at glencoe.com under work when you are healthy New Zealand reflect mostly the region’s colonial the Web Activity Lesson Plan heritage. British settlers brought cricket to Australia for this program. The religious traditions of the two countries’ and New Zealand. In urban areas, where Western indigenous peoples focus on the relationship of influence dominates, leisure activities include ten- humans to nature. Australia’s Aborigines, for nis, boating, fishing, waterskiing, and other water Answer: mail example, believe in the idea of Dreamtime, the sports along the metropolitan beaches. early time when they say wandering spirits cre- or two-way radios ated land features, plants, animals, and humans. Regions How do teachers com- They believe that all natural things — rocks, municate with students in remote areas of Australia? trees, plants, animals, and humans — have spirits and are interrelated. Europeans later brought Geography ONLINE Assess Christianity to the region, which attracted many Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com, select the followers among the indigenous peoples. World Geography and Cultures Web site, and Geography ONLINE Christianity is the most widely practiced religion click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 33 for an activ- in Australia and New Zealand today. ity about Australia. AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA Study Central™ provides sum- maries, interactive games, and online graphic organizers to help SECTION 1 REVIEW students review content. Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: clan, boomerang, dominion, Strine. 5. Answering the Essential Question Compare and con- trast the views of indigenous peoples and European settlers Close Main Ideas about the land — its value, ownership, and use. Identifying Ask: In what ways 2. How have indigenous peoples and British settlers influenced 6. Identifying Cause and Effect What effects, both positive and did peoples of Australia and New the look of modern-day Australia and New Zealand? negative, resulted from European colonization of this region? Zealand pass on knowledge from 3. Describe examples in which indigenous cultures and European 7. Analyzing Visuals Compare the population density map traditions have shaped the and New on page 819 with the physical map on page 792. What geo- generation to generation? (by Zealand. graphic factors cause most of Australia’s population to clus- their art, music, dance, and 4. Use a chart like the one below to organize factors that influ- ter in eastern coastal areas? storytelling) enced the region’s cultural diversity and forms of government. Writing About Geography Indigenous European Migration Power Struggles 8. Descriptive Writing Write a paragraph describing what the Peoples Colonization experience of learning might be like for students living in Australia’s Outback.

Geography ONLINE Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Section 1 Review Chapter 33 823

816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 822 2/1/10 9:20:49 AM 816-823_C33_S1_879995.indd 823 Answers 2/1/10 9:21:03 AM

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are 4. 5. Aboriginal peoples were nomadic and did found in the section and the Glossary. Indigenous European Power not have property rights. Europeans had a Migration 2. Indigenous populations influenced the art Peoples Colonization Struggles tradition of property rights and were agrarian. of the region. Maori meeting houses are Aborigines Claimed by Europeans and decorated with wood carvings. British set- took a land Captain Cook indigenous pop- 6. improvements in education and health care; Aborigines tlers were involved in coastal farms and bridge to and used as a ulations clashed introduction of European diseases, histori- settlements. Australia prison colony over British rule cal mistreatment of indigenous populations 3. Indigenous populations influenced the lan- Polynesian Europeans and 7. deserts and mountain ranges Set up with guage and art of the region. The British peoples indigenous pop- 8. Paragraphs will vary. Maori British style introduced the parliamentary system, prop- migrated to ulations clashed parliament erty rights, sports, and language. New Zealand over British rule 823

816-823_C33_S1_895263.indd 823 2/1/10 11:39:26 AM CHAPTER Section 2 SECTION 2 Oceania section spotlight MAIN Idea audio video Hundreds of indigenous cultures peopled the Guide to Reading islands of Oceania in the South Pacific when Focus Essential Question European explorers arrived. Thousands of islands How did European colonization had been their home for thousands of years. Many Daily Focus Transparency 33.2 affect the island countries of of these cultures shared religious beliefs that tied Oceania? them to the land and sea. Content Vocabulary • horticulture • subsistence (p. 825) farming (p. 827) Voices Around the World • trust territory • pidgin English (p. 827) (p. 828) “Samoa itself is said to mean ‘sacred center.’ . . . [T]his is where the world began as the creator, Tagaloagagi, first called forth earth, sea, and sky from Academic Vocabulary rock. . . . Language links and artifacts suggest that the first distinctly • generation (p. 826) Polynesian culture may have developed here some 3,000 years ago. Over the • temporary (p. 827) centuries that followed, seafarers in Guide to Reading Places to Locate double-hulled sailing vessels Answers to Graphic: • • Polynesia stocked with pigs, dogs, and (p. 825) (p. 825) fruits spread that culture (p. 825) Government Culture • Papua New • Samoa across much of the (p. 825) (p. 825) Guinea • Tonga Pacific.” Traditional beliefs Influenced by • Micronesia • Tuvalu (p. 825) (p. 825) (p. 825) guide decision mak- Europeans, especially • — Douglas Chadwick, ing in the Solomon the British and the • Kiribati (p. 825) • Fiji (p. 825) “The Samoan Way,” Islands and other French • Guam (p. 825) National Geographic, countries of Oceania • Mariana July 2000 Islands (p. 825) Reading Strategy Organizing On a chart like the one below, list the different ways of life of the peoples of Oceania.

To generate student interest and Ways of Life provide a springboard for class Government Culture discussion, access the Chapter 33, Section 2 video at glencoe.com.

A Samoan man and his granddaughter

Resource Manager 824 Unit 11

Reading Critical824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 824 Differentiated Writing Skill 2/1/10 9:21:47 AM 824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 825 2/1/10 9:22:00 AM R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Analyzing Text • Making Generalizations, • Gifted and Talented, • Personal Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 828 Structure, p. 825 p. 826 p. 826 p. 827 • Predicting, p. 825 • English Learners, p. 827 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Daily Focus Skills Additional Resources • Quizzes and Tests, p. 406 Additional Resources • World Cultures Trans. 33-2 • Guided Reading 33-2, • Enrichment Act., Trans. 19 • Pol. Map Trans., p. 23 URB, p. 32 URB p. 29 • Authentic Assess., p. 63 • RENTG, pp. 241–243 • Reteaching Act., • Vocab. Act., URB p. 24 URB p. 25

824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 824 2/1/10 11:42:29 AM Population Patterns CHAPTER Section 2

MAIN Idea Migration of people among the islands in Oceania has shaped life on the islands today. GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What would it be like to Essential Question live on a small island in the Pacific? Read to learn about the people who live in Oceania. Teach

Oceania spreads across thousands of miles in R 1 Reading Strategy the . Its diverse peoples lead lives Analyzing Text Structure that are closely tied to water. Have students look at the text under the “Many Peoples” head. Many Peoples Ask: How is this section struc- The islands of Oceania were probably first tured to detail the populations in settled by peoples from Asia more than 30,000 Many people in Oceania have years ago. Waves of migrants from Asia contin- blended elements of their tradi- the island groups of Oceania? (It ued to arrive over many centuries. Meanwhile, tional culture (brightly colored printed fabrics) with begins by stating that many peo- people already living there moved from island those of Western cultures (clothing). ples live among the three island to island and settled into three major groups — Place How does Melanesian culture differ from that of Polynesia? groups and then it details the popu- Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians. lations in each of the groups.) OL Melanesia Located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, Melanesia includes independent island countries, such as Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and Asians Asian communities also exist in the R 2 Reading Strategy South Pacific area. Chinese traders and South the Solomon Islands, as well as French-ruled AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA Predicting Ask: What kind of Asian workers settled parts of Oceania during . Melanesian cultures differ issues can you predict may occur greatly, even among groups living on the same the 1800s, and today their descendents live in island. One of Papua New Guinea’s largest such places as and Fiji. as a result of Oceania’s growing indigenous populations is the Chimbu, notable population? (possible answers: for their egalitarian social structure. overcrowding, depletion of Density and Distribution re sources, strained health care Micronesia Micronesia is situated in the western R 1 Oceania spans a vast area. However, a higher Pacific east of the . Among the inde- percentage of the islands are unsuited for human and social services) OL pendent countries of Micronesia are the Federated habitation. The area’s population, therefore, is States of Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. The divided unequally among the island countries. area also includes the U.S. territories of Guam Papua New Guinea leads with about 6.6 million Caption Answer: and the Mariana Islands. Micronesians have sev- people, whereas Nauru — the world’s smallest Polynesians share a similar eral languages and cultures. republic — has a population of only 10,000. culture, while the cultures of Polynesia Polynesia is located in the central Most islanders live on their countries’ coasts Pacific Ocean. Three independent countries — rather than in the often-rugged interiors. Melanesia differ greatly. Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu — are found in Oceania’s population is growing at a higher Polynesia. Other island groups, known as French average rate than the United States because it Polynesia, are under French rule and include has a relatively young population. The land area Answer: Tahiti, Polynesia’s largest island. of Oceania’s 25,000 islands totals only 551,059 Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia R 2 The largest population of Polynesians lives in square miles (1,427,246 sq. km), and the popu- the Samoan Islands. In the past, they practiced lation density varies greatly. Because Papua New horticulture, or the raising of plants and fruit on Guinea has a large area, its population density is small plots of land. Women gathered wild plants only 38 people per square mile (15 per sq. km). and were weavers. Today most Polynesians share Regions What are the three similar languages and culture. island groups in Oceania? Hands-On Chapter 33 825 Chapter Project Step 2

824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 824 2/1/10 9:21:47 AM 824-828_C33_S2_8Cultural79995.indd 825 Exchange Directions Have students find or write 2/1/10a Putting 9:22:00 AM It Together Have students story about this culture that they can tell in work together in their groups to prepare to Step 2: Specific Research Students have an interesting way. If the story is a folk story, tell their story or relay their cultural infor- identified a specific regional culture that they perhaps they can act out the story. Students mation in an educational, entertaining, would like to research more closely. Have should pay attention to cultural costume and informative way for the rest of the students identify a story or practice that and makeup. Music can also be part of the class. OL identifies a unique characteristic of this presentation. (Chapter Project continues on the Visual culture. Summary page.) Essential Question What characteris- tics make this culture unique?

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824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 825 2/1/10 11:42:44 AM animals, such as chickens and pigs. Well-built CHAPTER Section 2 History and canoes made lengthy voyages possible, and trade Government gradually developed among the islands. To make trading easier, people on some islands used long MAIN Idea strings of shell pieces as money. Today in New MAIN Idea D Outside influences on indigenous cul- Britain, an island off the coast of Papua New C Critical Thinking tures have shaped Oceania’s societies. Guinea, shell money is still exchanged for canned GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What outside influences goods or vegetables at markets. Making Generalizations have shaped U.S. history? Read to learn about the Ask: Early migrants to Oceania influences on Oceania’s history. European Colonization generally came from where? When Europeans settled the area of Oceania in (Asia) BL Migrations over many generations shaped the 1800s, they developed commercial planta- societies on the islands of Oceania. European tions for growing , pineapples, and For additional practice on this colonization had a profound impact on most of other tropical products sold in markets around skill, see the Skills Handbook. the islands, as well. Today, many countries in the world. The Europeans brought far-reaching Oceania are reshaping themselves as indepen- changes to the peoples of Oceania. Because dent nations. European diseases had reduced indigenous popu- Differentiated lations, the Europeans brought in workers from D Instruction Early Migrations C Have Asian migrants settled Oceania in family Gifted and Talented groups along island coasts. They survived on students research and explain the , turtles, and shrimp, as well as breadfruit 1. Regions Which two countries ruled the area of and coconuts. Over time, they cultivated root use of shells as currency. Students Samoa? crops, such as taro and yams, and raised small can either explain how this is 2. Regions Which European country ruled the largest done, or develop an exchange area in the South Pacific? rate of their own based on learned Australia and Oceania: Colonies, 1900 Use StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. data. AL 135°E 150°E 165°E 180° 165°W 150°W 135°W 30°N Midway Colonies Islands British possession TROPIC OF CANCER French possession Answers German possession Wake Hawaiian Islands Mariana Island American possession 1. America and Islands Johnston Atoll British and French 2. Great Britain 15°N possession Guam N

IINTERNATIONAL DATE LINE DATE IINTERNATIONAL L Palau Kingman Reef i n PACIFIC Palmyra Atoll e W E Howland I OCEAN s Island l S EQUATOR a 0° Baker Island n German Nauru Jarvis d Gilbert s New Phoenix Islands Island Guinea Bougainville Islands Tokelau (Union) Solomon Ellice Islands Marquesas British Islands Islands Islands New German Guinea Wallis and Samoa Society 15°S Futuna Tuamotu New Islands Archipelago Coral Hebrides Cook Sea Fiji Islands Austral New Tonga Islands TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Caledonia AUSTRALIA 0 1,000 kilometers Island

0 1,000 miles 30°S Differentiated Mercator projection Instruction

824-828_C33_S2_879995.inddLeveled826 Activities 2/1/10 9:22:03 AM 824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 827 2/1/10 9:22:09 AM

BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Political Map Transparencies, AL Differentiated Instruction, ELL Vocabulary Activity, URB, p. 32 p. 23 p. 131 URB, p. 24

Name Date Class Name Date Class

Dreamtime Creation Dreamtime Creation

Micronesia), Yaren (Nauru), (Kiribati), (Solomon Islands), Port-Vila (Vanuatu), Oceania (Fiji Islands), Nuku‘alofa (Tonga), (Tuvalu). Tell students that some of the islands of Oceania Project Transparency 12. Ask students to identify the are not independent countries—they belong to other red line running from north to south near the center of nations. List on the board the names of the following the map. Ask: (the “parent” countries: United States, , United Australian English subsistence farming International Date Line) Kingdom, New Zealand. Then ask volunteers to list under each one the names of the islands that belong a blend of English and an indigenous language clan Asian peoples settled the islands of Oceania more than ago. (It is an imaginary line that marks the place on the surface of the Earth where each new cal- to that country. (United States: , Guam, a family group pidgin English endar day begins. Moving westward over the line a day American Samoa, ; France: The islands of Oceania are made up of three distinct people groups: Melanesians, Micronesians, is added; one day is subtracted moving east over the French Polynesia, New Caledonia, ; a heavy throwing stick that curves in flight dominion : ; New Zealand: Cook and . line.) Tell students that the 180° longitude line was a dependent area placed under temporary control trust territory agreed upon at the International Meridian Conference Islands, Tokelau) of a foreign country held in Washington, D.C., in 1884. horticulture Melanesia includes French-ruled . Give students a brief introduction to time zones. a largely self-governing country within the boomerang Because it takes the Earth 24 hours to make one com- Ask students to look at the map of Australia and its sur- British Empire Micronesia is situated in the western Pacific east of . plete rotation on its axis, the Earth is divided into 24 roundings. Then ask: Strine standard time zones. Since there are 360° in a circle, (There are four dif- growing only enough for one’s own needs each covers 15˚ (360° divided by 24). The Polynesia is located in the area. ferent bodies of water.) Have a volunteer come to the raising of plants and fruits on small plots speed of the Earth’s rotation (15° per hour) is matched map and point to each one and state its geographical The largest population of Polynesians lives in the islands. by the time zones. Therefore, when it is 12:00 noon at location. ( Sea on the northwest; Coral Sea on the Greenwich, it is 7:00 A.M. in New York City, five time northeast; on the southeast; and Indian zones away. Then ask: Ocean on the west and south.) What is distinct about Chinese traders settled parts of the region during the . (to avoid going through the size of Australia compared to other islands in the a county, state, or country that would result in two dif- South Pacific? (It is by far the largest in size and land- A high percentage of Oceania’s islands are for human habitation. ferent calendar days for the people living there) mass.) Ask two students to come to the map. Have one point to and name the large islands located to the Peoples from Asia settled the region of Oceania more than years ago. (It would southeast of Australia. (New Zealand) Have the other be Sunday because territories to the west of the line are student point to and name the large island located to one day ahead of those to the east.) Europeans brought that reduced indigenous populations. the northeast of Australia. (Papua New Guinea) (It After Japan lost World War II, their South Pacific island territories were turned over to would be Tuesday because territories to the east of the line are one day behind those to the west.) as trust territories. Organize students into four groups of tourists and tell them that Canberra, Australia will be their point of Most South Pacific islands achieved by the end of the 1900s. 826 departure. They must plan a trip through the islands of Oceania, including at least four stops that may not Of the world’s 3,000 languages, are spoken in Oceania. Indicate on the projected map the island countries and exceed 6,000 miles (3,720 km) in total. Hawaii is their territories that make up Oceania. Then ask student vol- final destination. Then give each group 15 minutes to People on the Solomon Islands value farming. unteers to come to the map and point to the following: choose their route and measure the approximate dis- Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Palau, Marshall tances using the mileage scale on the map. When the To allow better communication among different groups a blend of English and an indigenous Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, time is up, have them share their itinerary with the rest Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Tonga, Fiji Islands, Wallis and Futuna, of the class, including tracing the route on the map. language, known as , was developed. Tokelau, Samoa, Hawaii, Cook Islands, Pitcairn Islands, (Example: Canberra, Australia to Suva, Fiji Islands = New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Solomon approximately 2,000 miles [1,240 km]; Suva, Fiji Islands, and French Polynesia. Next, have another Fiji has a percent literacy rate. Islands to , Samoa = approximately 500 miles [310 Inc. Companies, The McGraw-Hill a division of Companies, © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright group of students come to the map and point to the km]; Apia, Samoa to , Marshall Islands = following capital cities and state the names of the approximately 1,300 miles [806 km]; Majuro, Marshall Both tourists and local people enjoy the traditional Pacific island sport of . countries in which they are located: Koror (Palau), Islands to Hawaii = approximately 2,000 miles [1,240 Majuro (Marshall Islands), (Federated States of km]; four places totaling 5,800 miles [3,596 km])

824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 826 2/1/10 11:42:48 AM other Pacific Islands and from more distant areas, such as South Asia. The resulting mix of cultures Culture CHAPTER Section 2 weakened indigenous societies and eventually led to violent ethnic conflicts in countries such as Fiji MAIN Idea Today’s Oceanic societies have been and the Solomon Islands. Meanwhile, Europeans shaped by European cultural traditions as well as MAIN Idea sought to replace traditional ways of life with indigenous practices. European beliefs and customs. GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Can you trace elements of W Writing Support During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Britain, your local culture to two or more foreign lands? France, Germany, Spain, and the United States Read to learn about cultural practices today on the Personal Writing Ask students struggled for control of various Pacific Islands. W islands of Oceania. to compare European colonization These countries wanted to acquire or expand of Oceania to that of the United their influences in the region and gain new South Pacific countries practice a blend of States and Canada. Have them sources of raw materials. European, Asian, and indigenous traditions. write a one-page position paper The two world wars changed the course of Indigenous peoples developed lifestyles in har- Oceania’s history. After , many of mony with their natural environment. Later, on their views of the methods Germany’s Pacific colonies came under Japanese European colonizers introduced new customs, and effects of colonization. OL rule. During World War II, some Pacific Islands, social structures, and cultures. such as Guadalcanal and Iwo Jima, were the sites of fierce battles. After Japan’s defeat in the Sports and Leisure D Differentiated war, its South Pacific possessions, such as the Sports and leisure activities reflect the region’s Instruction islands of Micronesia, were turned over to the diversity. Western-style resorts attract tourists to English Learners Review the United States as trust territories. Trust territories the beaches, where they and the local people word independent. Ask: Using were dependent areas that the United Nations enjoy the traditional Pacific Island sport of surf- placed under the temporary control of a foreign ing. Other traditional sports, such as outrigger context clues, what does tempo- country. Since the 1970s most of these islands, D canoe racing or spearfishing, are popular. In for- rary mean? (lasting for a limited including Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the mer American territories, islanders play base- AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA time) BL ELL Federated States of Micronesia, have become ball. The French introduced cycling and archery independent countries. to islands they controlled. Even small communi- ties often have facilities for these and other Answer: by the Independence sports, such as soccer, volleyball, and . end of the 1900s Most South Pacific islands achieved indepen- dence by the end of the 1900s. Beginning in the 1960s, a number of the small islands in Oceania Caption Answer: moved toward independence. In 1962 Europeans introduced Samoa — formerly Western Samoa — became the first Pacific Island to win freedom, after periods cycling, archery, and Western- of rule by Germany and New Zealand. Today style resorts. most of the South Pacific islands enjoy some form of independent government. In some countries in Oceania, such as the Solomon Islands, traditional beliefs are starting to resurface and guide decision making. Some countries are looking within their borders for input on economic and social issues. Social structure is a high priority. People in the Solomon Islands are once again valuing egalitarian rela- tionships, subsistence farming — growing only Competitors in an outrigger enough for their own needs — and a strong rela- canoe wait to begin a race in tionship to the land. Papeete, Tahiti. Regions How did European colonizers influence Regions When did most of the sports and leisure in Oceania? South Pacific islands achieve independence? Additional Chapter 33 827 Support

824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 826 2/1/10 9:22:03 AM 824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 827 Activity: Economics Connection2/1/10 9:22:09 AM

Evaluating Help students understand your menus? If not, have them use the receive that amount of currency to dine at how the movement of people, human ideas of currency developed in this another “restaurant” in the class. Have stu- interaction, and cultural and economic section. dents now examine other menus and understanding all play roles in changing Each group will give a value to the menu attempt to make purchases with the cur- and diffusing cultures. Have students work items in shells, turtles, coconuts, or what- rency they have developed. Ask: How do in the same groups that developed the var- ever they deem valuable. Have them add you decide what the exchange rate is ious restaurant menus in the last section. up the total cost of their entire menu and between shells and coconuts? AL Ask: Did you give a value to the items on print up currency. Each group member will

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824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 827 2/1/10 11:43:02 AM In 2003 Fiji hosted an international sports event. work on plantations, they brought Hinduism CHAPTER Section 2 The South drew participants from with them. This explains why over 30 percent of around the region. Fijians practice this religion.

Language and Religion Education and Health Care S Skill Practice Before the era of modern transportation and The quality of education varies throughout advanced communications, vast distances of open Oceania. In the Solomon Islands, missionary Using Geography Skills Ask: ocean separated the peoples of the South Pacific schools provided primary education until the How has the movement of peo- from the rest of the world. As a result, isolated mid-1970s. Today secondary schools and uni- groups developed many different languages with- ple affected the languages of versities are common in the Solomon Islands, out outside interference. Of the world’s 3,000 Fiji, and Papua New Guinea. Differences in edu- Oceania? (It has resulted in the languages, 1,200 are spoken in Oceania alone, cation throughout the region can be seen in dif- blending of indigenous and foreign some by only a few hundred people. fering rates of literacy. For example, Fiji has the languages.) OL European colonization brought European lan- high rate of 93 percent for its entire population. guages to the region. Today French is widely Papua New Guinea, on the other hand, has the spoken in Oceania. In many areas of the region, low rates of 62 percent for women and 57 per- Answer: using S varieties of pidgin English, a blend of English cent for men. pidgin English, which was devel- and an indigenous language, developed to allow Health care is uneven on the islands as well. oped to allow better communica- better communication among different groups. Many Pacific Islanders suffer from poor econo- tion among different groups The peoples of the South Pacific islands prac- mies and low standards of living. On remote tice various forms of Christianity. Often these islands, fresh food, electricity, schools, and practices are combined with traditional religious hospitals are often inadequate. Recently, island beliefs. In general, however, Christianity is the countries have begun to improve their quality of most widely practiced religion in Oceania today. life with international assistance. Assess On some islands, religions were introduced by immigrants many years ago. For example, when Place How do some indigenous Geography ONLINE thousands of Indians were brought to Fiji to languages reflect the use of English? Study Central™ provides sum- maries, interactive games, and SECTION online graphic organizers to help 2 REVIEW students review content. Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: horticulture, trust territory, subsis- 5. Answering the Essential Question How is subsistence tence farming, pidgin English. farming different from the commercial farming that European countries established in Oceania? What are the benefits and Main Ideas drawbacks of each? Close 2. What three areas of Oceania were shaped by years of migrat- 6. Drawing Conclusions Why might decision making on some Interpreting Tell students that ing peoples? islands be moving toward more local control instead of differences in education can be 3. What outside influence has most shaped Oceania? How has remaining centralized? outside influence affected indigenous cultures in Oceania? seen in different rates of literacy. 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of European colonies on 4. Use a chart like the one below to describe the factors that page 826. Which European country ruled the smallest area? Ask: What does this statement shaped the different languages listed. imply about the region? (The Writing About Geography 1,200 indigenous languages French pidgin English 8. Expository Writing Write a brief essay suggesting ways to region has varying literacy rates improve education in areas of Oceania that have limited because of differences in the quality access to teachers, supplies, and teacher training. and availability of education.)

Geography ONLINE Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Section 2 Review 828 Unit #11

824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 828 Answers 2/1/10 9:22:14 AM 829_C33_VS_879995.indd 829 12/16/09 12:11:06 PM

1. Definitions for the vocabulary terms are English introduced by European coloniza- exported, forcing the country to import found in the section and the Glossary. tion, pidgin English is used to communicate food supplies. 2. Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia between people with different languages 6. it is easier than having a central govern- 3. Colonization; It has shaped their languages, 5. Subsistence farming is growing enough ment controlling territory spread out across leisure activities, and education systems. food for one’s own needs. Commercial farm- several islands 4. 1,200 indigenous languages: developed ing is growing produce for profit. The draw- 7. French out of the geographic seclusion provided backs to subsistence farming is that if there 8. Essays will vary, but should reflect students’ by the island groups; French: brought by is a or other disaster, you will not knowledge of education needs in the European colonization; pidgin English: have enough food. The drawback to planta- region. tion farming is that often the produce is

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824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 828 2/1/10 11:43:08 AM Study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your CHAPTER 33 VISUAL SUMMARY PDA from glencoe.com. VISUAL SUMMARY

Ethnicity in Australia and Oceania Oceania Australia Summarizing Have students

PEOPLE AND CULTURE Melanesian: White: consider how the movement of Asian: 0.4% 51.5% 92.0% • Australia and Oceania have very distinct cultures. Other: Asian: people within this region, as well • Australia and New Zealand are overwhelmingly White: 0.5% 4.0% 6.0% as the migration of peoples from made up of people with European heritage. The Polynesian: Micronesian: Aboriginal: Aboriginal and Maori peoples are minorities in their 21.5% Indian: 5.5% 2.0% and the , have countries. 16.6% changed this region over the • The peoples of Oceania settled into three major groups—Melanesians, Micronesians, and New Zealand Papua New Guinea course of several thousands of Polynesians. Polynesian: 6.9% years. Ask: Will these groups stay Asian: 9.2% Papuan: White: 84.0% the same over the next 100 years? 67.6% Other: Maori: 1.0% 300 years? Explain your answers. 14.6% Melanesian: (Students’ answers will vary. Other: 1.7% 15.0% Source: Encyclopedia Britannica,2009. Students should support their answers with knowledge gained Australia and Oceania: Independence from the chapter.) OL

TROPIC OF CANCER N PACIFIC OCEAN 20°N SETTLEMENT AND INDEPENDENCE NORTHERN Wake Island Reading a Graph Have stu- MARIANA ISLANDS U.S. • The islands of Oceania were first settled by peoples from Asia. W E U.S. dents study the circle graphs on

Guam • European explorers and settlers arrived in the 1500s. AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA S U.S. MARSHALL FEDERATED STATES ISLANDS European powers quickly colonized the region and extracted this page. Ask: Which has the PALAU OF MICRONESIA (1986) (1994) (1986) its resources. largest percentage of indigenous EQUATOR 0° NAURU KIRIBATI • Australia and New Zealand gained their independence in the (1968) (1979) peoples, Australia or New PAPUA early 1900s. The rest of Oceania gradually gained indepen- NEW GUINEA SOLOMON TUVALU dence after World War II. ISLANDS (1978) Zealand? (New Zealand, with 14.6 (1975) (1978) SAMOA VANUATU (1962) percent Maori, as opposed to Coral (1980) Sea New FIJI Australia’s 2 percent Aborigines.) 20°S Caledonia OL Essential Question TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Fr. (1970) AUSTRALIA TONGA (1970) (1901) Tasman Sea NEW ZEALAND 40°S (1907) 0 1,000 kilometers Tasmania

0 1,000 miles Mercator projection 120°E 140°E 160°E 180°

GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY • Australia and New Zealand both have a parliamentary system of government that closely resembles that of Great Britain. • The Aborigines and Maori have won greater recognition of their cultures. • Oceania has a variety of governing styles. Some countries have monarchies, while others are democratic republics. King George Topou V of Tonga Hands-On Chapter 33 829 Chapter Project Step 3: Wrap-Up

824-828_C33_S2_879995.indd 828 2/1/10 9:22:14 AM 829_C33_VS_879995.inddCultural 829 Exchange As each group makes its presentation, have12/16/09 12:11:06Putting PM It Together When the groups the other students make note of questions are done with their presentations, have Step 3: Presenting the Cultures and comments regarding the presentation. them work together to make a class display Students will synthesize what they have Have students pay particular attention to of the cultural information they collected in learned in Steps 1 and 2. details of how the information is unique, as their research. OL Directions Have the student groups well as details that may be similar to what make their various cultural presentations. they learned in their own research.

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824-829_C33_S2_895263.indd 829 2/1/10 11:43:21 AM CHAPTER 33 CHAPTER 33 ASSESSMENT STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Answers, Analyses, TEST-TAKING TIP Read all the choices before you select your answer. The first choice may seem to “fit” and Tips because it deals with Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica, but a later choice may actually be the best answer. TEST-TAKING TIP Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Remind students to scan Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to through the entire test sentence. answer the following questions.

before starting to answer 1. Australian Aborigines developed the , a heavy Section 1 (pp. 818–823) questions. After they have throwing stick that curves in fl ight, as a tool for hunting. 5. Before the coming of European settlers, Australian Aborigines scanned the entire test, tell A spear made a living by . them that it is good practice B arrow A farming to answer the questions they C boomerang B raising livestock consider easy first. D mace C mining D hunting and gathering Remind students to review their tests before handing 2. A largely self-governing country within the British Empire 6. them in to ensure they have is a . Who were the fi rst European settlers in Australia? A put their name on the test A colony fur traders B and that they are comfort- B dominion prisoners C able with their work. C state religious dissenters D D plantation industrialists Reviewing Vocabulary 1. C All responses are weapons, Section 2 (pp. 824–828) but the boomerang is the only one 3. are dependent areas that the United Nations places that originated in this region. under the temporary control of another country. 7. The fi rst people to live in the islands of Oceania probably came from . A States A 2. B While students might be B Trust territories B tempted to answer “colony,” they C Colonies C should remember that colonies D Counties are generally not self-governed as D Asia BiG Idea are.

4. is the unique language of Australia, made up of 8. Many ethnic confl icts in Oceania stem from . 3. B Students should remember contributions from the country’s various cultural groups. that World War II played a big role A the colonial practice of bringing in workers for plantations A English B the mix of ethnic groups that came to the islands before in changing this region and that B Strine the Europeans after the war, many islands C Palawa C arguments about what crops can be grown on local soils became trust territories. D Maori D disagreements about moral questions 4. B Strine is made up of GO ON Aboriginal words and terms used by early settlers and slang created 830 Unit 11 by modern Australians. English and Maori are not unique to Australia. Reviewing830-831_C33_STP_879995.indd Main 830 Ideas 7. D Oceania was probably settled by peoples 12/16/09 12:15:18 PM 830-831_C33_STP_879995.indd 831 12/16/09 12:15:23 PM 5. D Students should remember that the dif- from Asia more than 30,000 years ago. ference between the Aborigines and the 8. A European diseases had reduced indige- Maoris is that the Aborigines were hunter- nous populations, so they had to bring in gatherers and the Maoris were farmers. workers from outside, which often caused eth- 6. B Australia was settled as a British penal nic conflict. colony.

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830-831_C33_STP_895263.indd 830 2/1/10 11:44:12 AM ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 33 ASSESSMENT Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences or to Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer ques- answer the following questions. tions that follow the document. Extended Response 12. Students should discuss the 9. How are Australia and New Zealand alike? Aboriginal land rights has been a political issue in Australia for weakening of social structures, A They have similar landforms. many years. The movement claimed a victory with the ruling of an Australian federal court. diseases, and violence brought on B They have similar climates. by European colonization. C They have the same indigenous cultures. A federal court decision has granted Aborigines a title claim over one of Australia’s major cities, Perth. D They were both settled by the British and have recently attracted immigrants from elsewhere. The decision is the fi rst in which a large metropolitan area in TEST-TAKING TIP Australia has been determined to belong to the indigenous Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge people who lived there before white settlers arrived. . . . of Chapter 33. Remind students to read the Prime Minister John Howard [said] Wednesday that the fed- extended response question eral government would consider joining an appeal against Australia and Oceania: Colonization the ruling. ‘’My initial reaction is one of some considerable carefully and formulate their concern,’’ he said. answers in their minds before An Aboriginal leader, , welcomed the ‘’absolutely starting to write on the test extraordinary’’ decision by the court, saying it restored native paper. Remind students to rights to Aborigines . . . in the cities and southern . . . Australia. write carefully and legibly. Judge Wilcox said the decision to grant native title was ‘’neither Have students re-read their the pot of gold for the indigenous claimants nor the disaster for the remainder of the community that is sometimes painted.’’ answers to make sure that The judge found that the Noongar people had proven native they make sense. title over more than 2,300 square miles covering Perth and its surrounding area by continuing to observe traditional customs despite being largely dispossessed by white settlement in 1829. The ruling gives the Noongar people the rights to access the land and to carry out traditional activities. —“Australian Court Rules That the City of Perth Belongs to Aborigines,” , September 21, 2006.

11. How does Prime Minister Howard’s reaction compare to that of Noel Pearson?

Extended Response 10. Which European power ruled Fiji? 12. Exploring the BiG Idea Describe the effect of European colonization on Britain A indigenous peoples in Australia and New Zealand. STOP B Germany C France D Spain Geography ONLINE For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— Chapter 33 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If you missed questions. . . 1 23456789101112 Go to page. . . 820 821 827 822 819 821 825 827 820 831 831 821–823

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Geography ONLINE 830-831_C33_STP_879995.indd 830 12/16/09 12:15:18 PM 830-831_C33_STP_879995.inddCritical 831 Thinking Document-Based Questions12/16/09 12:15:23 PM Have students visit the Web 9. D Both have differing landforms and cli- 11. Howard is uncomfortable with the ruling, site at glencoe.com to review mates, and their indigenous cultures are while Pearson supports the court’s decision. Chapter 33 and take the Self- different. Both were settled by the British and Check Quiz. attract immigrants.

10. A Students need to read the map legend carefully and locate Fiji in order to answer the Need Extra Help? question correctly. Have students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.

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830-831_C33_STP_895263.indd 831 2/1/10 11:44:15 AM CONNECTING TO CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES THE Focus UNITED STATES Introducing the Feature Explain that for many citizens of the world, the South Pacific Islands are viewed as “tropical par- adises.” Some of this is due to the work of French painter , who left France in 1891 and spent his last years painting vibrant images of serene women in French Polynesia. Ask students to share their impressions of the region and explain why a connec- tion to Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania is so appealing. OL

Dancers at Hawaii’s Teach Polynesian Culture Center R Reading Strategy Predicting Ask students to read over the items in the “Just the Facts” box and predict the topics they will read more about on the Just the Facts: next page. BL ELL • Both the United States and Australia were colonized by Great Britain. Both countries have English city names such as Sydney and Melbourne. R • New Zealand is a popular locale for shooting U.S. films because of its landscape variety. • Hawaii is a state in the United States but is culturally connected to Oceania. • Pacific Islander Americans were the smallest racial group counted in the 2000 U.S. Census, making up Troy Polamalu is one of several players in 0.3 percent of the United States population. the NFL of Samoan descent. Additional Support 832 Unit 11

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Visual Literacy There are several dance It is well known that the hula, like many cul- forms celebrated in Hawaii. The form that traces tural dances, has a visual language all its own. its origins more recently to Polynesia is fast, rhythmic, and often accompanied by drums. The gentler motions of hula are performed to accompaniment by song or ukulele.

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832-833_C33_WGC_895263.indd 832 2/1/10 11:45:09 AM CONNECTING TO THE UNITED STATES Making the

Connection W Writing Support The United States, Australia, New Zealand, and some of the islands in Oceania Descriptive Writing Have stu- were originally British colo- dents write a paragraph describ- nies, so the language, foods, culture, and many ing a Polynesian dish. Ask of the customs are students to include the recipe, if shared. However, the available. Try making a few of the Pacific Islands have many unique cultural attributes dishes as a class. OL as well. The coconut Sports—Samoans in the NFL Samoa produces a high proportion of NFL players, considering more than 200 of the 500,000 Samoans in the Assess/Close world play Division I football. Players of Samoan descent are estimated to be Personal Writing Have stu- 40 times more likely to make it to the NFL dents write a one-page essay that than any other player. explains how Pacific culture Arts—The Film Industry Many recent movies affects their lives. Before they have been filmed in New Zealand, including AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA King Kong and The Lord of the Rings trilogy. write, have them review the chap- New Zealand is also the birthplace of several ter and think about how its sub- world-famous directors and actors, including ject relates to their daily lives. Academy Award–winning actor Russell Peter Jackson, Sam Neill, Anna Paquin, and Crowe was born in Wellington, . Actors from Australia include New Zealand. , , , THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY , and Naomi Watts. Food—Similarities and Differences The diets of Answers Australians and Americans are very similar largely due to British influence. Many U.S. fast-food chains have 1. Answers will vary accord- franchises in Australia. Instead of calling it fast food, ing to the athlete chosen. Australians often refer to this food as take-away. 2. Students should share The food of Oceania is quite different. Commonly referred to as Polynesian, this food has an Asian their research findings. influence. It often makes use of foods readily avail- W Responses may note the able on the islands such as coconut and fish. lush vegetation, sandy beaches, and mountains THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY and volcanoes. 1. Human Systems Research the contributions of an American sports figure of Pacific Islander descent. Relay your findings to the class. 2. Physical System Research the landscape of The Summer Olympics were held in New Zealand. What features make the coun- Sydney, Australia, in 2000. try so popular with the film industry?

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832-833_C33_WGC_879995.indd 832 2/1/10 9:24:27 AM 832-833_C33_WGC_879995.indd 833 Activity: Collaborative Learning2/1/10 9:24:39 AM

Analyzing Information Divide the class good place to get opinions. Now have stu- Have students share a short presentation into small groups. Have student groups use dents identify opinions that relate to the about their opinions with the rest of the the Internet to research daily newspapers United States. Also, have them identify class. Have them decide what opinions the from the capitals of various countries in opinions that relate to issues that are various newspapers in the region share Australia, New Zealand, or Oceania. Have important in the country they are research- with each other regarding the United them identify a single newspaper and navi- ing. Ask: What are issues that we share? Is States. AL gate to the editorial and opinions pages. there a difference of opinions between the Tell them that letters to the editor are also a U.S. and the region you are examining?

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