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Bermuda’s Wetlands (Fourth Edition) Project Nature Field Study Guide written by Dr. Martin L. H. Thomas Bermuda’s Wetlands Fourth in the series of Project Nature Guides published by the Bermuda Zoological Society in collaboration with the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum & Zoo Fourth Edition Published December 2005 Copyright © 2005 Bermuda Zoological Society Details of other titles available in the Project Nature series are: Rocky Coasts. Martin L. H. Thomas First Edition (The Rocky Coast) April 1993 Second Edition May 2007. 100 pages. ISBN: 978-1-897403-03-7 Sandy Coasts, Martin L. H. Thomas First Edition (The Sandy Shore) November 1994 Second Edition May 2008. 102 pages. ISBN: 978-1-897403-49-5 The Bermuda Forests. By BZS Volunteers. First Edition January 2001. Second Edition March 2002. Third Edition December 2005. 114 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-26-3 Oceanic Island Ecology of Bermuda. By Martin L. H. Thomas. First Edition February 2002. Second Edition September 2004. Third Edition September 2005. 88 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-63-8 Coral Reefs of Bermuda. By Martin L. H. Thomas. First Edition May 2002. Second Edition September 2005. 80 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-67-0 Sheltered Bays and Seagrass Beds of Bermuda. By Martin L. H. Thomas. First Edition August 2002. Second Edition September 2005. 88 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-66-2 The Ecology of Harrington Sound, Bermuda. By Martin L. H. Thomas. First Edition May 2003. Second Edition September 2005. 96 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-65-4 The Open Ocean around Bermuda. By Martin L. H. Thomas. First Edition September 2003. Second Edition September 2005. 86 pages. ISBN: 1-894916-64-6 Cover photograph of Mangrove Bay, Ferry Reach by Martin L. H. Thomas ISBN 1-894916-62-X Wetlands of Bermuda Foreward Foreword ‘Project Nature’ is an ambitious undertaking carried out by volunteers and staff of the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo. It fills a significant gap in Bermudian Natural History literature in that it can be used and studied at home or in the classroom, and can also be taken to the habitats being described to be used as a reference for the identification and understanding of Bermuda’s diverse and rich natural heritage. Bermuda can, at first glance, appear to be somewhat sparse in its flora and fauna, which is generally the case with isolated oceanic island ecosystems where all of the indigenous species have had to overcome the formidable difficulties of transport across hundreds of miles of ocean. Those of us who have worked for years in protecting, researching and, increasingly, restoring the natural environmental features of Bermuda know however that the island is a rich treasure house of diverse habitats supporting a multitude of plants and animals, many of them unique to the island. It is also of great interest because of its location at the extreme limit of the range of many of its species; for example, the island supports some of the most northerly examples of both coral reefs and Mangrove Swamps on Earth. This book continues this excellent series as a local field guide and reference for Bermuda’s Wetlands, which are one of the least understood and most unappreciated of Bermuda’s natural habitats. They have also been one of the most heavily impacted by man’s activities. In the past, wetlands were usually thought of as useless, dangerous areas suitable only as garbage dumps, but now they are recognized as being among the most productive, diverse and interesting habitats of all. This book gives any reader the information and techniques for understanding and appreciating Bermuda’s Wetlands, and indeed for looking at them through entirely new eyes. It is highly recommended for anyone interested in Bermuda’s natural environment. Jeremy Madeiros Conservation Officer Parks Department January 2001 Wetlands of Bermuda Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The help of the following people is gratefully acknowledged; without their encouragement and assistance this guide could not have been produced. Richard Winchell, Principal Curator of the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo at the time this project commenced, paved the way for its production and enthusiastically supported the work. Jack Ward who assumed the curatorship in the middle of the project, continued this supportive role. Mary Winchell, Educational Officer actively helped in all stages of the production of this guide and is largely responsible for its successful completion. Liz Nash took on the mammoth task of preparing the manuscript for printing, including assembling all the illustrations and inserting them in the text. Her dedication to this task ensured that the final product would be most attractive and relatively error free. Many people have assisted in the background fieldwork essential to a task such as this. Without their help and encouragement the guide would be much less complete and practical than it is. Grateful thanks are extended to: Ann Glasspool, Joseph Furbert, Heather DeSilva, Bill Mitchell, Richard Winchell, Brian Lightbourn, Penny Hill, Mary Lodge, Tiana Harley-Thomas, Mary Lou Harley, Sandra Rouja, Bobbii Cartwright, Judie Clee and Sara Manuel. The full page habitat illustrations were all drawn by Jo-Ann Stevens of the Biology Department of the University of New Brunswick, Canada while the cross section on page 2-10 was prepared by David Wingate. The illustrations of the species of plants and animals of the wetlands of Ber- muda were adapted, with permission, from a variety of sources including “Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda” and “Bermuda’s Marine Life” by W. Sterrer, “Bermuda’s Seashore Plants and Seaweeds” by W. Sterrer and A. Ralph Cavaliere, R. A. R. “Joe” Smith, Michelle Pasquin, Andrew Dobson and David Wingate; others were prepared especially for this publication by Wendy Frith, Janet Percy, Martin Thomas and Tiana Harley-Thomas. We are most grateful to Quinell Francis of Works and Engineering who prepared the field site maps. No account of plant life in Bermuda could be completed without reference to “The Flora of Ber- muda” by Nathaniel Lord Britton; we are all indebted to him. Contents Contents Description Page Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1-1 Organisation of this Field Guide............................................................................................1-1 What are Wetlands? ..............................................................................................................1-1 Types of Wetland...................................................................................................................1-2 Marshes ......................................................................................................................1-2 Bogs ......................................................................................................................1-2 Swamps ......................................................................................................................1-2 Ecological Importance of Wetlands ........................................................................................1-2 Succession......................................................................................................................1-2 Primary Succession ...................................................................................................1-3 Secondary Succession ...............................................................................................1-3 Characteristics of Succession ....................................................................................1-3 Typical Secondary Succession Involving Wetlands......................................................1-3 Possible Successional Events Involving Wetlands in Bermuda....................................1-4 Water Clarification and Purification .................................................................................1-4 Stabilisation of Shorelines...............................................................................................1-4 Origin and Colonisation of Bermudian Wetlands ...................................................................1-4 The Origin of Freshwater.................................................................................................1-4 The first Freshwater Wetlands ...................................................................................1-4 Colonisation of early Freshwater Wetlands.................................................................1-5 A Time of Change ......................................................................................................1-6 Modern Freshwater Wetlands ....................................................................................1-6 The Origin of Marine Wetlands in Bermuda .....................................................................1-7 Coastal Systems ........................................................................................................1-7 Marine Ponds ............................................................................................................1-8 Characteristics and Features of Wetlands Habitats in Bermuda .................................... 2-1 Freshwater Marshes........................................................................................................2-1 Communities in Freshwater Marshes.........................................................................2-1 Freshwater Ponds ...........................................................................................................2-1
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