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Joseph Patterson ASTROPHYSICS Mary E. Putman David Schiminovich (Chair) Departmental Office: 1328 Pupin; 212-854-3278 Jacqueline van Gorkom (emeritus) http://www.astro.columbia.edu

Director of Undergraduate Studies: Associate Professor Prof. Frederik B.S. Paerels, 1022 Pupin; Marcel Agüeros 212-854-0181; [email protected] Lorenzo Sironi is, at once, the oldest science and one of the most vibrant Assistant Professors fields of modern research. Its goal is to construct testable, quantitative, David Kipping coherent models of the universe (the UNIty of the diVERSE) and its Melissa K. Ness contents-galaxies, stars, and planets. The department offers two majors, both of which require a solid grounding in the mathematics and necessary for the pursuit of the discipline. Adjunct Professor The astrophysics major is designed as preparation for graduate Michael Allison (GISS) study and consists of a standard physics major sequence; a yearlong Mordecai-Mark MacLow (Hayden Planetarium) introduction to astrophysics (typically taken in the sophomore year, Rebecca Oppenheimer (Hayden Planetarium) but open to first-years with adequate preparation in calculus and Michael Shara (Hayden Planetarium) physics); and two required courses covering advanced topics in Ruth Angus (Hayden Planetarium) astronomy. Research, in the form of summer internships and/or term- time independent projects, which can lead to a senior thesis, is strongly encouraged. For a research thesis, students should enroll in the parallel, Senior Lecturer two-semester sequence ASTR UN3997-ASTR UN3998 Independent Research Caleb Scharf , preferably in their senior year. Students begin the research project in the fall and complete the written thesis in the spring. ASTR UN3997 and On Leave ASTR UN3998 cannot be repeated for credit. Profs. Halpern, Paerels, Patterson, Putman, (Fall 2021)

The astronomy major provides a basis for further study in the field, but is also designed to be compatible with liberal arts students who pursue Guidelines for all Astronomy Majors, other careers and those wishing to combine astronomy with related Concentrators, and Interdepartmental sciences other than physics, such as chemistry or geology. It requires only two physics courses beyond the introductory sequence and can be Majors completed easily if begun in the sophomore year. Courses in which the grade of D has been received do not count toward the major or concentration requirements. The department offers numerous introductory astronomy courses at the 1000-level that do not have prerequisites. The calculus-based ASTR UN2001 Introduction To Astrophysics, I-ASTR UN2002 INTRO TO ASTROPHYSICS II sequence is recommended for astronomy majors and Major in Astronomy concentrators and is required for astrophysics majors. The major requirements, to be planned with the director of undergraduate studies, are as follows: Most 3000-level courses, as well as ASTR GU4260 Modeling the Universe, are offered every other year. Students should inquire with the director Mathematics of undergraduate studies if they have specific questions on the course Calculus sequence through MATH UN1202 Calculus IV or MATH UN1208 schedule. ASTR UN3996 Current Research in Astrophysics is a one-point Honors Mathematics IV course offered in the fall, designed to introduce majors to research Astronomy methods and topics. It requires students to attend the department Select one of the following options: colloquia and a seminar designed to help students understand the Option 1: colloquium topic. The 3000-level courses need not be taken in any Two 3-point 1000-level astronomy courses particular order. 12 points in astronomy at the 2000-level or above Option 2: Professors ASTR UN2001 Introduction To Astrophysics, I James Applegate - ASTR UN2002 and INTRO TO ASTROPHYSICS II Greg Bryan 9 points in astronomy at the 3000-level or above Zoltan Haiman Physics Jules P. Halpern Select one of the following physics sequences: David J. Helfand Sequence 1: Kathryn Johnston Laura Kay (Barnard) Jeremiah P. Ostriker Frederik B. S. Paerels 2 Astrophysics

PHYS UN1401 Introduction To Mechanics and PHYS GU4021 Quantum Mechanics I - PHYS UN1402 Thermodynamics - PHYS GU4022 and Quantum Mechanics II - PHYS UN1403 and INTRO ELEC/MAGNETSM # OPTCS OR and Introduction to Classical and PHYS BC3006 Quantum Physics Quantum Waves - PHYS GU4023 and Thermal and Statistical Physics Sequence 2: PHYS UN1601 Physics, I: Mechanics and Relativity - PHYS UN1602 and Physics, II: Thermodynamics, - PHYS UN2601 Electricity, and Magnetism Concentration in Astronomy and Physics, III: Classical and Quantum An extra 3 points of physics can substitute for 3 points of astronomy, Waves as long as the course submitted is at the equivalent or higher level. The Sequence 3: concentration requirements are as follows: PHYS UN2801 Accelerated Physics I - PHYS UN2802 and Accelerated Physics II Mathematics Additional Physics Courses 9 points of mathematics Two physics courses at the 3000-level or above Astronomy 15 points of astronomy, nine of which must be at or above the 2000-level Students contemplating graduate study are advised to include at least Physics two of these physics courses: 9 points of physics

PHYS UN3003 Mechanics PHYS UN3007 Electricity and Magnetism Fall 2021 PHYS GU4021 Quantum Mechanics I ASTR UN1403 Earth, Moon and Planets (Lecture). 3 points. - PHYS GU4022 and Quantum Mechanics II CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement

One of these may be substituted for 3 points of astronomy. Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high school algebra. The overall architecture of the . Motions of the celestial Major in Astrophysics sphere. Time and the calendar. Major planets, the earth-moon system, minor planets, . Life in the solar system and beyond. This course Students considering an Astrophysics major are encouraged to meet with is similar to ASTR BC 1753. You cannot enroll in both courses and receive the director of undergraduate studies. If possible, it is useful to start the credit for both. physics sequence in the first year. Spring 2021: ASTR UN1403 Mathematics Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Calculus sequence through MATH UN1202 Calculus IV or MATH UN1208 Number Number Honors Mathematics IV ASTR 1403 001/11739 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm James 3 68/75 Online Only Applegate Astronomy Fall 2021: ASTR UN1403 ASTR UN2001 Introduction To Astrophysics, I Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment - ASTR UN2002 and INTRO TO ASTROPHYSICS II Number Number 6 points in astronomy at the 3000-level or above ASTR 1403 001/12831 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am David Helfand 3 82/75 Physics 413 Kent Hall Select one of the following physics sequences: ASTR UN1404 STARS, GALAXIES # . 3.00 points. Sequence 1: CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement PHYS UN1401 Introduction To Mechanics and - PHYS UN1402 Thermodynamics Distances to, and fundamental properties of, nearby stars; - PHYS UN1403 and INTRO ELEC/MAGNETSM # OPTCS nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution; novae and supernovae; galaxies; and Introduction to Classical and the structure of the universe and theories concerning its origin, evolution, Quantum Waves and ultimate fate. You can only receive credit for ASTR UN1404 if you Sequence 2: have not taken ASTR BC1754, ASTR UN1420 or ASTR UN1836 PHYS UN1601 Physics, I: Mechanics and Relativity Fall 2021: ASTR UN1404 - PHYS UN1602 and Physics, II: Thermodynamics, Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment - PHYS UN2601 Electricity, and Magnetism Number Number and Physics, III: Classical and Quantum ASTR 1404 001/12832 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm James 3.00 60/75 Waves 702 Hamilton Hall Applegate Sequence 3: PHYS UN2801 Accelerated Physics I - PHYS UN2802 and Accelerated Physics II Additional Physics Courses PHYS UN3003 Mechanics PHYS UN3007 Electricity and Magnetism PHYS UN3008 Electromagnetic Waves and Optics Astrophysics 3

ASTR UN1453 Another Earth. 3 points. ASTR UN1903 ASTRONOMY LAB I. 1.00 point. CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement Laboratory for ASTR UN1403. Projects include observations with the This course cannot be taken for credit if BC1753 has been taken. departments telescopes, computer simulation, laboratory experiments in spectroscopy, and the analysis of astronomical data. Lab 1 ASTR UN1903 This course will explore the unique properties of Earth, compared to - goes with ASTR BC1753, ASTR UN1403 or ASTR UN1453 other planets in the Solar System, and the possibility of Earth-like planets Spring 2021: ASTR UN1903 around other stars. The basics of the Solar System, gravity, and light will Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment be covered, as well as the geology and atmospheres of the terrestrial Number Number planets. The properties of Earth that allowed life to develop and whether ASTR 1903 001/12738 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 9/12 life can develop on other planets will be discussed. Finally, the discovery Online Only Schiminovich, Yuxi Lu of planets beyond our Solar System and the likelihood of another Earth ASTR 1903 002/12739 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 7/12 will be a key component of the course. Online Only Schiminovich, Christopher Spring 2021: ASTR UN1453 Carr Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Fall 2021: ASTR UN1903 Number Number Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment ASTR 1453 001/11740 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm Mary Putman 3 68/75 Number Number Online Only ASTR 1903 001/00150 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 12/12 Fall 2021: ASTR UN1453 Room TBA Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment ASTR 1903 002/00151 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 10/12 Number Number Room TBA ASTR 1453 001/12833 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm Caleb Scharf 3 75/75 Cin Alfred Lerner Hall ASTR UN1904 ASTRONOMY LAB II. 1.00 point. Laboratory for ASTR UN1404. Projects include use of telescopes, ASTR UN1836 Stars and Atoms. 3 points. laboratory experiments in the nature of light, spectroscopy, and the CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement analysis of astronomical data. Lab 2 ASTR UN1904 - goes with ASTR BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 (or ASTR UN1836 or ASTR UN1420) Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high Spring 2021: ASTR UN1904 school algebra. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this Number Number question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look ASTR 1904 001/12740 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm David 1.00 12/14 at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand Online Only Schiminovich, finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout Karen Perez time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll Fall 2021: ASTR UN1904 in ASTR UN1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 and Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number receive credit for both. ASTR 1904 001/00146 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 9/12 Room TBA , What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this ASTR UN2001 Introduction To Astrophysics, I. 3 points. question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll Corequisites: a course in calculus-based general physics. in ASTR W1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR W1404 and receive First term of a two-term calculus-based introduction to astronomy credit for both. and astrophysics. Topics include the physics of stellar interiors, stellar atmospheres and spectral classifications, stellar energy generation and Spring 2021: ASTR UN1836 nucleosynthesis, supernovae, neutron stars, white dwarfs, and interacting Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment binary stars. Number Number

ASTR 1836 001/11741 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Marcel 3 34/40 Fall 2021: ASTR UN2001 Online Only Agueros Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Fall 2021: ASTR UN1836 Number Number Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment ASTR 2001 001/12835 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Marcel 3 38/35 Number Number 304 Hamilton Hall Agueros ASTR 1836 001/12834 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Kathryn 3 60/75 313 Fayerweather Johnston 4 Astrophysics

ASTR UN2900 Frontiers of Astrophysics. 1 point. ASTR UN3997 Independent Research. 3 points. Several members of the faculty each offer a brief series of talks providing CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement context for a current research topic in the field and then present results of their ongoing research. Opportunities for future student research Prerequisites: the instructor's permission. For an independent research collaboration are offered. Grading is Pass/Fail. project or independent study, a brief description of the proposed project or reading, with the supervising faculty member's endorsement, is Fall 2021: ASTR UN2900 required for registration. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment A variety of research projects conducted under the supervision of Number Number members of the faculty. Observational, theoretical, and experimental work ASTR 2900 001/12836 F 10:10am - 11:25am Caleb Scharf 1 41/50 in galactic and and cosmology. The topic and 627 Seeley W. Mudd Building scope of the work must be arranged with a faculty member in advance; a written paper describing the results of the project is required at its ASTR UN3105 Extrasolar Planets and . 3 points. completion (note that a two-term project can be designed such that the Prerequisites: One year of calculus-based physics. grade YC is given after the first term). Senior majors in astronomy or The emerging field of extrasolar planets and astrobiology will be astrophysics wishing to do a senior thesis should make arrangements in covered at a quantitative level, with a major emphasis on astrophysical May of their junior year and sign up for a total of 6 points over their final phenomenae and techniques. The subject will be introduced two terms. Both a substantial written document and an oral presentation through an investigation of current planetary formation theories and of thesis results are required. approaches to planet detection, including what we currently know about extrasolar planets and detailed reference to state-of-the-art studies. Fall 2021: ASTR UN3997 An 's view of the origin of life and extreme biology will be Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number developed and applied to questions of cosmo-chemistry, observable life- ASTR 3997 001/13263 3 1/10 signatures, habitable zones and other astrophysical constraints on the development of organisms. ASTR GR6001 Radiative Processes. 3 points. Prerequisites: 3000-level electromagnetic theory and quantum Fall 2021: ASTR UN3105 mechanics. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number Radiation mechanisms and interaction of radiation with matter. ASTR 3105 001/12837 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am David Kipping 3 20/20 Applications of classical and semiclassical radiation theory and atomic 1332 Pupin Laboratories physics to astrophysical settings. Radiative transfer, polarization, scattering, line radiation, special relativity, bremsstrahlung, synchrotron ASTR UN3602 and Extragalactic Astronomy. 3 radiation, inverse compton scattering, ionization losses, shocks points. and particle acceleration, plasma processes, atomic structure and CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement spectroscopic terms, radiative transitions and oscillator strengths, curve of growth, molecular spectra. Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics.

The standard hot big bang cosmological model and modern Fall 2021: ASTR GR6001 observational results that test it. Topics include the Friedmann equations Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment and the expansion of the universe, dark matter, dark energy, inflation, Number Number primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, the ASTR 6001 001/13264 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm Zoltan Haiman 3 7/20 formation of large-scale cosmic structures, and modern cosmological 401 Chandler observations. ASTR GR8003 Astrophysical fluid Dynamics (Lecture). 3 points.

Fall 2021: ASTR UN3602 Not offered during 2021-22 academic year. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number An introduction to the fundamental concepts of fluid dynamics with ASTR 3602 001/12838 M W 10:10am - 11:25am Zoltan Haiman 3 21/25 focus on standad applications of the theory to a variety of important 1332 Pupin Laboratories astrophysical situations and objects. A brief introduction to several key numberical concepts. A brief description of the complications that arise when a fluid is magnetized.

Fall 2021: ASTR GR8003 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 8003 001/13265 M W 10:10am - 11:25am Greg Bryan 3 5/20 417 Schermerhorn Hall

ASTR GR9003 Graduate Research Seminar I. 3 points. Fall 2021: ASTR GR9003 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 9003 001/13266 3 6/10 Astrophysics 5

ASTR UN1836 Stars and Atoms. 3 points. Spring 2021 CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement ASTR UN1403 Earth, Moon and Planets (Lecture). 3 points. CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high school algebra. Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this school algebra. question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look The overall architecture of the solar system. Motions of the celestial at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand sphere. Time and the calendar. Major planets, the earth-moon system, finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout minor planets, comets. Life in the solar system and beyond. This course time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll is similar to ASTR BC 1753. You cannot enroll in both courses and receive in ASTR UN1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 and credit for both. receive credit for both.

Spring 2021: ASTR UN1403 , Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this Number Number question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look ASTR 1403 001/11739 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm James 3 68/75 Online Only Applegate at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand Fall 2021: ASTR UN1403 finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll Number Number in ASTR W1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR W1404 and receive ASTR 1403 001/12831 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am David Helfand 3 82/75 credit for both. 413 Kent Hall

Spring 2021: ASTR UN1836 ASTR UN1453 Another Earth. 3 points. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement Number Number This course cannot be taken for credit if BC1753 has been taken. ASTR 1836 001/11741 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Marcel 3 34/40 Online Only Agueros This course will explore the unique properties of Earth, compared to Fall 2021: ASTR UN1836 other planets in the Solar System, and the possibility of Earth-like planets Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment around other stars. The basics of the Solar System, gravity, and light will Number Number be covered, as well as the geology and atmospheres of the terrestrial ASTR 1836 001/12834 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Kathryn 3 60/75 313 Fayerweather Johnston planets. The properties of Earth that allowed life to develop and whether life can develop on other planets will be discussed. Finally, the discovery ASTR UN1903 ASTRONOMY LAB I. 1.00 point. of planets beyond our Solar System and the likelihood of another Earth Laboratory for ASTR UN1403. Projects include observations with the will be a key component of the course. departments telescopes, computer simulation, laboratory experiments in spectroscopy, and the analysis of astronomical data. Lab 1 ASTR UN1903 Spring 2021: ASTR UN1453 - goes with ASTR BC1753, ASTR UN1403 or ASTR UN1453 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number Spring 2021: ASTR UN1903 ASTR 1453 001/11740 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm Mary Putman 3 68/75 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Online Only Number Number Fall 2021: ASTR UN1453 ASTR 1903 001/12738 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 9/12 Online Only Schiminovich, Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Yuxi Lu Number Number ASTR 1903 002/12739 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 7/12 ASTR 1453 001/12833 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm Caleb Scharf 3 75/75 Online Only Schiminovich, Cin Alfred Lerner Hall Christopher Carr ASTR BC1754 Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology. 3 points. Fall 2021: ASTR UN1903 BC: Fulfillment of General Education Requirement: Quantitative and Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Deductive Reasoning (QUA). Number Number ASTR 1903 001/00150 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 12/12 Prerequisites: Recommended preparation: A working knowledge of high Room TBA school algebra. ASTR 1903 002/00151 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 10/12 Corequisites: Suggested parallel laboratory course: ASTR C 1904y. Room TBA Examines the properties of stars, star formation, stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis, the Milky Way and other galaxies, and the cosmological origin and evolution of the universe. Students may not receive credit for both ASTR BC 1754 and ASTR C1404.

Spring 2021: ASTR BC1754 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 1754 001/00484 M W 10:10am - 11:25am David Helfand 3 55 903 Altschul Hall 6 Astrophysics

ASTR UN1904 ASTRONOMY LAB II. 1.00 point. ASTR UN3998 Independent Research. 3 points. Laboratory for ASTR UN1404. Projects include use of telescopes, Prerequisites: the instructor's permission. For an independent research laboratory experiments in the nature of light, spectroscopy, and the project or independent study, a brief description of the proposed project analysis of astronomical data. Lab 2 ASTR UN1904 - goes with ASTR or reading, with the supervising faculty member's endorsement, is BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 (or ASTR UN1836 or ASTR UN1420) required for registration. Spring 2021: ASTR UN1904 A variety of research projects conducted under the supervision of Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment members of the faculty. Observational, theoretical, and experimental work Number Number in galactic and extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. The topic and ASTR 1904 001/12740 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm David 1.00 12/14 scope of the work must be arranged with a faculty member in advance; Online Only Schiminovich, Karen Perez a written paper describing the results of the project is required at its Fall 2021: ASTR UN1904 completion (note that a two-term project can be designed such that the Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment grade YC is given after the first term). Senior majors in astronomy or Number Number astrophysics wishing to do a senior thesis should make arrangements in ASTR 1904 001/00146 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 9/12 May of their junior year and sign up for a total of 6 points over their final Room TBA two terms. Both a substantial written document and an oral presentation ASTR UN2002 INTRO TO ASTROPHYSICS II. 3.00 points. of thesis results are required. Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. Spring 2021: ASTR UN3998 Corequisites: the second term of a course in calculus-based general Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment physics. Number Number Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. Corequisites: the second ASTR 3998 001/11744 Frederik 3 5/10 term of a course in calculus-based general physics. Continuation of Paerels ASTR UN2001; these two courses constitute a full year of calculus-based ASTR GU4242 Order of Magnitude Astrophysics. 3 points. introduction to astrophysics. Topics include the structure of our galaxy, Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. No previous the interstellar medium, star clusters, properties of external galaxies, astronomy background required., clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and cosmology Estimation is an essential skill for astronomy and life in general. This Spring 2021: ASTR UN2002 course will introduce to order of magnitude calculations, the practice Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number of solving problems approximately, within a factor of 10. The course ASTR 2002 001/11742 M W 8:40am - 9:55am Frederik 3.00 30/45 will cover examples from planets, stars, compact objects, galaxies and Online Only Paerels cosmology.

ASTR UN3103 GALAXIES. 3.00 points. Spring 2021: ASTR GU4242 Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. Galaxies fill Number Number the universe with structure. They are bound objects that harbor stars, ASTR 4242 001/11745 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am Lorenzo Sironi 3 12/25 307 Pupin Laboratories gas, dust and dark matter. This course will discuss the content and structure of galaxies. It will start with the Milky Way, a rotating spiral ASTR GU4303 Astrostatistics. 3 points. galaxy, with a particular emphasis on the properties of the interstellar live in era of “big data”. Whilst astronomers of a century medium. Dwarf galaxies, the building blocks of larger galaxies, will ago collected a handful of photographic plates each night, modern subsequently be discussed, followed by spiral, elliptical and irregular astronomers collect thousands of images encoded by millions of pixels in galaxies. The formation and evolution of these different galaxy types the same time. Both the volume of data and the ever present desire to dig will be an important focus of the course, as well as the environment in deeper into data sets has led to a growing interest in the use of statistical which the galaxies reside. We will intersperse reviews of current papers methods to interpret observations. This class will provide an introduction on galaxies throughout the semester to the methods commonly used in understanding astronomical data Spring 2021: ASTR UN3103 sets, both in terms of theory and application. It is one six classes the Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment department offers every fourth semester. Number Number ASTR 3103 001/11743 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm David 3.00 21/25 Spring 2021: ASTR GU4303 307 Pupin Laboratories Schiminovich Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 4303 001/11746 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm David Kipping 3 22/25 214 Pupin Laboratories

ASTR GR6004 Stellar Structure and Evolution. 3 points. Topics include the physics of stellar structure, stellar atmospheres, radiation transport, nucleosynthesis, stellar evolution, star formation, pulsation, interacting binary stars, white dwarfs, and neutron stars.

Spring 2021: ASTR GR6004 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 6004 001/11747 T Th 2:40pm - 3:55pm Greg Bryan 3 15/20 420 Pupin Laboratories Astrophysics 7

ASTR GR9002 Graduate Seminar. 3 points. ASTR UN1404 STARS, GALAXIES # COSMOLOGY. 3.00 points. Spring 2021: ASTR GR9002 CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number Distances to, and fundamental properties of, nearby stars; ASTR 9002 001/11748 Th 12:00pm - 2:15pm Zoltan Haiman 3 11/20 nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution; novae and supernovae; galaxies; 717 Hamilton Hall the structure of the universe and theories concerning its origin, evolution, and ultimate fate. You can only receive credit for ASTR UN1404 if you ASTR GR9004 Graduate Research Seminar II. 3 points. have not taken ASTR BC1754, ASTR UN1420 or ASTR UN1836 Spring 2021: ASTR GR9004 Fall 2021: ASTR UN1404 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 9004 001/11749 F 11:00am - 12:00pm Jacqueline van 3 12/15 307 Pupin Laboratories Gorkom ASTR 1404 001/12832 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm James 3.00 60/75 702 Hamilton Hall Applegate

All Courses (including those not offered in ASTR UN1453 Another Earth. 3 points. academic year 2021-2022) CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement This course cannot be taken for credit if BC1753 has been taken. ASTR UN1234 The Universal Timekeeper: Reconstructing History Atom by Atom. 3 points. This course will explore the unique properties of Earth, compared to CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement other planets in the Solar System, and the possibility of Earth-like planets around other stars. The basics of the Solar System, gravity, and light will Prerequisites: high school algebra and latent curiosity are assumed. be covered, as well as the geology and atmospheres of the terrestrial The goal of the course is to illustrate — and perhaps even inculcate planets. The properties of Earth that allowed life to develop and whether — quantitative and scientific reasoning skills. The subject material life can develop on other planets will be discussed. Finally, the discovery employed in this task is the study of atoms and their nuclei which, of planets beyond our Solar System and the likelihood of another Earth through a wide variety of physical and chemical techniques, can be used will be a key component of the course. to reconstruct quantitatively the past. Following an introduction to atoms, light, and energy, we will explore topics including the detection of art Spring 2021: ASTR UN1453 forgeries, the precise dating of archeological sites, a reconstruction of the Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment development of agriculture and the history of the human diet, the history Number Number of past climate (and its implications for the future), the history and age ASTR 1453 001/11740 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm Mary Putman 3 68/75 Online Only of the Earth, and the history of the Universe. The course has no required Fall 2021: ASTR UN1453 text. Readings of relevant articles and use of on-line simulations will be Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment required. Number Number ASTR 1453 001/12833 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm Caleb Scharf 3 75/75 ASTR S1403D Earth, Moon, and Planets. 3 points. Cin Alfred Lerner Hall Prerequisites: Recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high school algebra. ASTR UN1420 Galaxies and Cosmology. 3 points. May be counted toward the science requirement for most Columbia CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement University undergraduate students. The overall architecture of the solar Galaxies contain stars, gas dust, and (usually) super-massive black holes. system. Motions of the celestial sphere. Time and the calendar. Major They are found throughout the Universe, traveling through space and planets, the earth-moon system, minor planets, comets. Life in the solar occasionally crashing into each other. This course will look at how these system and beyond. magnificent systems form and evolve, and what they can tell us about ASTR UN1403 Earth, Moon and Planets (Lecture). 3 points. the formation and evolution of the Universe itself. You cannot enroll in CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement ASTR UN1420 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 and receive credit for both. Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high school algebra. ASTR UN1610 THEOR-UNIVERS:BABYLON-BIG BANG. 3.00 points. The overall architecture of the solar system. Motions of the celestial CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement sphere. Time and the calendar. Major planets, the earth-moon system, Milestones in the science of cosmology over the past 6000 years. Skylore minor planets, comets. Life in the solar system and beyond. This course and observation in ancient cultures. The twin revolutions of the Greeks: is similar to ASTR BC 1753. You cannot enroll in both courses and receive Pythagoras and Ptolemy; and Aristotle, Aquinas, and the Great Chain of credit for both. Being. The scientific revolution: the impersonal and deterministic world- Spring 2021: ASTR UN1403 order of Newton, Laplace, and Kelvin. The erosion of that world-order by Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment mathematics and experiment in the 20th century (relativity, quantum Number Number physics, dark matter, and the expanding universe). Todays searches for ASTR 1403 001/11739 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm James 3 68/75 a new grand order in the Universe, which can cope - or maybe not - with Online Only Applegate these blows to yesterdays comfortable wisdom Fall 2021: ASTR UN1403 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 1403 001/12831 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am David Helfand 3 82/75 413 Kent Hall 8 Astrophysics

ASTR BC1753 LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE. 3.00 points. ASTR UN1903 ASTRONOMY LAB I. 1.00 point. An introductory course intended primarily for nonscience majors. This Laboratory for ASTR UN1403. Projects include observations with the interdisciplinary course focuses on the subject of LIfe in the Universe. departments telescopes, computer simulation, laboratory experiments in We will study historical astronomy, gravitation and planetary orbits, the spectroscopy, and the analysis of astronomical data. Lab 1 ASTR UN1903 origin of the chemical elements, the discoveries of extrasolar planets, the - goes with ASTR BC1753, ASTR UN1403 or ASTR UN1453 origin of life on Earth, the evolution and exploration of the Solar Systen, Spring 2021: ASTR UN1903 global climate change on Venus, Mars and Earth, and the Search for Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Extraterrestrial Life (SETI). You cannot receive credit for this course and Number Number for ASTR UN1403 or ASTR UN1453. Can be paired with the optional Lab ASTR 1903 001/12738 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 9/12 Online Only Schiminovich, class ASTR UN1903 Yuxi Lu ASTR BC1754 Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology. 3 points. ASTR 1903 002/12739 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm David 1.00 7/12 Online Only Schiminovich, BC: Fulfillment of General Education Requirement: Quantitative and Christopher Deductive Reasoning (QUA). Carr Fall 2021: ASTR UN1903 Prerequisites: Recommended preparation: A working knowledge of high Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment school algebra. Number Number Corequisites: Suggested parallel laboratory course: ASTR C 1904y. ASTR 1903 001/00150 M 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 12/12 Examines the properties of stars, star formation, stellar evolution and Room TBA nucleosynthesis, the Milky Way and other galaxies, and the cosmological ASTR 1903 002/00151 T 6:00pm - 9:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 10/12 Room TBA origin and evolution of the universe. Students may not receive credit for both ASTR BC 1754 and ASTR C1404. ASTR UN1904 ASTRONOMY LAB II. 1.00 point. Laboratory for ASTR UN1404. Projects include use of telescopes, Spring 2021: ASTR BC1754 laboratory experiments in the nature of light, spectroscopy, and the Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number analysis of astronomical data. Lab 2 ASTR UN1904 - goes with ASTR ASTR 1754 001/00484 M W 10:10am - 11:25am David Helfand 3 55 BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 (or ASTR UN1836 or ASTR UN1420) 903 Altschul Hall Spring 2021: ASTR UN1904 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment ASTR UN1836 Stars and Atoms. 3 points. Number Number CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement ASTR 1904 001/12740 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm David 1.00 12/14 Online Only Schiminovich, Prerequisites: recommended preparation: a working knowledge of high Karen Perez school algebra. Fall 2021: ASTR UN1904 What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look ASTR 1904 001/00146 W 7:00pm - 10:00pm Laura Kay 1.00 9/12 at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand Room TBA finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll ASTR UN2001 Introduction To Astrophysics, I. 3 points. in ASTR UN1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR UN1404 and CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement receive credit for both. Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. , Corequisites: a course in calculus-based general physics. What is the origin of the chemical elements? This course addresses this First term of a two-term calculus-based introduction to astronomy question, starting from understanding atoms, and then going on to look and astrophysics. Topics include the physics of stellar interiors, stellar at how how atoms make stars and how stars make atoms. The grand atmospheres and spectral classifications, stellar energy generation and finale is a history of the evolution of the chemical elements throughout nucleosynthesis, supernovae, neutron stars, white dwarfs, and interacting time, starting from the Big Bang and ending with YOU. You cannot enroll binary stars. in ASTR W1836 in addition to ASTR BC1754 or ASTR W1404 and receive credit for both. Fall 2021: ASTR UN2001 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number Spring 2021: ASTR UN1836 ASTR 2001 001/12835 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Marcel 3 38/35 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment 304 Hamilton Hall Agueros Number Number ASTR 1836 001/11741 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Marcel 3 34/40 Online Only Agueros Fall 2021: ASTR UN1836 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 1836 001/12834 M W 1:10pm - 2:25pm Kathryn 3 60/75 313 Fayerweather Johnston Astrophysics 9

ASTR UN2002 INTRO TO ASTROPHYSICS II. 3.00 points. ASTR UN3103 GALAXIES. 3.00 points. Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. Corequisites: the second term of a course in calculus-based general Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. Galaxies fill physics. the universe with structure. They are bound objects that harbor stars, Prerequisites: a working knowledge of calculus. Corequisites: the second gas, dust and dark matter. This course will discuss the content and term of a course in calculus-based general physics. Continuation of structure of galaxies. It will start with the Milky Way, a rotating spiral ASTR UN2001; these two courses constitute a full year of calculus-based galaxy, with a particular emphasis on the properties of the interstellar introduction to astrophysics. Topics include the structure of our galaxy, medium. Dwarf galaxies, the building blocks of larger galaxies, will the interstellar medium, star clusters, properties of external galaxies, subsequently be discussed, followed by spiral, elliptical and irregular clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and cosmology galaxies. The formation and evolution of these different galaxy types Spring 2021: ASTR UN2002 will be an important focus of the course, as well as the environment in Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment which the galaxies reside. We will intersperse reviews of current papers Number Number on galaxies throughout the semester ASTR 2002 001/11742 M W 8:40am - 9:55am Frederik 3.00 30/45 Spring 2021: ASTR UN3103 Online Only Paerels Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR UN2900 Frontiers of Astrophysics. 1 point. ASTR 3103 001/11743 T Th 1:10pm - 2:25pm David 3.00 21/25 Several members of the faculty each offer a brief series of talks providing 307 Pupin Laboratories Schiminovich context for a current research topic in the field and then present results of their ongoing research. Opportunities for future student research ASTR UN3105 Extrasolar Planets and Astrobiology. 3 points. collaboration are offered. Grading is Pass/Fail. Prerequisites: One year of calculus-based physics. The emerging field of extrasolar planets and astrobiology will be Fall 2021: ASTR UN2900 covered at a quantitative level, with a major emphasis on astrophysical Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment phenomenae and techniques. The subject will be introduced Number Number through an investigation of current planetary formation theories and ASTR 2900 001/12836 F 10:10am - 11:25am Caleb Scharf 1 41/50 627 Seeley W. Mudd approaches to planet detection, including what we currently know about Building extrasolar planets and detailed reference to state-of-the-art studies. An astronomer's view of the origin of life and extreme biology will be ASTR UN3101 Modern Stellar Astrophysics II. 3 points. developed and applied to questions of cosmo-chemistry, observable life- CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement signatures, habitable zones and other astrophysical constraints on the Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. development of organisms.

Introductory astronomy is not required, but some exposure to astronomy Fall 2021: ASTR UN3105 is preferable. In the first half of the course, we will examine the physics of Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment stellar interiors in detail, leading us to develop models of stellar structure Number Number and consider how stars evolve. In the second half of the course, we will ASTR 3105 001/12837 T Th 10:10am - 11:25am David Kipping 3 20/20 discuss special topics, such as pre-main sequence evolution, the late 1332 Pupin Laboratories stages of stellar evolution, and supernovae and compact objects. ASTR UN3106 The Science of Space Exploration. 3 points. ASTR UN3102 Planetary Dynamics and Physics of the Solar System. 3 CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement points. Prerequisites: one semester course in introductory astronomy or CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement astrophysics (e.g., ASTR UN1403, ASTR UN1404, ASTR UN1420, ASTR Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based Physics. UN1836, ASTR UN2001, ASTR UN2002, ASTR BC1753, ASTR BC1754). The physics and astrophysics of planets, comets, asteroids, natural Ability in mathematics up to and including calculus is strongly urged. and artificial satellites, and pretty much anything in the Solar System - How and why do humans explore space? Why does it require such including the . Detailed study of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans: extraordinary effort? What have we found by exploring our Solar System? circulations, climate, and weather. Orbital dynamics. The emerging We investigate the physics and biological basis of space exploration, science of extrasolar planets. The origin, evolution, and eventual fate of and the technologies and science issues that determine what we can planets. accomplish. What has been accomplished in the past, what is being explored now, and what can we expect in the future? How do space scientists explore the Solar System and answer science questions in practice? What do we know about solar systems beyond our own? 10 Astrophysics

ASTR UN3273 High Energy Astrophysics. 3 points. ASTR UN3997 Independent Research. 3 points. CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement

Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. No previous, Prerequisites: the instructor's permission. For an independent research \nastronomy background required. project or independent study, a brief description of the proposed project A survey of the most energetic and explosive objects in the Universe or reading, with the supervising faculty member's endorsement, is and their radiation. Topics include: techniques of X-ray and gamma-ray required for registration. astronomy; observations of neutron stars (pulsars) and black holes; A variety of research projects conducted under the supervision of accretion disks and relativistic jets; supernovae, remnants, members of the faculty. Observational, theoretical, and experimental work gamma-ray bursts, and active galactic nuclei; clusters of in galactic and extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. The topic and galaxies; cosmic rays and neutrinos. scope of the work must be arranged with a faculty member in advance; a written paper describing the results of the project is required at its ASTR UN3602 Physical Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy. 3 completion (note that a two-term project can be designed such that the points. grade YC is given after the first term). Senior majors in astronomy or CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement astrophysics wishing to do a senior thesis should make arrangements in May of their junior year and sign up for a total of 6 points over their final Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. two terms. Both a substantial written document and an oral presentation The standard hot big bang cosmological model and modern of thesis results are required. observational results that test it. Topics include the Friedmann equations and the expansion of the universe, dark matter, dark energy, inflation, Fall 2021: ASTR UN3997 primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, the Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment formation of large-scale cosmic structures, and modern cosmological Number Number observations. ASTR 3997 001/13263 3 1/10

Fall 2021: ASTR UN3602 ASTR UN3998 Independent Research. 3 points. Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Prerequisites: the instructor's permission. For an independent research Number Number project or independent study, a brief description of the proposed project ASTR 3602 001/12838 M W 10:10am - 11:25am Zoltan Haiman 3 21/25 or reading, with the supervising faculty member's endorsement, is 1332 Pupin Laboratories required for registration. ASTR UN3646 . 3 points. A variety of research projects conducted under the supervision of Prerequisites: one year of general astronomy members of the faculty. Observational, theoretical, and experimental work Introduction to the basic techniques used in obtaining and analyzing in galactic and extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. The topic and astronomical data. Focus on 'ground-based' methods at optical, infrared, scope of the work must be arranged with a faculty member in advance; and radio wavelengths. Regular use of the telescope facilities atop the a written paper describing the results of the project is required at its roof of the Pupin Labs. In research projects, students also work on the completion (note that a two-term project can be designed such that the analysis of data obtained at National Observatories. grade YC is given after the first term). Senior majors in astronomy or astrophysics wishing to do a senior thesis should make arrangements in ASTR UN3985 Statistics and the Universe (Seminar). 3 points. May of their junior year and sign up for a total of 6 points over their final Prerequisites: First year calculus required, introductory physics or two terms. Both a substantial written document and an oral presentation astronomy of thesis results are required. Essential statistical methods will be applied in a series of case studies and research projects taken from the latest advances in cosmology, Spring 2021: ASTR UN3998 astronomy and physics. Statistics of measurement and detection, Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number fundamentals of hypothesis testing, classifications, data modeling, time- ASTR 3998 001/11744 Frederik 3 5/10 series analysis, correlation and clustering will be explored through hands- Paerels on investigation using data from recent experiments and surveys. ASTR GU4260 Modeling the Universe. 3 points. ASTR UN3996 Current Research in Astrophysics. 1 point. CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement Prerequisites: two semesters of astronomy classes and two semesters of physics classes. Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. The goal of this course is to introduce astronomy and astrophysics The goal of this course is to provide a basic hands-on introduction to majors to the methods and topics of current astronomical research. the practice and theory of scientific computing with applications in The course will also help with the development of critical thinking skills. astronomy and astrophysics. The course will include an introduction Each week, the topic of the course will be centered on the subject of to programming, as well as a sampling of methods and tools from the the Astronomy department colloquium; this may include research on field of scientific computing. The course will include a hands-on project planets, stars, galaxies or cosmology. There will be two required meetings in which students use numerical methods to solve a research problem. per week: the first will be to discuss papers related to the colloquium Students who are interested in participating in research projects are (time TBD), and the second will be the colloquium itself (at 4:15 pm each strongly encouraged to take the course in their sophomore or junior year. Wednesday). Grading is Pass/Fail. Astrophysics 11

ASTR GU4302 General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology. 3 points. CC/GS: Partial Fulfillment of Science Requirement

Prerequisites: one year of calculus-based general physics. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity replaced Newtonian gravity with an elegant theory of curved spacetime. Einstein's theory led to unforseen and unnerving predictions of singularities and cosmological instabilities. Nearly a century later, these mathematical oddities have been confirmed astrophysically in the existence of black holes, an expanding universe, and a big bang. The course will cover Einstein's General Theory, beginning with special relativity, with an emphasis on black holes and the big bang.

ASTR GU4303 Astrostatistics. 3 points. Astronomers live in era of “big data”. Whilst astronomers of a century ago collected a handful of photographic plates each night, modern astronomers collect thousands of images encoded by millions of pixels in the same time. Both the volume of data and the ever present desire to dig deeper into data sets has led to a growing interest in the use of statistical methods to interpret observations. This class will provide an introduction to the methods commonly used in understanding astronomical data sets, both in terms of theory and application. It is one six classes the department offers every fourth semester.

Spring 2021: ASTR GU4303 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 4303 001/11746 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm David Kipping 3 22/25 214 Pupin Laboratories

ASTR GR6001 Radiative Processes. 3 points. Prerequisites: 3000-level electromagnetic theory and quantum mechanics. Radiation mechanisms and interaction of radiation with matter. Applications of classical and semiclassical radiation theory and atomic physics to astrophysical settings. Radiative transfer, polarization, scattering, line radiation, special relativity, bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, inverse compton scattering, ionization losses, shocks and particle acceleration, plasma processes, atomic structure and spectroscopic terms, radiative transitions and oscillator strengths, curve of growth, molecular spectra.

Fall 2021: ASTR GR6001 Course Section/Call Times/Location Instructor Points Enrollment Number Number ASTR 6001 001/13264 M W 2:40pm - 3:55pm Zoltan Haiman 3 7/20 401 Chandler

ASTR GR6003 Galaxies. 3 points. An introduction to the study of galaxies, from both observational and theoretical perspectives The course will review our current understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies through descriptions of: their structure and dynamics; the gas and stellar populations they contain; and what we know about the distribution of dark matter within them.

ASTR GR6005 PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY. 3 points. Of Related Interest Physics and Astronomy (Barnard) ASTR BC1753 LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE ASTR BC1754 Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology Physics PHYS UN3002 From Quarks To the Cosmos: Applications of Modern Physics