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Super 2 Highways: Two-Lane Rural Highways with Passing Lanes

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Super 2 Highways: Two-Lane Rural Highways with Passing Lanes For More Details . This reasearch is documented in Report 4064-1, Design Guidelines for Passing Lanes on Two-Lane Roadways (Super 2) Project Summary Report 4064-S Project 0-4064: Design Criteria for Improved Research Supervisor: Two-Lane Section (Super 2) Mark D. Wooldridge, TTI, (979) 845-9902, [email protected] Authors: Mark D. Wooldridge, Carroll J. Messer, Barry D. Heard, Selvam Raghupathy, Researchers: Angelia H. Parham, Marcus A. Brewer, and Sangsoo Lee Carroll Messer, Barry Heard, Selvam Raghupathy, Angelia Parham, Marcus Brewer, and Sangsoo Lee TxDOT Project Director: Marty Smith, P.E., 940-937-7100, [email protected] Super 2 Highways: Two-Lane Rural Highways with Passing Lanes To obtain copies of the reports, contact Dolores Hott, Texas Transportation Institute, Information & Technology Exchange Center, (979) 845-4853, or e-mail [email protected]. See our on-line catalog at Passing Lane Length http://tti.tamu.edu. and Spacing The selection of an appropriate passing lane length and the spac- ing between passing lane seg- ments are critical to the effect of the passing lane on traffic opera- tions. If the passing lane is too short, platoons are not effectively dispersed. If the lane is too long, efficiency is lost. TxDOT Implementation Status The research team selected an February 2002 advanced microscopic simulation program, TWOPAS, to simulate This research established design criteria for three critical elements in the design of Super 2 Highways: passing the passing lane sections. lane length and spacing, shoulder width requirements, signing and pavement marking strategies. The research Figure 1. Passing lane section on two-lane highway TWOPAS has recently been will be incorporated into TxDOT’s Roadway Design Manual to be implemented statewide. upgraded by the Federal Many of Texas’ highways are Texas Transportation Institute’s Highway Administration and For more information, please contact Mr. Bill Knowles, P.E., RTI Research Engineer at (512) 465-7648 two-lane roadways and will (TTI) recommendations for the has the ability to model two-lane, or by e-mail at [email protected] remain so for the foreseeable design of Super 2 highways as two-way rural highways with future. As traffic volumes developed in TxDOT Project 0- passing lanes. A hypothetical increase, motorist satisfaction 4064: “Design Criteria for two-lane highway was simulated and traffic performance on those Improved Two-Lane Section under a variety of traffic mixes YOUR INVOLVEMENT IS WELCOME! roadways will decrease. The (Super 2).” and volumes. Passing lane traditional answer to these prob- designs that were tested had lems, provision of a four-lane What We Did . passing lane spacings between 1 and 8 miles and passing lane roadway, appears to be out of Researchers focused on three lengths between 0.25 and 2 reach for many of these facilities critical elements of the design of miles. Tested traffic volumes due to fiscal constraints. An Super 2 highways: passing lane ranged between 400 and 1,000 alternate solution is the provi- length and spacing, lane and vph, while the percent trucks sion of periodic, short-term shoulder width requirements, and varied from 0 to 40 percent. Disclaimer passing lanes, otherwise known signing and marking strategies. as a “Super 2”design, shown in Researchers reviewed the litera- The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the opinions, findings, and The primary measures of Figure 1. These lanes allow ture and conducted site visits and effectiveness used were percent conclusions presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Texas motorists increased opportuni- field studies in Kansas, time delay and the derived level Department of Transportation (TxDOT) or the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). This report does not ties to safely and easily pass Minnesota, and Texas. In addi- of service. Based on time delay, slower vehicles, improving traf- tion, a computer-based survey optimal length and spacing constitute a standard, specification, or regulation, nor is it intended for construction, bidding, or permit purposes. fic flow at a much lower cost was conducted in five TxDOT requirements were established The engineer in charge of this project was Mark D. Wooldridge (TX-65791). than a traditional expansion to districts to examine driver under- for various traffic volumes. four lanes. standing and acceptance of signs, Varying the percent trucks in the markings, and highway design This report summarizes the traffic stream showed that per- characteristics of passing lanes. development and nature of the cent time delay on two-lane highways with passing lanes is Project Summary Report 4064-S – 4 – ITEC.PSR0201.0502.750 Project Summary Report 4064-S – 1 – relatively insensitive to the percent- ple choice questions, researchers The Researchers the hill. Passing lane sections ning of the white dashed line sep- addition of an 8-ft shoulder. age of trucks. gained input regarding: should be placed to avoid major arating the passing lane from the Therefore, it follows that the presence Recommend . intersections. If present, minor right lane should be provided. of a shoulder in a passing lane section Based on the findings from the Lane and Shoulder Width • Regulatory signs intended to tell intersections that do not require Drivers were more likely to com- increases the overall safety of the studies conducted, researchers devel- the driver to stay in the right lane deceleration lanes should be located ply with state laws regarding passing lane. The presence of a Requirements oped recommendations for the Safety on highways is usually unless passing, near the midpoint of passing lane driving in the right lane unless shoulder also increases the driver’s design of passing lanes. The length, enhanced by the provision of wider • Informational signs providing the sections, avoiding transition areas. passing when this marking was comfort level. Additionally, driver spacing, shoulder width, and lane lanes and shoulders that provide distance to the next passing lane, used. Testing of Texas drivers expectancy may be violated when width recommendations are provided greater recovery room for errant Traffic signals on highways in also indicated better compliance traveling from a two-lane section with • Pavement markings allowing or as suggested modifications to drivers. Similarly, the provision of incorporated areas tend to build pla- in lane selection when driving in a wide shoulder to a three-lane sec- prohibiting passing, and TxDOT’s Roadway Design Manual, passing lanes also enhances safety toons. These platoons of through platoons, without unnecessarily tion with no shoulder or with a very while the signs and markings are through the accommodation of pass- • Entrance pavement markings traffic leaving the last traffic signal delaying the initiation of passing narrow shoulder. However, as noted provided as the basis for a potential ing maneuvers that reduce platoon encouraging staying in the right in an incorporated area should be maneuvers. in the literature, passing lane sections standard detail drawing. sizes and reduce the number of lane. broken up before entering subse- are short, and few vehicles are likely quent rural two-lane highway sec- • Standard taper rates as defined in unsafe passes. Although conflicts the Texas MUTCD should be used to stop in these sections. If vehicles do not always arise, providing a tions, if practical. The last signal do have to stop for an emergency, should desirably feed into a contin- to add and drop lanes for the passing lane sometimes necessitates passing lane section. extra width for going around the vehi- the temporary reduction of the uation of the urban four-lane cross- cle is provided by the width of the shoulder and, occasionally, the lane section (if present in the city) or, A recommended detail drawing additional lane. width. alternatively, into a passing lane has also been developed for use by section. A one-half-mile multi-lane TxDOT to denote recommended Other user groups should also be Researchers reviewed state design section located immediately out- sign and marking layouts for pass- considered in the provision of shoul- guidelines, national design guide- bound of the last traffic signal is ing lanes. ders in passing lane sections. lines, widths on existing passing Figure 2. Lane addition marking preferred; however, an outbound Pedestrians and bicyclists may also lane sections, the current literature, passing lane starting near the out- Lane and Shoulder Width use the roadways with passing lane Current lane width recommenda- and available international design Researchers next conducted a skirts of the developed area is an sections; if so, they may travel on the guidelines regarding lane and shoul- Length and Spacing alternative in more restrictive con- tions for passing sections range shoulder. Rumble strip installation field study involving the entrance Recommended passing lane length der widths in passing lane sections. ditions. from 10- to 12-ft, a desirable width also affects these users; if a rumble pavement markings from the sur- and spacing values are shown in the The lane widths typically recom- of 12-ft, or a minimum width to strip is placed in the center of the vey. The entrance markings con- following table. The values were mended were either 12 ft or widths Signs and Markings match that of the existing lanes on shoulder, usable space for pedestrians sisted of a white skip-stripe
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