La Règlementation Des Plateformes De Diffusion Numériques Par Le Droit Canadien : Vers Une Meilleure Protection De La Diversité Des Expressions Culturelles

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La Règlementation Des Plateformes De Diffusion Numériques Par Le Droit Canadien : Vers Une Meilleure Protection De La Diversité Des Expressions Culturelles La règlementation des plateformes de diffusion numériques par le droit canadien : vers une meilleure protection de la diversité des expressions culturelles Mémoire Maîtrise en droit Ariane Deschênes Université Laval Québec, Canada Maître en droit (LL.M.) et Université de Paris-Sud Orsay, France Master (M.) © Ariane Deschênes, 2018 Résumé Cette étude avance que le droit canadien possède les outils lui permettant de réglementer les plateformes de vidéo à la demande canadiennes et étrangères. Les technologies de distribution et de diffusion numériques bouleversent profondément l’industrie cinématographique et le système canadien de radiodiffusion et impliquent de profonds changements dans la chaîne de production, de distribution et d'exploitation des films. Les plateformes occupent une position concurrentielle sur le marché, sans pour autant être soumises aux obligations de financement de la création et aux quotas de diffusion de contenu canadien, tandis que le rôle des acteurs traditionnels, tels les câblodistributeurs, se trouve menacé. De plus, la diversité des expressions culturelles et la promotion du contenu canadien ne sont pas garanties sur les plateformes de vidéo à la demande. Cette recherche démontre qu’il est toutefois possible d’encadrer, par le droit canadien, les activités de ces plateformes. Considérant que la politique canadienne de radiodiffusion est encore pertinente aujourd’hui pour sauvegarder la culture canadienne, cette recherche propose d’en revoir le système et les mécanismes afin de les adapter à l’environnement numérique. Enfin, cette étude suggère avant tout la création d'un nouveau système normatif, par la mise en place d’un règlement destiné spécifiquement aux plateformes de vidéos à la demande canadiennes et étrangères, afin de les soumettre aux obligations de financement de la création et à la promotion et la découvrabilité des contenus audiovisuels numériques canadiens. iii Abstract This study suggests it would be possible for Canadian law to regulate a video-on- demand platform. In fact, distribution and broadcasting technologies have disrupted the cinematographic industry and the Canadian public broadcasting system with profound changes in the broadcast chain and the distribution channel. The video-on-demand platform has taken up a predominant position on the market, without being submitted to the financial contribution to a Canadian creation fund and to the obligation of broadcasting a percentage of Canadian content, while the role of traditional stakeholder, such as cable distributors, is being challenged. Furthermore, the diversity of cultural expression and promotion of Canadian content is not guaranteed on video-on-demand platforms. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to regulate the activities of such platforms by Canadian laws. Considering that the Canadian broadcasting policy is still relevant nowadays to maintain the presence of Canadian culture online, this research suggests reviewing the Canadian public broadcasting system in order to adapt it to the digital environment. Finally, this study suggests creating a new regulation system by introducing regulation for the specific intention of Canadian and foreign video-on-demand platforms. This would submit them to the obligation of financial contribution to a Canadian creation fund and to the promotion and discoverability of the Canadian audiovisual contents in the digital space. iv Table des matières Résumé iii Abstract iv Remerciements vii Liste des abréviations viii Introduction 1 1. Mise en contexte 1 2. Problématique 3 3. Questions de recherche 8 4. Hypothèses 9 5. Méthodologie 11 Partie 1. Le système canadien de distribution et de diffusion des œuvres audiovisuelles 13 1.1. Les modes traditionnels de distribution et diffusion des films 13 1.2. La mission et le fonctionnement du système canadien de radiodiffusion 16 1.3. La politique canadienne de radiodiffusion et le système des licences de radiodiffusion 20 1.3.1. La pertinence de la politique canadienne de radiodiffusion dans un monde numérique 21 1.3.2. Les conditions restrictives d’obtention des licences de radiodiffusion 23 1.4. Une qualification d’entreprise de radiodiffusion désuète 27 Partie 2. Les mesures de soutien à la production et la distribution des œuvres audiovisuelles canadiennes face aux enjeux du numérique 34 2.1. Les mesures de financement du contenu canadien 34 2.1.1. Les fonds de soutien à la création canadienne 34 2.1.2. Les crédits d’impôt pour sociétés de productions canadiennes et étrangères 38 2.2. Les avantages et exemptions fiscales pour les plateformes de vidéo à la demande 40 2.2.1. L’absence de perception de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée par les plateformes en ligne 40 2.2.2. Le paiement de l’impôt fondé sur la présence physique au Canada 42 2.3. Un système de quotas de diffusion inadapté au numérique 44 2.4. La promotion et la découvrabilité des contenus audiovisuels numériques 48 2.4.1. L’incidence de l’hyperchoix sur la découvrabilité 49 2.4.2. L’influence des systèmes de recommandation des contenus 50 2.5. Les conséquences des systèmes de recommandation sur la diversité des expressions culturelles 52 2.5.1. L’uniformisation des contenus 53 2.5.2. L’utilisation et le traitement des données personnelles 56 Partie 3. Les pistes de solutions 59 3.1. La révision de la qualification de radiodiffuseur 59 3.2. La révision du système de radiodiffusion et des licences 61 3.3. La révision des mécanismes de financement 67 3.4. La révision des fondements de la fiscalité pour atteindre l’équité fiscale 71 v 3.5. La révision du mécanisme des quotas à l’ère du numérique 75 3.6. L’encadrement de la découvrabilité des contenus numériques 78 Conclusion 81 Bibliographie 84 vi Remerciements Je souhaite d’abord remercier ma codirectrice, Madame Véronique Guèvremont, qui est une source d’inspiration et un modèle au niveau professionnel et tout simplement une personne que j’admire. Merci d’avoir cru en moi et de m’avoir soutenu tout au long de mon parcours académique. Je souhaite également remercier ma codirectrice, Madame Alexandra Bensamoun, pour son écoute et ses conseils durant tout le projet et pour la création de ce programme d’études bidiplômant. Merci également au Ministère des Relations internationales et de la Francophonie (MRIF) et le Consulat Général de France à Québec (CGF) pour l’octroi d’une bourse d’études m’ayant permis d’effectuer le séjour d’études en France. Enfin, je souhaite remercier tous ceux qui m’ont soutenu durant ce projet, notamment les experts qui ont accepté avec générosité de m’offrir leurs opinions et conseils sur ce mémoire ainsi qu’un merci particulier à ma collègue, Sandy Caron, qui n’en peut surement plus d’entendre parler de cinéma. vii Liste des abréviations ARC Agence du Revenu du Canada BCPAC Bureau de certification des produits audiovisuels canadiens CIPC Crédit d’impôt pour production cinématographique ou magnétoscopique canadienne CISP Crédit d’impôt pour services de production cinématographique ou magnétoscopique CPVP Commissariat à la protection de la vie privée du Canada CRTC Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes FMC Fonds des médias du Canada FSI Fournisseur de services Internet OCDE Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques PVD Plateforme de vidéos à la demande SMA Services de médias audiovisuels SODEC Société de développement des entreprises culturelles VSD Vidéo sur demande viii Introduction 1. Mise en contexte En septembre 2017, la ministre du Patrimoine canadien alors en fonction, Mélanie Joly, annonçait le lancement du Cadre stratégique du Canada créatif prévoyant notamment la révision du mandat du radiodiffuseur public canadien et, entre autres, la promotion de la distribution et de la découverte du contenu canadien.1 Cette approche vise à assurer la diversité des expressions culturelles sur les médias numériques. Par ailleurs, le Canada, en vertu de ses engagements internationaux, se doit d’agir pour respecter ses engagements au titre de la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité culturelle, adoptée en 2005. Cette convention reconnaît la double nature des biens et services culturels, possédant à la fois une valeur économique et culturelle,2 et réaffirme le droit des États d’adopter et de mettre en œuvre des politiques culturelles afin de soutenir la diversité des expressions culturelles, notamment grâce à des mesures règlementaires.3 De plus, les nouvelles directives opérationnelles sur la mise en œuvre de la Convention dans l’environnement numérique rappellent aux Parties de « mettre à jour leurs cadres législatifs et règlementaires relatifs aux médias de service public, privé et communautaire ainsi qu’aux organisations de médias indépendants, afin de promouvoir la diversité des expressions culturelles et la diversité des médias dans l’environnement numérique, en prenant en compte la convergence croissante des opérations au sein de la chaîne de valeur. »4 Ainsi, avec l’arrivée d’Internet et des nouvelles technologies, cette 1 GOUVERNEMENT DU CANADA, Le cadre stratégique du Canada Créatif, [En ligne] https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/campagnes/canada-creatif/cadre.html (consulté le 23 mars 2018). 2 Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, 20 octobre 2005, UNESCO, [En ligne] http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php- URL_ID=31038&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (page consultée le 3 décembre 2018), Préambule. 3 Ibid., art. 6, par. 1 et 2 a). 4 UNESCO, Directives opérationnelles sur la mise en œuvre de la convention dans l’environnement numérique, approuvées par la conférence des parties à la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité́ des expressions culturelles, 6e session, Paris, 12-15 juin 2017, DCE/17/6.CP/11, par. 11. 1 diversité culturelle bénéficie d’un environnement large où s’épanouir.5 Cependant, la diversité des expressions culturelles ne semble pas être garantie sur les plateformes de diffusion numérique, en raison de l’absence de réglementation visant les nouveaux acteurs.
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