DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Eccrine Sweat Contains Tissue Kallikrein and Kininase II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Eccrine Sweat Contains Tissue Kallikrein and Kininase II Human Eccrine Sweat Contains Tissue Kallikrein and Kininase II Toshihiko Hibino, Toshiyuki Takemura, and Kenzo Sato Marshall Dermatology Research Laboratories, Department of Dermatology, Universiry of Iowa Co llege of Medicine, Iowa Ciry, Iowa, U.S.A. We attempted to determine the level of sweat kallikrein kallikrein is the glandular type. Purified sweat and salivary (kininogenase) and to purify and characterize it using sweat kallikrein showed similar Mr and responses to inhibitors and collected over a white petrolatum barrier. Thermally induced antibodies. Using immunohistochemistry, kallikrein activity eccrine sweat obtained from 24 healthy subjects showed kal­ was localized in luminal ductal cells and in the peripheral rirn likrein activity of 24.4 ng kinins generated/1 mg of sweat of secretory coil segments, presumably the outer membrane protein when heated plasma was used as the substrate and of the myoepithelium. We also observed kininase activity in 16.1 ng kinin when purified low molecular weight bovine sweat at Mr 160,000, which was inhibited by ethylenedia­ kininogen was used as the substrate. Sweat was sequentially mine tetraacetic acid, captopril, and angiotensin converting purified by Sephacryl S-200, diethyaminoethyl Sephacel, enzyme inhibitor peptide, indicating that it is kininase II (or and fast flow liquid chromatography Mono Q chromatogra­ angiotensin converting enzyme). Sweat also contains abun­ phy. Sweat kallikrein had aMrof 40,000 and was inhibited by dant non-kallikrein hydrolases for S-2266 and S-2302. The aprotinin but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor. The peptide demonstration of glandular kallikrein, its tissue localization, generated by sweat kallikrein was identified as lys-bradykinin and the presence of kininase II in sweat provide the basis for using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatogra­ future studies on the physiologic role of the kallikrein/kinin phy and by its amino acid sequence. Anti-human urinary system in the eccrine sweat gland. Key words: ki,tinoge1lase/ kallikrein immunoglobulin G neutralized the sweat kal­ sweat gland/protease. ] Invest Dermatol1 02:214 - 220, 1994 likrein activity completely, indicating that the sweat he eccrine sweat gland shares a number of features the presence of a kallikrein/kinin system in the eccrine sweat gland with other exocrine glands, especially with regard to is hard to dismiss. Fox and Hilton [16] first reported in 1958 that the mechanisms involved in the secretion of fluids, eccrine sweat and peri glandular dermal fluid contained a substance electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes [1 ,2]. Both the sali­ that contracted the rat uterus when such fluids were preincubated vary gland and saliva contain high concentrations of with pseudo-globulin. They interpreted the finding as indicating Tglandular kallikrein, a serine protease [3]. Kallikreins (or kinino­ that bradykinin was produced from pseudo-globulin by kallikrein in genases) are also present in a variety of other tissues and body fluids sweat or dermal fluid. Frewin et al [17] also observed weak kinin­ [4-8]. It has been postulated that glandular kallikrein serves many generating activity in sweat samples from some, but not all, subjects functions including the regulation of salivary glandular blood flow during exercise. Fraki et al [18] showed benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl through kinin generation [9], proteolytic processing of various ester (BAEE) - hydrolyzing, aprotinin-sensitive proteinase in growth factors and polypeptide hormones [10], and the regulation human sauna sweat, which suggests that sweat may contain kal­ of membrane transport also via kinin generation [11-13]. likrein-like enzymes. During the course of the present study, May­ Thermoregulatory eccrine sweating is associated with active re­ field et al [19] also observed that human sweat contains immunore_ flex vasodilation (ARV) [14]. In patients with hereditary anhidrotic active glandular kallikrein with kinin-generating activity by using ectodermal dysplasia where sweat glands are congenitally absent, radioimmunoassays for kallikrein and for generated kinin. Never­ ARV does not occur during heat exposure despite the fact that their theless, the kallikrein activity was absent or near the detection limit sympathetic innervation to cutaneous blood vessels appears to be of the ~ssay ~ystem. in some unconcentrated sweat samples. Further­ normal [15]. Whether or not the ARV during heat-induced sweat­ more, 111 their studies, sweat samples were not collected over a White ing is due to bradykinin produced by the sweat gland and the lack of petrolatum barrier and the sodium concentration in some of their ARV in anhidrotic ectodermal patients is due to the absence oflocal sweat samples was abnormally high [19]. Thus the possibility of bradykinin production are unknown. Nevertheless, evidence for epidermal contamination and evaporative water loss in some of their sweat samples cannot be entirely ruled out. The goals of the present study have been 1) to confirm the pres­ ence of kallikrein activity in clean sweat, 2) to determine whether Manuscript received March 19, 1993; accepted for publication September hydrolysis of synthetic substrates reflects the kallikrein activity in 2,1993. Reprint requests to: Dr. Kenzo Sato, Department of Dermatology, Uni­ sweat, 3) to determine that sweat kallikrein is of the glandular (or versiry ofIowa College of Medicine, 271 Medical Laboratories, Iowa Ciry, tissue) type, but not the plasma type, 4) to study whether or not IA 52242-1181. kinin-degrading enzyme(s) (i.e., kininase II) is also present in sweat, Abbreviations: ARV, active reflex vasodilation; HMW, high molecular and 5) to study the localization of kallikrein in the sweat gland using weight; HP, heated plasma; LMW, low molecular weight. immunohistochemistry . 0022-202X/94/S07.00 Copyright © 1994 by The Sociery for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. 214 VOL. 102, NO.2 FEBRUARY 1994 KALLIKREIN IN SWEAT 215 I: Q) 60 ~ 0 (TOc) ~ A n=24 ~52.5 ~ :!i ...I~ t 45 c 40 Ea;... _!:?C5 0 0 co. .210 -Q) 20 B -Sll)u~ 0 ~ o~ ... D..e Y=0.68X + 0.68 m::::" R=0.80, P<0.001 ~E .~~ 0 .- c .~~ n=5 ~~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Kinin production from H.P. 4 B n=14 0 5-2266 A 5-2302 .... 1: 3 0 ft:l~:i! A ~ ~ LI--.----r---r--~--_,,_--r_--,_--_. ~S 0 r I OA 15 20 0 30 40 50 min 2 AO AO 0 80 II) • 0 C GI 0 ~ .. OA .. o fromH.P. ...ra i n=24 0 • from LMW K-gon - II 60 o iii .. • .Q ~ :::l~ .. f o (1).5 uCD 40 .:'0 0 CD-- • • .co. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 o 0 ~ AI 0 Cra Kinin production from H.P. 20 0 -->-CD OJ. 0 II)~ 4 t • all) 0 5-2266 • • ~ • C n=14 0 rn~ A 5-2302 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Ui.E .?;os 3 0 Total sweat volume (mI/50minlm2) f:?o A "tie ~s 0 Figure 1. Kininogenase and kininase activity in thermally induced sweat 2 ~ 0 A from the back. The solid line in A is the temperature protocol used through­ 0 0 out the present sauna experiments. The mean sweat rate was derived from 0 ~ ~ ~ [20]. B) Time course of kallikrein (solid symbols) and kininase (open symbols) 0 A activity in sweat, expressed as ng kinin production from LMW kininogen or .. ng bradykinin degradation per ml of sweat/h, respectively. C) Kinin pro­ ~ A duction versus total sweat output (m1j50 min/m2 on the back) in 24 men, ages 18-30. tI, number of subjects. Open circles, kinin production from HP 0 and solid triallgles from bovine LMW kininogen. Kinin production was ex­ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 pressed on a per-sweat protein basis (which is similar to that expressed on the Kinin production from LMW K-gen sweat volume basis because sweat protein content is similar in different sweat (ng/h/mg sweat protein) samples; not shown). Approximately 24.4 ± 15.4 ng of kinin was generated by 1 mg of sweat protein for the HP (used as substrate) and 16.1 ± 13.6 ng for bovine LMW kininogen (used as substrate), which correspond to 0.18 ng Figure 2. Kininogenase activity as determined using natural subrates versus and 0.16 ng of kinins generated by 1 ml of original sweat, respectively. synthetic substrates. A) Comparison of kinin generation from bovine LMW When EDTA and 1,10 phenanthroline were not included in the assay mix­ kininogen and human HP. B) Comparison of kinin generation from HP and ture for kinin, detection of kinin was dramatically decreased (data not hydrolysis of S-2266 (widely used substrate for glandular kallikrein) and shown), consistent with the observation that kininase is also present in 5-2302 (substrate for plasma kallikrein). C} Comparison of kinin generation human eccrine sweat (see B) . from bovine LMW kininogen and hydrolysis ofS-2266 and S-2302. Sweat samples from each subject were pooled and concentrated. The correlation between the hydrolysis ofS-2266 and that ofS-2302 is R = 0.90, P < 0.001, Y = 0.95X -0.12, not shown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Trizma base, phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), diiso­ propylfluorophosphatc (DFP), l,lO-phenanthroline, trypsin (type III), pa­ ular weight (LMW) kininogen was purchased from Seikagaku Kogyou, pain (type III), benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BANA), aprotinin, soybean Tokyo, Japan. Purified bovine pancreatic kallikrein was a gift of Showa trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), bradykinin, Iys-bradykinin (kallidin), angiotensin Denko Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. StrAvigen was purchased from Biogenex converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (Gln-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-I1e-Pro­ Laboratories, San Ramon, CA. Rabbit antiserum to human urinary ka.Ilikrein Pro), and angiotensin I were obtained from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, was obtained from Japan Chemical Research, Kobe,Japan. Norit A was the MO. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was purchased from MCB product of Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis)
    Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis) What is Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis? Sialdenitis is an infection of the salivary glands that causes painful swelling of the glands that produce saliva, or spit. Bacterial infections, diabetes, tumors or stones in the salivary glands, and tooth problems (poor oral hygiene) may cause a salivary gland infection. The symptoms include pain, swelling, pus in the mouth, neck skin infection. These infections and affect the submandibular gland (below the jaw) or the parotid glands (in front of the ears). The symptoms can be minor and just be a small swelling after meals (symptoms tend to be worse after times of high saliva flow). Rarely, the swelling in the mouth will progress and can cut off your airway and cause you to stop breathing. What Causes Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis When the flow of saliva is blocked by a small stone (salilithiasis) in a salivary gland or when a person is dehydrated, bacteria can build up and cause an infection. A viral infection, such as the mumps, also can cause a salivary gland to get infected and swell. These infections can also be caused by a spread from rotten or decaying teeth. Sometimes there can be a buildup of calcium in the saliva ducts that form into stones. These can easily stop the flow of saliva and cause problems How are these infections and stones treated? Treatment depends on what caused your salivary gland infection. If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Home treatment such as drinking fluids, applying warm compresses, and sucking on lemon wedges or sour candy to increase saliva may help to clear the infection quicker.
    [Show full text]
  • Increased Kallikrein Content of Saliva from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas
    Pediat. Res. 3: 57 1-578 (1969) Bradykinin kallikrein cystic fibrosis of the pancreas kininase enzymic activity saliva Increased Kallikrein Content of Saliva from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas A Theory for the Pathogenesis of Abnormal Secretions JACK LIE BERM AN[*^] and GLENND. LITTENBERG Department of Respiratory Diseases, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, and the Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, and the University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA Extract An investigation of the bradykinin system in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas was undertaken because of the potential role of bradykinin in the function of glandular tissues and in the mediation of electro- lyte transport. Patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP) and control subjects (CS) were studied for evidence of excessive formation or impaired inactivation of bradykinin in plasma, saliva and urine. Bradykinin, kininase and kallikrein activities were assayed by means of a modified Schultz- Dale apparatus utilizing the uterus of rats in estrus. The bradykinin assay detected as little as 0.01 ,ug bradykinin (4 x ,ug/ml bath solution). The height of uterine contraction was proportional to the logarithmic concentration of bradykinin with maximum contraction occurring with 1-10 ,ug bradykinin. Free bradykininlike activity in urine, saliva or plasma specimens from 11 patients was the same as that from 21 normal controls. In saliva specimens from CFP or CS no bradykininlike activity was detected, whereas in urine there was slight activity in approximately 60% of the samples. Fresh heparinized plasma of both patients and controI subjects developed spontaneous bradykinin activity when added to the muscle bath; this type of activity could be prevented by shaking the plasma with glass beads and incubating at 37' for 30 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Saliva Control
    • Introduction • Possible problems • What can be done? • Too much saliva • Too little saliva • Thick saliva • Further help Saliva Control Introduction This fact sheet is aimed at those affected by MSA and experiencing difficulties with saliva control. It provides information about the possible problems and advises on what can be done to manage the symptoms. Possible problems Some people may experience discomfort and embarrassment due to reduced saliva control. Saliva plays an important function in the mouth. It helps break down food and protects the mouth from drying out and cracking. However, too much or too little saliva can cause problems, both with eating and drinking and with speech. We all produce about a litre and a half of saliva every day, but in health we swallow frequently. People with MSA have a reduced swallow reflex and difficulty moving saliva from the front of the mouth to the back where it can then be swallowed. Also there may be some increased saliva production by the autonomic nervous system. Alternatively, saliva may be thick and difficult to swallow, and some medication can cause a drying up of saliva and a dry mouth. What can be done? The following advice may help depending on the nature of the saliva problem. The advice is based on medical understanding, commonly held knowledge and strategies that have helped people before. Saliva Control Too much saliva If the problem is too much saliva then a few options are available: Food and Drink: Some foods and drinks can help reduce saliva production. You might try: • Ginger tea - this has a drying effect on the mouth; sucking pieces of dried ginger may help if there is no risk of choking • Dark grape juice • Sage • Pineapple juice or sucking fresh pineapple has a cleansing effect on the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Section IX – Digestive System
    Section IX – Digestive System The digestive system refers to the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract. It consists of organs and glands that break down food products to be used by the body as a source of energy through absorption of nutrients and to eliminate solid waste products. The GI tract begins at the mouth, where food is ingested and ends at the anus, where waste products are eliminated from the body. Medical Terms Combining Forms gingiv/o gums stomat/o, or/o mouth dent/o, odont/o teeth labi/o lip maxill/o jaw sial/o saliva, salivary glands abdomin/o abdomen gastr/o stomach lingu/o, gloss/o tongue myc/o fungus orth/o straight esophag/o esophagus carcin/o cancer rect/o rectum proct/o rectum and anus sigmoid/o sigmoid ile/o ileum col/o colon duoden/o duodenum enter/o intestine hepat/o liver chol/e, chol/o bile, gall cholecyst/o gall bladder pancreat/o pancreas cyst/o bladder an/o anus Suffixes -rrhea discharge, flow -orexia appetite -emesis vomiting -pepsia digestion -phagia swallowing, eating -lith stone Medical Terms Mouth (or/o, stomat/o) or/al, stomat/ic – pertaining to the mouth stomat/o/dynia – pain in the mouth sub/lingu/al – pertaining to under the tongue sub/maxill/ary – pertaining to under the jaw Salivary Glands (sial/o) sial/o/rrhea – excessive flow of saliva sial/o/aden/itis – inflammation of the salivary glands Teeth (odont/o, dent/o) dent/ist – specialist in the study of teeth orth/o/dont/ist – specialist in straight teeth gingiv/itis – inflammation of the gums Stomach (gastr/o) gastr/o/dynia – pain in the stomach
    [Show full text]
  • Human Body- Digestive System
    Previous reading: Human Body Digestive System (Organs, Location and Function) Science, Class-7th, Rishi Valley School Next reading: Cardiovascular system Content Slide #s 1) Overview of human digestive system................................... 3-4 2) Organs of human digestive system....................................... 5-7 3) Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus.......................................... 10-14 4) Movement of food ................................................................ 15-17 5) The Stomach.......................................................................... 19-21 6) The Small Intestine ............................................................... 22-23 7) The Large Intestine ............................................................... 24-25 8) The Gut Flora ........................................................................ 27 9) Summary of Digestive System............................................... 28 10) Common Digestive Disorders ............................................... 31-34 How to go about this module 1) Have your note book with you. You will be required to guess or answer many questions. Explain your guess with reasoning. You are required to show the work when you return to RV. 2) Move sequentially from 1st slide to last slide. Do it at your pace. 3) Many slides would ask you to sketch the figures. – Draw them neatly in a fresh, unruled page. – Put the title of the page as the slide title. – Read the entire slide and try to understand. – Copy the green shade portions in the note book. 4)
    [Show full text]
  • Mouth Dryness Or Thick Saliva
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Mouth Dryness or Thick Saliva Dry mouth, or xerostomia, happens when there is not enough saliva or saliva becomes very thick. This can be a side effect of radiation therapy1to the head and neck areas, some types of chemo2, certain other medicines, and dehydration3. The glands that make saliva can become irritated or damaged and make less saliva, or your saliva can become very thick and sticky. The level of dryness can be mild or severe. Having a dry mouth or thick saliva can increase your risk of cavities and mouth infection. If you smoke, chew tobacco, or drink alcohol, the dryness can be worse. What to look for ● Dried, flaky, whitish saliva in and around the mouth ● Thick saliva that’s more like mucus and that sticks to lips when you open your mouth ● Trouble swallowing foods or thick liquids ● Mouth always open to breathe (mouth-breathing dries out the mouth and throat) ● Burning tongue ● Bits of food or other matter on the teeth, tongue, and gums ● Tongue surface looks ridged or cracked Treatment for dry mouth or thick saliva Treatment for dry mouth and thick saliva includes increasing comfort and preventing infection or complications. Good mouth care and frequent sips of water are helpful ways to manage problems with dry mouth or thick saliva. Avoiding alcohol intake and tobacco, avoiding certain foods, and keeping caffeine and sugar (in candy, gum, or soft 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 drinks) to a minimum can help keep a dry mouth and thick saliva from getting worse.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzyme Lab – Teacher
    Enzymes: What’s in your spit? Student Version In this lab students will investigate a few of the different enzymes from our body. You will learn how these enzymes work and how their activity is dependent on factors such as heat, pH, and concentration. Key Concepts: • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, and are found in all living organisms because they are important in everyday functions like digestion and blood clotting. They also act like scissors and cut bonds between molecules. • The process of accelerating chemical reactions is referred to as catalysis, and because enzymes take part in a chemical reaction (but are not destroyed in the process), enzymes are referred to as catalysts. • The shape of each enzyme allows it only to interact with a specific molecule – called a substrate (though the enzyme can act with many substrates at the same time) – that makes the enzyme specific for a particular type of chemical reaction. Think of the enzyme as a “lock” and the substrate as the “key”. Only that certain “key” (substrate) will fit into that specific “lock” (enzyme). Helpful link to understand enzymes: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XjyAkeQJag Created by LABScI at Stanford 1 Part 1 – How does Heat affect enzyme activity? (Bromelain) Gelatin is a protein used in making many of your favorite foods, like gummy bears and Jello! The chemical bonds in gelatin can be broken by an enzyme called bromelain, which is found in certain fruits. We will test different fruits to identify which of them contains the bromelain enzyme, and then investigate the effect of heating on bromelain.
    [Show full text]
  • Coping with Dry Mouth and Thick Saliva
    Page 1 of 2 Coping with Dry Mouth and Thick Saliva What happens when you have dry mouth • Try very sweet or tart foods and drinks, such and thick saliva? as lemonade. These foods may help your mouth make more saliva. Do not try this if you If you have a dry mouth or thick saliva, it affects have mouth sores. It could make your mouth simple activities like speaking and swallowing. It can hurt more. also cause taste changes. • Choose foods that are moist and easy to chew Dry mouth can last long after your treatment has (see the following food list). Take small bites and ended. Symptoms may be worse at night and when chew food well. you get up in the morning. • Avoid: How are they treated? – Hot foods and drinks Ask your care team about “artificial saliva” (for – Caffeine and alcohol (these may dry out example, Biotene). This is a medicine that coats, your mouth) protects and moistens your mouth and throat. You can buy this at the drugstore. – Foods that irritate the mouth (such as high- acid foods like tomatoes, or coarse, dry foods What else can I do to treat or prevent dry like raw vegetables, granola, crackers and toast) mouth and thick saliva? – Store-bought mouthwash, since the alcohol it • Sip water every few minutes to help yourself contains can dry out your mouth. swallow and talk. Keep a water bottle with you at all times. • If you wear dentures, be sure they fit you well. • Use a straw to make drinking easier.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Guidelines for Symptom Management THICK SALIVA
    Nutritional Guidelines For Symptom Management THICK SALIVA DEFINITIONS: Thick saliva or mucous is described as viscous, acidic, and semi-opaque secretion as opposed to clear, watery and neutral secretions. This change in saliva is due to the presence of abnormally large quantities of organic material in saliva, which may contribute to dysphagia, nausea, vomiting and/or poor oral intake. The onset and duration of thick saliva depends on the cause and the tumor site. POSSIBLE CAUSES • Radiation therapy to the head and neck region may result in a change in the amount and consistency of saliva, as mucous glands are highly sensitive to radiation. Thick saliva may begin during the first one to two weeks of radiation. Partial recovery of salivary gland function has been observed to occur as early as 2-6 months after cessation of treatment but may persist for more than five years. Major determinants include the patient’s age, dosage of radiation and field of exposure. • Dehydration may contribute to thickened secretions. NUTRITIONAL GOALS • To minimize the discomfort and effects related to alterations in quality and quantity of saliva produced. • To maintain and/or improve nutritional status despite thick saliva or mucous. STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT A. Nutritional Strategies: • Encourage soft moist foods. Intake of hard or dry foods, like crackers, tough meats, and viscous foods, like thick syrups, peanut butter should be limited. • Encourage small, frequent meals and snacks throughout the day. • Ensure adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration and to thin saliva. If the individual’s intake is limited and/or weight is a concern, suggest calorie containing fluids, instead of water/tea/coffee.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive System
    THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM COMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM People are probably more aware of their digestive system than of any other system, not least because of its frequent messages. Hunger, thirst, appetite, gas ☺, and the frequency and nature of bowel movements, are all issues affecting daily life. The Digestive Tract • Six Functions of the Digestive System 1. Ingestion 2. Mechanical processing 3. Digestion 4. Secretion 5. Absorption 6. Excretion The Digestive Tract • Ingestion – Occurs when materials enter digestive tract via the mouth • Mechanical Processing – Crushing and shearing – Makes materials easier to propel along digestive tract • Digestion – The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium The Digestive Tract • Secretion – Is the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts – By epithelium of digestive tract – By glandular organs • Absorption – Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water – Across digestive epithelium tissue – Into the interstitial fluid of digestive tract • Excretion – Removal of waste products from body fluids – Process called defecation removes feces AN INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • The Digestive Tract • Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal • Is a muscular tube • Extends from our mouth to the anus • Passes through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines The digestive system is one of the most clearly defined in the body. It consists of a long passageway, the digestive
    [Show full text]
  • Information on Saliva Control
    P3 Saliva Control This information has been compiled to assist professionals working with people affected by motor neurone disease (MND) and represents suggestions only. It should not replace individual assessment for treatment. Although a normal amount of saliva is produced, around two to three pints every day, excessive saliva is a commonly reported symptom of MND. People who have MND may have weak muscles around the mouth, tongue and throat, which compromise the management of saliva, both in the mouth and during the swallowing mechanism, making it difficult to swallow. Some people find they have copious amounts of thin watery saliva, which can cause drooling. This is known as sialorrhea, which can be especially troublesome if lip closure is poor. Others complain more of phlegm or thickened mucus in the mouth and throat, which is difficult to swallow, or in the airways which is difficult to cough up due to weakened respiratory muscles and an ineffective cough. A speech and language therapist can help to identify any problems that may be present. These may include poor lip seal and/or weakness in oral and facial muscles or the tongue, which can all contribute to problems with saliva management. The speech and language therapist can also advise on different swallowing techniques which may make swallowing easier. Occasionally devices to improve lip seal may be helpful. In some cases improving posture may help to control the flow of saliva. A drooping posture can cause the head to tilt forward enabling the saliva to flow through the lips. A physiotherapist can give advice on posture problems as well as head supports.
    [Show full text]
  • SALIVARY LEVELS of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AFTER USE of DEN-MAT WHITENING PRODUCTS Final Report March 14, 2019
    Confidential SALIVARY LEVELS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AFTER USE OF DEN-MAT WHITENING PRODUCTS Final Report March 14, 2019 Principal Investigator: Ronald D. Perry, DMD, MS Professor Department of Comprehensive Care Co-Investigators: Driss Zoukhri, PhD Professor Department of Comprehensive Care Amir Assadinowghabi, DMD Candidate, International Students Program Sponsor DenMat Holding LLC Study Location: Tufts University School of Dental Medicine One Kneeland Street Boston, MA 02111 Date: 03/14/19 REPORT SALIVARY LEVELS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AFTER USE OF DEN-MAT WHITENING PRODUCTS Report PI: Ronald D Perry, DMD, MS I) Introduction A) Aim/Hypothesis/Objective The objective of this study was to determine the hydrogen peroxide content in saliva of 3 different Den-Mat whitening products at different time points during and following tray and chairside application. The samples’ hydrogen peroxide content were assayed for total concentration in the mouth following bleaching. 1) Primary aim The primary aim was to evaluate the level of hydrogen peroxide concentration in saliva in both Take Home Kits and Chairside Technique products. Hypothesis: Hydrogen peroxide levels in patients’ saliva following the bleaching with DenMat products are minimal and within Health Canada guidelines (less than 3%). II) Background and Rationale Bleaching is traditionally done by two general methods: 1) Home bleaching: Patients are provided with a bleaching tray and lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide releasing material (22 and 32 % Carbamide Peroxide in this study) and instructed how to apply it for certain periods of times at home. 2) Chairside bleaching: Dentist applies hydrogen peroxide over properly isolated teeth for a certain amount of time and rinses it after achieving a desirable result.
    [Show full text]