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Beyond Colonial Imagery? Dynamics of Religion, Culture and Agency In Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Maailman kulttuurien laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Helmi Halonen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Beyond Colonial Imagery? Dynamics of Religion, Culture and Agency in the Guardian's End FGM Global Media Campaign Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Uskontotiede, Master's Degree Programme in Intercultural Encounters Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu year 106 04/2016 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielma on retorinen analyysi The Guardian -lehden tyttöjen ympärileikkauksen vastaisesta mediakampanjasta. Tutkielmassa paneudutaan tapoihin, joilla tuoreessa kampanjoinnissa kuvataan ympärileikkauksia, niiden uskonnollista ja kulttuurista merkitystä sekä ympärileikattuja naisia. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten Guardianin kampanja asennoituu ja reagoi tyttöjen ympärileikkauksia ympäröiviin ristiriitoihin länsimaisessa mediakeskustelussa, erityisesti kysymyksiin ympärileikattujen naisten Beyond Colonial Imagery? uhriuttamisesta, universaaleista ihmisoikeuksista ja vähemmistöryhmien kulttuurin ja uskonnon kunnioittamisesta. Tutkielma nojaa postkolonialistiseen teoriaan ja diskursiiviseen uskontotieteeseen, ja Dynamics of Religion, Culture and Agency sen taustaoletus on konstruktionistinen. Lisäksi tutkielma kytkeytyy joukkoon tuoreita tutkimuksia ja teorioita, joissa paneudutaan länsimaissa käytyyn keskusteluun ja kampanjointiin in the Guardian's End FGM Global Media Campaign ihmisoikeusloukkauksiksi mielletyistä kulttuurisista perinteistä. Näissä keskusteluissa ja kampanjoissa on nähty jäänteitä siirtomaa-aikaisista asenteista ja valta-asetelmista. Tutkielman aineistona on Guardianin kampanjan internet-sivuilta löytyvä 96-sivuinen tekstimateriaali, joka Helmi Halonen koostuu uutisartikkeleista, haastatteluista, kolumneista ja pääkirjoituksista. Menetelmänä käytetään retorista analyysiä. Analyysi on jaettu neljään osaan. Ensimmäinen osa keskittyy ympärileikkauksen University of Helsinki nimeämiseen ja luokitteluun. Toisessa osassa käsitellään toimijuuden ja uhriuttamisen dynamiikkaa aineistossa. Kolmas osa keskittyy argumentaatioon, jota lähestytään oletettujen vasta-argumenttien 10.4.2016 kautta. Neljännessä osassa analysoidaan uskonnon, kulttuurin ja tradition käsitteiden käyttöä ja niiden kautta sitä, millaiseksi ympärileikkausten kulttuurinen ja uskonnollinen merkitys aineistossa rakentuu. Kampanjateksteistä välittyy voimakas universalistinen taustaoletus. Ympärileikkauksen moraalinen tuomittavuus kuvataan faktana, ja kampanjoijilla katsotaan olevan velvollisuus levittää paitsi tietoa, myös moraalista totuutta. Samalla Guardianin kampanjan tekijät vastaavat sekä suoraan että epäsuorasti ympärileikkauksen vastaiseen kampanjointiin kohdistettuun kritiikkiin. Kulttuurisensitiivisyyteen vetoaminen ympärileikkauskeskustelussa tuomitaan rasismina ja välinpitämättömyytenä. Tämän lisäksi kampanjaa johtaa kaksi nuorta naista, jotka kuuluvat ympärileikkauksia perinteisesti harjoittaviin yhteisöihin. Heidät esitetään kampanjateksteissä sankariroolissa. Samanaikaisesti enemmistö ympärileikatuista naisista kuvataan kuitenkin alistuvina uhreina, joilla ei ole omaa toimijuutta tai ääntä. Samalla tavoin kampanja pyrkii kirjoittamaan ymmärtävästi myös ympärileikkaajista ja ympärileikkauksen puolustajista, mutta kuvaa ympärileikkauksia brutaaleina väkivallantekoina. Ympärileikkaus rakentuu aineistossa lähes ainoastaan seksuaalisuuteen ja sen kontrolloimiseen liittyvänä toimenpiteenä. Sen uskonnollinen merkitys kuvataan uskonnon väärintulkintana, ja siihen kytkeytyvät poliittiset ja taloudelliset rakenteet sivuutetaan lähes täysin. Näin Guardianin kampanja samanaikaisesti pyrkii välttämään ympärileikkauskeskustelun vanhoja ongelmia ja retoriikan tasolla toistaa niitä tavoissa, joilla se kuvaa ympärileikattuja naisia ja heidän yhteisöjään ja kulttuureitaan. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Tyttöjen ympärileikkaus, diskursiivinen uskontotiede, postkolonialismi, toimijuus, retorinen analyysi, ihmisoikeudet Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information 1 2 Table of Contents “Controlling women's sexuality”: patriarchy, communities, and the pro- circumcision argument..................................................................................79 Religion, Culture, and Tradition...............................................................................91 Introduction............................................................................................................................3 Redefining religion.......................................................................................92 The culture confusion...................................................................................99 Context and Background........................................................................................................7 Female Circumcision..................................................................................................7 Discussion..........................................................................................................................106 A note on terminology.....................................................................................7 Female circumcision: an overview.................................................................9 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................108 The Anti-Circumcision Movement...........................................................................15 Bibliography......................................................................................................................110 Theoretical Framework........................................................................................................20 Social Constructionism: Communication, power, and discourse.............................20 References.........................................................................................................................116 Postcolonial Theory: Othering, hybridity, and agency.............................................22 Previous Research: Multiculturalism, Colonialism, and the Rights of Women...................23 Methods and Application......................................................................................................26 Discursive Study of Religion....................................................................................26 Rhetorical Analysis...................................................................................................28 The Research Process...............................................................................................29 Analysis................................................................................................................................31 Constructing Truth Claims........................................................................................31 Naming circumcision: terminology and description.....................................31 Placing circumcision: grouping and categorisation......................................37 Entitlement, Agency, and Victimisation...................................................................42 “Courageous young women”: the hero archetype........................................43 “Girls who don't have a voice”: victimisation and agency...........................52 “Cutter”, “victim”, “survivor”: naming circumcised women.......................57 Us or them: identification and division.........................................................60 The Circumcision Discourse: Debates and oppositions...........................................66 “Shocking levels of ignorance”: civilising mission revisited.......................67 “Cultural sensitivities”: cowardice, racism, and relativism..........................73 3 4 Introduction not an objective absolute but something produced, consciously or not, in discourse and description. Who has the right to make these categorisations, to define the “truth” about This study is a rhetorical analysis of the Guardian's End FGM Global Media Campaign. people and procedures, is fundamentally a question of power. Similarly, researchers within Relying on theories of social constructionism, postcolonialism, and discursive study of discursive study of religion have pointed out that the concept of “religion”, born in a religion, the aim of the study is to analyse ways in which the Guardian's campaign certain place and time to describe a certain mode of social organisation, cannot be directly addresses questions of religion, culture, agency, and Othering in connection to female applied to other contexts without simultaneously asserting a position of power from which circumcision. In particular, the study is concerned with how the Guardian's campaign to define and organise the ideologies of others. positions itself in the power relations and controversies surrounding the circumcision debate in Europe and the United States. The focus of the research is thus on how the This is especially true in the context of this study, focusing on a European-based campaign Guardian campaign addresses issues of intervening in the culturally mandated practices of against a cultural practice found primarily in Africa. Previous studies on anti-circumcision others without insulting
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