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Home , Arthur Haselrig, Edward Massey, Elizabeth Cromwell, Five members, Henry Ireton, Henry Parker (writer)

A MEETING OF THE

The

BACKGROUND GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from the Dais ...... 3

Letter from the Chair ...... 4

Committee Description ...... 5

Context ...... 7 Prelude to the war: Protestant and Catholic Sectarianism ...... 7 Conflicts with France and Spain ...... 8 Early Transgressions of House Stuart ...... 9 The Trouble with ...... 11 ...... 12 Dawn of the First War: and ...... 13 Irish Uprising ...... 14 The ...... 15 Siege of Hull ...... 15 Declaration of War ...... 15

Current Situation ...... 17 The British Isles on the 22nd of August 1642 ...... 17 Questions to Consider ...... 17

Dossiers ...... 18

References ...... 22

Letter from the Dais

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to SciMUNC XIII! We are Anthony Bonavita and Gavin Walsh, your dais for the Roundheads Joint-Crisis Committee of the English Civil War. My name is Anthony Bonavita, and this is my second time chairing a committee at SciMUNC. My passion for Model UN grew from a love of leadership and finding

Jack Tapay solutions to prevalent world issues, which led me to join in my Freshman year. I also served as the Secretary of the team the previous year, leading me to understand what Secretary -General comes with running a crisis committee inside and outside of the room. As a history

buff, I have dreamed of reliving the most notable events in the world, such as the Jachym Harwood English Civil War. I do plan on pursuing political science, international affairs, or law Lillian Tzanev in my future, and Model UN has been such an amazing way to receive exposure to all Directors-General three. I am also the Student Organization President at Bronx Science, a member of the Anti-Defamation League, Spring and Fall Theatre productions, S!NG, and Italian Krish Shah Club. In my free time, I enjoy playing guitar, baseball and basketball, and

USG of Administration making/watching films. I hope you all enjoy what we have in store for this committee throughout the day! Sebastian Midura My name is Gavin Walsh, this is my third SciMUNC and first time chairing a crisis

USG of General Assemblies committee. Model UN, for me, has been a great way to make friends, practice proper and Specialized Committees discourse, and explore some very interesting and impactful world topics. Having been to the British Isles multiple times, and having been enthralled by its rich history, I am Menasha Thomas confident this committee will be of great interest, as well as of great fun. In addition

Deputy-USG of General to being a member of Model UN, I am the President of Bronx Science’s History Assemblies and Specialized Club, Co-President of our Pre-Medical Society, and a member of our NHS. I also Committees love the sciences, which has lead me to intern at an immunology lab over the summer as well as write a book on medical history. I know that our committee will be Rizwan Kazi fantastic, and I know that you will all have a fantastic time! See you there!

USG of Crisis Committees We look forward to meeting you all in December! Feel free to contact either of us with any questions or concerns. Celeste Abourjeili

Deputy-USG of Crisis Committees Sincerely, Anthony Bonavita ([email protected]) Diane D. Steiker Gavin Walsh ([email protected])

Faculty Advisor Dais of the English Civil War JCC: A Meeting of the Roundheads

75 West 205th Street Bronx, NY 10468 [email protected] www.scimun.com SciMUNC XIII | 4

Letter from the Chair

Fellow Englishmen, It is finally time for us to take our rightful ! I am your faithful leader, Oliver Cromwell. At such an urgent time as we are in now, the most optimal action for our regime is to work together. Today, August 22nd, 1642, will remain in history as the date the New English Government takes its stand against the unstable, misrepresentative, disrespectful, and unlawful King Charles I. The people of England have waited far too long for their King to end his hiatuses. We cannot allow Charles I’s religious alliance with Roman-Catholic continue and spread to our neighbors Scotland and the Northern area of the British Isles, as he attempted to achieve before the Bishops’ War. It is our job, as Parliamentarians, to stay true to the , to exercise the rights of our faithful noblemen, and extend our outreach to the peasantry exploited by the King. We must also prevent French participation in our fight on the side of Royalty, through Queen Consort . History is often taught as a cycle, a repetitive theme of events. I say, people of England, we will repeat history. We will do as our ruler William I did, defy the current leadership and overtake this kingdom against all odds. We will do as Henry IV heroically fought against his predecessor Richard II. And finally, we will do even as Charles I did, and disrupt the stable state of a government of which we despise. The question is not, Roundheads, will we defeat the Royalists. It is how. Our job as a committee is to configure an efficient and effective method to sweep the King off of his greedy throne, and destroy our opposition.

Cordially,

Oliver Cromwell

5 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

Committee Description CCol Preface Delegates ought to accurately represent their position and act on behalf of their stances and For those who are new to Crisis Committees, it interests. This can be done through a series of is essential to note that a Crisis Committee is actions unique to Crisis Committees, which are different than a General Assembly in a few key explained below: ways. In a broad sense, Crisis Committees and General Assemblies differ in their committee • Communiques: A formal message from a size, extent of influence, and degree of restraint. committee or delegate to be sent to other With these differences in mind, delegates must bodies or individuals. If sent from the approach Crisis Committees differently than committee, communiques must first be they would General Assemblies. Often, approved by the committee. delegates find that greater effort is necessary in • Press Releases: Open public researching their position, as their relevance in announcements, directed to the people, Crisis Committees is greater than in General often to calm national tensions or reveal Assemblies. This is largely due to the fact that official action and policies. Press releases in General Assemblies, delegates participate in must be approved by the committee. larger bodies with less urgency for problem • Crisis Notes: Action taken by an solving, and are usually assigned a country individual delegate in accordance with rather than an individual as their position. their resources and abilities. For example, That being said, delegates new to Crisis a Minister of the Interior may send a note Committees should not feel intimidated. Small to the Crisis Room requesting to place committee sizes typical to Crisis Committees police officers on patrol in front of the provide delegates with an environment to house of another delegate to investigate express their opinions more easily. who enters and leaves. Furthermore, the urgent nature of Crisis • Directives: Formal actions taken by the Committees encourages collaboration between entirety of the committee. In order for a delegates and an understanding of backroom directive to be passed, it must be and crisis notes. approved by the committee. Crisis Structure A Joint-Crisis Committee differs from a Throughout the duration of this committee, standard crisis committee in that there are two our crisis staff will develop a narrative in separate rooms that are experiencing the same response to the solutions delegates put out that events. This allows for delegates to use their will culminate in crisis updates. Delegates will crisis actions in new ways that can prompt be tasked with responding to crisis updates inter-committee communication. Delegates through documents such as directives and crisis can send notes to crisis to be sent to delegates notes, which will be developed during a series in the other committee, can send notes to crisis of moderated and unmoderated caucuses. requesting a meeting with delegates from the

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other committee, and can send communiqués (as an individual or as a committee) to the other committee. In order to keep delegate communication with the backroom at a quick pace we will be implementing a Double Notepad System. Delegates will be given two notepads at the beginning of the committee, this is where they will write their crisis notes, communiqués, or any other crisis action. The backroom will collect one notepad at a time, to ensure that delegates will always have a notepad. This system also serves as a help to the backroom by giving them the ability to see the chronology of your actions over the course of the committee in one place.

7 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

Context CCol Prelude to the war: Protestant and to Henry’s brother. Catherine was a member of Catholic Sectarianism Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s family, who After a somewhat stable relationship with the was not ready to give up the throne. Henry VIII Pope and Catholicism in the 14th century, grew impatient of the Pope’s decision and England began to stray from the Church and devised the in 1534. Henry its influence. One of the first individuals to was the divine leader and allowed himself to express discontent with the Church was John remarry twice more until his wife gave birth to Wycliff, a profound supporter of a reformed the future Edward VI. Parliament supported Bible. The ideas of the Protestant , the decision as did the clergy with almost no led by Martin Luther, also began to spread to resistance. the British island and added to an already During Edward’s rule, the Church of England tainted situation with the Pope. was not yet Protestant, only a branch of In 1509, King Henry VIII was in line for the Catholicism without the Pope’s command. throne and ascended with his then-wife Edward was a staunch supporter of the Catherine of Aragorn. She bore him numerous Protestant faith, and under his rule, the religion children, of which one survived (Mary). The spread rapidly across England, since the people King was paranoid about leaving his throne were allowed to preach it publicly. Numerous without a male heir and deemed his wife aspects of mass and worship were reformed, unworthy of yielding a son. Although there was highlighted by the adoption of a Common no law in England about preventing a female Book of Prayer in 1550 by Thomas Cranmer, heir, the King’s family had just emerged to the and the change in mass and readings from Latin throne (Tudor) after the War of the Roses, and to English. he wanted to maintain a steady line of Henry VIII’s first daughter, Mary ascended to succession. He later asked for a divorce to his the throne after Edward’s young death and wife, at the time could only occur if there was a returned England to a strong Catholic faith. prevalent flaw in the marriage, of which Henry Protestants deemed the return as God’s way of VII was confident the Pope would view. The showing the English that they were not yet Pope, Julius II, was in fault for allowing for the worthy to take the Reformation seriously. All marriage initially, since Catherine was widowed

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reforms passed by Edward VI and Parliament was a devout Calvinist (Puritan). Although were diminished, and many protests led to there were disagreements over the Anglican opponents burned or hanged, giving the Queen faith under James and Elizabeth, they were the nickname “Bloody Mary.” She bore no bound together under grace -- until the reign of children, and the return to Catholicism Charles I. Many anti-Puritan strongholds disappeared in the coming years. mocked their ideas of predestination and

During ’s rule, many damnation of all non-. One supporter contemporaries of her era could not determine of Charles attempted to spread this anti-Puritan her religious affiliation. Along with Parliament, sentiment to Scotland, leading to rioting and a she established the Church of England as a rise in in Scotland once again. national and church from the This led to Charles’ attempts to put down the Pope. Many minor aspects of the Church, uprisings, known as the Bishops’ War. including garb, were reformed, and those who Conflicts with France and Spain rejected these small liturgical practices were The early 16th-century brought Henry VIII’s mocked as “Puritans” or “Precisians.” The England and Francis I’s France under a rather intricate reforms of the new Church arose, brief alliance, who had recently been fighting, including preachings by Thomas Cartwright, but the proposition fell through. This began a for a Presbyterian (local council) government very close relationship between France and should become the new system. This reform, England in the modern century, both opposing along with increased backing from members of and aligning. After the establishment of the Parliament worried Elizabeth of a political Church of England, Henry VIII was met with threat. Elizabeth eliminated many vocal a swift invasion of the French on the coast, uprisings of Puritans during her rule, and when Henry formed an alliance with Charles V although not many ideas were implemented, of the Holy Roman Empire, who declared war many members of the House of Commons on France not very much earlier. Once fighting were latching to the Puritan faith. halted after much destruction, Henry began The Puritan position was elevated under the what would become the largest naval military Stuarts, beginning with James of Scotland, who

9 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

in the world, which would be known as the French, but to no avail. During the rule of . Charles I, French and Spanish relations began

International tension arose once again during as unstable, especially with the French, Mary I’s rule, as she had married Phillip II of including a three-year war. Charles, though, Spain, and they were both devout Catholics. had to halt these endeavors and establish peace This led to many distrustful English Catholics to resolve the Scottish uprising occurring under to join the Protestant movement, away from his rule over Presbyterianism. After the Spanish Catholicism. An uprising arose in Bishops’ Wars, relations with the Spanish and 1544 to stop the marriage of the two, which French remained competitive over commerce was quickly shut down yet ingrained in the eyes and religion, but did not result in war. of Europeans around the Northwestern area. In Early Transgressions of House Stuart 1557, because of Spain’s involvement in the The religious and political tension between the war against France and the Holy Roman English Monarchy and the English Parliament Empire, Mary was dragged into aiding Phillip, that would eventually culminate in civil war which led to a treaty that removed French began decades before the rule of King Charles influence from the northern British Isles. I. Charles I was the second King of Great Elizabeth I’s rule ended all warring tensions Britain and Ireland from House Stuart, a between France in an attempt to avoid historically Scottish ruling family. Charles I’s significant involvement in international affairs. father, and predecessor of the English Crown, Tensions did arise once again when England James VI, came into the throne once Elizabeth and Spain began to compete in international I died in 1603, thus making him James VI of trade and travel. Scotland and James I of Great Britain and In the age of the Stuarts, the significant Ireland. Having previously been made King of involvement of England in international affairs Scotland at 13 months of age after the Scottish was in the Thirty Years War, a conflict in the Parliament forced the abdication of his mother, heart of Europe, including many world powers Mary Queen of Scots, James aligned himself (Prussia, France, Denmark, Spain, etc.). James closely with Elizabeth, and high-ranking assisted the Prussians in fighting against the members of her government, ensuring he

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would ascend the Crown upon her death. many Anglican practices to the Scottish Elizabeth was Mary’s first cousin, and since Church, thereby angering many Scots, and Elizabeth died childless, James seemed like the giving him greater control of the Church best option for a successor, consequently through the appointment of bishops. extinguishing House Tudor from the English James also held a divine right theory of Monarchy. March 24th, 1603, the coronation monarchy, meaning he believed his position as of James VI and I, is known as the Union of King of England, Ireland, and Scotland was Crowns because the British Isles were fully given to him by God. James even wrote this out united under a single Monarch. in his treatise, The True Law of Free Monarchies, King James, raised Protestant under the in which he detailed his belief that Monarchy is , faced multiple religious a God-made establishment. This would controversies throughout his reign. For one, his continually strike up controversy with his ascension to the Scottish throne was caused by Parliament, along with multiple economic Protestant rebels removing his Catholic mother issues, like the Great Contract, and political from the position. James faced Catholic issues, like the Spanish Match. opposition famously in the Gunpowder Plot of It seemed that James’ son, Charles, the then- 1605 where conspirators planned to assassinate Prince of Wales, would inherit this antagonistic the King by blowing up the . relationship with Parliament upon his James responded with harsh laws limiting the ascension to the Monarchy in 1625. James laid rights of Catholics, such as the Popish a foundation of financial instability and an Recusants Act of 1605. James also stirred expectation of absolutism for his son. Charles I religious tension between England and of England’s first Parliament, known as the Scotland when he attempted to integrate the Useless Parliament in 1625, saw the MPs two churches together. The Church of Scotland limiting his control by only granting him a year was Presbyterian, meaning it was governed by a of control over tonnage and , taxes on council, typically one of community elders, and imports and exports, a historically lifelong duty the Church of England was episcopal, a of the Monarch. Charles had wanted to raise hierarchical system with bishops. James issued money to finance a war against the Holy the Five Articles of Perth, which introduced

11 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

Roman Empire and Spain, in what would Catholic-like practices. The Scots’ religious become the Thirty Years War, but Parliament criticism of Charles was only deepened by the would not grant him money until they had fact that Charles had married Henrietta Maria impeached one of his advisors, the Duke of of France, a Catholic, and had not provided Buckingham, in the Second Parliament from sufficient help for Protestant municipalities in 1625 to 1626. Parliament continually withheld the Thirty Years War. funds from Charles, hoping to curb his The situation came to a head for the Scots in autocratic tendencies, leading to growing the late 1630s when Charles, and his episcopal resentment and hostility, so the King decided Archbishop of Canterbury, , to raise funds himself with loans and continued issued two instrumental reforms. In 1636, control of . This sparked Charles wanted to enforce the Book of Canons, up contention at the King’s Third Parliament a grouping of laws for the Church of Scotland in 1628 when MPs argued that Charles had that affirmed the Five Articles of Perth, and did been violating the recently accepted Petition of not mention presbyterial practices and made it Right, or the protection of individual subjects so that claiming the King did not have full from absolutism, including taxation not control of the Church was punishable by approved by Parliament. Infuriated, Charles excommunication. In 1637, Charles dissolved Parliament in March of 1629, implemented a new version of the Book of arrested nine of the leading opposing MPs, and Common Prayer which instilled even more did not reconvene until 1640, opting to episcopal, and Anglican, practices onto the implement self-rule for 11 years. Church of Scotland. This edition evoked mass The Trouble with Scotland rioting and actual physical conflict.

Charles continued the attempts of his father to It was at this point, the majority of Scotland impose episcopacy in Scotland. Charles was decided to reject the King’s authority over the extremely over-reliant on bishops to run the Church, and many representatives came Church of Scotland, this created a sentiment of together and created the National Covenant of animosity among Scottish Presbyterian 1638. This Covenant rejected the idea of a Protestants, as they saw him as embracing spiritual head of Church, and instead upheld

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the notion that people needed to have a Bishops’ War in an uneasy truce. Both sides personal, and group, covenant with God. The knew the peace was temporary, and Charles rejected any changes made by realized he would need to come up with funds Charles, and soon the General Assembly of the to strengthen his army soon. Church of Scotland accepted it and began to Short Parliament expel bishops and embrace presbyterial liturgy. After the signing of the Treaty of Berwick By 1639, Charles was hellbent on reinstalling Charles rushed to reorganize his force, and his authority over the Scottish Church, so he recalled Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, began mobilization for war. Charles still refused from acting as Lord Deputy of Ireland to help to call another Parliament to gather funds to organize for another war. It soon became clear finance the conflict, so he planned on using his to Charles that the cost of the conflict would be own resources, such as tax revenue from coastal much more than he could muster, so he areas (). The King devised an concluded the solution was to call another ambitious plan to invade Scotland, where one Parliament to help solve the finances of his contingent of the army would march up from struggle. After 11 years of royal rule, Charles England, one would land amphibiously in called together Parliament in 1640, where it Aberdeen, and one would leave from Ireland met first on April 13th. Just as the previous and amphibiously land in the west of Scotland. Parliament, the MPs did not focus on Charles’ However, Charles lacked the finances and desired topic of subsidiaries, but instead on the support to do so, and instead created a smaller, abuses and grievances brought about during his poorly trained, and poorly equipped army of years of absolute rule. MPs would not vote to 15,000. The Scottish Covenanters were able to grant the King the proper finances to fight the muster up to 16,500 men, who were decidedly Covenanters until they deliberated on the better trained and experienced. Charles camped violations of his rule and Charles abandoned his in England’s northernmost town, Berwick- most autocratic practices. Upon-Tweed, where soon after realizing his disadvantage, Charles signed the Treaty of Displeased with the continued discussion on Berwick with the Scots, since neither side the Crown’s abuses and requests for wanted a fight, consequently ending the First concessions, Charles dissolved Parliament on

13 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

May 5th of 1640, only three weeks after it first to pay for his defeat, leading to another met, thus solidifying it as the Short Parliament. summoning of Parliament Charles continued preparing for war, making Dawn of the First War: Long more taxes, like Coat and Conduct Money; Parliament and Oliver Cromwell however, a lot of this money was never After the Short Parliament’s dissolution for collected. The Scottish Covenanter army roughly half of a year, the King called what remained mobilized after the First Bishops’ would be known as the Long Parliament in War, and once war was imminent, they went 1640. The main reason was for the King’s on the offensive, sparking the Second Bishops’ desperation after a rather heavy defeat in the War. The Covenanters invaded Scottish lands Bishops’ Wars. This calling was met with deep loyal to the Crown, then launched an invasion hesitation within the King’s ideas, but he was of England in the hopes of deterring an in need of funding, after a blindsided loss. invasion into Scotland. The Covenanters won Parliament did not wait long to begin at the Battle of Newburn and occupied formulating reform to limit the King’s power Newcastle and the English counties of and avoid a lack of funding like in the previous Northumberland and Durham. endeavor. They began to abolish the King’s

The Covenanters’ victory shattered English courts of , High Commission, morale, and Charles was advised to sue for and other institutions that the King had peace with the Scots. On October 26th, 1640, utilized to work around needing Parliament to Charles agreed to the Treaty of and pass certain actions. To prevent the King from ending the Bishops’ Wars. The Treaty was making decisions on his own, Parliament also humiliating for Charles since the lands the passed a law that required for the King to call Covenanters invaded were to be made under Parliament assembly at least once every three Scottish control, and Charles was supposed to years. Various of the King’s previous actions, pay the expenses of keeping the army as well as including financing irrelevant ships, forced reparations to the government. The Scottish loans, and undesirable knighthoods were also Covenanters were free to dispel with royal abolished. Many members of Parliament authority in the Church, while Charles needed spoke-out on the dubious acts of the King, especially a young Oliver Cromwell.

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Born to a wealthy noble grandfather, but lowly- Parliament. The attempts to raise an army of inherited father, Oliver Cromwell spent his Irish during the Bishops’ Wars angered early life trying to escape the unhappy Parliament who disliked the idea of a Catholic conditions he was raised in. Although army supporting the King, and even threatened beginning as a Puritan of faith, Cromwell to invade Ireland. Additionally, Wentworth’s quickly grew tired of the cycle of worship and rule of Ireland was unpopular and full of harsh grand ceremonies. His faith became more taxation and policy. extreme when he started preaching illegally, but A conspiracy arose among Irish landowners and when applying for Parliament, he ran on the gentry in 1641, with the goal of seizing key side of his early religious background, a parts of the island then calling for a frequent topic of discussion in Parliament at restructuring of the government. The the time. His extremism in Parliament conspirators did well in many towns but failed continued when he called for the abolition of to take the most important city, , and bishops, and reform in the Church’s form of key leaders were captured. Although, head outreach. His popularity grew as he strongly conspirator, Felim O’Neill, affirmed the coup supported calling Parliament every three years, was meant to be non-violent, the years of Irish and restoring military control to Parliament. enmity was unleashed by the incident. Soon Irish Uprising Catholics, mainly uninvolved with the initial conspiracy, began rioting, pillaging, and killing During the sitting of the Long Parliament, Protestant settlers since they had an event to many Catholic elites saw an excellent rally behind. Ireland erupted into a chaotic opportunity to re-establish control of Ireland. religious and ethnic conflict that would result During the Elizabethan era, many Protestants in years of violence during the Irish colonized Ireland taking lands from the natives Confederate Wars. The situation in Ireland and making plantation economies and taking further put Charles in a weak position, as many majority control of the government. Irish believed he was in league with the rebels. Catholics held a considerable amount of Parliament assumed control by issuing an Act resentment toward English rule, resentment that would award land to whoever would raise that was exacerbated during the Long

15 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

an army against the Irish, while Charles also increasing tension between Parliament and the called for Royalists to take up arms. King.

The Five Members Siege of Hull

Out of spite and anger for the acts of the Long The first act of war before actual fighting was Parliament against the King, he ordered the the Parliamentary control of materials at attorney-general to indict five members who Kingston upon Hull. The area had been were most prominent in stripping the military stocked with arsenal before the Second Bishops’ powers of the King. In Charles’ mind, they War and was seized by Parliamentary forces to were the reason for the Scottish invasion during prevent the Royalists from attaining it. This the Bishops’ Wars, and that those members was a significant dent in Charles’ original encouraged the Scots to cause rioting scheme, which was to bulk on materials to out- throughout England. Charles was angered stock the less wealthy Roundheads. Charles further when a rumor emerged that these five appeared at Hull but was denied entry, and he members had plans to impeach Queen Mary. quickly moved to call Parliamentarians at Hull

The House of Commons refused to comply traitors to England. The failure of the Royalists with the King’s order for the five members to to secure Hull became a starting point for large turn themselves in, being that it was an ramping on both sides for full-scale war. infringement on parliamentary privilege. This Declaration of War did not stop Charles, as in January 1642, he In 1642, the House of Safety commissioned an and a body of soldiers marched to arrest the five approval of the Parliamentarians war effort members. Charles had broken tradition and against King Charles I. Early in the war the addressed Parliament from the House of Roundheads were hoping to draw up an Commons, something the monarch did alliance with the Scots, which may provide a through the House of Lords. The five members more confident outlook on upcoming combat. had already escaped the House before the King To back the army, Parliament had arrived, but the rest of the members felt passed (for the first time without a monarch), deeply disrespected for Charles’ lack of an assessment tax on the people of , and parliamentary custom. All discontent aided to

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commodities for soldiers. Parliament also received the backing of the Royal Navy, although various other organizations across the Isles remained neutral. Speculation surrounded Ireland’s place in the war, although Parliament expected resentment to both sides. With troops ready and monetary aspects in order, both the Roundheads and were prepared for battle.

17 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

Current Situation CCol The British Isles on the 22nd of August Questions to Consider 1642 1. Who are the potential allies of Parliament in this struggle, both foreign and domestic, and what can be done to get their support?

2. How should Parliament organize its army effectively? How can we sustain a military (training and acquiring troops, budget, weapons)?

3. What are potential battle plans? Where should Parliament’s forces strike first At the start, the Cavaliers will have a more with the hopes of a victory as soon as possible? experienced army, support from most of the gentry, from conservative Protestants, and from 4. What is to be done with the Royal Navy, since Parliament seems to have a the rural areas. The Roundheads will have majority of the control over it? support from the middle class, from Puritans, 5. How can we keep up support for and from urban areas. Much of both armies will Parliament, especially among peasants, be made up of conscripts (both forced and who may be more inclined to side with Royalists? voluntary), with it being expected both sides will raise an army of around 10,000 at the 6. What are the goals of this conflict? What should we change if we win? Are beginning of the war. The King will be more there possibilities for negotiation with reliant on foreign mercenaries, and soldiers of the King?

Celtic origin from Wales and Cornwall. The 7. How can we utilize the situations in Roundhead army will be decidedly more Scotland and Ireland to be advantageous for us, and English, a key rallying point for the effort. simultaneously detrimental to the Cavaliers?

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Dossiers CCol Sir William Brereton , as well as an ambassador to 1st BaronetReferences of HanfordDossiers Venice. He studied at the Constituent CCol Emmanuel College at the University of After Charles banished Parliament for 11 years, Cambridge. Fielding surprisingly left his other Brereton traveled around Holland and rural family members to join the parliamentarian area of England, and took a great interest in the army and because of his stance in the House of military. Brereton’s main philosophy when in Lords makes his knowledge crucial to the Short and Long Parliament was to denounce Roundhead strategy. the rule of Church by the Bishops. His military interest helped him develop one of the most Sir John Gell complex spy and intelligence network at the 1st Baronet of Hopton dawn of the war. A Colonel for the Roundheads, Gell was Robert Devereaux essential for keeping up support for the 3rd Earl of Parliamentarians in Derbyshire. Before the war, he was captain of militias in Northern After his father’s death in 1604, Devereaux Derbyshire, where he gained military gained his estate and his position of wealth knowledge, also, Gell was the High Sheriff of within the Kingdom. His first marriage did not Derbyshire and acted obediently for the King, end well, resulting in King James I allowing his even collecting his controversial taxes. Gell wife to divorce him, forming a tense joined the Roundheads because he was relationship between Devereaux and the Presbyterian and disliked the King’s religious King. He served in many military operations, policy. His family was very well-off and most notably he was a vice admiral for King profited off their ownership of mines for the Charles' army in the Thirty Years War, in the lead industry. fight in Spain. Devereaux refused his King’s demands in 1639 to stand with him after Robert Greville disposing of Parliament. His main strength in Greville was arrested by Charles I for not taking the military is defense. the oath to fight for the King, and immediately joined the Parliamentary army. He also gained 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron influence and money through partaking in the His family title, Lord Fairfax of Cameron, was Providence Island Company along with John technically in the then-free Scotland when he Pym, and was a ruthless leader, manning the was granted it, but he was still allowed to serve forces in Warwickshire and Staffordshire. in The House of Commons. He fought with King Charles in the First Bishops’ War, and knighted after the Second Bishops’ War. He Hampden is best known for standing trial believes heavily in Parliament containing for against the King when he refused to pay ship authority and just rule than any King would. money, a tax on coastal area products. He first represented in Charles’ first three Basil Feilding parliaments. He was frequently caught 2nd Earl of Denbigh discussing monetary gains in the Massachusetts Fielding initially belonged to the House of Bay colony, and was granted money for a Lords, serving in the military in the colony in . A frequent member

19 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

against episcopacy, he gained common and soldier and through his many marriages he disliking from the House of Lords. He is also developed many political and business one of the Five Members. connections across England. While Hotham is motivated by his opposition to the King, his Sir son has delusions of grandeur and hopes to 2nd Baronet of Noseley Hall ascend through the Roundhead ranks. Born a Puritan, he encompassed values that led his ideologies in both Long and Short Parliament. He was a member of the Five Ireton mainly gained attention in joining the Members, of whom King Charles’ attempted to Parliamentary army at the dawn of the Civil arrest for treason, but he was able to flee thanks War. He is currently engaged in a relationship to the help of Robert Devereaux. He was with the daughter of Oliver Cromwell, Bridget. known for mischief in the King’s affairs with His connection to University draws his subjects, and meddling with things he back to his educational experience at Trinity didn’t necessarily agree with. College. His military efforts are Denzil Holles underrepresented, although his attacks are surprisingly massive with his small army. He is 1st Baron Holles from Attenborough. Being a childhood friend of Charles I, Holles knowledge of the man and his decision-making is higher than many others. This had led to one A judge, a Member of Parliament for in instance where Holles overstepped his Devonshire, and the Solicitor General since boundaries against the King’s orders to 1641 who opposed the autocratic actions of dissolute Parliament after the suppression of a Charles, like Ship Money. St John is a member speaker’s argument. He was a major of a prominent English family and is the Parliament member rejecting a tax on coastal relative to many title-holding nobles. Also, he areas of England and the selling of their is married to Oliver Cromwell’s cousin, products. He served both in the Short and , thereby, making him a Long Parliament in the House of friend of the Roundhead leader. A key figure, Commons. He was also a member of the Five St John acts as an essential legal consultant to Members of Parliament impeached by the the Parliamentary effort as well as a passionate King. opponent to the Crown. Sir John Hotham 1st Baronet of Scarborough Speaker of the House of Commons during the A Member of Parliament for Beverley, Long Parliament and the first of his position to Yorkshire, and fierce opponent to the King, ever declare allegiance to the Parliament over Hotham was the man who refused to open the the Crown during the attempted arrest of the town of Hull to Charles during the Siege of Five Members. Once an owner of a legal Hull. Hotham’s family is highly influential in practice he began his stint in Parliament in the Yorkshire politics, and him and his son are and eventually became Speaker. Several Roundhead supporters. He had served in the claims of self-serving corruption surrounded Thirty Years War and is a learned commander him throughout his career; especially amid his

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complaints of himself being in poor economic William Russell standing. Lenthall was a more moderate 5th Earl of Bedford supporter of the Parliamentarians and Appointed 5th Earl of Bedford following his continually advocated for proposing peace with father’s death in 1641 and having served as a the King. Member of Parliament for , Devonshire, he is one of the group of nobles who sided with the Roundheads at the outbreak Previously arrested for printing unlicensed of war. Russell holds many titles and books, Lilburne is no stranger to fighting responsibilities for the Parliamentarians: Lord against the law, also writing about his Lieutenant of Devon, Lord Lieutenant of imprisonment. During the war, he served in Somerset, and General of the Horse in the Lord Brook’s regiment, as a captain. During a Parliamentary Service. Although a Roundhead, fight in London, he went against his leader’s he supported looking for peace and held orders and fled the fight to escape through the sympathy for the Royalists, being that he is a river Thames. noble. Sir A Lieutenant-Colonel for the Roundhead army A highly influential political writer for the and an experienced soldier. Massey participated Parliamentarians, he is involved deeply in in the Dutch Revolt against Spanish Rule, and crafting propaganda for the Roundhead effort. also was a captain for King Charles’ army in the His frequent and tactical anti-Charles writings Bishop’s War. He serves mainly as a military serve as a means to gain the support of the leader for the Roundheads, with heightened common folk of England. Before the outbreak battle experience, and is more of a moderate of war, Parker acted as the secretary to Robert opponent to the King. His family is influential Devereux, 3rd , but upon the in County Cheshire and he is a devout outbreak of war, he acts as the secretary to the Presbyterian. entire Roundhead army. Edward Montagu 2nd Earl of Manchester Montague first engaged with the royal army A radical Puritan preacher who had a key role when he joined the then Prince Charles in his in propaganda and gaining support for the Spanish March in Habsburg Spain. He was Roundhead effort. Peter has connections to made of Knight of the Bath in 1626 for his prominent Puritans in Holland due to his efforts in Spain. He was married to into both previous residence in the country; he also the family of the Duke of Buckingham and the resided and was involved in many of the affairs Earl of Warwick. He was a member of the Five of the New England colony in America. While Members of Parliament to be impeached in the back in England, Peter became involved in the House of Commons by the King. Parliamentarian effort and motivated people to rise up with his sermons. Early in the conflict it was apparent Peter was very valuable for his overseas relations and his ability to inspire,

21 | A Meeting of the Roundheads

however, his religious zealous could give rise to Sir problems. A knight, a general for the Roundhead Army, and a Member of Parliament for Andover, Hampshire, he is an important person for the Born a Puritan, Pym frequently debated with military due to his past war experiences in Roman Catholics in Parliament. He supported mainland Europe. Waller’s Presbyterian faith the to King Charles in 1628. influenced his opposition to the King and he He did also debate heavily against the divine eventually became a Parliamentarian leader. right of Kings and passive obedience. He His family is very affluent, and is very popular helped organize the after in Kent County. Beyond his military prowess the Irish Rebellion, and later encouraged many Waller also is involved with the New World moderate Parliament members to join his with him owning a large portion of the movement, leading to his inclusion in the Five Providence Island Company. Members. Pym's greatest strength is finance, serving as the chief executive for the Philip Wharton Parliamentary army at the dawn of the war. 4th Baron of Wharton In 1642, Wharton was made the Lord Lieutenant of , and served as A professional soldier and the Major- a parliamentary officer beforehand. He is a risk- general/Commander of the ’s taking leader, eager to enter enemy territory trained bands, Skippon refused to join his with his armed forces. He worked as a mediator forces with the King at the onset of the war. between Scottish covenanters and the Skippon had been a soldier since 1620 Parliament in the Committee for Both participating in the Palatinate, Breda, and the Kingdoms once an alliance was created, which Dutch campaigns of the Thirty Years War. His has yet to technically occur in this committee. control of London’s militia, military experience, and connections to armies around Europe made his allegiance to the Roundheads very significant. A Member of Parliament for Bere Alston in Devonshire who believes in greater parliamentary control of England’s institutions. Having previously been imprisoned by the King and being one of the Five Members of Parliament Charles attempted to arrest Strode is a vehement opponent to the monarchy and does not want compromise. Strode has all the power of a Member of Parliament and is part of an influential gentry family in Plymouth, Devonshire.

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