Bitmap Images

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Raster Graphics 2.01 Investigate graphic image design. Raster Graphics • Also called bitmap graphics • Consist of grids of tiny dots called pixels • Have a fixed resolution and cannot be resized without altering image quality • Edited in paint programs Notice the pixels Bitmap enlargement Image source: http://graphicssoft.about.com/od/aboutgraphics/a/bitmapvector.htm Common Raster Formats • GIF • JPEG • BMP • PNG • TIFF GIF – Graphics Interchange Format Animation – Standard • Most common format for: format for animation on • Text the Internet. • Clip art, animations, icons, Transparency – yes logos • Simple diagrams, line • Lossless compression drawings • Colors = 256 (8-bit) • Graphics with large blocks of a single color • Graphics with transparent areas Animated Gif • Images displayed on computer screens and on websites. JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group X Animation – No • Commonly Used For: X Transparency – No • Desktop publishing photographs • Lossy compression • Photographs and natural • Colors – 16.7 M (24-bit) artwork • High quality but larger file • Scanned photographs size than a GIF • Emailing photographs • Digital camera photographs BMP - Bitmap X Animation – No • Commonly Used For: • Editing raster graphics X Transparency – No • Creating icons and • Uncompressed wallpaper • 256 colors • On-screen display • Large file size - not well suited for transfer across the Internet or for print publications Icons PNG – Portable Network Graphics X Animation – no • Commonly Used For: Transparency – yes • Replacing GIF and TIFF images • Lossless compression • Online viewing of images • 256 colors • See examples at • Not suited for photographs http://graphicssoft.abo ut.com/od/freedownloa ds/l/blfreepng07.htm TIFF – Tagged Image File Format X Animation – No • Commonly Used For: X Transparency – No • Storage container for faxes and other digital • Available in compressed images and un-compressed • To store raw bitmap data formats by some programs and • Compressed is advised devices such as scanners • Colors – 16 M (24-bit) • High resolution printing • Desktop Publishing images .

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Exploring the .BMP File Format
Exploring the .BMP File Format Don Lancaster Synergetics, Box 809, Thatcher, AZ 85552 copyright c2003 as GuruGram #14 http://www.tinaja.com [email protected] (928) 428-4073 The .BMP image standard is used by Windows and elsewhere to represent graphics images in any of several different display and compression options. The .BMP advantages are that each pixel is usually independently available for any alteration or modification. And that repeated use does not normally degrade the image. Because lossy compression is not used. Its main disadvantage is that file sizes are usually horrendous compared to JPEG, fractal, GIF, or other lossy compression schemes. A comparison of popular image standards can be found here. I’ve long been using the .BMP format for my eBay and my other phototography, scanning, and post processing. I firmly believe that… All photography, scanning, and all image post-processing should always be done using .BMP or a similar non-lossy format. Only after all post-processing is complete should JPEG or another compressed distribution format be chosen. Some current examples of my .BMP work now do include the IMAGIMAG.PDF post-processing tutorial, the Bitmap Typewriterthat generates fully anti-aliased small fonts, the Aerial Photo Combiner, and similar utilities and tutorials found on our Fonts & Images, PostScript, and on our Acrobat library pages. A few projects of current interest involving .BMP files include true view camera swings and tilts for a digital camera, distortion correction, dodging & burning, preventing white punchthrough on knockouts, and emphasis vignetting. Mainly applied to uncompressed RGBX 24-bit color .BMP files.
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TS 101 499 V2.2.1 (2008-07) Technical Specification
ETSI TS 101 499 V2.2.1 (2008-07) Technical Specification Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); MOT SlideShow; User Application Specification European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision EBU·UER 2 ETSI TS 101 499 V2.2.1 (2008-07) Reference RTS/JTC-DAB-57 Keywords audio, broadcasting, DAB, digital, PAD ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
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51 Document Output
◆ Document Output <Function> You can output a document from “Document List” as an image file. All the documents selected in “Document List” can be outputted as a document in a specified format. <ICP Setting Procedures> Refer to 4 3, 6 15 1. Click “Output Document” at the right side. 2. The “Save As” dialog box appears. 3. Click “Compression” to confirm the file compression setting for “TIFF File”. If you change, click “OK”. 4. Select “PDF File” as a file format in the “Save as type” list box. 5. Click “Compression” to confirm the file compression setting for “PDF File”. If you change, click “OK”. 6. Select “PDF(Searchable) File” as a file format in the “Save as type” list box. 7. Click “OCR Settings” to confirm the searchable file setting. If you change, click “OK”. 8. Select “Jpeg File” as a file format in the “Save as type” list box. 9. Click “Compression” to confirm the file compression setting for “JPEG File”. If you change, click “OK”. 10. Select “Jpeg2000 File” as a file format in the “Save as type” list box. 11. Click “Compression” to confirm the file compression setting for “Jpeg2000 File”. If you change, click “OK”. 12. Select “Depends on Image Type” in the “Save as type” list box. 13. “File Type Settings” dialog box appears and confirm the settings for each type. If you change, click “OK”. 14. Select “Jpeg File” as a file format in the “Save as type” list box. 15. Confirm the setting of File Name at the bottom right and click “Save”.
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Effects of JPEG2000 on the Information and Geometry Content of Aerial Photo Compression
03-082.qxd 1/11/05 5:17 PM Page 157 Effects of JPEG2000 on the Information and Geometry Content of Aerial Photo Compression Jung-Kuan Liu, Houn-Chien Wu, and Tian-Yuan Shih Abstract evaluated the effects of compression on geometric accuracy. Li The standardization effort of the next ISO standard for et al., (2002) indicated that when compression ratios are less compression of the still image, JPEG2000, has recently than a factor of 10, the compressed image is near-lossless with reached International Standard (IS) status. This wavelet- JPEG. In other words, the visual quality of JPEG compressed based standard outperforms the Discrete Cosine Transform images remains excellent and the accuracy of manual image (DCT) based JPEG in terms of compression ratio, as well mensuration is, essentially, not influenced. Paola et al. (1995) as, quality. In this study, the performance of JPEG2000 is and Schmanske and Loew (2001) concentrated on the classifi- evaluated for aerial image compressions. Different com- cation accuracies of compressed images. Paola et al. (1995) pression ratios are applied to scanned aerial photos at the revealed that high quality classifications could be obtained for 1:5 000 scale. Both the image quality measurements and the images with JPEG compression ratios approaching 10:1 or even accuracy of photogrammetric point determination aspects higher. The classification result retains its overall appearance, are examined. The evaluation of image quality is based but the smoothing effect of high compression tends to elimi- on visual analysis of the objects in the scene and on the nate much of the pixel-to-pixel detail.
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Image Formats
Image Formats Ioannis Rekleitis Many different file formats • JPEG/JFIF • Exif • JPEG 2000 • BMP • GIF • WebP • PNG • HDR raster formats • TIFF • HEIF • PPM, PGM, PBM, • BAT and PNM • BPG CSCE 590: Introduction to Image Processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_formats 2 Many different file formats • JPEG/JFIF (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG- compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) >ile format. The JPEG/JFIF >ilename extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports eight-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (eight bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a signi>icant reduction of the >ile size. Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of compression affects the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably affect or detract from the image's quality, but JPEG iles suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. (JPEG also provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.) • JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios, but also require more computational power to process. JPEG 2000 also adds features that are missing in JPEG. It is not nearly as common as JPEG, but it is used currently in professional movie editing and distribution (some digital cinemas, for example, use JPEG 2000 for individual movie frames).
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About Graphics/Digital Images
About Graphics/Digital Images Digital images are found in lots of file formats (types) that are used for various reasons. I liken the file formats to flavors of ice-cream, which you might or might not choose to consume on any given day. One day chocolate is more important than mint; another day you might use vanilla, and on another day you might decide to combine more than one flavor in the same bowl. Likewise, you might choose one type of graphic file for a particular project, but it might be completely inappropriate for another project. What works well for display purposes (keeping it on the computer, or for publication to the internet) might not print well. Something that prints well might be too big a file to post to the internet, or may make your program run too slowly. Also, some authoring programs (like Boardmaker or Classroom Suite) might be written to only understand certain types of image files. Some file types are more common than others, and are more likely to be recognized by the “parent” program (the one you use to display, edit or print your image). Whatever type you pick ultimately depends on how you plan to use the image. The more technical definitions provided below are taken from the glossary found at http://www.photoshopelementsuser.com/glossary.php?letter=B The additional comments I have added, and hopefully let you know why you would care about any of this, anyway. The two biggest types of images I describe here fall loosely into two categories: vector images and bitmap images.
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Package 'Tiff'
Package ‘tiff’ March 31, 2021 Version 0.1-8 Title Read and Write TIFF Images Author Simon Urbanek <[email protected]> [aut, cre], Kent Johnson <[email protected]> [ctb] Maintainer Simon Urbanek <[email protected]> Depends R (>= 2.9.0) Description Functions to read, write and display bitmap images stored in the TIFF for- mat. It can read and write both files and in-memory raw vectors, including native image repre- sentation. License GPL-2 | GPL-3 SystemRequirements tiff and jpeg libraries URL https://www.rforge.net/tiff/ NeedsCompilation yes Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2021-03-31 15:10:02 UTC R topics documented: readTIFF . .1 writeTIFF . .4 Index 6 readTIFF Read a bitmap image stored in the TIFF format Description Reads an image from a TIFF file/content into a raster array. 1 2 readTIFF Usage readTIFF(source, native = FALSE, all = FALSE, convert = FALSE, info = FALSE, indexed = FALSE, as.is = FALSE, payload = TRUE) Arguments source Either name of the file to read from or a raw vector representing the TIFF file content. native logical, determines the image representation - if FALSE (the default) then the result is an array, if TRUE then the result is a native raster representation (suitable for plotting). all logical scalar or integer vector. TIFF files can contain more than one image. If all=TRUE then all images are returned in a list of images. If all is a vector, it gives the (1-based) indices of images to return. Otherwise only the first image is returned. convert logical, if TRUE then first convert the image into 8-bit RGBA samples and then to an array, see below for details.
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JP2 Format Preservation Assessment
Digital Date: 03/09/2015 Preservation Assessment: Preservation JP2 Format Team Version: 1.3 Document History Date Version Author(s) Circulation 10/12/2014 1.1 Paul Wheatley, Peter May, External Maureen Pennock 23/02/2015 1.2 Peter May External 03/09/2015 1.3 Simon Whibley External British Library Digital Preservation Team [email protected] This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Page 1 of 10 Digital Date: 03/09/2015 Preservation Assessment: Preservation JP2 Format Team Version: 1.3 1. Introduction This document provides a high level, non-collection specific assessment of the JP2 file format with regard to preservation risks and the practicalities of preserving data in this format. This format assessment is one of a series of assessments carried out by the British Library’s Digital Preservation Team. An explanation of criteria used in this assessment is provided in italics below each heading. 1.1 Scope This document will primarily focus on JP2 (JPEG2000 Part 1, core coding system) defined by ISO/IEC 15444-1:2000, but will reference other parts of the JPEG2000 standard(s) where context is necessary. A separate (or extended) assessment for JPX1 and JPM2, and indeed Motion JPEG2000 (Part 3), may be necessary depending on British Library needs. Issues of both preserving deposited JP2s and preserving JP2s created by the British Library as part of digitisation activities will be considered. Note that this assessment considers format issues only, and does not explore other factors essential to a preservation planning exercise, such as collection specific characteristics, that should always be considered before implementing preservation actions.
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Raster Still Images for Digitization: a Comparison of File Formats
Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative Raster Still Images for Digitization A Comparison of File Formats Part 2. Detailed Matrix (multi-page) This document presents the information on multiple, easily printable pages. Part 1 provides the same information in a unified table to facilitate comparisons. April 17, 2014 The FADGI Still Image Working Group http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/still-image/ Raster Still Images for Digitization: A Comparison of File Formats This is the template for the pages that follow. The reference is the detailed matrix in part 1 of this document set. ATTRIBUTE: Scoring conventions: Questions to Consider: TIFF Common TIFF, Uncompressed Common TIFF, Lossless Compressed GeoTIFF/BigTIFF, Uncompressed GeoTIFF/BigTIFF, Compressed JPEG 2000 JPEG 2000: JP2 JPEG 2000: JPX JPEG JPEG (JFIF with EXIF) PNG PNG PDF PDF (1.1-1.7) PDF/A (1, 1a, 1b, 2) GeoPDF* * GeoPDF refers to either TerraGo GeoPDF or Adobe Geospatial PDF 2 ATTRIBUTE: Sustainability Factors: Disclosure Scoring Conventions: Good, Acceptable, Poor Questions to Consider: Does complete technical documentation exist for this format? Is the format a standard (e.g., ISO)? Are source code for associated rendering software, validation tools, and software development kits widely available for this format? TIFF Common TIFF, Good Uncompressed Common TIFF, Good Lossless Compressed GeoTIFF/BigTIFF, Good Uncompressed GeoTIFF/BigTIFF, Good Compressed JPEG 2000 JPEG 2000: JP2 Good JPEG 2000: JPX Good JPEG JPEG (JFIF with EXIF) Good PNG PNG Good PDF PDF
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GPU Implementation of JPEG2000 for Hyperspectral Image Compression
GPU Implementation of JPEG2000 for Hyperspectral Image Compression Milosz Ciznickia, Krzysztof Kurowskia and bAntonio Plaza aPoznan Supercomputing and Networking Center Noskowskiego 10, 61-704 Poznan, Poland. bHyperspectral Computing Laboratory, Department of Technology of Computers and Communications, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 10071 Cáceres, Spain ABSTRACT Hyperspectral image compression has received considerable interest in recent years due to the enormous data volumes collected by imaging spectrometers for Earth Observation. JPEG2000 is an important technique for data compression which has been successfully used in the context of hyperspectral image compression, either in lossless and lossy fashion. Due to the increasing spatial, spectral and temporal resolution of remotely sensed hyperspectral data sets, fast (onboard) compression of hyperspectral data is becoming a very important and challenging objective, with the potential to reduce the limitations in the downlink connection between the Earth Observation platform and the receiving ground stations on Earth. For this purpose, implementation of hyperspectral image compression algorithms on specialized hardware devices are currently being investigated. In this paper, we develop an implementation of the JPEG2000 compression standard in commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). These hardware accelerators are characterized by their low cost and weight, and can bridge the gap towards on-board processing of remotely sensed hyperspectral data. Specifically, we develop GPU implementations of the lossless and lossy modes of JPEG2000. For the lossy mode, we investigate the utility of the compressed hyperspectral images for different compression ratios, using a standard technique for hyperspectral data exploitation such as spectral unmixing. In all cases, we investigate the speedups that can be gained by using the GPU implementations with regards to the serial implementations.
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Jpeg: Read and Write JPEG Images
Package ‘jpeg’ July 24, 2021 Version 0.1-9 Title Read and write JPEG images Author Simon Urbanek <[email protected]> Maintainer Simon Urbanek <[email protected]> Depends R (>= 2.9.0) Description This package provides an easy and simple way to read, write and display bitmap im- ages stored in the JPEG format. It can read and write both files and in-memory raw vectors. License GPL-2 | GPL-3 SystemRequirements libjpeg URL http://www.rforge.net/jpeg/ NeedsCompilation yes Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2021-07-24 10:07:24 UTC R topics documented: readJPEG . .1 writeJPEG . .3 Index 5 readJPEG Read a bitmap image stored in the JPEG format Description Reads an image from a JPEG file/content into a raster array. Usage readJPEG(source, native = FALSE) 1 2 readJPEG Arguments source Either name of the file to read from or a raw vector representing the JPEG file content. native determines the image representation - if FALSE (the default) then the result is an array, if TRUE then the result is a native raster representation. Value If native is FALSE then an array of the dimensions height x width x channels. If there is only one channel the result is a matrix. The values are reals between 0 and 1. If native is TRUE then an object of the class nativeRaster is returned instead. The latter cannot be easily computed on but is the most efficient way to draw using rasterImage. Most common files decompress into RGB (3 channels) or Grayscale (1 channel). Note that Grayscale images cannot be directly used in rasterImage unless native is set to TRUE because rasterImage requires RGB or RGBA format (nativeRaster is always 8-bit RGBA).
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Graphic File Formats BMP Windows Bitmap – the Native Image Format for Windows Systems. Not Generally Cross- Platform Compati
Columbia University - School of the Arts Interactive Design 1 Prof. Marc Johnson Fall 2000 Graphic File Formats BMP Windows Bitmap – the native image format for Windows systems. Not generally cross- platform compatible, but some Windows programs can read this format. EPS Encapsulated PostScript – format which contains a description of the image expressed in Adobe’s PostScript language. A strength of PostScript is in its ability to describe graphics in vector format, allowing scaling, rotation and other transformations without any loss of quality. GIF Graphic Interchange Format – originally developed y CompuServe many years ago, GIF is a standard format for image files on the Web. The GIF file format is popular because it uses a compression method to make files smaller. This “run length compression” method is a “lossless” compression scheme which preserves the original image in its entirety. JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group format – JPEG is a popular method used to compress photographic images, or others with a lot of fine color gradations. Most Web browsers accept JPEG images as a standard file format for viewing. JPEG is a “lossy” compression scheme allowing various compression levels in exchange for different levels of quality. JPEG actually discards data using a complex algorithm to achieve its compression, but at the higher quality levels, the compressed image is nearly indistinguishable from the original. PICT Mac Picture – the native image format for Mac systems. Not generally cross-platform compatible, but some Mac programs can read this format. PNG Portable Network Graphic – a newer format intended for portability (multi-platform compatability) on the Web. It has yet to gain wide acceptance.
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