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Hans Sloane's Putting nature in a box: Hans Sloane’s ‘Vegetable Substances’ collection Victoria Rose Margaret Pickering School of Geography Queen Mary University of London Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2016 1 Statement of Originality I, Victoria Rose Margaret Pickering, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: 19th December 2016 2 Abstract The ‘Vegetable Substances’ collection was formed by the physician and collector Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) between the 1680s and the 1750s. All sorts of people ranging from ship’s captains in the Americas to surgeons in the East Indies sent natural material from around the world to London. Sometimes this involved a variety of means and intermediaries, and in other instances individuals, including aristocratic women in London and Royal Society Fellows across England, gave items directly to Sloane. When Sloane received these samples of botanical items, he had them sealed into small glass and wood boxes. He then numbered these items and described the sample in a three-volume manuscript catalogue. 12,523 items are listed in Sloane’s hand in this catalogue with varying degrees of information relating to their identification, contributor, provenance and use. Today, the Natural History Museum in London holds Sloane’s surviving catalogue and over 8000 of these ‘Vegetable Substances’ objects. Considering the collection as a whole, this thesis explores the role of the ‘Vegetable Substances’ in early eighteenth-century natural knowledge. Using data provided by the catalogue and Sloane’s surviving correspondence at the British Library, this thesis explores what is in the ‘Vegetable Substances’ and identifies how Sloane formed the collection by surveying the connections he developed with people across the world and how he managed these different relationships. Drawing on these exchanges, this thesis also focuses on the uses of the ‘Vegetable Substances’ by examining its contents in particular eighteenth-century contexts including gardening spaces and medicine. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 7 List of Figures and Tables .............................................................................................. 8 Figures ........................................................................................................................ 8 Tables ....................................................................................................................... 11 1. Hans Sloane and Natural History ............................................................................. 12 Part I The Contents of a Natural History Collection .............................................. 43 2. The ‘Vegetable Substances’ Collection: Contents and Methods ............................. 43 Part II Geographies of a Natural History Collection .............................................. 74 3. ‘A Parcel of Seeds 103. in no. sent from Jamaica’: New World Material ............... 79 4. ‘China tobacco from the Manillas’: samples from the East ................................... 117 5. ‘Wheat from France’, ‘Petrified wood out of Bohemia’ and ‘ye. Turks head coffee house in Bathe’: British and European Content and Contributors ............................. 164 Part III Uses of a Natural History Collection ........................................................ 211 6. A ‘kind present of rare seeds’: Gardens and Gardening ........................................ 211 7. ‘Tablets for a sore throat from the East Indies’: medical uses of the ‘Vegetable Substances’ ................................................................................................................. 247 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 282 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 291 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................. 315 4 Acknowledgements I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Miles Ogborn and Dr. Charlie Jarvis for their intellectual guidance as well as their unending support, patience and kindness. There were times when I lost my way and this thesis would not have been possible without their generosity, advice and good humour. I wish to express a special thank you to Julie Harvey, Eileen Cox and everyone at the Natural History Museum who helped make this research possible, and for facilitating so many opportunities for me to share my work with the museum and wider community. I could not have navigated the Museum’s historical collections without the curatorial help and botanical expertise of Mark Spencer, Sandra Knapp, Mark Carine, Xavier Aubriot, Jonathan Gregson, John Hunnex, Jacek Wajer and Ranee Prakash. I am also grateful to those involved in the Sloane project including Elizabeth Eger, Kim Sloan, Anne Goldgar, Arnold Hunt, Alice Marples and Felicity Roberts, for their knowledge and constant encouragement. This collaborative project has meant that I have also benefitted from the insights of James Delbourgo, Lisa Wynne Smith, Martha Fleming, Marjorie Caygill and Alison Walker. This research was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (grant number AH/J00989X/1) and supported by grants from the Natural History Museum, the Bodleian, and the British Society for the History of Science. I would like to thank the Natural History Museum, the British Museum and the British Library for allowing me to use their resources, as well as the staff at the archives of the Apothecaries’ Hall, the Royal Society and the Bodleian. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in the School of Geography at QMUL for their intellectual, practical and emotional support. I am also grateful for the questions and comments I have received while presenting my research and the many stimulating conversations I have had with others. Particular thanks go to Adriana Craciun, Arthur MacGregor, Catherine Nash, Clare Hickman, Claudia Swan, David Marsh, Henrietta McBurney, Jim Secord, Katherine Allen, Lisa Skogh, Malcolm Dick, Maria Zytaruk, Markman Ellis, Paula Findlen, Perry Gauci, Richard Coulton, Sarah Easterby-Smith and Zhongzhen Zhao. Above all, I wish to thank my friends and family, especially Catherine, Clare, Francesca, Rhian, and Sousan for their constant reassurance, humour and friendship. 5 A lot has happened during the past four years and I am deeply grateful to my sister, Alexandria, and my mother, Julie, for their love and laughter. This thesis is for my father, Peter Pickering, who is always in my thoughts and will forever be a source of inspiration. 6 Abbreviations BL British Library, London BM British Museum, London CPG Chelsea Physic Garden, London EIC East India Company EEIC English East India Company FRS Fellows of the Royal Society ND Not dated/undated NHM Natural History Museum, London ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography SL MS Sloane manuscript VOC Dutch East India Company VS Vegetable Substance(s) 7 List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1 Portrait of Hans Sloane, next to Sloane’s Herbarium Collection in the Historical Collections Room, Natural History Museum. © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 13 Figure 2 Surviving examples of ‘Vegetable Substances’ boxes, now in the Natural History Museum. Photography by Charlie Jarvis, © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 44 Figure 3 A pharmacopoeia drawer and a drawer containing boxes of ‘Vegetable Substances’, now in the Natural History Museum. © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 46 Figure 4 Examples of specimens found in the 'Vegetable Substances' collection. Among them are skelontised leaves, seeds, beans, the ox vertebra with an oak shoot growing through it, a ceramic pot that once contained an oil or balm, as well as a pharmacopeia tray, now held in the Natural History Musuem. Photography by Charlie Jarvis, © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 48 Figure 5 Sloane’s ‘Vegetable Substances’ catalogue: page numbered as 3 and listing descriptions 30-38. © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 51 Figure 6 Sloane’s ‘Vegetable Substances’ catalogue: page numbered as 259 and containing entries 2276*-2285*. The sections outlined in red highlight examples
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