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Paddim8 October 4, 2020 Lanye PaddiM8 October 4, 2020 1 Contents 2 3 1 Introduction 1.0.1 Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning 1N, 2N, 3N 1st, 2nd and 3rd person noun/adj. conjugation ABL Ablative ADABL Adablative (away from adjacent) ADE Adessive ADLAT Adlative (to adjacent) BEN Benefactive COM Comitative DEG Degrader DU Dual INABL Inablative (away from inside) INE Inessive INIT Initiative INLAT Inlative INS Instrumental INT Intensifier INTR Intrative INTRABL Intrablative (away from between) INTRLAT Intralative (to between) INV Noun case inverter LAT Lative LESS Less (Gradiency) LOC Locative MORE More (Gradiency) OBV Obviative PART Partitive PAS Passive PERL Perlative POSTABL Postablative (away from behind) POSTLAT Postlative (to behind) POSTE Postessive (behind) PROL Prolative PROX Proximate SEMBL Semblative SUBE Subessive SUBABL Subablative (away from under) SUBLAT Sublative SUPE Superessive SUPERABL Superablative (away from over) SUPERLAT Superlative TEMP Temporal 4 1.1 Example sentences (1) Lanye spekawī elalua kạ̄suku Lanye speka -wī ela-lua kạ̄su-ku Lanye language -3SG three-nine case-INS Lanye is a language with thirty-nine cases (2) vālokan torakīt en sūlkiryakan pelosei vālo -ka -n tora -kīt en sūl- kirya -ka -n pelo Walk -FUT -1SG house -POSTABL and INIT- book -FUT -1SG apple -sei -LOC I will walk away from behind the house and begin to read a book near the apple (3) rạnunị en omoyokavan pelotul Rạnu -nị en omo- yoka -va pelo -t -ul Person -1N.SG and INT- like/dislike -MORE apple -ACC -PL I am a person and I really like apples. (4) vīkakan Lạynẹt tilve vīka -ka -n Layne -t til -ve learn -FUT -1SG Layne -ACC now -MORE I will learn Layne later. 5 (5) emóemilanaseinuksese utónuotve lanatut, emilanaseivase nuot lanatut lana- cusnutu emó- emi- lana -sei -ukse -se utó- nuot -ve INT- desire- hand -LOC -DUB -3SG.V INT- moderate.size -MORE lana -tu -t emi- lana -sei -va -se nuot hand -DU -ACC desire- hand -LOC -POT -3SG.V moderate.size lana -tu -t lana -cus -nu -tu hand -DU -ACC hand -SEMBL -POS.1SG -DU He really might not want to have two huge hands, he probably wants two moderately sized hands similar to my pair of hands. (6) buvivosivan uola utivivon vivotuko bu- vivo -si -va -n uo -la uti- vivo -n vivo cause- eye -COND -POT -1SG.V ∅ -2SG ability- eye -1SG.V vivo -tu -ko -DU -INS I would probably show you that I can see with my two eyes. (7) eviotókocaduvesintia evi- otó- ko -ca du -ve -si -n -ti -a obligation- INT- joy -LESS disgust -MORE -COND -1.V -1.PL -OBV We (incl. person talking to) would feel obligated to feel remorseful. 6 2 Phonology 2.1 Consonants Bilab. Labiod. Alveo. Post Al. Palat. Velar Uvular Glot. Plosive p, b t, d k, g Nasal m n ŋ Fricative f, v s ʃ ʁ h Approx. j Lat. Approx. l 2.2 Vowels i u e o a 2.3 Additional • w • t͡s (c) • t͡ʃ (cy) 2.4 Stress Stress is on the first syllable unless the word contains an acute accent, in that casethe syllable after the syllable with the accent is stressed. 7 2.5 Phonotactics (C)V(C) Onset Nucleus Coda b [b] a [a] b [b] c [t͡s] e [ɛ] c [t͡s] d [d] i [i] d [d] f [f] o [o] f [f] g [g] u [u] g [g] h [h] ai [aj] h [h] k [k] ei [ɛj] k [k] l [l] l [l] m [m] m [m] n [n] n [n] p [p] p [p] r [ʁ] r [ʁ] s [s] s [s] t [t] t [t] v [v] v [v] w [w] w [w] y [j] y [j] 2.6 Diacritics • ō Macron: Long Vowel • ´ Acute accent: Move stress to adjecent syllable (to the right) or to current syl- lable if it is the last one. 8 3 Grammar 3.1 Verb conjugation Many words can be conjugated as a verb, this infact turns it into a verb. For example, the word ‘spela’, meaning ‘game’, can be conjugated as a verb and turned into the verb ‘play’. spelan – I play tea spelaseti – They play twice 1SG 2SG 3SG Positive -(i)n -(i)la -(i)se Negative -nam -lam -sem 3.2 Descriptor & Noun conjugation Descriptors and nouns can be conjugated as a descriptor/noun or as a verb. As shown above, conjugating as a verb turns the word into a verb. Conjugating the word as a descriptor/noun describes the subject being the noun or descriptor. spelani – I’m a game speladoni – I was a game 1SG 2SG 3SG Positive -(i)ni -(i)di -(i)wī Negative -nim -dim -wīm 3.3 Tenses Different suffixes are used for different types of word. If a noun is verbified itshould get the same tense suffix verbs get. speladon I played Past Present Future Verbs -do - -ka Nouns & Descriptors -doi - -kai 9 3.4 Number For verbs a word is put in front to express number. Plural Dual Nouns -(u)l(u) -(u)tu Person -(u)ti -(u)tea Verbs len lea 3.5 Morphology syntax 3.5.1 Affix order Verb tense mood person voice Noun case number verbification (8) kiryasiadosin kirya -sia -do -si -n book -PART -PAST -COND -1SG.V I would have read (part of) the book. 3.6 Comparative Comparative Superlative More -vo -vū Less -co -cū (9) layevū laye -vū good -SUPERLAT Best 10 3.7 Questions The ”yū” particle is used to indicate something is a question. It can be putvirtually anywhere (as its own ”word” or as an affix). It is normally put at the start of a sentence or at the end of a verb. 3.8 Possession Plural is constructed using the same suffixes used for plural person conjugation. 1SG -(i)nu 2SG -(i)du 3SG -(i)wū (10) a. pelonuti pelo -nu -ti apple -POS.1 -PL Our apples. 3.9 Obviative -a is appended to the person suffix. Obivative together with first person plural includes the person one is speaking to, while first person plural without obivative excludes the person one is speaking to. 11 3.10 Cases 3.10.1 General Case Affix Nominative - Accusative -t Dative -da Genitive -si Locative -sei Instrumental -ko Prolative -slu Perlative -syto Semblative -cus Benefactive -dā Partitive -sia Comitative -nua Temporal -nu 3.10.2 Locative cases Essive Ablative Lative -si -ki -lu In -sa -ka -la Super- -su -ku -lul Sub- -sel -kel -lel Behind -sīt -kīt -līt Adjecent/nearby -sur -kur -lur Between -sin -kin -lin Initiative sūl- kūl- lūl- Essive • Essive - ? • Inessive - in, within • Superessive - on • Subessive - under • Postessive - behind • Adessive - adjacent 12 • Intressive - between • Intessive - beginning Ablative • Ablative - from • Inablative - from inside • Superablative - from over • Subablative - from under • Postablative - from behind • Adablative - from adjacent • Intrablative - from between • Intablative - from beginning Lative • Inlative - into • Superlative - onto, to above • Sublative - to under • Postlative - to behind • Adlative - to adjecent • Intrlative - to between • Intlative - to beginning Examples: vivodon rạnun torasīt — In this example, the person is behind the house vivodon torasīt rạnun — In this example, the subject is behind the house Other: The nearest preceding person is the one affected by the locative. 13 3.10.3 Cases described • Accusative -t The accusative case is used to mark the direct object in a sentence. Itisonly necessary if no other case has already marked the word as being the object. • Dative -da Marks the indirect object in a clause where it is not already marked. Neither dative nor accusative show movement. Instead, the (ab)lative cases do this. (11) sivakan uolada siva -ka -n uo -la -da write -FUT -1SG ∅ -2SG -DAT I will write to you. • Locative -sei The locative case that indicates location. This case is used either informally or when other location cases do not fit. Since it is fairly vague, other cases are prefered(if possible) in formal language. (12) torasein rạnusi tora -sei -n rạnu -si house -LOC -1SG person -GEN I’m at the person’s house. • Ablative -st Ablative is used to describe movement away from. But also from an object, concept or event originating from an object, person, location or entity. (13) a. uose setist uo -se seti -st ∅ -3SG 3PL -ABL It is from them. b. sveryestin sverye -st -in sweden -ALB -1SG I’m from Sweden. 14 • Lative -lu Unlike many other languages, lative is separated from accusative/dative and has its own suffix. Lative is used to describe movement to, while also marking the indirect object, rendering the dative case unecessary when used. (14) vālan rạnulu vāla -n rạnu -lu walk -1SG person -LAT I walk to the person. • Prolative -slu Prolative roughly gives the meaning of “via” or “by way of”. For example “by sea” or “over the internet”. (15) internetosluse interneto -slu -se internet -PROL -3SG It goes over the internet. • Perlative -syto Perlative is used to indicate motion through or along something. (16) vālon torasyto vālo -n tora -syto walk -1SG house -PERL I walk through the house. • Semblative -cus Semblative indicates similarity between two things. (17) tora pelocus tora pelo -cus house apple -SEMBL The house is like an apple. • Benefactive -dā The benefactive case can be translated to “for”, “for the benefit of”, andisused in the indirect object. The dative case can sometimes be used instead ofthe benefactive in colloquial language. 15 (18) pelo uodāse pelo uo-dā-se apple ∅-BEN-3SG The apple is for him. • Partitive -sia Partitive case is used to indicate atelicity, meaning an action was done but not completed. In the example below, the partitive case is used to show that the person read a book, but did not finish it yet.
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