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1 Printing the Network This is an open-access, final author’s manuscript. Please cite: McKinney, Cait. 2018. “Printing the Network: AIDS Activists and Online Access in the 1980s.” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 32(1): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2018.1404670. Printing the Network: AIDS Activism and Online Access in the 1980s Cait McKinney University of Toronto, Faculty of Information 140 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G6 [email protected] 416 857 0726 Abstract HIV/AIDS activists in the 1980s made up a significant cohort of early computer network users, who used Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) to create and circulate health information amongst PWA (People living with AIDS) communities. This article explores how these early adopters extended access to new computer networks by printing online information in newsletters. Their work bridged the sharing of text files over BBS—a novel networked practice—with more traditional activist media tools familiar to readers trained in civil rights, homophile, and feminist organizing. The article focuses on the Philadelphia-based organization Critical Path, led by Kiyoshi Kuromiya, who applied systems theories drawn from Buckminster Fuller’s work to the problem of HIV/AIDS. Critical Path’s print newsletter drew on BBS to put information in the hands of a wide constituency of PWAs 1 and their allies. They targeted, in particular, PWA communities excluded from access to medical research trials based on race, gender, drug use, or carceral status, and did so through a multimedia practice that recognized how access to emerging computer networks was similarly stratified. Through analyzing Critical Path’s digital-to-print practice, I argue that HIV/AIDS activists approached new online networks as a fundamental equity issue shaped by their broader understandings of the structural violence performed by exclusion from good, up-to-date information. Biographical Note Cait McKinney is a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow in the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Information. Recent publications appear in Radical History Review and Feminist Theory. Funding Details This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by the Beaverbrook Foundation, through Media@McGill. Keywords BBS, HIV/AIDS, AIDS Activism, Critical Path, Kiyoshi Kuromiya, Computer Networks, Internet History, Buckminster Fuller, Prison Abolition 2 The first issue of The Critical Path AIDS Project Newsletter, launched in 1989, ends with a small SILENCE = DEATH graphic made famous by Gran Fury and ACT UP (Critical Path AIDS Project 1989a, 27). The tiny icon appears at the end of a long ‘Directory of PWA Services’, and takes up just an inch on the printed page. It could easily be missed by a reader casually flipping through these listings. The graphic, ubiquitous within late 1980s HIV/AIDS-activist circles and contemporary memorialization projects, takes on a different valence here: this SILENCE = DEATH describes Critical Path’s work to connect “PWAs” (people living with AIDS) with treatment information using computer network technologies.1 Silence marked the consequences of exclusion from new online communication infrastructures, used by treatment activists to create and share up-to-the- minute, collaborative health information. Silence, in this case, might mean never hearing a modem’s dial tone. To break this silence, Critical Path set out to ‘provide up-to-the-minute computer- networked information on support groups, organizational schedules, experimental AIDS medications and protocols, alternative therapies, the best of the AIDS computer bulletin board items, [and] direct services available to PWAs’ (Kuromiya 1989, 2). Critical Path provided focused outreach to ‘women, IV drug-using communities, and to PWAs of color, the physically challenged, the imprisoned, and the homeless’ (Ibid). The organization was one of many HIV/AIDS activist groups that worked online over the course of the 1980s, gathering, synthesizing, and most importantly printing vital information that was otherwise unavailable through mainstream media and public-health agencies. Critical Path’s online work presents a significant yet marginal internet history, 3 and another way 1980s activism set the stage for HIV/AIDS’s entry into wider public- health dialogs in the 1990s (Brier 2009; Patton 1996). Kiyoshi Kuromiya (1943–2000) founded the Philadelphia-based Critical Path Project and edited its newsletter. The first issue was a 28-page long, desktop published, letter-sized, black-and-white document. Heavy with text, each issue included about a dozen articles, most of which were researched and written by Kuromiya, though generally unattributed. These articles were supplemented by listings for support groups, a phone directory and events calendar for PWA services in the tri-state area, and classified ads from supportive businesses and services. Kuromiya wanted to offer wider access to the text-based online Bulletin Board Systems (or ‘BBS’) he began using in the mid- 1980s. To do this, he republished BBS information for those without computer access using two widely accessible and familiar formats: the newsletter, and a telephone hotline he operated out of his home. A reader consulting the masthead of Critical Path’s first issue encountered a contributor list made up of many curious acronyms: AIDS Info BBS, AIDS Info Exchange BBS, AIDS FORUM, and HRCF BSS. These ‘authors’ represented geographically dispersed collectives of amateurs working together in networked computing spaces to research, write, annotate, and revise text files about new treatments, clinical trials, and drug-access. The newsletter served, in part, to explain online communication to PWAs and build their trust in computer networks. Kuromiya believed online communication could fix the information-scarcity characteristic of the 1980s HIV/AIDS media landscape. He was in many ways a typical early adopter, eager to share new technologies with the community he cared about.2 4 In popular accounts of networked computing, the early adoption of online communication is most often understood as a story about nerds, tinkerers, and hobbyists ‘dialing-up’ using their modems in growing numbers throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In this version of the story, an undifferentiated ‘wider public’ incrementally become ‘users’ as technology gets cheaper and easier to use. Critical media history is skeptical of narratives like this one. Many scholars have offered more complicated pictures of the early decades of computer networks, situating adoption in specific counterpublics and a longer durée (Driscoll 2014; Friedman 2017; Turner 2006; Medina 2014). Building on this turn, this article explores how early adopters who ‘printed the net,’ sought to build the capacities of non-users without particular designs upon getting these non-users online. Printing online information in a newsletter bridged the sharing of text files over BBS—a novel networked practice—with the more traditional activist media tool of the newsletter, familiar to readers trained in civil rights, homophile, and feminist organizing (Jordan 2011; Meeker 2006; Meagher 2014; Beins 2017). This practice built what Elisabeth Jay Friedman (2017) calls ‘chains of access’; a strategy for extending encounters with online media to those without access through remediation with established forms, like print or the telephone (98, 116, 125). This practice was common within queer and feminist activist networks as they moved online in the late twentieth century and brought their investments in equity to bear on new technologies. HIV/AIDS activists in the 1980s made up a significant cohort of early computer network users.3 Their printing practices reveal how activist computer networks embedded new forms of information exchange within ‘older’ information practices in order to build equity and interdependency in multi-media systems. Similarly, computer networks 5 repurposed and re-imagined document genres from print culture; the text file format popular on BBS drew on styles from hobbyist and activist newsletters in length, mode of address, and in the way documents were designed to be printable. In other words, HIV/AIDS activist use of networked computers in the 1980s moved purposefully between ‘old’ and ‘new’ media. Media historians such as Carolyn Marvin (1988) and Lisa Gitelman (2006) emphasize this kind of movement in order to trouble linear technological histories. Building on their approach, this article focuses on the tactical adjustments and translation practices activists performed during amateur network computing’s most ‘plastic’ period.4 This article examines these activist practices through a close analysis of Critical Path’s newsletter, situated within the organization’s broader, networked information practices. Analysis is focused on the newsletter’s first four years of publication (1989– 1993), particularly the first three issues published between November 1989 and January 1990. I contextualize this analysis of the newsletter through documentary research in Critical Path and Kuromiya’s organizational records, held at an LGBTQ community archives in Philadelphia. Part one of the article explores Kuromiya’s long association with technotopian architect and systems theorist Buckminster Fuller, which informed Critical Path’s approach to HIV/AIDS as a problem of information, media, and technology. Part two turns to a close analysis of how the newsletter used BBS in conjunction with ‘analog’ technologies. Here I argue that Critical
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