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UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com Part 1: World Evolutionary , Eugenics and UNESCO | May 19, 2008 Part 2: The Task of Unifying the World Mind | May 26, 2008

Part 3: Education for World Government | June 2, 2008 Part 4: Guiding Society Through Art and | June 9, 2008 Part 5: The Mass Media Division of UNESCO | June 16, 2008

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BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF JULIAN SORELL HUXLEY

1 peace and security and with human wel- World Evolutionary Humanism, fare, in so far as they can be subserved by the educational and scientific and cultural Eugenics and UNESCO relations of the peoples of the world. Ac- UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy ¥ Part 1 cordingly its outlook must, it seems, be Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com ¥ May 19, 2008 based on some form of humanism. Fur- http://www.KnowledgeDrivenRevolution.com/Articles/200805/20080519_UNESCO_1_Philosophy.htm ther, that humanism must clearly be a world humanism, both in the sense of seek- "That [fundamental] task [of UNESCO] is to help the emergence of a single world ing to bring in all the peoples of the world, culture, with its own philosophy and background of ideas, and with its own broad and of treating all peoples and all individu- purpose. This is opportune, since this is the first time in history that the scaffolding als within each people as equals in terms and the mechanisms for world unification have become available, and also the first of human dignity, mutual respect, and edu- time that man has had the means (in the shape of scientific discovery and its cational opportunity. It must also be a sci- applications) of laying a world-wide foundation for the minimum physical welfare of entific humanism, in the sense that the ap- the entire human species. And it is necessary, for at the moment two opposing plication of science provides most of the philosophies of life confront each other from the West and from the East, and not only material basis for human culture, and also impede the achievement of unity but threaten to become the foci of actual conflict. that the practice and the understanding of You may categorise the two philosophies as two super-nationalisms; or as individu- science need to be integrated with that of alism versus collectivism; or as the American versus the Russian way of life; or as other human activities. It cannot, however, capitalism versus communism; or as Christianity versus Marxism; or in half a dozen be materialistic, but must embrace the other ways. The fact of their opposition remains and the further fact that round each spiritual and mental as well as the mate- of them are crystallising the lives and thoughts and political aspirations of hundreds rial aspects of existence, and must attempt of millions of human beings. Can this conflict be avoided, these opposites be to do so on a truly monistic, unitary philo- reconciled, this antitheses be resolved in a higher syntheses? I believe not only that sophic basis. this can happen, but that, through the inexorable dialectic of , it must Finally it must be an evolutionary as op- happen - only I do not know whether it will happen before or after another war." - 61 posed to a static or ideal humanism. It is essential for Unesco to adopt an evolution- As the first Director of UNESCO (United Kalinga Prize (1953) and ary approach. If it does not do so, its phi- Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural the Special Award of the losophy will be a false one, its humanism Organisation), Sir Julian Sorell Huxley Lasker Foundation in the at best partial, at worst misleading. We will (1887-1975) wrote a paper entitled UNESCO category Planned Parent- justify this assertion in detail later. Here it Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946) [1] in hood - World Population is only necessary to recall that in the last which he outlined his vision for the newly (1959) to name but a few decades it has been possible to develop created international organisation (which few. He is also the an extended or general theory of evolu- grew out of the League of Nations' Institute Grandson of Thomas Huxley (Darwin's Bull- tion which can provide the necessary of Intellectual Co-operation). According to dog) and brother of author . intellectual scaffolding for modern hu- Huxley, the guiding philosophy of UNESCO manism. It not only shows us man's place should be what he termed, World Evolution- in nature and his relations to the rest of ary Humanism. The following article describes UNESCO Philosophy of the phenomenal universe, not only gives this philosophy and its relation to eugenics. World Evolutionary Humanism us a description of the various types of evo- , an evolutionary biologist, hu- lution and the various trends and directions From UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy: manist, and ardent internationalist held many within them, but allows us to distinguish titles including: Secretary of the Zoological [Italicised text is original emphasis and desirable and undesirable trends, and to Society of London (1935-42), first president bolded text is added by author.] demonstrate the existence of progress in of the British Humanist Association (1963), the cosmos. And finally it shows us man "But in order to carry out its work, an Vice-President (1937-44) and President as now the sole trustee of further evolu- organisation such as Unesco needs not (1959-62) of the British Eugenics Society. tionary progress, and gives us important only a set of general aims and objects for He was also a founding member of the World guidance as to the courses he should avoid itself, but also a working philosophy, a Wild Life Fund, coined the term and those he should pursue if he is to working hypothesis concerning human "transhumanism" (as a means of disguising achieve that progress. existence and its aims and objects, which eugenics) and gave two Galton memorial lec- will dictate, or at least indicate, a definite An evolutionary approach provides the tures (1936, 1962). Huxley also received line of approach to its problems." - 6 link between natural science and human many awards including the history; it teaches us the need to think in of the Royal Society (1956), UNESCO's "Its [UNESCO's] main concern is with the dynamic terms of speed and direction 2 rather than in the static ones of momen- utilising the old innate potentialities, in- the current democratic doctrine of equal- tary position or quantitative achievement; stead of in the nature of these potentiali- ity. In face of it, indeed, the principle of it not only shows us the origin and bio- ties, as in the biological sector. [...] Nor equality of opportunity must be amended logical roots of our human values, but does it mean that man's innate mental pow- to read "equality of opportunity within gives us some basis and external standards ers could not be improved. They certainly the limits of aptitude." " - 18 for them among the apparently neutral were improved (presumably be [sic] natu- "Biological inequality is, of course, the mass of natural phenomena; and it is in- ral selection) in the earliest stages of his bedrock fact on which all of eugenics is dispensable in enabling us to pick out, career, [...] and they could certainly be predicated. But it is not usually realised among the chaotic welter of conflicting improved further by deliberate eugenic that the two types of inequality have quite tendencies to-day, those trends and activi- measures, if we consciously set ourselves different and indeed contrary eugenic im- ties and methods which Unesco should to improve them. Meanwhile, however, it plications. The inequality of mere differ- emphasise and facilitate. is in social organisation, in machines, and ence is desirable, and the preservation of in ideas that is mostly Thus the general philosophy of Unesco human variety should be one of the two made manifest." - 9 should, it seems, be a scientific world primary aims of eugenics. But the inequal- humanism, global in extent and evolu- ity of level or standard is undesirable, and tionary in background. What are the fur- Eugenics the other primary aim of eugenics should ther implications, practical as well as theo- In the philosophy outlined above, there is a be the raising of the mean level of all de- retical, of such an outlook? We must ex- lot of high sounding idealistic language about sirable qualities. While there may be dis- amine these in some detail before coming equality. For example the quote below. pute over certain qualities, there can be down to a consideration of Unesco's ac- none over a number of the most impor- "Further, that humanism must clearly be a tivity section by section." - 7 tant, such as a healthy constitution, a high world humanism, both in the sense of seek- innate general intelligence, or a special ap- "Our first task must be to clarify the no- ing to bring in all the peoples of the world, titude such as that for mathematics or tion of desirable and undesirable directions and of treating all peoples and all individu- music. of evolution, for on this will depend our als within each people as equals in terms attitude to human progress - to the possi- of human dignity, mutual respect, and edu- At the moment, it is probable that the in- bility of progress in the first place, and then cational opportunity." - 7 direct effect of civilisation is dysgenic in- to its definition." - 8 stead of eugenic; and in any case it seems Of course, for eugenicists like Huxley, some likely that the dead weight of genetic stu- "But once more a new and more efficient are more equal than others. pidity, physical weakness, mental instabil- method of [evolutionary] change is avail- "There are instances of biological inequal- ity, and disease-proneness, which already able. It becomes available to man through ity which are so gross that they cannot be exist in the human species, will prove too his distinctively human properties of reconciled at all with the principle of equal great a burden for real progress to be speech and conceptual thought, just as opportunity. Thus low-grade mental achieved. Thus even though it is quite true became available to life defectives cannot be offered equality of that any radical eugenic policy will be as a result of its distinctive properties of educational opportunity, nor are the insane for many years politically and psycho- reproduction and variation. Objectively equal with the sane before the law or in logically impossible, it will be important speaking, the new method consists of cu- respect of most freedoms. However, the for Unesco to see that the eugenic prob- mulative tradition, which forms the ba- full implications of the fact of human in- lem is examined with the greatest care, sis of that social heredity by means of equality have not often been drawn and and that the public mind is informed of which human societies change and de- certainly need to be brought out here, as the issues at stake so that much that now velop. But the new method also has a sub- they are very relevant to Unesco's task. [...] is unthinkable may at least become jective aspect of great importance. Cumu- thinkable." - 21 lative tradition, like all other distinctively Still more important, any such human activities, is largely based on con- generalisations will give us a deeper un- "To adjust the principle of democratic scious processes - on knowledge, on pur- derstanding of the variations of human equality to the fact of biological inequal- pose, on conscious feeling, and on con- nature, and in doing so will enable us cor- ity is a major task for the world, and one scious choice. Thus the struggle for exist- rectly to discount the ideas of men of this which will grow increasingly more urgent ence that underlies natural selection is in- or that type. [...] as we make progress towards realising creasingly replaced by conscious selection, equality of opportunity. To promote this There remains the second type of inequal- a struggle between ideas and values in adjustment, a great deal of education of ity. This has quite other implications; for, consciousness. [...] the general public will be needed as well whereas variety is in itself desirable, the as much new research; and in both these Evolution in the human sector consists existence of weaklings, fools, and moral tasks Unesco can and should co-operate." mainly of changes in the form of society; deficients cannot but be bad. It is also in tools and machines, in new ways of much harder to reconcile politically with "It is, however, essential that eugenics 3 should be brought entirely within the bor- means towards this general end - the im- progress of society. ders of science, for, as already indicated, provement of social mechanisms or agen- The social aspect of this dual function in the not very remote future the prob- cies, such as educational systems, research imposes itself because social mechanisms lem of improving the average quality of organisations, art centres, the press, and provide the chief basis for rapid human human beings is likely to become ur- so forth. In particular, Unesco must clearly evolution, and it is only through improve- gent; and this can only be accomplished pay special attention to the social mecha- ment in social organisation that progress by applying the findings of a truly sci- nism of cumulative tradition in all its can be secured. [...] entific eugenics." - 37 aspects, with the aim of ensuring that it is both efficient and rightly directed in Further, even if there are broad ethical prin- "The Age of the Common Man: the Voice regard to its essential function of promot- ciples which are general and lasting, yet their of the People: majority rule: the impor- ing human evolution." - 17 detailed formulation will and must change tance of a large population: - ideas and slo- from age to age. The ethics of tribal life gans such as these form the background "Unesco cannot be neutral in the face of differ inevitably from those of feudalism or of of much of our thinking, and tend, unless competing values. Even if it were to refuse industrial civilisation. Our ethical systems we are careful, towards the promotion of to make a conscious choice between them, to-day are still largely predicated on a pre- mediocrity, even if mediocrity in abundance, it would find that the necessity for action scientific and nationally fragmented world. and at the same time, towards the discour- involved such a choice, so that it would We have to relate them to our new knowl- agement of high and unusual quality." - 15 be driven eventually to the unconscious as- edge and our new closeness to each other. sumption of a system of values. And any [...] In general, we may say, it is becom- such system which is unconsciously as- Evolutionary Values and the ing necessary to extend our personal ethi- sumed is less likely to be true than one which Quest for a Restatement of Morality cal judgements and responsibilities to is consciously sought after and studied." - 39 "Of special importance in man's evalua- many collective and apparently impersonal tion of his own position in the cosmic "Unesco must accordingly promote the actions - in other words to undertake a scheme and of his further destiny is the study of philosophy as an aid in the clari- considerable socialisation of ethics. fication of values, for the benefit of man- fact that he is the heir, and indeed the sole It will be one of the major tasks of the kind in general. It must also do so in order heir, of evolutionary progress to date. Philosophy division of Unesco to stimu- to have its own clearly thought-out scale When he asserts that he is the highest type late, in conjunction with the natural and of values to guide it in its own operations, of organism, he is not being guilty of an- the social scientists, the quest for a re- both positively in what it should under- thropocentric vanity, but is enunciating a statement of morality that shall be in har- take or assist, and negatively in what it biological fact. Furthermore, he is not mony with modern knowledge and should avoid or discourage. merely the sole heir of past evolutionary adapted to the fresh functions imposed on progress, but the sole trustee for any that Here it will be guided by the philosophy ethics by the world of to-day. may be achieved in the future. From the of evolutionary humanism which I ad- Still more generally, it will have to stimu- evolutionary point of view, the destiny of umbrated in my first chapter. Such a phi- late the quest, so urgent in this time of man may be summed up very simply: it is losophy is scientific in that it constantly over-rapid transition, for a world philoso- to realise the maximum progress in the refers back to the facts of existence. It is phy, a unified and unifying background of minimum time. That is why the philoso- the extension and reformulation of Paley's thought for the modern world." - 39 phy of Unesco must have an evolutionary Natural Theology and those other philoso- background, and why the concept of phies which endeavour to deduce the at- progress cannot but occupy a central po- tributes of the Creator from the properties Conclusion sition in that philosophy. of his creation. [...] The next part of this series describes the pur- pose of UNESCO, as outlined by Huxley, to The analysis of evolutionary progress It will accordingly relate its ethical val- gives us certain criteria for judging the ues to the discernible direction of evo- mentally prepare the world for global politi- cal unification under a single world govern- rightness or wrongness of our aims and lution, using the fact of biological progress ment. The remaining three parts of this se- activities, and the desirability or otherwise as their foundation, and shaping the su- of the tendencies to be noted in contem- perstructure to fit the principles of social ries describe the major mechanisms used by UNESCO: education, science and the cre- porary history - tendencies of which advance. On this basis, there is nothing ative arts, and the mass media. Unesco must take account." - 12 immutable and eternal about ethics, yet "Thus Unesco's activities, while concerned there are still ethical values which are gen- [1] Quotes from Julian Huxley, UNESCO Its primarily with providing richer develop- eral and lasting - namely those which pro- Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946). Prepa- ment and fuller satisfactions for the indi- mote a social organisation which will al- ratory Commission of the vidual, must always be undertaken in a low individuals the fullest opportunity for Educational, Scientific and Cultural social context; and many of its specific development and self-expression conso- Organisation. pdf from UNESCO. tasks will be concerned with the social nant with the persistence and the 4 form of world political unity, whether The Task of Unifying the World Mind through a single world government or UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy ¥ Part 2 otherwise, as the only certain means for Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com ¥ May 26, 2008 avoiding war. However, world political http://www.KnowledgeDrivenRevolution.com/Articles/200805/20080526_UNESCO_2_Purpose.htm unity is, unfortunately, a remote ideal, and in any case does not fall within the field As the first Director of UNESCO (United Facilitating World Government of Unesco's competence. This does not Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural mean that Unesco cannot do a great deal Organisation), Sir Julian Sorell Huxley From UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy: towards promoting peace and security. (1887-1975) wrote a paper entitled UNESCO Specifically, in its educational Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946) [1] in [Italicised text is original emphasis and programme it can stress the ultimate which he outlined his vision for the newly bolded text is added by author.] need for world political unity and created international organisation (which "In general, Unesco must constantly be familiarise all peoples with the implica- grew out of the League of Nations' Institute testing its policies against the touchstone tions of the transfer of full sovereignty of Intellectual Co-operation). According to of evolutionary progress. A central con- from separate nations to a world orga- Huxley, the guiding philosophy of UNESCO flict of our times is that between national- nization. But, more generally, it can do a should be what he termed, World Evolution- ism and internationalism, between the con- great deal to lay the foundations on which ary Humanism. The previous article in this cept of many national sovereignties and world political unity can later be built. It series described this philosophy and its rela- one world sovereignty. Here the evolution- can help the peoples of the world to mu- tion to eugenics. This article will outline the ary touchstone gives an unequivocal an- tual understanding and to a realisation of purpose of UNESCO, which is to mentally swer. The key to man's advance, the dis- the common humanity and common tasks prepare the world for global political unifi- tinctive method which has made evolu- which they share, as opposed to the na- cation under a single world government. It tionary progress in the human sector so tionalisms which too often tend to isolate will also introduce the broad reach of tools much more rapid than in the biological and and separate them." - 13 and techniques at UNESCO's disposal un- has given it higher and more satisfying "With all this Unesco must face the fact der the banners of Education, Science and goals, is the fact of cumulative tradition, that nationalism is still the basis of the Culture. the existence of a common pool of ideas political structure of the world, and must Julian Huxley, an evolutionary biologist, which is self-perpetuating and itself ca- be prepared for the possibility that the humanist, and ardent internationalist held pable of evolving. And this fact has had forces of disruption and conflict may score many titles including: Secretary of the Zoo- the immediate consequence of making the a temporary victory. But even if this should logical Society of London (1935-42), first type of social organisation the main fac- occur, Unesco must strain every nerve to president of the British Humanist Associa- tor in human progress or at least its limit- give a demonstration of the benefits, spiri- tion (1963), Vice-President (1937-44) and ing framework. tual as well as material, to be obtained President (1959-62) of the British Eugenics Two obvious corollaries follow. First, that through a common pool of tradition, and Society. He was also a founding member of the more united man's tradition becomes, specifically by international co-operation the World Wild Life Fund, coined the term the more rapid will be the possibility of in education, science, and culture, so that "transhumanism" (as a means of disguising progress: several separate or competing or even should another war break out, Unesco eugenics) and gave two Galton memorial even mutually hostile pools of tradition may survive it, and in any case so that the lectures (1936, 1962). Huxley also received cannot possibly be so efficient as a single world will not forget." - 14 many awards including the Darwin Medal pool common to all mankind. And sec- "[The UNESCO constitution] draws the of the Royal Society (1956), UNESCO's ondly, that the best and only certain way notable conclusion, never before embod- Kalinga Prize (1953) and the Special Award of securing this will be through political ied in an official document, that a peace of the Lasker Foundation in the category unification. As history shows, unifying "based exclusively upon the political and Planned Parenthood - World Population ideas can exert an effect across national economic arrangements of governments" (1959) to name but a few. He is also the boundaries. But, as history makes equally would be inadequate, since it could not Grandson of Thomas Huxley (Darwin's Bull- evident, that effect is a partial one and "secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere dog) and brother of author Aldous Huxley. never wholly offsets the opportunities for support of the peoples of the world," and conflict provided by the existence of sepa- that "the peace must therefore be founded, rate sovereign political units. if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and The moral for Unesco is clear. The task moral solidarity of mankind." " - 5 laid upon it of promoting peace and secu- "As we have seen earlier, the unifying of rity can never be wholly realised through traditions in a single common pool of ex- the means assigned to it - education, sci- perience, awareness, and purpose is the ence and culture. It must envisage some 5 necessary prerequisite for further major to their fullest extent. It includes the broad For more about UNESCO's application of progress in human evolution. Accordingly, sense of adult education and self-educa- education please read part 3 of this series although political unification in some sort tion as well as the narrow sense of school- entitled: Education for World Government. of world government will be required for ing and training. It is a special field with the definitive attainment of this stage, uni- its own methods, an art which is in pro- UNESCO's Reach - fication in the things of the mind is not cess of substituting a scientific basis for Science and Culture only also necessary but can pave the way an empirical or an a priori one. But the for other types of unification. Thus in the scientific basis of education has not yet "Unesco by definition and title, must be past the great religions unified the been fully explored, and what has already concerned with Education, with Science, thoughts and attitudes of large regions of been discovered is neither widely enough and with Culture; and under its constitu- the earth's surface; and in recent times sci- known nor widely enough applied. Fur- tion it is expressly charged to concern it- ence, both directly through its ideas and thermore, it is a field which has never yet self also with the spread of information indirectly through its applications in been adequately cultivated on the interna- through all media of Mass Communica- shrinking the globe, has been a powerful tional level, and one whose international tion - in other words, the press, the cin- factor in directing men's thoughts to the possibilities can still hardly be guessed at. ema, the radio and television. possibilities of, and the need for, full These things being so, it becomes clear that world unity. We must now take these major subjects the approach of Unesco must adopt cer- and see how they should be approached Special attention should consequently be tain general principles concerning educa- and treated by Unesco. But before doing given by Unesco to the problem of con- tion - not only that it should equip the so, one or two general points should be structing a unified pool of tradition for the growing human being to earn a livelihood, underlined. In the first place, it is obvious human species as a whole. This, as indi- not only that it should fit him to take his that Science is not to be taken in the nar- cated elsewhere, must include the unity- place as a member of the community and row sense in which it is sometimes em- in-variety of the world's art and culture as society into which he is born, but certain ployed in the English-speaking countries, well as the promotion of one single pool further principles, which have been lack- as denoting the Mathematical and the of scientific knowledge. But it must also ing in many previous (and existing) sys- Natural only, but as broadly as eventually include a unified common out- tems of education. possible, to cover all the primarily in- look and a common set of purposes. This First, that education can be and should be tellectual activities of man, the whole will be the latest part of the task of unify- a permanent and continuing process; the range of knowledge and learning. This, ing the world mind; but Unesco must not mind is capable of growth throughout life, then, includes the Natural Sciences, the neglect it while engaged on the easier jobs, and provision must be made for assisting Social Sciences, and the Humanities - in like that of promoting a single pool of sci- its growth - in other words for education - the logical German terminology, entific knowledge and effort." - 17 among adults of all ages and not only in Naturwissenschaft, Sozialwissenschaft, children and young people. and Geisteswissenschaft. It thus runs from UNESCO's Reach - Education mathematics to theology, form physics to Next, that education has a social as well philosophy, and includes such subjects as "Unesco - the United Nations Educational, as an individual function[...] history and sociology, archaeology and the Scientific and Cultural Organisation - is Thirdly, that scientific research is capable study of classical literatures, as well as by its title committed to two sets of aims. of improving the technique of education chemistry or bacteriology, geology or so- In the first place, it is international, and to a very large extent, and that accordingly cial psychology. And, as we shall see in a must serve the ends and objects of the Unesco must give every encouragement moment, Unesco must consider all the ap- United Nations, which in the long perspec- to research in this field, and to the full dis- plications of knowledge as well as its pure tive are world ends, ends for humanity as semination of its results. pursuit. a whole. And secondly it must foster and The word Culture too is used broadly in promote all aspects of education, science, Further, since the world to-day is in pro- our title. First of all it embraces creative and culture, in the widest sense of those cess of becoming one, and since a major art, including literature and architecture as words." - 5 aim of Unesco must be to help in the speedy and satisfactory realisation of this well as music and the dance, painting and "It [education] is the process by means of process, that Unesco must pay special at- the other visual arts; and, once more, the which knowledge, skill, technique, under- tention to international education - to edu- applications of art, in the form of decora- standing, ideas, emotional and spiritual cation as a function of a world society, in tion, industrial design, certain aspects of attitudes, are transmitted from individual addition to its functions in relation to na- town-planning and landscaping, and so to individual and from generation to gen- tional societies, to regional or religious or forth. Then it can be used in the sense of eration. It is also a major part of the pro- intellectual groups, or to local communi- cultivation of the mind - directed towards cess by which the latent potentialities of ties." - 29 the development of its interests and facul- the individual are actualised and developed ties, acquaintance with the artistic and in- 6 tellectual achievements both of our own and of past ages, some knowledge of his- Education for World Government tory, some familiarity with ideas and the UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy ¥ Part 3 handling of ideas, a certain capacity for Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com ¥ June 2, 2008 good judgment, critical sense, and inde- http://www.knowledgedrivenrevolution.com/Articles/200806/20080602_UNESCO_3_Education.htm pendent thinking. In this sphere, we can speak of a high or a low level of culture in "I think the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology. a community. And finally it can be em- Mass psychology is, scientifically speaking, not a very advanced study [...] This ployed in the broadest sense of all, the an- study is immensely useful to practical men, whether they wish to become rich or to thropological or sociological one, as de- acquire the government. It is, of course, as a science, founded upon individual noting the entire material and mental psychology, but hitherto it has employed rule-of-thumb methods which were based apparatus characteristic of a particular upon a kind of intuitive common sense. Its importance has been enormously society. increased by the growth of modern methods of propaganda. Of these the most influential is what is called ’education’. Religion plays a part, though a diminish- It is clear that Unesco must concern itself ing one; the Press, the cinema and the radio play an increasing part." with the arts, as indispensable agencies - , 1952 (p40) both of individual and social expression, and for the full development and enrich- As the first Director of UNESCO (United Na- Literacy Campaigns ment of personality. It must also concern tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural for World Government itself with the level of culture in the sec- Organisation), Sir Julian Sorell Huxley (1887- ond sense, since, cultural backwardness, 1975) wrote a paper entitled UNESCO Its Pur- From UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy: like scientifical or educational backward- pose and Its Philosophy (1946) [1] in which he [Italicised text is original emphasis and ness, are a drag on the rest of the world outlined his vision for the newly created inter- bolded text is added by author.] and an obstacle to the progress that we national organisation (which grew out of the desire." - 25 League of Nations' Institute of Intellectual Co- "From this global aim, another principle operation). According to Huxley, the guiding immediately follows. It is that Unesco For more on the use of science and culture philosophy of UNESCO should be what he should devote special attention to the lev- to manipulate society in a desired direction termed, World Evolutionary Humanism. Part 1 elling up of educational, scientific and please read part 4 of this series entitled: Guid- in this series described this philosophy and its cultural facilities in all backward sectors ing Society Through Art and Science. relation to eugenics. The second article outlined where these are below the average, the purpose of UNESCO, which is to mentally whether these be geographical regions, or UNESCO's Reach - The Mass Media prepare the world for global political unifica- under-privileged sections of a population. tion under a single world government. This ar- To use another metaphor, it must attempt "There are thus two tasks for the Mass ticle will describe the use of education by to let in light on the world's dark areas. Media division of Unesco, the one gen- UNESCO, as an essential technique of form- eral, the other special. The special one is ing the minds of the young as well as the old. The reason for this is plain. For one thing to enlist the press and the radio and the it will be impossible for humanity to ac- cinema to the fullest extent in the ser- Julian Huxley, an evolutionary biologist, hu- quire a common outlook if large sections vice of formal and adult education, of sci- manist, and ardent internationalist held many of it are the illiterate inhabitants of a ence and learning, of art and culture. The titles including: Secretary of the Zoological mental world entirely different from general one is to see that these agencies Society of London (1935-42), first president of that in which a fully educated man can are used both to contribute to mutual com- the British Humanist Association (1963), Vice- have his being, a world of superstition and prehension between different nations and President (1937-44) and President (1959-62) of petty tribalism in place of one of scien- cultures, and also to promote the growth the British Eugenics Society. He was also a tific advance and possible unity. Thus mass of a common outlook shared by all na- founding member of the World Wild Life Fund, campaigns against illiteracy and for a com- tions and cultures." - 60 coined the term "transhumanism" (as a means mon fundamental education must form of disguising eugenics) and gave two Galton part of Unesco's programme. Further, a sat- For more on UNESCO's use of the mass memorial lectures (1936, 1962). Huxley also isfactory common scale of values can ob- media and other forms of communication on received many awards including the Darwin viously not be attained so long as large the public mind, please read the final article Medal of the Royal Society (1956), UNESCO's sections of mankind are preoccupied with in this series entitled: The Mass Media Di- Kalinga Prize (1953) and the Special Award of the bare material and physiological needs vision of UNESCO. the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned of food, shelter, and health." - 17 Parenthood - World Population (1959) to name but a few. He is also the Grandson of Thomas "On reflection, however, it is speedily seen [1] Quotes from Julian Huxley, UNESCO Its Pur- that a campaign for mere literacy is not pose and Its Philosophy (1946). Preparatory Com- Huxley (Darwin's Bulldog) and brother of au- thor Aldous Huxley. enough. It needs to be linked with the gen- mission of the United Nations Educational, Scien- eral system of education, and, among il- tific and Cultural Organisation. pdf from UNESCO. 7 literates above school age, to be coupled This is clearly manifested in our current will, so that, after pupils have left school, with general social education, notably in western society, where young people attend they shall be incapable, throughout the relation to health, current methods of ag- University to attain little more then base level rest of their lives, of thinking or acting riculture, and citizenship. That is why, in indoctrination and acclimate themselves to otherwise than as their schoolmasters Unesco's programme, literacy campaigns living with debt. would have wished. But in his day this have been merged in a more comprehen- was an unattainable ideal: what he re- sive study of Fundamental Education." - 30 UNESCO in the Nursery garded as the best system in existence pro- duced Karl Marx. In future such failures Public Relations "One other item which Unesco should put are not likely to occur where there is dic- as Adult Education on its programme as soon as possible is the tatorship. Diet, injections, and injunc- study of the application of psycho-analy- tions will combine, from a very early "To conclude with a more immediate prob- sis and other schools of "deep" psychology to age, to produce the sort of character and lem, Unesco is proposing to support fur- education. [...] This would mean an exten- the sort of beliefs that the authorities ther study and experiment in regard to the sion of education backwards from the consider desirable, and any serious criti- discussion group method. Every exten- nursery school to the nursery itself." - 33 cism of the powers that be will become sion of democracy, whether political, eco- psychologically impossible. Even if all The importance of education, especially of nomic, or cultural, makes it more neces- are miserable, all will believe themselves the very young was well emphasized by Lord sary to have a general awareness among happy, because the government will tell Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) in his book the people at large of the problems, tasks, them that they are so." - 61 The Impact of Science on Society (1952) [2]. and possibilities which confront them. The Russell was a renowned British philosopher Russell also made it clear the importance of discussion group, properly led and prop- and mathematician who was an adamant in- not allowing the public to know how their erly serviced by bodies such as the Bu- ternationalist and worked extensively on the convictions were generated. reau of Current Affairs, seems to be one education of young children. He was the founder of the most fruitful methods to this end, "Although this science will be diligently of the Pugwash movement which used the and Unesco must investigate its potenti- studied, it will be rigidly confined to the spectre of Cold War nuclear annihilation to alities in different types of societies and governing class. The populace will not push for world government. Among many for different special purposes. be allowed to know how its convictions other prizes, Russell was awarded the Nobel were generated. When the technique has A converse problem is that of Public Re- Prize in Literature in 1950 and, like Julian been perfected, every government that has Huxley, UNESCO's Kalinga prize (1957). lations, notably in government. These are been in charge of education for a genera- in modern conditions indispensable From Bertrand Russell's 1950 book The Im- tion will be able to control its subjects se- agencies of adult education for citizen- pact of Science on Society: curely without the need of armies or po- ship. But they can readily degenerate into licemen [...]" - 41 organs of justification for government de- "What is essential in mass psychology is partments or ministers, and can equally the art of persuasion. If you compare a More about Bertrand Russell's views on edu- readily be distorted into mere propaganda speech of Hitler's with a speech of (say) cation can be found in this article entitled: organisations. The most careful study of Edmund Burke, you will see what strides Mass Psychology and Education. their uses and abuses, their possibilities have been made in the art since the eigh- and limitations, from the joint angle of teenth century. What went wrong formerly Conclusion education and social science, is of great was that people had read in books that man importance and considerable urgency at is a rational animal, and framed their ar- Part 4 in this series describes the use of sci- the present stage in human evolution." - 33 guments on this hypothesis. We now know ence and the creative arts in guiding society that limelight and a brass band do more to toward predetermined goals. The final article "Higher" Education for Inferior Types persuade than can be done by the most el- in this series outlines UNESCO's use of the egant train of syllogisms. It may be hoped mass media and other forms of communica- "But it would also, we may assume, have to that in time anybody will be able to persuade tion in pursuit of its goals. include provision for some new type of anybody of anything if he can catch the higher education for those with quantita- patient young and is provided by the [1] Quotes from Julian Huxley, UNESCO Its tively lower I.Q.s and aptitudes, who yet State with money and equipment." - 40 Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946). Prepa- ratory Commission of the United Nations desire (or are desired by society), to devote It is to be expected that advances in physi- Educational, Scientific and Cultural some of their post-adolescent period to fur- ology and psychology will give govern- Organisation. pdf from UNESCO. ther education instead of to earning a liv- ments much more control over individual ing. And when the time comes, it will obvi- mentality than they now have even in to- [2] Quotes from Bertrand Russell, The Im- ously be for Unesco to help in working out talitarian countries. Fichte laid it down that pact of Science on Society (1952). ISBN0- the requirements, both in content and meth- education should aim at destroying free 415-10906-X ods, of this new type of higher education." 8 course this must go hand in hand with the Guiding Society education of the general public and of the authorities, local and central, to under- Through Art and Science stand the value and significance of art in UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy ¥ Part 4 the life of a society. Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution.com ¥ June 9, 2008 We have already pointed out some of the http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=9682 social functions of art. Another exists in the field of public relations. Every coun- The completeness of the resulting control over opinion depends in try has now woken up to the need, in our various ways upon scientific technique. Where all children go to school, complex modern world, of public rela- and all schools are controlled by the government, the authorities can close tions, which is but a new name for pro- the minds of the young to everything contrary to official orthodoxy. paganda, that term which unhappily has - Bertrand Russell, 1952 [1] grown tarnished through misuse. In a world which must be planned, govern- As the first Director of UNESCO (United Guiding Society ments must often assume initiative and Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural with the Creative Arts leadership; and for this leadership to be Organisation), Sir Julian Sorell Huxley effective, the general public must be in- (1887-1975) wrote a paper entitled UNESCO From UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy: formed of the problem and of what is in Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946) [1] in the government’s mind. This is the essen- [Italicised text is original emphasis and which he outlined his vision for the newly tial function of “public relations” in the bolded text is added by author.] created international organisation (which modern State. But it is only a few pio- grew out of the League of Nations' Institute “When art is thus unrepresentative or is neers, like Tallents and Grierson, who of Intellectual Co-operation). According to neglected by the dominant class or the have begun to grasp how public relations Huxley, the guiding philosophy of UNESCO authorities, the state of affairs is bad for should be conducted. Art is necessary as should be what he termed, World Evolution- the community, which lacks the outlet and part of the technique, since for most ary Humanism. Part 1 in this series described sounding-board which it ought to have in people art alone can effectively express this philosophy and its relation to eugenics. art, and turns to escapism or mere enter- the intangibles, and add the driving The second article outlined the purpose of tainment, to the sterile pursuit of the fos- force of emotion to the cold facts of in- UNESCO, which is to mentally prepare the sil past in place of the living present, or to formation. “It is the artist alone in whose world for global political unification under bad art - cheap, vulgar, inadequate - in- hands truth becomes impressive.” Perhaps a single world government. This article will stead of good. It is bad also for art, which especially it is the art of drama which is describe the use of education by UNESCO, tends to grow in upon itself, to become most essential in bringing life to the is- as an essential technique of forming the esoteric, incomprehensible except to the sues of everyday life - but that art can, of minds of the young as well as the old. self-chosen clique, devoted to the sterile course, operate elsewhere than on the Julian Huxley, an evolutionary biologist, hu- pursuit of art for art’s sake instead of for stage - most notably on the films. What- manist, and ardent internationalist held many life’s sake, and so rootless that it ceases to ever the details, it remains true that one titles including: Secretary of the Zoological have any social function worth mention- of the social functions of art is to make Society of London (1935-42), first president ing. And, a fortiori, it is bad for the artist. men feel their destiny, and to obtain a full comprehension, emotional as well as in- of the British Humanist Association (1963), To remedy this state of affairs, we need to tellectual, of their tasks in life and their Vice-President (1937-44) and President survey the whole problem of the patron- role in the community. Rightfully used, (1959-62) of the British Eugenics Society. age of the arts, most of which is inevita- it is one of the essential agencies for He was also a founding member of the World bly, if in some ways regrettably, destined mobilising society for action. Wild Life Fund, coined the term to swing over into public patronage by the "transhumanism" (as a means of disguising State or the local community, and out of Each of the creative arts has its own spe- eugenics) and gave two Galton memorial the hands of the private patron. Public, like cial role to play in life. Music makes the lectures (1936, 1962). Huxley also received private patronage, has its dangers for the most direct approach to the emotions, many awards including the Darwin Medal artist and for his art; we must try to guard without the intervention of any barrier of of the Royal Society (1956), UNESCO's against them. We must study the problem language other than its own. The visual Kalinga Prize (1953) and the Special Award of the young artist - first how he is to keep arts, besides revealing in tangible form the of the Lasker Foundation in the category himself alive before recognition comes, intenser vision or the private imaginings Planned Parenthood - World Population and secondly how he is to be made to feel of the artist, have a special role to fill in (1959) to name but a few. He is also the not only a vital part of his community, but relation to architecture; and fine architec- Grandson of Thomas Huxley (Darwin's Bull- in some degree its mouthpiece. And of ture has its own role - of giving concrete dog) and brother of author Aldous Huxley. 9 expression to the pride and the functions of social complexity. And the third objec- Conclusion of the community, whether city or class tive, the most difficult though perhaps also or nation (or, let us add, the international the most important, is to relate the ap- The final article in this series outlines community), and of adding much-needed plications of science and art to each UNESCO’s use of the mass media and other beauty to everyday life, especially in great other and to a general scale of values, forms of communication in pursuit of its urban agglomerations. Opera and ballet, so as to secure a proper amount and goals. each in its special way, symbolises and rate of application in each field. If such expresses emotional realities and, as a task were satisfactorily carried out, and [1] Quote from page 58 of Bertrand Russell, Aristotle said of the drama, “purges the if its findings were acted upon, this would The Impact of Science on Society (1952). soul” of the spectator. Ballet, through its constitute one of the most important ISBN0-415-10906-X nature, is capable of exerting a strikingly contributions towards discovering and [2] Quotes from Julian Huxley, UNESCO Its direct and almost physiological effect on pursuing the desirable direction of hu- Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946). Prepa- the mind.” - 54 man evolution - in other words, true ratory Commission of the United Nations human welfare.” - 28 “[...] Unesco must be careful that creative Educational, Scientific and Cultural side of the arts shall not elude it.” - 48 For more on the desirable direction of hu- Organisation. pdf from UNESCO. man evolution, as envisioned by Huxley, “The physical provision of beauty and please read the first part of this series en- art must, in the world of to-day, be titled: World Evolutionary Humanism, Eu- largely an affair of government, whether genics and UNESCO. central or local. For this, it is necessary that the men and women in charge of pub- lic affairs shall be aware of the value of Scientific Technique art to the community. This value lies not “However, it remains true that the scien- merely in providing what is often thought tific method is by far the most important of as self-centred or high-brow enjoyment, but in providing outlets for powerful hu- means at our disposal for increasing the volume of our knowledge, the degree of man impulses, and so avoiding frustra- our understanding, and the extent of our tions which are not only a cause of un- happiness, but may contribute to un- control, of objective phenomena; and fur- ther that the consequence of discovery in rest, waste and disorder.” - 51 natural science may produce changes in “No other United Nations agency deals human society (including often changes with the important question of seeing that in our scale of values) greater than those the arts are properly and fully ap- brought about by any other means.” - 35 plied[...] Nor is any other agency concern- “The scientific method has firmly estab- ing itself with such important applications lished itself as the only reliable means by of the sciences as the disciplining of the which we can increase both our knowl- mind to produce so-called mystical expe- edge of and our control over objective rience and other high degree of spiritual natural phenomena. It is now being in- satisfaction; or with the application of creasingly applied, though with modi- psychology to the technique of govern- fications made necessary by the differ- ment, or to preventing the abuse or the ent nature of the raw material, to the exploitation of democracy.” - 28 study of man and his ways and works, “[... UNESCO] should study the practi- and in the hands of the social sciences cal applications of science and art as a is likely to produce an increase in our particular social problem, to discover knowledge of and control over the phe- what are the reasons which prevent, nomena of human and social life, almost frustrate or distort them, what are the as remarkable as that which in the hands effects of undue speed or undue delay. of the natural sciences it has brought about Such a study should be of considerable and is still bringing about in regard to the help in promoting the technical effi- rest of nature” - 34 ciency of this process - a problem which will become steadily more pressing with For more on scientific technique please read this article entitled: Scientific Technique and the increase of scientific knowledge and the Concentration of Power.

10 The Mass Media Division of UNESCO “The detailed march of history will de- pend a great deal on the creeds held by UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy ¥ Part 5 the various branches of the human race. Brent Jessop - Knowledge Driven Revolution ¥ June 16, 2008 It cannot be presumed with any confi- http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=9830 dence that purely superstitious creeds will always be rejected by civilized commu- Public opinion is no phenomenon sui generic. It is in part the result of nities, in view of the extraordinary credu- government policies and by definition politicians cannot hide behind their own lity shown even now by many reputedly creation. If some sectors of public opinion in the industrialized countries are im- educated people. It is true that there may mersed in the rhetoric and slogans associated with misunderstanding, then much of not be many at the present time, whose this may be inherited from their political leaders. And if these leaders are in part actions are guided by an inspection of the responsible for a situation which impedes acceptance of the need for change, then entrails of a sacrificial bull, but the they themselves must be held responsible for changing this situation. progress has not been very great, for there - RIO: Reshaping the International Order: A Report to the Club of Rome, 1976 [1] are still many believers in palmistry and astrology. It is to be expected then that in As the first Director of UNESCO (United Creating A Creed the future, as in the past, there will be su- Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural with the Techniques of perstitions which will notably affect the Organisation), Sir Julian Sorell Huxley Persuasion and Propaganda course of history, and some of them, such (1887-1975) wrote a paper entitled UNESCO as ancestor-worship, will have direct ef- fects on the development of the human Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946) [1] in From UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy: which he outlined his vision for the newly species. But superstitious creeds will created international organisation (which [Italicised text is original emphasis and hardly be held by the highly intelligent, grew out of the League of Nations' Institute bolded text is added by author.] and it is precisely the creed of these that of Intellectual Co-operation). According to matters. Is it possible that there should Huxley, the guiding philosophy of UNESCO “Taking the techniques of persuasion arise a eugenic creed, which - perhaps should be what he termed, World Evolution- and information and true propaganda working through what I have called the ary Humanism. Part 1 in this series described that we have learnt to apply nationally in method of unconscious selection - this philosophy and its relation to eugenics. war, and deliberately bending them to the should concern itself with the improve- The second article outlined the purpose of international tasks of peace, if necessary ment of the inherent nature of man, UNESCO, which is to mentally prepare the utilising them, as Lenin envisaged, to instead of resting content with merely world for global political unification under “overcome the resistance of millions” to giving him good but impermanent ac- a single world government. This article will desirable change. Using drama to reveal quired characters? Without such a creed describe the use of education by UNESCO, reality and art as the method by which, in man’s nature will only be changed through as an essential technique of forming the Sir Stephen Tallent’s words, “truth becomes the blind operation of natural selection; minds of the young as well as the old. impressive and living principle of action,” with it he might aspire to do something and aiming to produce that concerted ef- towards really changing his destiny.” - 202 Julian Huxley, an evolutionary biologist, hu- fort which, to quote Grierson once more, manist, and ardent internationalist held many needs a background of faith and a sense For more on the importance of creeds in titles including: Secretary of the Zoological of destiny. This must be a mass philoso- shaping the future please read this article Society of London (1935-42), first president phy, a mass creed, and it can never be about C. G. Darwin’s The Next Million Years. of the British Humanist Association (1963), achieved without the use of the media Vice-President (1937-44) and President of mass communication. Unesco, in the Mass Media Created (1959-62) of the British Eugenics Society. press of its detailed work, must never Common Creed He was also a founding member of the World forget this enormous fact.” - 60 Wild Life Fund, coined the term "transhumanism" (as a means of disguising This common creed, or philosophy referred The mass creed that Huxley called world to by Huxley and C. G. Darwin is described eugenics) and gave two Galton memorial lec- evolutionary humanism, is the same eugen- tures (1936, 1962). Huxley also received in detail in part 1 of this series (World Evo- ics based creed that lutionary Humanism, Eugenics and many awards including the Darwin Medal outlined in his book The Next Million Years of the Royal Society (1956), UNESCO's UNESCO). Below Huxley describes the use (1952) [3]. Among other things, C. G. Dar- of the Mass Media division of UNESCO to Kalinga Prize (1953) and the Special Award win was president of the Eugenics Society of the Lasker Foundation in the category create this common world philosophy and (1953-59) before handing over responsibili- how it is necessity to “enlist the press and the Planned Parenthood - World Population ties to Julian Huxley (1959-62). (1959) to name but a few. He is also the radio and the cinema to the fullest extent”. Grandson of Thomas Huxley (Darwin's Bull- From The Next Million Years: “What are the main effects of these inno- dog) and brother of author Aldous Huxley. 11 vations [in mass communication], of Other Form of which Unesco must take account? First, Information Dissemination the possibility of a much wider dissemi- nation of information of every sort, both “[…] documentary film as a form of pub- within and across national boundaries. lic relations service” - 60 This means that public opinion can be built up more rapidly and can be bet- “As libraries grow, and as they become ter informed than ever before. […] internationally more linked up, the need for a highly developed and uniform stan- Above and beyond all other interests and dard system of classification and catalogu- needs at the moment is the need for peace ing becomes urgent. Unesco must facili- and the interest of large groups in every tate the search for such a system, and its country in achieving peace. Merely by international adoption.” - 56 preaching peace we shall not achieve much. We can achieve much by indirect “There is already in existence a trend away methods - by demonstrating the fact that from the old conception of a library as just interests and needs transcend national a place to house books and other materi- boundaries, and by building a world in als to the new conception of a library as which international co-operation is actu- part of a public service. Unesco must ally operative, and operates to promote seek to promote this trend, must help in better health, and full employment, and exploring ways by which librarians can the provision of adequate food for all, and anticipate the demands of the most varied safety and ease of travel, and the spread groups, must help the movement towards of knowledge. Finally, however, we can popular and travelling libraries, and in achieve a good deal more if we can give general must help in discovering the right people the world over some simple phi- ways of making people use the library ser- losophy of existence of a positive nature vice in their everyday lives. which will spur them the act in place of Unesco must seek to find new fields in the apathy, pessimism or cynicism which which the technique of the museum can is so prevalent to-day, and to act in com- be useful. The Scandinavians have suc- mon instead of in separate groups.” - 58 cessfully developed the Folk Museum. “There are thus two tasks for the Mass But there are many other specialised types Media division of Unesco, the one gen- of museum possible - the local museum, eral, the other special. The special one is the museum of history, of prehistory, of to enlist the press and the radio and the health, of education, of agriculture, of cinema to the fullest extent in the ser- natural resources; a beginning has been vice of formal and adult education, of sci- made with some of these, but the principle ence and learning, of art and culture. The needs developing in a comprehensive way, general one is to see that these agencies and with the latest techniques.” - 56 are used both to contribute to mutual com- prehension between different nations and cultures, and also to promote the growth [1] Quote from page 110 of Jan Tinbergen, of a common outlook shared by all na- RIO: Reshaping the International Order: A tions and cultures.” - 60 Report to the Club of Rome (1976). ISBN 0-525-04340-3

[2] Quotes from Julian Huxley, UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (1946). Prepa- ratory Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. pdf from UNESCO.

[3] Quote from Charles Galton Darwin, The Next Million Years (1952).

12 BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF Trevenen Huxley committed suicide. Mrs. T.H. Huxley died. JHS returned to Rice in September. Published JULIAN SORELL HUXLEY "The Courtship-habits of the Great Crested Grebe WOODSON RESEARCH CENTER, RICE UNIVERSITY (Podiceps cristatus); With an Addition to the Theory of http://www.rice.edu/fondren/woodson/mss/ms50/chron.html Sexual Selection." (Accessed 6/14/03) [BOLD EMPHASIS ADDED] 1915 At Rice as Professor of Biology. Trip to Avery , Louisiana. Summer vacation in Colorado and Wyoming 1887 Julian Sorell Huxley born June 22. with the Tsanoff's. Half-brother David Bruce Huxley born. 1889 Trevenen Huxley born. 1916 Worked at Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 1892 Julian began elementary school at Miss Daw's. Massachusetts. Returned to England and went to work in Censor's Office. Met Juliette Baillot. 1893 moved to Laleham near Charterhouse. 1917 Enlisted in Army Service Corps. Transferred to Army 1894 Aldous born. Intelligence. Half-brother Andrew Fielding Huxley born. 1895 died. 1918 Sent to Italy as Lieutenant in Army Intelligence. Returned 1897 or 1898 JSH entered Hillside Preparatory School, to England in December. , Surrey, as a day boy. 1919 Appointed Fellow of New College and Senior Demonstra- 1899 Margaret Huxley born. tor, Department of and Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Married Juliette Baillot. Suffered nervous break- 1900 JSH entered as a King's Scholar. down. Aldous Huxley married Maria Nys. 1901 Prior's Field School founded by Julia Huxley. 1920 JSH began experimentation with axolotls. Anthony 1906 JSH studied German in Heidelberg during summer. Huxley born. Entered Balliol College, Oxford, with scholarship. 1921 JSH participated in Oxford University Expedition to 1907 Vacationed in Switzerland. Spitsbergen. Visited Norway, Denmark and Germany. Published Intersexes in Gammarus Chevreauxi and 1908 Received Newdigate Prize for English Verse at Oxford. Related Forms of Growth with E.W. Sexton. Julia Huxley died of cancer November 29. 1923 Francis Huxley born. JSH published Essays of a Biologist. 1909 Huxley family moved to London. JSH received First Class in Natural Science (Zoology) at Oxford. Attended semi- 1924 Visited Rice while on a lecture tour in the U.S. Published centenary celebration of publication of The Origin of "The Outlook in Biology" in the Rice Institute Pamphlet. Species. Awarded "Naples Scholarship" from Oxford to 1925 Appointed Professor of Zoology at King's College, Naples Zoological Station. London University.

1910 Returned from Naples. Appointed Lecturer at Balliol 1926 Began collaboration with H.G. and G.P. Wells on The College and Demonstrator in the Department of Zoology Science of Life. Published The Stream of Life and Essays and Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. in Popular Science. 1911 Published Some Phenomena of Regeneration in Sycon; 1927 Resigned from his position at King's College, but re- With a Note on the Structure of its Collar-cells. mained as an Honorary Lecturer in Experimental Biology.Became an original member of the Birth Control 1912 Studied courtship of Podiceps cristatus. Accepted Investigation Committee. Published Animal Biology (with appointment as Research Associate in Biology at Rice J.B.S. Haldane) and Religion Without Revelation. Institute, Houston, Texas. Attended formal opening of the institute, after having visited T.H. Morgan's laboratory in 1927-1931 Lectured at the Royal Institution, London, as New York where recruited H.J. Muller to be his assistant. Fullerian Professor of . Leonard Huxley married Rosalind Bruce. JSH published 1928 Vacationed in Switzerland with Aldous and Maria. Joined The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. the Society for Psychical Research. Published introduc- 1913 Worked with Otto Warburg in Germany. Returned to England. tion to Life in Inland Waters with Especial Reference to Suffered mild depression. Took up duties as Assistant Animals. Professor of Biology at Rice Institute in September. 1929 Went to East Africa and Central Africa at the invitation of 1914 Suffered nervous breakdown. Returned to England. the Colonial Office's Committee on Education. Returned with report to the Colonial Secretary. 13 1930 Became first president of the Association of Scientific 1943 Worked at broadcasting and editing. Delivered Romanes Workers. Made lecture tour in the U.S. and Canada. Lecture at Oxford on "Evolutionary Ethics." Published Gave Conway lecture. Published The Science of Life, T.V.A., Adventure in Planning and Target for Tomorrow. What Darwin Really Said, Ants and Bird-watching and Bird Behavior. 1944 Went to West Africa as member of Commission on Higher Education in the British Colonies.Attended 1931 Visited the USSR at the invitation of Intourist. Helped meeting of former League of Nations' Institute of Intellec- found Political and Economic Planning (PEP). Published tual Cooperation and participated in movement to Africa View and What Dare I Think? include science in proposed United Nations Educational 1932 Trip to the U.S., and to France to visit Aldous. Published and Cultural Organization. Joined editorial board of Problems of Relative Growth, An Introduction to Science Collins' New Naturalist publication as one of original Book I (with E.N. da C. Anrade), A Scientist Among members. Nervous breakdown. Published The Future of Soviets and The Captive Shrew and Other Poems. the Colonies. 1933 Leonard Huxley died. JSH published An Introduction to 1945 Traveled to the USSR at the invitation of the Soviet Science Book II. government for bicentenary of the Academy of Sciences. Became member of Hobhouse Committee on National 1934 Vacationed in Switzerland. Collaborates with R.M. Lockley Parks for England and Wales, and secretary of Unesco on the film The Private Life of the Gannet. Published The Preparatory Commission. Visited the U.S. and spoke in Elements of Experimental Embryology (with A.C. New York on future of atomic warfare. Haddon), An Introduction to Science Book III, If I Were Dictator and Scientific Research and Social Needs. 1946 Attended Unesco planning session in Venezuela. Ap- pointed first Director-General of Unesco and moved to 1935 Made lecture tour of Canada and the U.S. Appointed Paris to take up duties. Published Religion as an Objec- Secretary of the Zoological Society, London. Published tive Problem and, as chairman of The Arts Enquiry We Europeans (with A.C. Haddon), An Introduction to (PEP), The Visual Arts. Science Book IV, More Simple Science, Science and Social Needs and T.H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of 1947 Visited the U.S., Haiti, Central and South America on the H.M.S. Rattlesnake (editor). behalf of Unesco. Attended Unesco General Conference in Mexico.Published report of the Wildlife Conservation 1936 Made tour of continental zoos as Secretary of the Special Committee, Conservation of Nature in England Zoological Society.Took part in foundation of the Popula- and Wales; Evolution and Ethics 1893-1943 (co-author), tion Investigation Committee and the Association for the Man in the Modern World and UNESCO, Its Purpose and Study of Systematics.Published At the Zoo, Official Guide Philosophy. to the Gardens and Aquarium of the Zoological Society of London and Official Guide to Whipsnade Zoological Park. 1948 Visited Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Austria, the Near East and North Africa for Unesco. Attended 1938 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Summer vacation in Wroclaw Conference in Poland as a private person. Switzerland.Published Animal Language (with Ludwig Implemented decision to establish International Union for Koch and Ylla) and The Beginnings of Life. the Conservation of Nature. Attended Unesco General 1939 Went to St. Kilda, the Hebrides, Scotland, to study Conference in Beirut, where decision to prepare History ecology. Helped organize the War Aims Group under of Mankind was made. Ended term of office as Director- PEP. Published Race in Europe, Life Can be Worth General. Visited Amsterdam and Les Eyzies. Living, and The Living Thoughts of Darwin (joint editor). 1949 Went to Iceland to study conservation of wildlife. Ap- Trip to the U.S. in December. Stayed until early 1940. pointed vice-president of commission for writing the Unesco History of Mankind. Helped found Ecological 1940 Became a Patron of the Free German League of Culture Society and Society for the Study of Animal Behavior. in Great Britain. Published The New Systematics (editor). Presented recommendations of the Preparatory Commit- 1941 Lecture tour of the U.S. Visited the Tennessee Valley.Began tee on National Parks to the government. Published Brains Trust broadcasts foe the BBC.Published Argument Soviet and World Science. of Blood, Arm Now Against Famine and Pestilence, Democracy Marches, Reconstruction and Peace, The 1950 Participated in Royal Society discussion on Measure- Uniqueness of Man and Man Stands Alone. ment of Growth and Form. Member of British delegation to Unesco meeting in Florence. Lectured at Swedish 1942 Returned to England in April. Resigned his position as Academy of Science on "Bird Courtship and Display." Secretary of the Zoological Society.Published Evolution, Lecture tour in the U.S. The Modern Synthesis and On Living in a Revolution. 14 1951 Lectured at Münster University and in the U.S. Partici- 1961 Visited West Africa and gave Aggrey-Guggisberg Lecture pated in the foundation of Society for the Study of at the University of Ghana. Visited Canada and the Evolution and Association for the Study of Systematics. U.S.Published Volume II of The Macdonald Illustrated Library with Gordon Manley and The Humanist Frame 1951-1952 Suffered nervous breakdown. (editor). 1953 Awarded Kalinga Prize for popularization of science. 1962 Traveled in the U.S., visiting Aldous in California. Visited Lecture tour in Italy. Began world tour, visiting U.S., Fiji Oslo, Norway. Published Volume IV of The Macdonald and Australia. Published Evolution in Action. Illustrated Library with Alan Bullock. 1954 Continued world tour, visiting India, , Iran, Syria and 1963 Visited Jordon to study conservation. Attended IUCN Lebanon. Lecture tour of the U.S. and Canada, including conference in Nairobi and visited Ethiopia. Aldous visited visit to Rice Institute. Maria Huxley died of cancer. JSH England for the last time; died November 22. JSH published Evolution as a Process (editor) and From an published Volume V of The Macdonald Illustrated Library Antique Land. with J. Bronowski and The Human Crisis. 1955 Lectured on cancer at Sloan-Kettering Institute, New 1964 Visited the U.S. Published Volumes VI and VII of The York. Was visiting professor at McGill University. Witness Macdonald Illustrated Library with Mary Douglas, Gerald at the "inquiry" into the work of Teilhard de Chardin at the Barry and J. Bronowski and Essays of a Humanist. French Catholic University, Montreal. Attended first Pugwash Conference organized by Cyrus Eaton. Visited 1965 Organized Royal Symposium on Ritualization of Behavior atomic energy establishment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. in Animals and Man. Visited Israel and Africa. Published Failed to get Rockefeller Foundation grant for Idea Volumes VIII, IX and X of The Macdonald Illustrated Systems Group. Trips to California to visit Aldous and to Library with Gerald Barry, James Fisher and J. New Mexico. Bronowski; and His World with H.B.D. Kettlewell and Aldous Huxley 1894-1963, A Memorial 1956 Made further study of cancer at Woods Hole, Massachu- Volume (editor). setts. Visited Canada. Was awarded Darwin Medal of the Royal Society. Lectured at Royal Society on occa- 1966 Suffered nervous breakdown. sion of Queen Mother's honorary membership. Went on 1967 Spent holiday in Tunisia. Celebrated eightieth birthday. expedition to Coto Donana, Spain, to discuss wildlife BBC produced television program in his honor. preserves. Suffered nervous breakdown. Published Kingdom of the Beasts (with W. Suschitzky). 1968 Published The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe (re-issued from 1914). 1957 Suffered nervous breakdown. Adapted Walt Disney film Secrets of Life, published as Les secrets de la vie. 1969 Celebrated golden wedding anniversary. Spent holiday in Published New Bottles for New Wine. Yugoslavia. Published four volumes of the International Library of Knowledge as co-editor. 1958 Was knighted. Published The Story of Evolution and Biological Aspects of Cancer. 1970 Received IUCN Gold Medal for outstanding contributions 1959 Spoke at Planned Parenthood conference in New Delhi. to scientific research related to conservation. Published Received Albert Lasker Award for contribution to Memories, Volume I. Planned Parenthood, New York. Spoke at Darwin 1971 Went to Paris for 25th anniversary of founding of Unesco. Centenary celebration in Chicago while a visiting Visited national parks of East Africa. professor at the University of Chicago. 1972 Attended unveiling of portrait of former students A.C. 1960 Visited southern and eastern Africa for Unesco to study Hardy, E.B. Ford and J.R. Baker at Oxford. wildlife resources. Published Volumes I and II of The 1973 Published Memories, Volume II. Macdonald Illustrated Library with J. Bronowski and J. Fisher. 1975 Julian Huxley died February 14.

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