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Geosecs Indian Ocean Expedition - GEOSECS INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION Volume 5 HYDROGRAPHIC DATA 1977-1978 By Ray F. Weiss, Wallace S. Broecker, Harmon Craig, Derek Spencer Sponsored by International Decade of Ocean Exploration National Science Foundation June 1983 GEOSECS SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE COMPILATION OF ATLAS MATERIAL BY Arnold E. Bainbridge, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Robert T. Williams GEOSECS Operations Group, Ex Officio Kristin M. Sanborn Pierre E. Biscaye, Lamont-Doherty Derek W. Spencer,* Woods Hole Geological Observatory Oceanographic Institution Peter G. Brewer, Woods Hole Henry M. Stommel, Massachusetts Oceanographic Institution Institute of Technology Wallace S. Broecker,* Lamont-Doherty Taro Takahashi, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Geological Observatory Harmon Craig,* Scripps Institution of Karl K. Turekian, Yale University Oceanography Ray F. Weiss, Scripps Institution of John M. Edmond, Massachusetts Institute Oceanography of Technology Klaus Wyrtki, University of Hawaii Arnold Gordon, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory H. Gate Ostlund,* University of Miami * GEOSECS Executive Committee Joseph L. Reid, Scripps Institution of Oceanography For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C 20402 Stock Number 038-000-00525-1 Price $17.00 ii Contents Page FOREWORD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 0 0 o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 vii INTRODUCTION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 o o o 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ix EXPEDITIONTRACK o o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 xv PERSONNEL LIST o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o • 0 0 0 o o • o 0 0 xvii STATION AND CAST DESCRIPTION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 xxi CHAPTER1-PRECISIONOFGEOSECSSHIPBOARDDATA o 00 0 000 o o 00 1 CHAPTER2-HYDROGRAPHICDATA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 o o 9 CHAPTER3-CARBONATECHEMISTRY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 0 0 0 o o 0 o 29 CHAPTER4-RADONDATA 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 o o o o 0. o o 0 o o o o o 0 43 iii ARNOLD E. BAINBRIDGE December 16, 1930-February 27,1979 In memory of friendship and the pleasure of his company, in recognition of his many contributions to the GEOSECS program: This book, which is primarily the result of his efforts, is gratefully and affectionately dedicated by his colleagues and shipmates. iv Foreword The GEOSECS Program was conceived by a handful of far-sighted and the shoreside laboratory construction and improvements were geochemists and physical oceanographers in 1967. They successfully completed. The analytical goals were met or exceeded in all cases. organized their scientific colleagues, developed a solid scientific and The responsibilities for upgrading the shoreside laboratories were logistics plan, and carried out preliminary field work so that the Program assumed by the individual scientist at each institution. But, the respon­ was ready to begin simultaneously with the initiation of the International sibility for the shipboard equipment rested entirely with one man, Mr. Decade of Ocean Exploration in 1970. Arnold E. Bainbridge of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The The members of that original GEOSECS panel were as follows: oceanographic community owes Mr. Bainbridge and his highly skilled technicians who formed GEOSECS Operations Group a debt of gratitude Wallace S. Broecker, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory for their heroic efforts in preparation of the ships for the work to be done at Harmon Craig, Sci'ipps Institution of Oceanography sea, and for the excellence of the shipboard sampling and analyses. H. Gote Ostlund, University of Miami These Atlas volumes were compiled by Mr. Bainbridge and the other P. Kilho Park, Oregon State University GEOSECS scientists with the same care that typifies the collection and Joseph L. Reid, Scripps Institution of Oceanography analyses of samples. They are now ready to take their place in Derek W. Spencer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution oceanographic literature along with the volumes of the CHALLENGER and Henry M. Stommel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology METEOR. Taro Takahashi, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory TheN ational Science Foundation and, in particular, the International Karl K. Turekian, Yale University Decade of Ocean Exploration, is privileged to have played a role in this Herbert L. Volchok, Atomic Energy Commission historic venture. The objective of the program was "the study of the geochemical properties of the ocean with respect to large-scale circulations problems." The goals for measurement accuracies, which the scientists set for Feenan D. Jennings themselves, were so rigorous that each shipboard and shoreside laboratory Head, International Decade measurement was at the very forefront of the technology. Nevertheless, of Ocean Exploration within the eighteen months between the start of the program in January National Science Foundation 1971 and the start of the Atlantic transect in July 1972, the shipboard Washington, D.C. sampling and analytical tools were designed, constructed, and installed, May 1976 V Acknowledgements The idea of carrying out a cooperative ocean-wide survey of radioisotopes During the Atlantic and Pacific expeditions, Phyllis Laking of WHOI and geochemical tracers in the sea originated with Henry Stommel; he, served as Administrative Assistant to the Executive Committee. She George Veronis, and Klaus Wyrtki have provided advice, encouragement, handled proposals, organized meetings, filed the quarterly reports, and and strong support throughout the GEOSECS program. shouldered the most onerous burdens of the administrative program. With the exception of some early planning grants, funding for the For the Indian Ocean expedition, these responsibilities were assumed by program has been provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Barbara Stickney of RSMAS. Ms. Laking and Ms. Stickney were aided in International Decade of Ocean Exploration. Feenan Jennings, head of the their efforts by Ellen Coxe of LOGO; Sandra Tacoma, Kris Stewart, and NSF-IDOE office from 1971 to 1978, provided leadership, wisdom and Cathy Carrol of SIO; and Bruna Williams and Harry Grow of COG. advice that played a crucial role in the success of GEOSECS. During the Drs. P. M. Fye and W. Nierenberg, Directors of WHOI and SIO respec­ formative years of the program, funds were provided for planning by the tively, strongly encouraged the development of the GEOSECS proposal National Science Foundation (Oceanography Section) and the U.S. Atomic and contributed to the solution of many problems in planning and execution. Energy Commission (now Department of Energy). The assistance of Drs. Special praise goes to the staffs of Nimitz Marine Facilities at SIO and the Hugh McClellan and Charles Osterberg of these agencies is acknowledged Port Office and Shop Facilities at WHOI. Without the efforts and dedication with many thanks. of all these people and many others at both institutions, the GEOSECS Three test and calibration cruises were a very important part of the shipboard work would have been much more difficult. development of GEOSECS. During these early preparations, the GEOSECS Operations Group was ably assisted by John Goddard of LOGO, and Susan W. S. Broecker, LOGO Kadar and Peter Sachs of WHOI. Shale Niskin of General Oceanics, Inc. H. Craig, SIO provided designs, equipment, and cheerful assistance at sea on three cruises. D. W. Spencer, WHOI Credit for the development of the equipment used on the test cruises and H. G. Ostlund, RSMAS the major expeditions goes to many people. The principal role was taken Executive Committee, by Arnold Bainbridge, Project Director of the GEOSECS Operations Group. Geochemical Ocean Sections Study He personally supervised many aspects of instrument development and data flow from acquisition to final corrected and calibrated results. In all GEOSECS Operations Group-Analysts and Technicians this work he was assisted by Rick Ackermann, electronics engineer; Tom Digre and Jack Spiegelberg, computer programmers, Bob Williams and Arnold Mantyla, chief analysts, Len Cunningham, chief marine technician, Marie-Claude Beaupre Arnold W. Mantyla and Fred Dixon, development technician. These individuals, together with David L. 8os Norma L. Mantyla Matthew B. Christiansen Michael T. Morrione the other COG staff members, developed the most modern, versatile and Jacob C. Colbert Randall M. Ragan efficient seagoing data and sampling system ever used for geochemical and Leonard M. Cunningham Waiter A. Richter hydrographic studies of the ocean. Thomas J. Digre Kristin M. Sanborn The GEOSECS Indian Ocean Expedition was carried out aboard R/ V Timothy J.
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