Proceeding Volume

4th International Conference Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World

(ICCLIST - 2018)

Editors

Dr. Deepak Kumar Shrivastava Dr. Vaibhav Bansal Ms. Nitika Mr. Anil Kumar Jharotia

J -147, 2nd Floor, Vikas Puri, New Delhi – 110018 Helpline : +91-9868147997 http://www.rtmonline.in First Impression: 2018

4th International Conference on Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'18].” ( 21st January 2018)

Organized by: Modern Rohini Education Society (Regd.) J-147, Second Floor, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-10018 email: [email protected] | 91-9868147997

ISBN: 978-1-631024-72-6

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owners.

DISCLAIMER The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the papers compiled in this proceeding volume. The typesetter, publishers or editors do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to the editors or publishers to avoid discrepancies in future.

General Information  4th International Conference on Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'18]. All editorial and administrative correspondence for publication should be address to the Organizing Secretariat : [email protected]  The received articles for publication are screened by the Evaluation Board for approval and only the selected articles are published. Further information on the same is available in the Guidelines section present at website: http://www.rtmonline.in  Views expressed in the articles are those of the respective authors 4th International Conference on Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'18], its Organizing Secretariat, Editorial Board, Chief Editor, Editor and Publisher Vidit Publishing House C/o. Modern Rohini Education Society (Regd.) disclaim the responsibility and liability for any statement of fact or facts or opinion made by the contributors. However, effort is made to acknowledge source material relied on referred to, 2nd International Conference on Conjugative Management, Library Information Science, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'18] does not accept any responsibility for any inadvertent errors & omissions.  2nd International Conference on Conjugative Management, Library Information Science, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World - Proceeding | 2018 | ISBN 978-1-631024-72-6 at http://www.rtmonline.in under Download Section.

Copyright : Modern Rohini Education Society (Regd.). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means, electronic or non-electronic means without the prior permission of the Publisher.

Published by VIDIT PUBLISHING HOUSE C/o. MODERN ROHINI EDUCATION SOCIETY J-147, Second Floor, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-110018 E-mail: [email protected], http://www.rtmonline.in

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Preface

Change is the most inevitable environment for Learning. With the use of new technologies education and researches are evolving, strategic shifts have become imperative for organizations. “Digital India” is a large umbrella program which will re-structure and re-focus several existing schemes to bring in a transformative impact. This initiative will ensure that all government services and information are available anywhere, anytime, on any device that is easy-to-use, seamless, highly-available and secured. It aims everywhere mobile connectivity, broadband highways, public internet access program, e-governance, e-kranti (which aims to give electronic delivery of services), information to all, electronics manufacturing and jobs for IT. Strategic shifts such as new products and services, market expansion, evolving growth strategies, innovative technology, new leadership, or mergers and acquisitions and its management to achieve high impact, sustainable business results has become challenging, complicated, and necessary for organizations.

In today's environment, a large amount of information needs to be processed to make a viable conclusion in a library or in any community. This information, referred as big data, is collected from various sources like social, geospatial, internet, etc and can even be directly provided by a human. The main aims is to bring together the Researchers, Scientists, Engineers and Scholar students in all area of Library Science, Computer Science, Information Technology, Engineering, Management, Engineering and provides an forum for the dissemination of original research results, new ideas and practical development experiences which concentrate on both theory and practices through web conferencing. Professionals and experts from all India have been participated in 4th International Conference : Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'2018].

Transforming organizations into proactive entities reduces costs eliminates duplication and non-value- added processes, which is key to improving the bottom line and improving product and/or service delivery at the same time.

For efforts like these to succeed, Institutions need increasingly realistic and secure environments that they themselves manage. With emergence of virtual world, marketers will need to figure out how users can interact with brands in these compelling environments. Interestingly, virtual worlds’ greatest potential for business, may be not as an entertainment medium but as the next-generation means of communicating and collaborating when people can’t be physically in the same place.

The objective of Contemporary Innovations in Management, Library, Social Science and Technology for Virtual World [ICCLIST'2018] is to provide a platform for academicians and practitioners who are involved in research in the field of Library Science, Computer Science, Information Technology, Engineering, Management and Librarians have been contributed research papers for Education. The Seminar provides a leading forum for sharing the original research contributions and practical development experiences among researchers and application developers understanding on the role of ICT, Management Science and LIS Professionals in Knowledge Innovation and Knowledge Management. Debate and develop strategies to manage information systems and libraries in web environment. Identify and share ‘Best Practices’ developed and adopted by various information systems and libraries, and Increase the expertise and provide the best possible platform by educating students and attracting new researchers.

On behalf of Modern Rohini Education Society (Regd.), we are grateful Chief Guest – Dr. Neeza Singh, Librarian, T. S. Central State Library, Sector 17, Chandigarh (U.T), Guest of Honor - Dr. Archana Bansal, Ex Professor and HoD, Statistics, Venkateshwara College, Delhi University, Delhi Deepak Kumar Shrivastava, Divisional Librarian and Head, Govt. Divisional Public Library, Kota, Rajasthan| Ms. Session Convener- Akanksha Bansal Chopra, Mr. Anil Kumar Jharotia, &

Valedictory Session- & Speakers : Dr. Vaibhav Bansal, Chief Operation Officer, Tarishi Ventures Pvt. Ltd. and Superior Minds Education Pvt. Ltd.

We would like to acknowledge the contributions from various authors. We are highly thankful to our Hon’ble Patron in Chief Dr.(Mrs). Archana Bansal, Patron; Dr. Deepak Kumar Shrivastava, (Dr.) Vaibhav Bansal , Mrs. Nitika and Mr. Anil Kumar Jharotia for motivating us for various academic endeavours. We are highly thankful to all Members and staff of Modern Rohini Education Society (Regd.) for their active cooperation and contribution in the conference. We are also thankful to the people from across most of the states and countries to participated; and we are able to publish the proceeding successfully.

We also thank our publisher M/s. Vidit Publication House for bringing the online (http://www.rtmonline.in) & Hard Copy version of ICCLIST'2017 Proceeding with ISBN - 978-1- 631024-72-6

21st January 2018 Editorial Team

iii

Content S. No. Paper/s & Author/s Page No.

1 LIBRARY SERVICES BEYOND THE EXPENSES: A PATHWAY TO FREE 1 EBOOKS Anil Kumar Jharotia 2 NEED TO DEVELOP “NEEDS BASED LIBRARY SERVICES” 9 Dr. Anil Kumar Dhiman 3 CITATION ANALYSIS OF DOCTORAL THESES IN MANAGEMENT 13 SUBMITTED TO THE KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA: A STUDY Dr. Asha Rani, Dr. Anil Kumar 4. ROLE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES SERVICES FOR COMMON MAN: WITH 24 SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIVE HEALTH AWARENESS PROGRAM Dr. D. K. Shrivastava 5. lkfgfR;d pksjh ,oa mlds cpko es iqLrdky;ksa dk ;ksxnku 31 MkW0 ekaxs jke

6 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN DIGITAL ERA 35 Dr. Pankaj Kumar 7 SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: IMPACT OF LIBRARIES 38 Dr. Suman Singh 8 GREEN MANAGEMENT PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT - 41 THE NEED OF THE HOUR Dr. Nirmala D 9 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) - LIBRARY AND 50 INFORMATION SERVICES Dr. NCH. Varadaraju 10 CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS OVER 59 ONLINE FORUM: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NEW MILLENNIUM LIS PROFESSIONALS (NMLIS) Jacob MS Dawngliana , Dr. Akhandanand Shukla 11 INFOGRAPHICS AND ITS IMPACT ON LIBRARIES 68 Dr. (Mrs) Kusum Lata Malik 12 ROLE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: ENHANCING TEACHING AND 73 LEARNING M. Ram, Prabha Rani 13 USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH LIBRARY RESOURCES AND SERVICES: A 79 CASE STUDY OF LUNGLEI GOVERNMENT COLLEGE LIBRARY Manoj Kumar Verma, Ph.D. , Lalrokhawma 14 A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY OF DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS: 85 SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE Neha Dubey 15 PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMICS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 94 Nirnimesh Pandiya, Bhartrihari Pandiya, Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha

16 STAFF MOTIVATION: FEATURES, STRATEGIES AND ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN 99 THIS CHANGING ERA Ompal Singh 17 ALTMETRICS: DIGITAL METRICS FOR SOCIAL MEDIA 104 P. Sankar , Dr. E. S. Kavitha 18 POWERLESSNESS FACTORS OF INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY SYSTEM: 109 A STUDY P. Sankar , Dr. E. S. Kavitha 19 MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 118 Powar Surekha Anil 20 AN OVERVIEW OF VIRTUAL LIBRARY 121 Rajiv 21 THE MAIN FEATURES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY: ADVANTAGES AND 126 DISADVANTAGES Dr. Rakhi Tyagi 22 TRANSFORMATION OF LIBRARIES AS 2.0: A CHANGING LANDSCAPE 130 R.Nagpal 23 AN OVERVIEW OF GREEN LIBRARY SYSTEM: ISSUES AND FUTURE 133 PROSPECTS Sangita Yadav, Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha 24 ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY 137 Satish Kumar 25 xzUFkky; esa xzUFk dh ckjdksM rduhd dh vo/kkj.kk 142 iwue (vkj- ih

26 SOCIAL NETWORKING: LIBRARY CONTEXT 147 Shivdan Singh Rajput 27 NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY USERS 151 Urmila Devi 28 PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES FOR FARMERS: A CASE STUDY OF THAKUR 156 KARAN SINGH MEMORIAL (TKSM) LIBRARY, VILLAGE ARALIYA, KOTA Yogendra Singh Tanwar , Shalini Shrivastava

LIBRARY SERVICES BEYOND THE EXPENSES: A PATHWAY TO FREE EBOOKS

Anil Kumar Jharotia | Librarian, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, GGSIP University, Delhi | [email protected]

ABSTRACT An electronic book is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. The paper explains the eBooks and highlights the features of the eBooks which are very important for users in the digital era. This paper further explores the advantage and disadvantage of eBook.

KEYWORDS: E-books, Free eBook, Libraries, Indian libraries, e-Resources

INTRODUCTION An eBook is a book published in an electronic format that allow instant access to a book by being able to download the book over the Internet and read on the laptop and computer, e-reader like Amazon Kindle, smartphone, or tablet. An eBook can be published in different file formats, for example, plain text, PDF, Rich Text Format, as image files, and others.

An eBook is quite similar to a print book; only the medium is different. It is the digital representation of the printed material; the medium may vary from a computer readable model (laptop/desktop) to a digital eBook reader like PDA, KINDLE, iPAD, mobile phone, etc. Usually the contents are available in HTML or PDF format, but also plain text or XML formats. This makes the contents much more versatile and flexible than the traditional print book. An eBook is a digital object with textual and/or other contents, which arises as a result of integrating the concept of a book with features that can be provided in an electronic environment; and eBooks typically have in-use features such as search and cross reference functions, hypertext links, bookmarks, annotations, highlights, multimedia objects and interactive tools.

While any book-length electronic document could be considered an eBook, a true eBook reader and software is optimized for reading rather than developing contents, and most eBook readers’ attempts in some way to simulate the experience of reading a paper book. There are websites that sell eBooks where you can buy them and load them right on to whatever device you choose. The eBook makes it possible to take reading with you, without the mess of lugging dozens of books around with you, perfect for traveling, trips or even the long commute to work. All these features enable an eBook to be fully indexed. Readers can also find these books through search engines (such as Google), the library catalog (OPAC) or the publisher platform. CD-ROM, or downloadable program. Electronic books are portable computerized devices that allow readers to download text and then read and marked it. E-Book is also referred as paperless book is read a specially designed device such as personal digital assistant (PAD), or a desktop or laptop computer. These are three types of e-books.

(i) Those, which represent an e-version of a whole book (Print). (ii) Those, which are effectively database of linked materials. (iii) Those are free available on internet (Free eBook)

Free eBooks can be found online so we can read without really spending much on the books that you prefer. But to have an even more enjoyable time with the free books, you need to be cautious with the book downloads so you end up with genuine deals that match your reading preferences every way possible.

Select reputable and reliable sites to download your eBooks from. There are so many sites out there offering free books, but only the best will contain all relevant books for your reading preferences. A good site should not solely deal with one genre, but should at least offer you variety so we have the freedom to choose the books that we can download and read for free instead of being limited to options just because we can get the eBooks free. A good website should also offer books that are written by professionals and recognized authors for that matter. It would be even more convenient to choose a site that sends we updates once new books have been uploaded on the site. Find out what we can enjoy from the site before subscribing so we get better value.

Choose the download format carefully. Free books downloads can be in RTF, TXT, EPUB, PDF and MOBI formats. PDF book format is probably the best that we can settle for. It is a format that contains texts complete with drawings, formulas and any other graphical information the book may have. Most books actually look very appealing in PDF format and even the tables are clearly displayed to give you the most pleasant time reading ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 1 your selected books. We shall find the format especially impressive with books that touch on fitness and health and come with lots of graphics to take the message home. There are very good sites that offer free eBooks in PDF formats only. WHAT IS E-BOOK? E-BOOK: An eBook is an electronic representation of a book, usually a parallel publication of a print copy, but occasionally born digital. The new concise oxford English dictionary (2001)

Fig.1: Reading on eBook An eBook or electronic book is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually intended to be read on dedicated e-reader devices. However, almost any sophisticated computer device that features a controllable viewing screen can also be used to read eBooks, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones.

E-BOOKS VERSUS PRINT BOOKS E-Books offer more positive attributes, features and benefits to academic and professional users than print formats. eBook users can access book contents concurrently, and search the full text of any title. Multiple libraries can share in a small number of copies. eBooks offer remote access outside of traditional library hours. eBooks are subject to no transportation, storage, or processing costs, nor do they suffer from physical degradation or damage. Users can also add and save their own notes to the contents and copy and paste the selected text, illustrations and diagrams. This means that medical illustrations, scientific and technological formula and charts can be copied easily to users' own files to make their own courseware or ppt, paper, etc.

Multiple libraries can easily negotiate and manage shared use of eBooks, rather than engaging in the costly and time-consuming inter-library loan programs required for print. The real cost of providing library users with effective access to contents via eBooks is clearly far lower than in traditional print formats. The usability of contents in eBook format is also far higher.

PRINT-ON-DEMAND (POD) Print-on-Demand is a method for printing books. It is a combination of electronic and print publishing. The book is held by the publisher in electronic form and is printed out in the hard copy form only on order. This method helps publishers from the process of doing a traditional print run of several thousand books at a time. The technology involves complex laser printing systems and electronically formatted text that the printers can read. Prices may come down in future as more publishers and retailers purchase the technology. POD is important in a sense that it is a good intermediary step between the regular method of printing paper books and electronic books. However POD is still a method that uses paper and cannot be delivered as cheaply and quickly as electronic books.

WEBSITES FOR FREE E-BOOKS  Google Books - A free Google service with hundreds of thousands of free and purchasable books and magazines that can be searched.

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 2

 FreeTechBooks - Great collection of thousands of free computer, programming, mathematics, artificial intelligence, and related books.  FreeBooks4Doctors - Great selection of free medical and medical related books.  O'Reilly Open Books - One of the most recognized computer book publisher. O'Reilly opened a wide range of computer related books.  25 Free Computer Science Books - Great post that contains some of the best freely available computer science related books.  DevFree Books - A curated, well-organized collection of free books about computer software development.  Siyavula - Good place to find free and modifiable High School Science related books.  Wikibooks - Excellent service by Wikimedia that brings a collaborative effort in creating books that can be edited and created by anyone.

MAJOR FREE E-BOOKS WEBSITES Some major free eBooks websites are:

Google eBookstore In the free section of the Google eBookstore, you'll find a ton of free books from a variety of genres. Look here for bestsellers, favorite classics and more.

Fig. 2: Google eBookstore

Books are available in several formats, and you can also check out ratings and reviews from other users.

Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg offers over 56,000 free eBooks: Choose among free epub books, free kindle books, download them or read them online. You will find the world's great literature here, especially older works for which copyright has expired. We digitized and diligently proofread them with the help of thousands of volunteers.

Fig.2: Project Gutenberg website

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 3

With a collection of more than 45,000 free e-books, Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to create and share e- books online. No registration or fee is required, and books are available the most common file types EPUB, MOBI, Plucker, HTML, Plain Text, QIOO, MP3, some PDF.

Open Library Open Library is a project of the non-profit internet archive, and has been funded in part by a grant from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation.

Fig.3: Open Library website

The Open Library has more than 1 million free e-books available. This library catalog is an open online project of Internet Archive, and allows users to contribute books. You can easily search by the title, author and subject.

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is non-profit a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Like a paper library, we provide free access to researchers, historians, scholars, the print disabled, and the general public. Our mission is to provide Universal Access to All Knowledge.

Fig.4: Internet Archive website

The Internet Archive is a great go-to if you want access to historical and academic books. Anyone with a free account can upload media to the Internet Archive. We work with thousands of partners globally to save copies of their work into special collections.

BookBoon It provides great service where you can download hundreds of different Business, School Textbooks, and Travel books in PDF.

Fig.5: BookBoon homepage

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 4

The website offers more than 1,000 e-books, it's easy to navigate and best of all, you don't have to register to download them.

ManyBooks.net With more than 33,000 free e-books at your fingertips, you're bound to find one that interests you here. You have the option to browse by most popular titles, recent reviews, authors, titles, genres, languages and more.

Fig.6: ManyBooks.net

These books are compatible for Kindles, Nooks, iPads and most e-readers. They also has over 1200 free audiobooks for download.

Free eBooks Online sharing free eBooks with millions around the world, it is a dedicated group of book lovers, like you, but has a very small team that has to sustain the huge costs of running our very popular site without the deep pockets of the big names. They also offer free trade magazine subscriptions; certain restrictions apply. The ebooks are formatted in both PDF and MOBI formats.

Fig.7: Free eBooks.net

From romance to mystery to drama, this website is a good source for all sorts of e-books. When you're making a selection, you can go through reviews and ratings for each book. If you're looking for a wide variety of books in various categories, check out this site.

Kobo.com Rakuten Kobo Inc., or simply Kobo, is a Canadian company which sells e-books, audiobooks, e-readers and tablet computers. It is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario and is a subsidiary of the Japanese e-commerce conglomerate Rakuten.

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 5

Fig.8: Kobo.com

Open up to over 5 million eBooks and audiobooks on award-winning eReaders and the free Rakuten Kobo App. Find Daily Deals, read previews & reviews and get book recommendations.

Feedbooks Feedbooks is a good choice for ebooks because they are nicely formatted. They publish original ebooks by new authors, and have a wide selection of free public domain ebooks and original titles. Feedbooks is compatible with a number of mobile and dedicated readers.

Fig.9: Feedbooks Their mobile url is http://feedbooks.mobi, and users can download free ebooks directly from there with their browser. Feedbooks has EPUB, MOBI, PDF, and Custom PDF formats available. They also have RSS and Newspaper features for news.

Baen Free Library It has over 100 free science fiction and fantasy novels available for download that the authors have agreed to place online. New books are added regularly. Most format and device types are supported: Ebookwise/Rocket, Mobi/Palm/Kindle, Adobe/Stanza, Microsoft Reader, Sony Reader, HTML, and RTF.

Fig.10: Baen Free Library

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Baen Free Library is a great place to download original, newer ebooks, and they also sell webscriptions that are worth checking out too if you are a fan of science fiction and fantasy.

Advantages of eBooks

These are main advantages of eBooks:  No trees are required to manufacture paper for the pages of ebooks.  E-Books are delivered almost instantaneously. You can purchase, download and start reading them within minutes, without leaving your chair. You don't have to go to a bookstore to buy them, neither wait for them for days, weeks and sometimes more to arrive in the mail.  When you need certain information, you can get it immediately, by downloading an ebook.  Many ebooks are sold nowadays with bonuses, which you usually do not get with a printed book. This adds value to your purchase.  Ebooks take up less space. You practically don't need any space to store them. You don't need a library or a room for them. You can store hundreds and thousands of ebooks on your computer or reading device.  eBooks are portable. You can carry a whole library of hundreds of books with you, on CD, in a laptop, notebook or any ebook reader, without worrying about their weight.  With today's technology you can read ebooks everywhere, on the bus, train, airplane, and while standing in line.  You can carry with you a great number of ebooks wherever you go, which you cannot do with ordinary books.  Ebooks can show links, for easy access to more information and related websites.  Ebooks are searchable. You can easily search for any information in an ebook, instead of turning page after page.  Ebooks can be interactive and contain audio, video and animations, which can enhance the message that the author is trying to convey.  Since ebooks are delivered through the Internet, there are no packing and shipping expenses.  Ebooks can be printable, so that if you wish to read an ebook in the traditional way, you can very inexpensively print it with your home printer or at any printing shop.  Fonts in ebooks can be resized, making it easier to read for people with disabilities. With an additional software it is possible to turn some of the ebooks into audio books.

Disadvantages of eBooks

 Not convenient to read. Who wants to sit in front of a computer or screen for hours just reading your ebook, right? Aside from gaining weight, sitting for prolonged periods of time can cause muscle strain, backache, and even an elevated cholesterol level.  Printing cost. It's painful to read off a screen, and some people prefer to read text on paper. If you distribute an ebook, your customers will most likely print it. And if your ebook is quite long, the printing cost will be shouldered by your readers. It is the same to dwg autocad users, your customers may prefer to read your graphic by printing it out, but dwg format is not compatible on many printers, but pdf format can. thus, you need to convert dwg to pdf. A printed book, on the other hand, is already bound and ready to take anywhere.  Piracy. In the printed book world, people who want to "share" your book will photocopy it, and then send it to their friends. With ebooks, your file can be easily emailed to someone living thousands of miles away. It can even be placed in a public server for anyone to download. With paper books, you can easily read even while standing (inside the elevator, for example). That's not the case with ebooks.  Some people don`t like reading books on their computer screen because it is harmful for eyes.  Print an e-Book you may use a lot of printer paper and .EXE e-Books does not open on MAC`s.

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 7

CONCLUSION People are using free online e-books but specifically purchasing of e-books are very rare due to its high price and licensing but people do enjoy reading e-books through various devices. On the other hand librarians do feel that e-books are cost effective and it has low cost in preservation. Free eBooks can be found online so we can read without really spending much on the books that we prefer. But to have an even more enjoyable time with the free books, we need to be cautious with the book downloads so we end up with genuine deals that match our reading preferences every way possible.

REFERENCES [1]. Anuradha, K.T. & Usha, H.S. (2006). Use of e-books in an academic and research environment. Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, p48-62. [2]. Cleto. Cynthia. “ATG Special Report - 10 steps to implementing an ebook collection: a guide for librarians”. Retrieved from http://www.against-the-grain.com/TOCFiles/10Steps_p47-48v20-1.pdf [3]. Huarng, Kun-Huang & Wang, Hui-Chuan Winnie. (2009). “A survey study of the 2007 Chinese e-books consortium”. Library Management, 430-443. [4]. Nabi Hasan (2010). In Abrizah, et al. (Eds). Issues, challenges and scope in eBook environment with special reference to India. International Conference on Libraries, Information and Society (ICoLIS): Towards greater information accessibility (pp. 255-264). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya. [5]. Rosso, Sara. What are e-books? Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Books, March 9, 2009. Available at: https://whenihavetime.com/2009/03/09/what-are-ebooks-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-electronic-books/ [6]. Sasson, Remez. The Benefits and Advantages of E-Books Available at: http://www.successconsciousness.com /ebooks_benefits.htm [7]. South University. “How Students Benefit from Learning with E-books, October 7, 2013. Available at: https://www.southuniversity.edu/whoweare/newsroom/blog/how-students-benefit-from-learning-with-ebooks

Web References  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book  https://www.kobo.com/us/en/p/free-ebooks  http://mashable.com/2014/07/19/free-ebooks/#Mn3fWebGTgq0  https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-good-website-for-free-books  http://librarydotcom.webs.com/apps/links/  http://www.the-ebook-reader.com/free-ebooks.html  http://www.gutenberg.org/  http://www.feedbooks.com/  https://archive.org/about/  http://www.baen.com/catalog/category/view/s/free-library/id/2012  https://www.free-ebooks.net/submit-ebook  https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/ebook.htm  https://openlibrary.org/about  https://www.successconsciousness.com/ebooks_benefits.htm  https://blogs.siliconindia.com/alice303/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Electronic_Books-bid- XLT89Yeh32634297.html  http://www.ebay.com/gds/The-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-E-books-/10000000000111425/g.html  https://www.kobo.com/in/en/ebooks

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NEED TO DEVELOP “NEEDS BASED LIBRARY SERVICES”

Dr. Anil Kumar Dhiman | Information Scientist, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar – 249 404 (Uttarakhand) | [email protected]

Abstract A paradigm shift is seen in the libraries from just developing the collection to look famous in the society to customer oriented collection and services. Now days, libraries are focusing over to satisfying the needs of the customers rather than only developing the collection. Thus, libraries are expected to develop a mechanism to monitor user needs which change continuously and ability to network with other libraries to meet their needs and expectations so that need based library services could be provided by the libraries.This paper focuses on the customer care and stresses over to develop need based library services for their existence in the changing world of information technology.

Keywords: Customer care, Needs based library services and Traditional libraries.

Introduction Earlier, the libraries were recognized by their size of collection, where millions of documents were purchased to give the vide publicity of the library among the public. But it was observed as collections grew, space became a problem, so library policy makers pressed for bigger buildings to house the increased number of volumes. Bigger collections meant the need for more staff and furnishings, especially shelving. However, as Hernon and Altman (2010) mention many university administrators regarded academic libraries as bottomless pits because of constant entreaties for more money to keep up with the publishing output by the 1970s but in the 1980s and 1990s, the pleas for more money centered on the large annual increases in the prices of scholarly and professional journal subscriptions and the need for electronically delivered resources and their requisite infrastructure.

Thus, traditionally, the quality of an academic library has been described in terms of its collection and measured by the size of the library’s holding and various counts of its use (Nitecki, 1996) but recently, libraries have expanded their involvement with consortia and partnerships as they seek more electronic resources while focusing on their customers’ information needs and the affordability of those resources. Therefore, now libraries are switching over to customer based services so that in less expenditure quality services could be provided to them. Thus, a shift to customer care is seen in many of the academic, especially the university libraries.

A university library may be described as the heart of the learning community that is providing a place for students, lecturers and researchers to do their research and advance their knowledge (Kaur, 2010). Broadly speaking, academic libraries exist to serve mandated students, academic staff, researchers and the community. Hence, they are expected to ensure that all knowledge products and services available are well known and used effectively. However, experience has shown that some service providers, for instance librarians are reluctant to improve customer services and strategies, end up having no customers (Dlaminil, 2006). But they should not act like this.

Types of Customers in Digital Libraries Library customers are the users or patrons who use library services. Though, some librarians hesitate to use the term “customer” as it implies that they are engaged in a for-profit business activity as opposed to providing a community service. But thinking of a customer rather than a user could drive librarians to be more thoughtful about the intentions. Librarians want them to have great library experiences just as they would expect as customers at other service providers. By focusing on customers, it can mean more creative and imaginative about those things the librarians need to do to make it happen (Steven, 2012). Anyhow, Matthews (2011) has listed following three types of the customers expected to come in the library in modern environment.

Digital Fugitive Greatest Generation and Silent Generation customers who are over 65 years of age are considered 20th century customers or digital fugitive customers because their interests exist in typical of 20th century library services – books, newspapers, leisure and recreational print material, a quiet place to read and socialize. Most of them are not digital immigrants, but some are there who use a limited amount of technology by necessity, like Internet and email.

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Table 1: Different Types of Library Customers (Based on Matthews, 2011)

S.N. Digital Fugitive Digital Immigrant Digital Native 1. Not a digital immigrant, Did not grow up with digital Grew up learning digital avoids technology in favour technology, but was learned to technology, and has become of a brick and mortar use it, and integrate it in to their dependent on it as an integral traditional library, the life as necessary. part of their life. original 20th century patron. 2. 35 millions, 45 millions, GenX (46 to 29), 75 millions, Millennials Great Generation, Silent 60 million, Baby Boomers (64 (GenY) (29 & under) Generation ( 65 & over) & under)

Digital Immigrant These types of library customers are those who have adopted technology into their lives – work and leisure. They have realized in their middle age that they needed to become “lifelong learners” because their basic education would not get them very far in the last 20 years of the 20th Century. Technology was changing so fast that they had to learn it to keep up and retain their place in society and the workplace. They as library customers represent virtually all library services, traditional and cutting edge. However, older age customers are digital immigrants by necessity more than desire, and they have typical traits of digital immigrants in that they still use punctuation in their emails and even tweets.

Digital Native Digital natives are the generation that has truly mastered the art of adapting to change. They have straddled today’s technology in an amazing way, yet still remember being their parents “TV remote”. Their first introduction to technology was sitting on the floor in front of the TV and changing the channel, and now they proficiently handle the five remotes on the coffee table in their home, or more likely figured out the “universal” remote.

Customer Care Customer care is an activity that allows customers to make direct contact with an organization to give comments on products and their use. According to Brassington and Pettitt (2000) customer care is a customer service that seeks to acquire new customers, provides superior customer satisfaction, and builds customer loyalty. Further, the authors add that customer care has to do with good customer relations so that their expectations on products and services will produce the benefits and standard promised. While, Empowerment International Customer Care Policy (200I) consider customer care as a tool for solving problems and delivering quality services and products to users

Biblarz, Platoff, and Truitt (1998) point out that libraries today have competition from various sources, which include profit-making copy services that sell course packs and from document delivery suppliers that provide many options for receiving materials- for a fee. Customers in addition, can easily locate many research collections on the Internet, and they can find information that may, or may not, be available in the libraries. As a result of that, they note that libraries are expected to treat customers like kings to ensure that all the information resources are used for the benefit of the community.

Hence, a necessity arises not only to attract the non-users in libraries but also for library existence in present world of competition by serving present customers. Thus, there is a need to develop sustainable library services. LeBoeuf (1988) has described two distinct characteristics of library services: (i) services that facilitate the access and retrieval of information resources, and (ii) customer service that is helping customers look for what they want in a manner that makes customers feel good about the whole interaction.

Need based Library Services A “Need Based Library Service” is a new way of thinking and a new way of working. It is about hearts and minds, attitudes and behaviours, as well as the policies and services. It is a framework and infrastructure which enables and facilitates organizational change. It is a whole service approach to meet out the needs, a holistic transformation, a revolution.

Pateman (2007-08) has summed up it in a phrase “from each according to their ability (staff), to each according to their needs (community).” According to him, there exist four pillars of a need based library service to shape the library for future and provide the same to its customers and they are strategy, structure, systems and culture.

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 Strategy is the first pillar that will help to prevent the service from being blown off course and will provide a common platform and language for everyone involved to work from. A need based library service can be based on a social exclusion, social inclusion or social cohesion strategy. It is also possible to combine elements from each of these three approaches.  Structure is the next stage in the process of developing a need based library service where remodeling of the staff and service structures is to be done to enable them to deliver the strategy. A proper structure may require significant changes in the existing structures for developing need based library services. if a library is in the wrong place or too small to deliver the strategy, it might be necessary to redirect these resources into a different part of the service – one which can deliver the strategy. Similarly, if the staffing structure cannot deliver the strategy, it also needs to be changed. It means the staffing structure must be fit for the purpose.  Systems include the assessment of all existing policies, procedures and processes to ensure that they are consistent with the strategy, service and staffing structures. It is seen that many traditional library systems have created barriers which deter non-users from accessing services. Thus, old systems need to be replaced with new ways of working such as self issue and partnership working so that non-users could be attracted in libraries.  Culture is the last pillar of need based library services which includes the development of an organizational culture that can support the strategy, service and staffing structures, and systems. Culture change can take many years to achieve, depending on how long the current culture has been embedded. This could take 3-5 or even 10-15 years to change. But the process of cultural change can be accelerated through a combination of service action planning, performance management and workforce development.

However, the libraries need to measure the impacts and outcomes of their needs based approach and collect evidence which proves that they are improving the quality of life of the communities they serve. These success criteria and performance measures are best developed in consultation with those to whom the services are targeted at and who should be fully involved in the planning, design, delivery and monitoring of library services.

A better example of “need based library service” may be cited for Song (2009) who has proposed a new service model for the library users. Though, he used the term business librarian but in the context of university library, this could be the librarian only. His model consists of six stages. First, all new students enrolled at professional programs are required to attend a business research workshop led by the librarian. This workshop aims at introducing students to business electronic resources available on campus. After this workshop, the librarian will host career research workshop for students in various disciplines, and it will cover electronic resources that might be helpful for career research. It is to be followed by another workshop later which would focus on specific job categories such as careers in accounting, investment banks, corporate finance, and consulting. Once the workshops are completed, students should encourage to meet with the librarian individually to discuss strategies for further career research preparation.

Figure 1: Song’s Model for New Services

Later, the librarian is to meet with the students through appointments and has to organize a series of individual sessions to understand each student’s background and career aspiration. These individual sessions may help to establish close relationships with students and to identify information needs for students as they begin to write resumes and cover letters. The librarian also helps them effectively to use information from multiple resources

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 11 and personalize such information, so that their resumes and cover letters would become focused and highly relevant to the companies and industries to which students are applying. Those who succeed in receiving interview offers then may contact the librarian again to prepare for interviews.

Thus, the librarian may coach the students on how to answer questions related to their preparedness to work on the desired industry and how they could contribute to the companies based on research results and personal background. Finally, those who are failed to receive job offers may contact the librarian and work on improving their application materials. The librarian throughout this process would establish very close relationships with students, and the students even may become advocates for the library.

Conclusion It is observed that libraries are also facing threats for their survival. That is why to be remain in the race of existence, they need reformation. Where the “customers need to be heard and listened to – which is the basics of customer service” (Kaur and Singh, 2011). The “libraries exist to serve mandated students, academic staff, researchers and the community. Hence, they are expected to ensure that all knowledge products and services available are well known and used effectively. But as stated earlier, the librarians are reluctant to improve customer services and strategies, end up having no customers (Dlaminil, 2006). While, the services have become more important when the users hesitate to come into the libraries (Dhiman and Bharti, 2016) because of the availability of the information over the internet and libraries have to devlop the means of attracting them in the library to use the services. Therefore, satisfaction of customers is must and it can be achieved by having focus on developing need-based library services.

Thus, the time has arrived where the libraries have to focus on the customer needs rather than to develop the collection only as prevalent in traditional libraries. So, let come and join the hands with the library customers serving them better.

References [1]. Biblarz, D. Platoff, A. and Truitt, K. (1998). Why do Libraries care about Customer Service? Available at: http://www.asu.eduflibllibrarv/csfcare.html. [2]. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000). Principles of Marketing. 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall, New York. [3]. Dhiman, A.K. and Bharti, R. K. (2016). How to attract Users in Digital Libraries. Elixir Library Science, 90: 37808-37810. [4]. Dlaminil, P.N. (2006). Customer Care Services and Strategies in Academic Libraries in KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa Journal of Library & Information Science, 72(2): 119-130. [5]. Empowerment International Customer Care Policy. (2001). Customer Care in Libraries. New York. [6]. Hernon, P. and Altman, E. (2010). Assessing Service Quality: Satisfying the Expectations of Library Customers. 2nd Edition. American Library Association, Chicago. [7]. Kaur, K. (2010). Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Academic Libraries: Perspectives from a Malaysian University. Library Review, 59 (4): 261-273. [8]. Kaur, K. and Singh, D. (2011). Customer Service for Academic Library Users on the Web. The Electronic Library, 29 (6): 737-750. [9]. LeBoeuf, M. (1988), How to win Customers and keep them for Life, Berkeley Books, New York. [10]. Matthews, S. (2011). Customer Is the Purpose. 21st Century Library Blog Available at: https://21stcenturylibrary.com/2011/01/26/customer-is-the-purpose/. [11]. Nitecki, D.A. (1996). Changing the Concept and Measure of Service Quality in Academic Libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 22 (3): 181-90. [12]. Pateman, J. (2007-08).Developing a Needs Based Library Service. Information for Social Change Issue, 26 : 8-25. [13]. Song, Yoo-Seong. (2009). Designing Library Services based on User Needs: New Opportunities to re-position the Library. 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly held at Milan (Italy) Paper. Available at: https://www.ifla.org/past-wlic/2009/202-song-en.pdf. [14]. Steven, B. (2012). Reader. Patron. User. Member. Why Not Customer? Available at: http://dbl.lishost.org/blog/2012/12/03/reader-patron-user-member-why-not-customer/comment-page-1/#.WlY- p7yWbDc.

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CITATION ANALYSIS OF DOCTORAL THESES IN MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED TO THE KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA: A STUDY

Dr. Asha Rani | Ph.D. (Lib. & Inf. Sc.) | [email protected]

Dr. Anil Kumar | Assistant Librarian, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, Haryana | [email protected]

Abstract The present study analyzed the 24 Doctoral Theses of Management submitted to the Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra during the period 2001-2007. A total of 3345 citations were analyzed for identifying their bibliographic form, authorship pattern, ranking of cited documents, chronological distribution and half life of literature. The finding reveals that nearly 34.88% citations were from Books and 31.82% from Journals. The authorship pattern study reveals that highest numbers of citations are from single author, nearly 67.78% in Books and 49.34% in Journals. The subject wise distribution of theses reveals that HRM (7), Marketing (7) and Finance (7) forms 87.5% more than half of the total theses submitted during the period. The rate of submission of theses showed that a Maximum number of 7 theses out of 24 (29.16%) were submitted in the year 2002.

Keywords: Citation, Citation Analysis, Doctoral Theses

Citation- A citation is a bibliographical entry in a footnote, reference list or bibliography of a section or full document that contains information to verify the original documents for purpose of acknowledging the relevance of work of others.

Citation Analysis- examined to determine pattern of scholarly communication in the work cited.

Doctoral Theses- The Doctoral Theses are results of research activity which is an important source of information for giving the experimental evidences, as well as it records a thorough review of works that have already done in a particular field to show that the proposed work is not done elsewhere. (Barooah, Begum and Sharma, 1999 p.1).

Introduction Citation Analysis is one of the popular method employed in recent days for the identification of core documents in various subject field or for a particular specific community in a geographical proximity (Hirwade and Dankhade, 2002) .

In the age of information explosion, it is very essential to organize the information for their effective and efficient use (Nandi and Bandyopadhyay, 2008). It is interdisciplinary research method which utilizes quantitative analysis and statistics to describe pattern of publication within a given field or body of literature which helps in the measurement of the published knowledge. Citation based analysis provides a relatively objective measure of one of the primary direct influences on a scholar’s research (Tahai and Meyer, 1999).

Review of Related Study Gohain, Arjun &Saikia, Mukesh (2014) The study revealed that journals were the most preferred sources of information used by the researchers in the field of chemical sciences accounting for 78.83% of total citations. The Journal of Journal of American Chemical Society has ranked the first with 617 citations accounting for 7.13% of the total journal citations. Authorship pattern for journal citations shows that out of the total number of 8658 journal citation, 39.89% are by more than three authors, followed by two authors with 22.28 %. Banateppanvar, K, Biradar, B. S and Kannappanavar, B.U (2013) reported that journals were the most preferred sources of information used by the researchers in the field of botany, accounting for 74.77 % citations. Authorship pattern for journal citations shows that most of the citations were contributed by multi authors.

Dhanamjaya and Talawar (2010) conducted a study on a Journal Citations in the Doctoral Dissertations of Engineering and Technology. The study revealed that Journals were the most preferred resources i.e. 43.54% of the total citations. Majority of collaboration i.e. 11570 (79.06%) was found in multi authored documents out of total documents. Shukla and others (2010) conducted a study on a Bibliometric Study of Ph D Theses in Botany. The study revealed that the books were the most preferred form of references by research scholar in comparison of Journals. It was found that highest numbers of 8 theses had been submitted in the year 1991 and lowest in the years of 1994. Narang and Anil Kumar (2010) conducted a study on a bibliometric of Indian

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Journal as Pure and Applied Mathematics. The study revealed the 4798 citations appended to 400 articles in five volumes 34 (2003) to 38 (2007). The total number of contributions in 48 issues of 5 volumes of the source journal showed that the highest number of citation published in vol. 34 i.e. 160 (40%) & lowest number of citations published in vol.37 i.e. 28 (0.7%). Authorship pattern showed that number of two authors citations i.e. 163(40.75%) were most popular rather than other authors. Journals were the more popular source among all types of sources like books and others i.e. (77.47%).

Amudha and others (2009) conducted a study on Indian Journal of Marketing: a bibliometric study. The result indicated that the year-wise distribution of articles in IJM showed that highest number of articles published in 2005 (21.7%) and least published in 2001(18.7%). The highest number of paper had been written by two authors (50.3%) and less than done by more than three authors (6.3%).

The maximum numbers of articles were published on the subject Production Quality Management (103) and less number of articles were published on the subject Small Scale Industries. Nandi and Bandyopadhyay (2008) conducted a study on Indian Economic Review (1998-2002): a Bibliometric Study. The findings revealed that 43.25% citations were from books and 52.69% from journals. The highest numbers of citations were from single author. The degree of collaboration in "Indian Economic Review" was 0.33 and it gradually decreases during the study period.

Vallmitjana and Sabate (2008) conducted a study on Citation Analysis of PhD Dissertation References as a Tool for Collection Management in an Academic Chemistry Library. The study revealed that the most frequently used documents were scientific papers, which accounting for 79% of the total; 33 journals met 50% of the information needs; and the age of 50% of the citations was no older than 9 years.

Hirdwade and Dankhade (2002) conducted a study on citation analysis of research in economics. The study revealed out that the nearly 43% citations were from books and 33% from journals. The authorship patterns showed that highest number of citations were from single author, nearly 68% in journals, 75% in books and 70% in conference papers. The subject wise distribution of theses revealed that industrial economics and agriculture economics forms 57% more than half of the total theses submitted during the period.

Objectives The following are the main objectives of the study: 1. To know the subject wise distribution of theses accepted in the field of Management; 2. To know the bibliographic form of citations with a average number of citations; 3. To know the authorship pattern of citations; 4. To know the period wise distribution of books and journals and to identify the half life of literature of books and journals; 5. To analyze the cited journals and prepare a ranked list of journals.

Methodology 24 doctoral theses available at Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, during 2001-2007 were studied for Citation Analysis. The study was limited to the theses housed in the Management covering the year 2001-2007. The bibliographical references cited at the end of the Ph D theses will be taken as the source data for the present study. The results are discussed under the heading Data collection and Analysis, and the tables are appended. Some Diagrams have also been provided using MS-Excel. The most common and simple technique is adopted to citation count method to determine information use pattern of scholars in the field of Management.

Data Collection and Analysis

1. Rate of Submission of Theses Table-1 shows the year wise distribution of number of theses. A maximum number of seven theses were submitted in the year 2002, five in year 2006, three in the years 2005 and 2007 and followed by two in the years 2001, 2003 and 2004 respectively.

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Table-1: Rate of Submission of Theses Sr. No. Rank Year Total No. of % of Cumulative % of Cumulative Theses Theses Citations Citations 1 4 2001 2 8.33 - - 2 1 2002 7 29.17 9 37.5 3 4 2003 2 8.33 11 45.83 4 4 2004 2 8.33 13 54.16 5 3 2005 3 12.5 16 66.66 6 2 2006 5 20.84 21 87.50 7 3 2007 3 12.5 24 100.00 Total 7 years 24 100.00

Figure-1: Diagram showing Rate of Submission of Theses

120 100 100

% of Theses 40 29.17 20.84 24 20 12.5 12.5 8.33 7 8.33 8.33 2 2 2 3 5 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total No. Of Theses

2. Subject-wise distribution The study revealed that out of the total 24 Theses the maximum number of 7 theses related to Marketing, Finance and Human Resource Management, and Subject area of others 3 theses were scattered as revealed by Table-1 and geographically represented by diagram in Figure-2

Table-2: Subject-wise distribution Sr. No. Subject No. of % of Theses Cumulative % of Cumulative Theses Citation Citations 1 Marketing 7 29.17 - - 2 Finance 7 29.17 14 58.33 3 Human Resource 7 29.17 21 87.5 Management 4 Management 2 8.33 23 95.83 General 5 Management 1 4.16 24 100.00 Economics Total 24 100.00 100.00

Figure-2 Diagram showing Subject-wise distribution

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8 7 6 5 4 3

No. of Theses 2 1

Finance

Marketing

Human

General

Resource

Economics

Management Management Management

3. Bibliographic Form Books were the most used bibliographic form accounting for 1164 citations (34.9%) of the total citations (3345). The total number of citations from journals were 1062 (31.8%); reports with 313 citations (9.4%); reviews with 232 citations (7.0%); Newspaper with 181citations (5.4%); Working Paper with 101 citations (3.0%); magazines with 97 citations (2.9%); websites with 73 citations (2.1%;); Theses with 48 citations (1.4%); conference proceedings with 34 citations (1.0%); Reference Books with 22 citations (0.7%); Discussion Paper and Research Paper were in equals with 09 citations (0.2%).

Table-3: Bibliographic Form Sr. No. Sources Total no. of % of Cumulative % of Cumulative Citations Citations Citations Citations 1 Books 1164 34.9 - - 2 Journals 1062 31.8 2226 66.56 3 Reports 313 9.4 2539 75.90 4 Reviews 232 7.0 2771 82.84 5 Newspaper 181 5.4 2952 88.25 6 Working paper 101 3.0 3053 91.27 7 Magazines 97 2.9 3150 94.17

8 Websites 73 2.1 3223 96.35 9 Theses 48 1.4 3271 97.78 10 Conference 34 1.0 3305 98.80 paper 11 Reference books 22 0.7 3327 99.46 12 Discussion 09 0.2 3336 99.73 paper 13 Research paper 09 0.2 3345 100.00 Total 3345 100.00

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Figure-3 Diagram showing Bibliographic Form

4000

3500 3345 3000

2500 2000

1500

11641062 % Of Citations Of % 1000

500 313 232 181 101 97 73 48 34 22 9 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sources

4. Authorship Pattern Authorship pattern for Books citations shows that out of a total number of 1164 book citations the highest citations were by single author i.e. 789 (67.78%) and lowest followed by two authors i.e. 264 (22.68%). This is shown in Table-4 and graphically represented in Figure- 4 Authorship pattern of journals indicates that out of a total number of 1062 Journals Citations 524 were by single author (49.34%) followed by 359 citations (33.80%) among by two authors. This is shown in Table-4 and graphically represented in Figure-4.1. Table-4: Authorship Pattern Sr. No Number of Authors Book Citations % of Book Journal % of Journal Citations Citations Citations

1 Single 789 67.78 524 49.34

2 Two 264 22.68 359 33.80 3 Three 65 5.5 8 96 9.04 4 Others 24 2.06 34 3.20 5 Unidentified 22 1.90 49 4.62 Total 1164 100.00 1062 100.00

Figure-4: Diagram showing Authorship pattern of Books

1400

1200

1000

800 Number of Authors Books 600 %

% of% Citations 400

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of Authors

Figure-4.1: Diagram showing Authorship pattern of Journals

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1200

1000

800 Journals 600 %

400 % of% Citations 200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of Authors

5. Chronological Distributions of Citations (Books and Journals) Table-5 shows that maximum number of Book Citations belonged to the period of 1996-2000 i.e. 279 (23.79%) and minimum number of book citations belonged to the year of 2006-2010 i.e. 6 (0.52%). The unidentified citations with missing year figured 50 (4.30%).

Table-5: Chronological Distribution of Books Period of Citations Number of Cumulative % of Citations % of Cumulative Citations Citations Citations 1950 & before 15 - 1.29 - 1951-55 14 29 1.20 2.49 1956-60 16 45 1.37 3.86 1961-65 23 68 1.98 5.84 1966-70 41 109 3.52 9.36 1971-75 47 156 4.04 13.40 1976-80 75 231 6.44 19.84 1981-85 106 337 9.11 28.95 1986-90 155 492 13.32 42.25 1991-95 242 734 20.79 63.05 1996-2000 279 1013 23.96 87.02 2001-05 95 1108 8.16 95.18 2006-2010 6 1114 0.52 97.70 unidentified 50 1164 4.30 100.00 Total 1164 100.00

Figure-5: Diagram showing Chronological Distribution of Books

300 250 200 150 100

50 No of Citations Noof 0

1951-551956-601961-651966-701971-751976-801981-851986-901991-95 2001-05 1996-2000 Unidentified 1950 & before Period of Citations

Table-6: Chronological Distribution of Journals Period No of Citations Cumulative % of Citations % of Cumulative of Citations Citations Citations 1950 & before 3 - 0.28 - 1951-55 6 9 0.56 0.84

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1956-60 7 16 0.66 1.50 1961-65 15 31 1.41 2.91 1966-70 36 67 3.39 6.30 1971-75 71 138 6.69 12.99 1976-80 89 227 8.38 21.37 1981-85 106 333 9.98 31.35 1986-90 111 444 10.45 41.80 1991-95 179 623 16.85 58.66 1996-2000 277 900 26.08 84.74 2001-2005 134 1034 12.62 97.36 2006-2010 19 1053 1.80 99.15 Unidentified 9 1062 0.85 100.00 Total 1062 100.00

Table-6 shows that maximum number of Journals Citations belonged to the period of 1996-2000 i.e. 277 (26.08%) and minimum in the period of 1950 and before i.e. 3 (0.28%). The unidentified citations with missing year figured 9 (0.85%).

Figure-6: Diagram showing Chronological Distribution of Journals

No of Citations

300 250 200 150 100

No. of Citations of No. 50 0

1951-551956-601961-651966-701971-751076-801981-851986-901991-95 of Citations 1996-20002001-20052006-2010Unidentified 1950 & before Period of Citations

7. Ranking of Journal Citations Table-7 shows that most cited Journals is Journal of Marketing

Table-7 Ranked List of Journals Sr. No. Title of the Journals Total No. Cumulative % of of Citations Citations Citations 1. Journal of Marketing 91 - 8.56 2. Journal of Finance 51 142 4.80 3. Journal of Financial Marketing 36 178 3.38 4. Journal of Financial Economics 31 209 2.91 5. Journal of Financial and Quantitative 29 238 2.73 Economics 6. Journal of Management 28 266 2.63 7. Journal of Management Research 26 292 2.44 8. Economic and Political Weekly 26 318 2.44 9. Chartered Financial Analysts 24 342 2.25 10. Journal of Consumer Research 23 365 2.16 11. Vikalpa 23 388 2.16 12. Journal of Business 21 409 1.97 13. Economic Journal 21 430 1.97

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14. Management Accountant 17 447 1.60 15. Journal of International Economics 16 463 1.50 16. Lok Udyog 16 479 1.50 17. Journal of Small Business 14 493 1.31 Management 18. Environment and Behavior 14 507 1.31 19. Journal of International Money and 13 520 1.22 Finance 20. Management Science 13 533 1.22 21. Journal of Banking and Finance 12 545 1.12 22. Journal of Agriculture Mechanism in 12 557 1.12 Asia Africa and Latin America 23. AIR Journal 12 569 1.12 24. Training and Development Journal 12 581 1.12 25. Journal of Management Studies 11 592 1.03 26. Administration Science Quarterly 10 602 0.94 27. Journal of Advertising Research 10 612 0.94 28. Journal of Corporate Finance 10 622 0.94 29. Journal of International Business 10 632 0.94 Studies 30. Yojana 9 641 0.84 31. Journal of Urban Economics 9 650 0.84 32. Public Personnel Management 8 658 0.75 33. Finance India 8 666 0.75 34. Housing Finance in India 8 674 0.75 35. Academy of Management Journal 8 682 0.75 36. Productivity 8 690 0.75 37. ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance 8 698 0.75 38. Journal of Accounting 7 705 0.65 39. Journal of Entrepreneurship 7 712 0.65 40. IBA Bulletin 7 719 0.65 41. Journal of World Development 7 726 0.65 42. Journal of Commerce 7 733 0.65 43. Indian Journal of Industrial Relation 7 740 0.65 44. Consumer Confrontation 7 747 0.65 45. Consumer Protection and Trade 6 753 0.56 Practices 46. Public Administration 6 759 0.56 47. Journal of Public Administration 6 765 0.56 Research and Theory 48. Agriculture Engineering Today 6 771 0.56 49. Journal of International Financial 6 777 0.56 Management and Accounting 50. Chartered Accountant 6 783 0.56 51. Human Relations 5 788 0.47 52. Journal of Portfolio Management 5 793 0.47 53. Sociological Quarterly 5 798 0.47 54. Organization 5 803 0.47 55. Journal of All India Management 4 807 0.37 Association 56. Journal of Indian Institute of Bankers 4 811 0.37 57. Journal of Real Estate 4 815 0.37 58. Journal of Multinational Financial 4 819 0.37 Management 59. Journal of Economics and Business 4 823 0.37 60. Managerial Finance 4 827 0.37 61. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 4 831 0.37

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62. Journal of Business Research 4 835 0.37 63. International Journal of Mobile 4 839 0.37 Communication 64. Administration and Society 4 843 0.37 65. International Journal of HRM 4 847 0.37 66. Indian Journal of Social Work 3 850 0.28 67. Indian Journal of Applied 3 856 0.28 Psychology 68. Marketing Letters 3 859 0.28 69. Southern Economist 3 862 0.28 70. Journal of Management Research 3 865 0.28 71. Business Horizons 3 868 0.28 72. Rural Sociology 3 871 0.28 73. Economic Development and Culture 3 873 0.28 Change 74. Integrated Management 2 875 0.18 75. Business Standard 2 877 0.18 76. Observer 2 879 0.18 77. Journal of Travel and Tourism 2 881 0.18 78. Vinimaya 2 883 0.18 79. Journal of Quantitative Economics 2 885 0.18 80. The Indian Journal of Hospital 2 887 0.18 Pharmacy 81. Pacific Basic Finance Journal 2 889 0.18 82. Agriculture Situation in India 2 891 0.18 83. Advanced Management Journal 2 893 0.18 84. RBI Bulletin 2 895 0.18 85. Wall Street Journal 2 897 0.18 86. International Journal of Service 2 899 0.18 Industry Management 87. Operation Management Bulletin 2 901 0.18 88. Journal of Marketing Management 2 903 0.18 89. Economic Letters 2 905 0.18 90. Management and Labour Studies 2 907 0.18 91. Journal of Statistical 2 909 0.18 92. Economic Bulletin 2 911 0.18 93. Accounting and Business Research 2 913 0.18 94. Journal of Business Finance and 2 915 0.18 Accounting 95. Journal of Retailing 2 917 0.18 96. Marketing Intelligence and Planning 2 919 0.18 97. Journal of Brand Management 2 921 0.18 98. Fortune 2 923 0.18 99. Journal of Academy Marketing 2 925 0.18 Science 100. Organization Behavior and Human 2 927 0.18 Performance 101. Standard India 2 929 0.18 102. Personnel Today 2 931 0.18 103. Indian Labour Study 2 933 0.18

Others titles each having only 1 citations i.e. 129 = 12.14% Indian Journals=45 International Journals=35

8. Half-Life of Literature of Books and Journals: Analysis of citations by the age of cited documents indicated the useful life of documents. The useful life has

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 21 been called as the half life of literature. The half literature is the number of years retrospectively needed to satisfy half of all the requests for literature on the subject, or to attract half of all the citations made to this literature in current years that is shown in figure-8 the half life of books i.e. 42 years, and in figure-8.1 the half life of journals showed i.e. 40 years.

Books

Figure -

120

100 80

60 Period of Citations

40 % of Cumulative Citations

% of % Cumulative Citations Citations

75 95

- -

2005

1981 85

1971 75 1991 95

1961 65

1951 55

2001 2005

Unidentifying g Period of Citations 8

Journals

120 100 80 % of Cumulative Citations 60 - 40

65 85

% of % Cumulative Citations Citations

- -

2005

1971 75

1951 55

1961 65 1981 85

1991 95

2001 2005

Unidentifying g

Period of Citations

Figure 8.1 Conclusion The present paper has undertaken to trace the development of management research at doctoral level for the last seven years period that is 2001-2007. In this study, total 3345 citations from 24 theses were analyzed by using citation analysis techniques and following conclusions are drawn:

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1 A maximum number of seven theses were submitted in the year 2002. 2 The study revealed that out of the total 24 theses the maximum number of 7 theses related to Human Resource Management Marketing and Finance were in equal quantity. 3 Books were the most used bibliographic form accounting for 1164 citations revealed that highest number of book citations among by single author i.e.789 (67.78%). 4 Authorship pattern of Journals indicates that out of a total number of 1062 Journals Citations i.e. 524 (49.34%) were by single author. 5 Chronological distribution of Book Citations shows that maximum number of Book Citations belonged to the period of 1996-2000 i.e. 279 (23.96%). 6 Chronological distribution of Journal Citations shows that maximum numbers of Journals Citations belonged to the period of 1996-2000 i.e. 277 (26.08%). 7 Ranking of journal citation showed that most cited Journals is Journal of Marketing. 8 Citations cited in the theses were not in any standard format. Researchers had not adopted the uniform pattern and sequence while citing the document.

Suggestions The following suggestions are recommended:  While citing the work of others, the researchers should cite the complete bibliographical information in a standard reference style to avoid the inaccurate and incomplete citation.  University library should organize orientation programmes for the researchers to make them aware about the available resources in the University Library and also to sensitize them as to how to cite the information sources.  University librarians should evaluate the library’s acquisition as well as well as weeding out policy on the basis of the researchers’ information needs as cited in their research work.

Future Recommendations On the basis of the Findings of the paper, the following recommendations for future research area are given as below: I. Future research may be carried out on the citation pattern of researchers in the discipline of sciences in various universities. II. Study may be undertaken to test the validity of Lotka’s law (finding out the productivity of authors). III. Scientometric, Webometric and Altmetric studies may be carried out.

References [1]. Hirwade, Mangala Anil and Dankhade, Seema Sanjay. “Citation Analysis of Doctoral Research in Economics”. ILA Bulletin 38, no. 2 (2002): 36-45. [2]. Nandi, Amitava and Bandyopaddyay, Amit Kumar. “Indian Economic Review (1998-2002): a bibliometric study”. SRELS Journal of Information Management 45, no.1 (2008): 95-100. [3]. Tahai, Alireza and Meyer, Michael J. A. “Revealed Preference Study of Management Journal’ Direct Influences”. Strategic Management Journal. 20, no. 3 (1999):279-296. [4]. Dhanamjaya, M and Talawar, V.G. “A Journal Citations in the Doctoral Dissertations of Engineering and Technology submitted to the General Universities of Karnataka”. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 47, no. 5 (2010): 555-564. [5]. SHUKLA, Anil Kumar and Others. “Bibliometric Analysis of Ph D Theses in Botany”. IASLIC Bulletin, 55, no. 2 (2010): 88-102. [6]. Narang, Asha and Anil Kumar. “A Bibliometric Study of Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics”. SRELS Journal of Information Management 47, no. 1 (2010): 31-39. [7]. Nandi, Amitava and Bandyopadhyay, Amit Kumar. “Indian Economic Review (1998-2002): a bibliometric study”. SRELS Journal of Information Management 45, no. 1(2008): 95-100. [8]. Vallmitjava, Nuria and Sabate, L.G. “Citation Analysis of PhD Dissertation References as a Tool for Collection Management in an Academic Chemistry Library”. College & Research Libraries 69, no. 1 (2008): 72-81. [9]. Gohain, Arjun and Saikia, Mukesh. “Citation analysis of Ph.D. theses submitted to the department of chemical sciences, tezpur university, Assam”. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), Paper 1066. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1066. [10]. Banateppanvar, K., Biradar, B.S and Kannappanavar, B.U. “Citation Analysis of doctoral theses in Botany submitted to Kuvempu University, India: A case study”. Collection Building, 32, no. 1 (2013): 12–20. [11]. Barooah, P K, Begum, D and Sharma, N. N. “Bibliometric study of doctoral dissertations in ogranic chemistry submitted by s & t workers of rrl, jorhat to evaluate the utility factor of the library”. Annals of Library Science and Documentation, 46, no. 1 (1999): 1-8.

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ROLE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES SERVICES FOR COMMON MAN: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIVE HEALTH AWARENESS PROGRAM

Dr. D. K. Shrivastava| Divisional Librarian and Head, Govt. Divisional Public Library, Kota, Rajasthan| deepakshri1974@ yahoo.co.in

Abstract The main aim of this paper is to introduce the Changing Scenario of public Library Services in India where now Public libraries are thinking beyond the books and providing community services as much needed like live Health Awareness Service by the association with Indian Public Library Movement (IPLM), INELI, MSSRF, and BMGF.

Keywords: Indian Public Library Movement (IPLM), International Emerging Library Innovators (INELI) MS SWAMINATHAN Research Foundation (MSSRF) and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).

Introduction Public Libraries are now become the solution for the persons frustrated with techno Reading and unauthorized information. Good readers are back to public library because it is only way to get up-to-date in all arena of infotainment. The Best thing of the public libraries are the Human Resources because readers belongs to various community because one time we deal with Doctor, Engineer , Scientist etc. as well as we deal with Plumber electrician, painter and farmer also . So it’s a common platform for free ideas sharing. The Public library is the local centre of information making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users.

The attributes of the public library may be stated thus:

. It is financed for most part out of public funds. . It charges no fees from readers and yet is open for full use by the public without distinction of caste, creed or sex, age, religion, nationality, language or social status. Specific services and materials must be provided for those users who cannot, for whatever reason, use the regular services and materials, for example, linguistic minorities, people with disabilities or people in hospital or prison. . It would seem that the place of library as a storehouse of the historical records is secure. Provided that the library recognizes that such records come in many formats and collects them all, information seekers will still come to the library to use the material. It would seem to be reasonable too that people will still use libraries to seek material for ‘diversion’ in the widest sense.

Those who are most likely to reduce their use of libraries are the professional and skilled classes who require factual information to assist them in their work and especially if that work can be either in the home, or in the office, or in the factory. The library system grew because the individual could not afford to buy and store all the books he might need. With a change from print to electronic media the question again arises who will hold a key to such information and the answer again should be libraries, amongst others.

Concept and Necessity There are various types of libraries existing in the library system. Academic Library, Special Library, Public Library, etc. UNESCO Public Library manifesto, 1994 (8), Proclaims: “the public library should be established under the clear mandate of law, so framed as to ensure nation- wide provision of public library service” . UNESCO belief considers public library as living force for education, culture, and information and as an essential agent for the fostering of peace and spiritual welfare through the minds of men and women.

Impact and its related issues Now the time to unite the public library Authorities must act to raise the profile of Public libraries; Library/ Education minister must convince the Legislative Assembly that libraries play a key role to educate the mass as well as to enhance societal development. Library funding is low because libraries have a low profile, and politician and minister do not acknowledge the contribution libraries make; libraries are not recognized for what they do because librarians do not shout loudly enough and politicians are unaware of the contribution libraries make. Actually we all public librarians are unable to convince the Top Bodies about worth of Public Libraries so we have to introduce the Success Story. As I have observed that hearts and minds of local authority chiefs and national politicians that need to be ‘nurtured’ when it comes to securing vital funds. With computers and web sites to maintain and electronic services to deliver, libraries need budgets to cover replacement costs, upgrades,

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 24 software licenses, subscription fees, etc. Special funding may provide the necessary kick – starts, but sustaining new equipments and systems requires forward planning and flexible budgets. Public libraries are now showcasing various services which are discussed below.

Idea Stores The library as a quite place full of books is, in many cases, giving way to the multi – purpose community centre featuring multimedia resources, cyber cafes, ranks of computers, and even crèches. However, this trend, as exemplified in Idea Stores and Discovery Centre’s is not welcomed by everyone. The new centre’s tend to be busier, noisier place, and there are those who cherish the quiet space, book on shelves and solemn dignity of the traditional library.

The ‘Idea Store’ brand was launched in 1999, and has been hailed as ‘a ground breaking concept’ and ‘the future of urban libraries’. The flagship store is in White chapel. East London, and is conveniently placed for shoppers in front of a Sainsbury’s food store. The ‘Idea Store’ in Bow has been a success; it averages around 1000 visitors a day, compared to 250 – 300 in the old library building. In ‘Idea Store’ the visitors will not encounter stern librarians or ‘shelves of books’, but a café. Books do exist, but they are located around the corner, en route to the children’s play area.

Discovery Centres ‘Discovery Center’s are Hampshire County Council’s version of the London ‘Idea Store’. The ‘Discovery Centre’ concept is described as following environment to meet friendly, with an entertainment zone – a thriving DVDs and CDs and a study area for those who want to read or do their homework in peace. Wherever possible, cafes and crèches will e introduced encouraging customers to take a leisurely approach to using the array of facilities. Technology will play a big part in making services accessible. Where limited space prevent the physical presence of some facilities, virtual access will be provided via the computers of the People’s Network”

As for books there are claims that they are being marginalized in these new community centre; bookshelves are being removed to make space for cafes and rows of computers and book budgets are being cut to pay for electronic resources. These arguments tend to go round and round. But public libraries have to modernize; because libraries should not be defined by the equipment they provide or the stock of materials on their shelves; libraries should be measured by the services they deliver, the experiences they enable and the environment they create.

Science and Scientific Era

What is Health Science? The overall goal of health science is the improvement of human and animal health through scientific research. Read on for more information regarding this discipline. Schools offering Biomedical Engineering Technology degrees can also be found in these popular choices.

Health Science Era Health science encompasses a variety of sub-disciplines, all of which relate to the application of science to health. Both traditional, Western and alternative medicine can be considered health sciences. Because humans have always needed to deal with illness, it could be said that health science has existed for as long as humans have. The field includes the study of medicine, nutrition and other health-related issues and the affect they may have on both humans and animals

Health Science Communication and Components Health care could be considered the application of the knowledge acquired through health science. Health care is delivered through a variety of fields, including pharmacy, dentistry and medicine, and it involves not only the treatment of illness, but also the prevention of it. Health care professionals aim to maintain the overall mental and physical well-being of patients.

While most people associate health care with services that accept medical insurance, such as doctor visits, several health science sub-disciplines include such preventative and alternative areas as physical education and holistic health. Some of the sub-disciplines of health science are: . Pediatrics . Neurology . Acupuncture . Oncology . Physical Therapy . Nutrition

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Why Health Awareness Running a healthcare establishment is busy work; however community health awareness initiatives should not be brushed off. Healthcare can help by customizing a healthy living project to fit the needs of both the clients and communities. In order to create health awareness, it is important to understand what it entails. It is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. This essentially means to reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The community needs to realize a desire to satisfy needs and to adapt to the environment.

Some of the aspects Healthcare focus on: . Nutritional Products . Diet Clinics – Weight-loss programmes . HIV/AIDS and TB Disease Management

The benefits of an informed community: Healthier eating and regular exercise increases health and productivity. There is also a decrease in absences in the workplace which in turn boosts the economy. Water makes up a massive part in a healthy diet so access to clean water is cardinal. Awareness of hygiene and water sanitation lowers the risk of spreading diseases throughout the community drastically. Awareness of a healthier diet and regular exercise lowers the risk of cardiovascular problems and high blood pressure. This lessens the need for regular doctor’s appointments and medical treatments which in turn lowers a person’s financial pressure.

The reasons for Health Awareness are mentioned below This incident is just one example of the nebulous phenomenon of “raising awareness” for diseases. Days, weeks, months are dedicated to the awareness of different health conditions, often without a clear definition of what “awareness” means, or what, exactly, is supposed to come of it.

Health is wealth, Physical, social, and mental well being is our goal to establish health for all. Dual disease burden of communicable and life style diseases; malnutrition and pollution and contamination of food are the challenges today.We must overcome big four nutritional deficiency of protein energy, vitamin “A” iron, and iodine among children and women to reduce mortality rates. Health of the child depends on health of the mother. Our health care targets are lactating mother, infant, and young breast – milk- oriented child feeding to reduce mortality rates. Health security steps are online medical services, tele – medicine consultation, mobile health clinic, health education, and health insurance schemes. Integration of traditional strength of Unani, Sidha with modern medicine can provide affordable health care for the needy.

Health Information Literacy and Public Librarians Without information literacy the mass Health awareness for the populace of any country is not possible. Then, what is Health information literacy? The term ‘information literacy’ is composed of two rather common words which most people claim to understand. Information to most people means something associated with the ability to read sometimes more specifically associated with the ability to understand or interpret certain phenomena. For example, visual literacy enables people to understand wordless no smoking signs. There are also computer literacy, numerical literacy (Numeracy), media literacy and cultural literacy.

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In combination, however, the two words have a very special meaning to the advocates of Information Literacy. These people have views of the information age and the role information now plays in our liver which prompts them to use the term ‘Information Literacy’ to describe the assortment of abilities which they assert are essential for survival and thrive abilities. If we are to flourish in an age where information is the new commodity – the new medium of exchange, and where good information empowers and bad information or no information disenfranchises, we must be information literate.

Information literacy is the ability to use information, but the term has a much broader meaning. Information literacy is a holistic concept that includes knowledge that information matters, knowing where and how to get information, knowing how to interpret information, and knowing how to use and communicate information. In its November – December 1990 issue, Public Libraries offered a definition of Information Literacy for Public librarians to consider. Information literacy consists of an assortment of interconnected abilities having to do with the use of information:

1. The ability to know what information would help 2. The ability to know where to go to get information 3. The ability to retrieve information 4. The ability to interpret, evaluates, and organizes information 5. The ability to use and communicate information.

Considered individually, none of these is a new skill, but information literacy is important because of (a) The role information now plays and the fact that most Americans, the mass of other developed countries and some of the populace of developing countries will earn their living creating, processing and transferring information. (b) The several related abilities which in combination and in concern empower the information literate person. (c) The new responsibilities librarians must undertake if they are to play a meaningful part in the promotion and spread of information literacy. (d) The fact that regardless of the advances in information technology and information transfer, people embrace new concepts only if those new concepts achieve a fit with their own value systems Public librarian should involve in the information literacy movement Information literacy enables the mass to be aware about science.

Public Librarians as Health Awareness Communicators

The best Health Awareness communicators impart knowledge gently and with skill, so that their audience have a pleasing and satisfying experience and are motivated to repeat it. They do not thrust facts down a gaping and receptive mow like a parent bird feeding its young. They aim to nourish imperceptible so that people are able to incorporate new ideas into their own world views, make hitherto unnoticed associations and arrive at a new, personal revelation ‘Ah…. So that’s how it works! This is sometimes called the wow! Factor’ and it comes from within. Science communicators cannot guarantee their audience these moments of insight. They can only help to create the mental landscape in which such moments occur.

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The best Health Awareness communicators include Best Doctors, Ayurvedic Vedhya, Homieo Physician, Yoga Gurus, Physical Instructor, Fitness Experts, Sexologist, Psychologist etc. Public librarians should act as the best Health Awareness communicators to make the masses aware about science and its right use which will educate, motivate and empower the masses, thereby helping the societal development.

Redefine Public Library Space : GDPL Library efforts towards Health Awareness Health Care is one of the most important dependencies for economic sustainability and growth of a country. While India has made significant strides of economic growth in the last two decades, there is a steep growth of health spending alongside. This is partly due to increased health awareness and infrastructure but mainly due to increased incidence and prevalence of diseases. Hence we need to provide health awareness to the Urban communities through public libraries. Dr Deepak Kumar Shrivastava is a Divisional librarian and an INELI India South Asia Mentor based out of public library situated at Govt. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Divisional Public Library, Kota (Rajasthan). He is a person of drive and initiative and having gone through exposure to various innovative public libraries in different countries he has developed good understanding of community needs and ways to respond. As an INELI Innovator and also INELI India South Asia Mentor with the support of IPLM and Medanta Medicity Hospitals Guru gram, he has started to conduct Telehealth Awareness Sessions to the Kotalites Readers communities through the our public libraries in Kota Rajasthan. With the Support of IPLM we have organised 6 Tele Health Awareness Program on the Different Topic in our library.

S.No. Date of Tele Name of the Topic of the Total beneficiaries Brief About Health Counselor Health Awareness Male Female Total Program Awareness 1. 29.07.2010 Dr. Sushila Seasonal Desies 26 19 45 More than 45 Kataria, Director - i.e. vector-borne participants Internal Media, and water-borne attended the session Medanta diseases such as and majority of malaria, cholera, them are Senior and dengue Citizen and adolescent girls 2 18.08.2017 Dr Kanchana Breast Cancer 33 11 44 More than 44 Kaur participants Associate Director attended the session Breast Services and majority of Cancer Institute, them are women Medanta – and adolescent girls The Medicity 3 27.09.2017 Dr. R.R. High Blood 25 23 48 Kasaliwal , Pressure: A Chairman, Hidden Killer Medicity

4 27.102017 Dr.Tejinder General Oncology 43 09 52 Kataria, Chairperson, Radiation Oncology, Medanta Cancer Institute 5 27.11.2017 Dr. Bornali Dutta, Lung Disease 37 09 46 Director, Respiratory Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity. 6 15.12.2017 Dr. Sushila 'Basic Health and 37 09 46 Kataria, Director - Hygiene for Internal Media, Children, Women Medanta and Elderly

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Table: 1.Showing Month wise Program Details of Tele- Health Awareness Program - Such health education services can be taken up by different public libraries as response to the community needs which will help public libraries to become community responsive knowledge centers’, as the aspiration of IPLM is and

librarians like Dr Deepak Shrivastava are determined to redefine public library space.

46 Basic Health and Hygiene 9

15.12.2017

46 Lung Disease 9

27.11.2017

52 General Oncology 9

43 Series3 27.102017

Series2 48 Series1 High Blood Pressure 23

27.09.2017

44 Breast Cancer 11

18.08.2017

45 Seasonal Desies 19

26 29.07.2010

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Figure: 1.Showing Month wise Program Details of Tele- Health Awareness Program There are some recommendations for Public Librarians (and State Government) regarding imparting Health Awareness to the masses: 1. Public librarians should take Health Awareness to the people and people to Health Awareness. In this respect, Public librarians should motivate the masses to increase the reading habits as well as to use the library on regular basis thus spending their leisure time in a better way; 2. Make as many people scientifically aware as possible. Responsibility of Public librarians in this respect is very important Arrangement of storytelling sessions for imparting Health science awareness to the masses will be very much fruitful; 3. Make proper utilization of Health Scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of mankind. Public librarians must disseminate knowledge to the masses regarding effective utilization of science for water and sanitation, health and nutrition, environment and biodiversity, disaster management, empowerment through IT etc; 4. Provision of formal and non – formal education. In this respect successful of Sarvas Siksha Abbiyan and Rashtrya ShikSha Mission (RMSA) project is very important and the State government (and Public librarians) should play important role in this project; 5. Availability of necessary print and electronic media on Health Awareness in the public library. State Government ‘s should allocate necessary funds for the collection of both print and electronic resources; 6. Arrangement of folk dance and puppetry regarding Science Health awareness among masses and children; 7. Provision of science model, science parks, science exhibition, seminars, etc. for lifelong learning process.

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8. To make necessary arrangement to train the public librarians for better Health communication to the masses; 9. Public libraries linkage with different NGOs to make the masses sensitive regarding use of Health Awareness like Indian Public Library Movement (IPLM). 10. Creation of necessary database in the public library regarding water and sanitation, health and nutrition, environment and biodiversity, disaster management etc. Central and State Government projects and other related matters to make the masses aware of the possibility of healthy and better life.

Conclusions To conclude, Health awareness is a basic necessary in all aspects of our life, be it social, economic, political, education and strategic matters to make our country prosperous and proud and to make India as developed country by 2020. But Central and State Government Officials/ NGOs/ High Level Executive Committees’ direct supervision is very necessary for the provision of necessary inputs as well as to execute all projects regarding public library based Health Awareness in a right way.

Reference [1]. Audit Commission – Building better library services. Acknowledge Learning from audit, inspection and research, 2002. Available: http:/www.auditcommission.gov.uk/ [2]. Curran, C. “Two models for librarians in the 1990s.” American Libraries 22, Mar 1991, 254. [3]. Dalal K, Dawad S. Non Utilization of Public health care facilities: examining the reasons through a national study of women in India. ARHEN 9:1178 (Online), 2009: available in URL. http://www.rrh.org.au [4]. Department for International Development. National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 151 Govt. of India. New Delhi: Nirman Bhavan; Directory of Innovations Implemented in the Health Sector, December 2008. [5]. Discover Centres, - Hampsire County Council. [6]. Grover, R. and Greer, R.C. the Cross – Disaplinary Imperative of LIS. In Library and Information Science Research Mcclure, C.R. and Hernon, P. (eds). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1991. [7]. Hale, M. Paradigmatic shift in Library and Information Science in library. In Library and Information Science Research Mcclure, C.R. and Hernon, P. (eds). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1991. [8]. Hearts and Lives: public Libraries nurturing local committees. Public Library Authorities Conference 16- 19 Sepember, 2003. Palace Hotel, Torquay. [9]. http://www.hants.gov.uk/rh/discoverycentres/ [10]. Kar M, Adsul N. Study of Rogi Kalyan samitis in strengthening health systems under national rural health mission, district Pune, Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Community Health.2013; 38(4): 223-238. doi: 10.4103/0970- 0218.120157 11. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [11]. Mishra S, Duggal R, Lingam L, Pitre A. A Report on Health Inequities in Maharashtra. Report prepared by SATHI. Published in January 2008 [12]. Programme Evaluation Organisation. Evaluation Study of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) In 7 States. Planning Commission Government of India New Delhi; February 2011 [13]. Sarvajanik Aarogya Vibag, Maharashtra. National Rural Health Mission. Principal, Published by Health and Family welfare training centre, Pune [14]. Srinivasan K, Mohanty S. Health care utilization by source and levels of deprivation in major states of India: Findings from NFHS-2, International institute for Population sciences, Mumbai.2008 [15]. The Idea Store website: http://www.ideastore.co.uk./ [16]. Tripathy KK. Budget 2010-11 and inclusive growth: a feel good factor for rural India, Kurukshetra: A Journal on Rural Development, 2010; 58(6): 4-5. [17]. UNESCO. UNESCO public library manifesto, 3rd rev. version. 1994. Reprinted in Granthagar. 45, 4, 1995, 16-18, [18]. Yates, B. Information needs o human beings. In Journal of Library and Information Science. 11,1, 1986, 86-87.

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lkfgfR;d pksjh ,oa mlds cpko es iqLrdky;ksa dk ;ksxnku

MkW0 ekaxs jke | mi&iqLrdky;k/;{k ,oa izHkkjh, dsUnzh; IkqLrdky;] ¼Mh0 bZ0 vkbZ0½ MhEM ;wfuoZflVh] n;kyckx] vkxjk&5 | [email protected]

Lkkj izLrqr isij lkfgR; pksjh ds ckjs esa voxr djkrk gSA ys[kd us izLrqr isij es lkfgR; pksjh esa laLFkkvksa ds ;ksxnku ij iqLrdky;ksa ds ;ksxnku dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA izLrqr isij esa ys[kd us lkfgR;d pksjh dks jksdus@idM+us ds fy, lkW¶Vos;j izksxzkeksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lkfgR;d pksjh ds jksdus ds mik;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu ys[kd us fd;k gSA ys[kd us izLrqr isij es vius gh dke dh pksjh dss ckjs esa Hkh voxr fd;k gSA vUr esa ys[kd us isij dk fu’d’kZ fn;k gSA

Hkwfedk lkfgfR;d pksjh (Plagiarism) dksbZ ubZ /kkj.kk ugha gS vkSj ge ;g ugha dg ldrs gSa fd ;g /kkj.kk orZeku esa gh “kq: gqbZ gSA igys ds le; ds Hkh dqN mnkgj.k lkeus vk;s gSa fd fdlh dfo dh dfork dh udy dj yh xbZ gSA jkseu dfo eSjhoy dh dfork dh udy gksuk vkSj mldks ¼eSjhVy½ dks bldk Js; ¼lUnHkZ½ Hkh ugha fn;k x;kA lkfgfR;d pksjh fcuk Js; ¼lUnHkZ½ ds fdlh ds dk;Z dh udy djds vius dk;Z esa lfEefyr djuk gSA igys Hkh lkfgR;d pksjh ds ekeys izdk”k esa vk;s gSa ysfdu mudh [;kfr ¼izpkj½ ugh gksrk FkkA bUVjusV ds ;qx esa rks dkWih djuk cgqr gh vklku gks x;k gSA cgqr gh FkksMs+ le; esa ge dkWih vkSj isLV dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr fdlh nwljs ds dk;Z dh udy djds mldks vius dk;Z essa tksM+ ldrs gSa tgk¡ ,d rjQ bUVjusV ds ;qx esa dkWih ¼udy½ djuk bruk vklku gks x;k gS rks ogha nwljh rjQ ml udy dks idM+uk Hkh cgqr gh vklu gks x;k gSA ekSfyd ys[kd vius dk;Z dh dkWih dks tYnh ns[k ldrk gS] igpku ldrk gSA vc lkfgfR;d pksjh dks tk¡pus ds fy, cgqr ls lkW¶Vos;j Hkh miyC/k gS ftuesa dqN O;olkf;d (Commercial) vkSj Ýh (Free Open Source) gSA lkfgfR;d pksjh tk¡pus okys lkW¶Vos;j dh izekf.kdrk] lQyrk bl ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd mDr lk¶Vos;j dh fdrus lkfgfR;d lalk/kukas esa igqap gS oks fdl&fdl MkVkosl ls lkfgfR; dk feyku djrk gS A lkfgfR;d pksjh (Plagiarism) lkfgfR;d pksjh “kCn dks ;fn ijEijkxr rjhds ls ns[kk tk;s rks ;g ,d “kSf{kd O;ogkj esa fu;e Hkax djus okyk gSA ftlesa ge detksj Hkkouqokn (Paraphrasing) dkS”ky] vuqi;qDr :Ik ls m)j.k vkSj lUnHkZ] nwljksa ds ys[k dks vius ys[k esa “kkfey djukA ifjHkk’kk dh n`f’V ls **lkfgfR;d pksjh ,d ukdkjkRed vfHk;ku (Negative Connotation) dh vksj ys tkrk gS D;ksafd blus ,d lkekU; :Ik ls lkfgR;d pksjh ] fopkjksa dks pqjkuk] udy djkuk vkSj mudks vius dk;Z esa L=ksr dks Js; fn;s fdlh ds “kCnksa 1 (Source) fcuk gh “kkfey djukA ¼ikdZ] 2003] i`- 472] ikdZ] 2003] i`- 472½ lkfgR;d pksjh ¼Plagiarism½ dks izk;% ,d vijk/k] pksjh vkSj xqukg dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] ftldks 2 naM yk;d ekuk tkrk gSA ¼Cyksp 2012] Bloch, 2012, ihdksuZ 2001½ lkfgR;d pksjh fl)kUr dk ,d mÌs”; ;g Hkh jgk gS fd ys[kd vkSj fof”k’V :Ik ls “kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ;g fl[kkuk gS fd viuk ys[ku dk;Z dSls djs vkSj fdu&fdu fu;eksa dk ikyu djsaA vktdy ys[kd ys[k m/kkj (Text Borrowing) dk iz;ksx T;knk dj jgsa gSa vkSj ;g ,d tfVy izfØ;k curh tk jgh gSA vktdy vius gh dk;Z dks ckj&ckj iz;ksx es yk;k tk jgk gS D;ksafd ys[kdksa dks bruk Kku gh ugh gS fd vius dk;Z dks ckj&ckj iz;ksx esa ugh yk ldrs gSa os lksprs gSa fd viuk gh dk;Z gS bldks nksckjk iz;ksx djus esa gtZ gh D;k gSA ys[kd vkSj

1 http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/staff/gyaccp/caeh_28_5_02lores.pdf Date of Access 12-12-17 2 Bloch J. (2012). Plagiarism intellectual property and the teaching of L2 writing. Bristol.U.K. Multilingual Matters

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 31

“kks/kkFkhZ viuk lUnHkZ vkSj m)j.k nsuk Hkh mfpp ugh le>rs gS fd os vius dk;Z dks nksckjk iz;ksx djus dks viuk tUefl) vf/kdkj ekurs gSaA

“kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dk Hkfo’; muds “kks/k] fopkj vkSj muds ;ksxnku ij cuk gksrk gS blfy, vc lkfgR; pksjh dks cM+h gh lko/kkuh ls ns[kk tkrk gSA ,d mYyxu ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d “kks/kkFkhZ tks lkfgR; pksjh djrk gS rks vkSj irk uk pys rks ml “kks/kkFkhZ dks iqjLdkj feyrk gS ysfdu tks ewy ys[kd gksrk gS mDr dk;Z dk mlds fy, rks fujk/kj lh gh ckr gqbZ D;ksafd ,d rks mldk ekSfyd dk;Z dh pksjh dh xbZ vkSj Åij ls mldks dksbZ Credit Hkh ugha fn;k x;k lUnHkZ ds :Ik eas lkfgR; pksjh (Plagiarism) bl izdkj fdlh nwljs ys[kd ds dk;Z dks vius dk;Z esa izLrqr (Present) djukA nwljs ys[kd dk;Z mlds fopkj] “kCn] ys[k bR;kfn ys ysuk vkSj fcuk ewy ys[kd dh tkudkjh ds] vuqefr ds vkSj mlds lUnHkZ (Reference) dsA vc ;gk¡ ij ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd fdlh ds “kCn] fopkj vkSj izLrqrhdj.k lquuk vius fnekx esa ys ysuk] flQZ fnekx esa ysuk ;gk¡ pksjh ugh gS ysfdu leL;k ;gk¡ ij vkrh gS fd tc ge mu fopkjksa dks vius fopkj cukdj izLrqr djrs gS ;k fy[krs gSa ;k dgha ij O;olkf;d iz;ksx djrs gSaA viuk cukdj dk vFkZ ;gk¡ ij ;g gS fd ewy ys[kd dk dgha ij Hkh izksij rjhds (Reference/Citation) ls [email protected] ugha djrs gSaA lkfgR;d pksjh dbZ ckj cM+h eqf”dy ls fl) gksrh gS tSls fdlh ys[kd us fdlh vkSj ys[kd dk ekSfyd dk;Z vius dk;Z esa fcuk lUnHkZ ds viuk cukdj fy[k fn;kA fQj fdlh ys[kd us ogh dk;Z vius isij bR;kfn esa viuk cukdj ;k nwljs okyk ys[kd dk lUnHkZ nsdj fy[k fn;k rks Hkh ;g lkfgR;d pksjh dh Js.kh esa vk;sxk ghA

“kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus esa “kS{kf.kd laLFkk,a lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gSaA laLFkk, lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds fy, vius ;gk¡ lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds fy, uhfr cukdj mldks ykxw dj ldrh gSA egkfo|ky; o fo”ofo|ky;ksa vkSj vU; laLFkk, vius v/;kidksa o izk/;kidksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds fy, izf”k{k.k] odZ”kki o laxksf’B;ksa dk vk;kstu dj ldrh gSA lkfgR; pksjh uhfr dks “kS{kf.kd laLFkk, dM+h :Ik esa ykxw djds lkfgR;d pksjh djus okyksa ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku dj ldrh gSA v/;kidksa dks ih-,p-Mh- djkus ij ikcUnh yxk ldrh gSA laLFkk, vius ;gk¡ lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds fy, lkW¶Vos;j dks [kjhn ldrh gSA vktdy dqN lkW¶Vos;j tks lkfgR;d pksjh dks idM+rs gSa fcuk fdlh ewY; ds vkWuykbu bUVjusV ij miyC/k gSA blfy, fo”ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; o vU; laLFkk, lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gSA vktdy fo”ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx lHkh fo”ofo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa ds fy, lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds fy, uhfr Hkh cukbZ gSA igys izR;sd fo”ofo|ky; dks viuh lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus dh uhfr 3dks cukus dh NwV Fkh vkSj fdruk izfr”kr pksjh Lohdk;Z gksxk ;g Hkh fo”ofo|ky; fuf”pr dj ldrs FksA lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ds iqLrdky;ksa dh Hkwfedk iqLrdky; fdlh laLFkku ds ân; ekus tkrs gSa vkSj fo”ofo|ky;ksa dk eq[; dk;Z Kku dk mRiknu djuk gSA Kku dks c<+kuk gS vius ;gk¡ gq, “kks/kksa ds }kjk iqLrdky; dk eq[; mÌs”; Kku dks ck¡Vuk gS vkSj lwpukvksa dks muds ikBdksa rd igq¡pkuk gSA vkt bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls o lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dks ykxw djus ls lwpukvksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkuk vkSj Hkh vklku o le; dh cpr djus okyk gks x;k gSA iqLrdky; vius ikBkdksa dks lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus ij lkfgR; o lwpuk miYkC/k djk ldrk gSA iqLrdky; vius ikBdksa ds fy, lkfgR;d pksjh jksdus o lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx djus ij iqLrdky; ohd dk izcU/k dj ldrk gSA vius laLFkku dh lkfgR; pksjh jksdus dh uhfr dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pk ldrk gS vkSj lkfgR;d pksjh

3 Neville, Calin (2016). The complete guide to reference and Avoiding Plagiarism 3rd ed. London: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education.

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 32 jksdus ds mik;ksa o rjhdksa ij iqLrdsa] “kks/k isij o vU; L=ksr ls lkfgR; miyC/k djok ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa dbZ fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa rks “kks/k lkfgR;@Fkhfll dh lkfgR; pksjh idM+us dk dk;Z iqLrdky;ksa dks gh fn;k gqvk gSA iqLrdky; deZpkjh gh lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls bl dk;Z dk vUtke ns jgsa gS vkSj Fkhfll dks “kks/kxaxk izksxzke ds rjg buQfycfuV dh lkbZV ij viyksM Hkh dj jgsa gSaA iqjkus Fkhfll dks LdSu djus mudks Hkh lkbZV ij viyksM fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izdkj iqLrdky; lkfgR; ds pksjh jksdjus esa ,d vPNh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA

“kks/k isij@Fkhfll fy[kuk vkSj lkfgR;d pksjh ls cpko lcls igys ges “kks/k isij ds ckjs es ,d jQ Mªk¶V cukuk pkfg, vkSj mldks ckj&ckj i<+dj ns[kuk pkfg, fd dgha ij dksbZ leL;k rks ugha gSA tks Hkh dk;Z djs mldks vius “kCnksa esa fy[ksA vkidks ml Hkk’kk dk vPNh rjg ls Kku Hkh gksuk pkfg, ftlesa vki viuk isij ;k Fkhfll fy[k jgsa gSaA vki ml Hkk’kk ds ekLVj gksA ftldh L=ksr ls vkius dksbZ lkexzh yh gS ;k ys[k fy[kk gS mldk lUnHkZ nsuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj ;fn vki fdlh vkSj ls isij dk T;knk va”k vius isij esa Mkyuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks mDr ys[kd ls fyf[kr esa vuqerh ysuh pkfg,Avkius ;fn vc viuk vfUre izk:Ik cuk fy;k gS rks mls pSd djsa] nks&rhu ckj pSd djs tc og vkidks ,slk yxrk gS fd lkfgR; dh pksjh gks rks mls cnydj fy[ks vius “kCnksa esa fy[ksA lkfgfR;d pksjh idM+us okys izksxzke@lkW¶Vos;j vktdy lkfgR; pksjh idM+us ds fy, cgqr ls lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke miyC/k gS tks cgqr gh de le; esa lkfgfR;d pksjh dks idM+ ysrs gSaA dqN lkW¶Vos;j rks blds eqDr L=ksr lkW¶Vos;j (Open Source Software) vkSj dqN O;olkf;d (Commercial) gSA dbZ ckj eqDr L=ksr lkW¶Vos;j esa lkfgfR;d pksjh iwjh rjg ls idM+ esa ugha vkrh D;ksafd bu lkW¶Vos;j dk nk;jk lhfer gksrk gS ;k dg ldrs gSa fd ;s lkfgfR;d pksjksa dks dsoy eqDr L=ksr lkfgR; esa gh [kkstrs gSa D;ksafd budh igq¡p (Access) O;olkf;d lkfgR;@tuZy@if=dkvksa esa ugha gksrh gSA blds foijhr O;olkf;d lkW¶Vos;j dh igq¡p (Access) cgqr ls lkfgR; esa gksrh gSA ;s iSlk nsdj T;knkrj lkfgR; esa igq¡p (Access) ys ysrs gSaA dqN lkfgfR;d pksjh idM+us okys lkW¶Vos;j4 bl izdkj ls gS&  MqiyhpSdj (Duplicheker) eqDr L=ksr lkW¶Vos;jA  ,uVhIysxjhte (Anti Plagiarism)  isij jsVj (Paper Rater)  iWyxjhte pSdj (Plagiarism Checker)  iSyx;e (Plagium) eqDr L=ksr lkW¶Vos;j  iSyxVªSdj (Plag Tracker)  okbZij (Viper)  VjuhVhu lkW¶Vos;j (Turnitin Software)  vkFkuVhdsV (Ithenticate)  vjdq.M (Urkund) buds vykok Hkh cgqr lss lkW¶Vos;j gS tks lkfgfR;d dh pksjh idM+us ds fy, gSA ;g ikBdksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd mudks dkSu lk lkW¶Vos;j iz;ksx djuk gSA vius dke dh pksjh (Self Plagiarism) & T;knkrj ys[kd vius gh dk;Z dks ckj&ckj iz;ksx esa ykrs jgrs gSa vkSj bl vf/kdkj ls dh ;s rks gekjk gh dk;Z gSA bldk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa ysfdu oks ;s Hkwy tkrs gSa fd vius dk;Z dk dkWihjkbZV igys gh mDr

4 Dr. Mange Ram (2015). The concept of Plagiarism and Anti-Plagiarism Software in proceeding of National conference on Library Automations: issue & remedies in present scenario March, 26, 27, 2015 Pub. By Monkin Press, New Delhi. Edited by Ram Chander & Krishan Kent Agarwal College, Ballabhgrah, Faridabad, Haryana. P. 34-36

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 33 tuZy vkSj cqd ds lEiknd dks ns fn;k gS rks fcuk ml lEiknd dh vuqefr nksckjk ls mlh dk;Z dk dkWihjkbZV fdlh nwljs tuZy o cqd ds lEiknd dks ns nsrs gSaA vius dke dh pksjh djuk Hkh n.Muh; gSA vki vius dk;Z ds dqN va”k dks vius dk;Z dk lUnHkZ nsdj fQj ls iz;ksx esa yk ldrs gSaA ys[kdksa dks lSYQ IkSyxjhte ds ckjs esa T;knk Kku ugha gksrk gS blfy, os bldks vDlj iz;ksx esa ykrs jgrs gSaA ys[kdksa dks ;g Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg, fd ,d gh dk;Z ds nks ckj ykHk ugha fy;s tk ldrs gSa tSls Fkhfll dk Hkh v/;k; cuk fy;k vkSj Fkhfll vokMZ djok yh vkSj mlh dks fd tuZy esa izdkf”kr djok fy;kA ys[kd dks tuZy ds izdk”kd ;k LkEiknd ls vius isij o vkys[k dks viuh Fkhfll esa Mkyus dh vuqefr rks ysuh pkfg,A vktdy T;knkrj tuZy vius izdkf”kr isij dks (Access) djkus ds iSls olwy djrs gS blfy, ;fn muds isij ;fn fdlh Hkh tuZy esa feysaxs rks mudk uqdlkj gksxk vkSj oks dkWihjkbZV dk ds”k (Case) dj ldrs gSaA fu’d’kZ lkfgR;d pksjh dksbZ ubZ vo/kkj.kk ugha gS igys Hkh lkfgR;d pksjh gksrh jgh gSa ysfdu mudks idM+us dk dksbZ lk/ku ugha Fkk blfy, yksx pksjh T;knk djrs FksA vktdy lkfgR; pksjh idM+us ds fy, cgqr ls lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke miyC/k gS tks cgqr gh de le; esa lkfgfR;d pksjh dks idM+ ysrs gSaA lkfgR; pksjh ls cpus ds fy;s tks Hkh ys[ku dk;Z djs mldks vius “kCnksa esa fy[ksA vkidks ml Hkk’kk dk vPNh rjg ls Kku Hkh gksuk pkfg, ftlesa vki viuk isij ;k Fkhfll fy[k jgsa gSa vki ml Hkk’kk dk ekLVj gksuk pkfg, A ftldh L=ksr ls vkius dksbZ lkexzh yh gS ;k ys[k fy[kk gS mldk lUnHkZ nsuk vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa dbZ fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa rks “kks/k lkfgR;@Fkhfll dh lkfgR; pksjh idM+us dk dk;Z iqLrdky;ksa dks gh fn;k gqvk gSA iqLrdky; deZpkjh gh lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls bl dk;Z dk vUtke ns jgsa gS vkSj Fkhfll dks “kks/kxaxk izksxzke ds rjg buQfycfuV dh lkbZV ij viyksM Hkh dj jgsa gSaA

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 34

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN DIGITAL ERA

Dr. Pankaj Kumar | (Assistant Professor- Library), A.K.P. (P.G.) College, Khurja, (Bulandshahr) U.P.| [email protected]

Abstract This paper deals with the concept of knowledge, knowledge management and its tools. It also highlights advantage and challenges of knowledge management. In the modern era of 21st century the information technology revolution and information explosion has lead to the emergence of electronic information era. Knowledge management is more important for dynamic knowledge society and current information age. Knowledge management is the process of organizing and sharing the diver’s form of business information created within an organization knowledge management can include managing enterprise document libraries, discussion databases, intranet website and other type of knowledge bases. Knowledge management is the application of enterprise portals to organize, manage and share the diverse form of business information created by individuals and team in an organization.

Keywords: Knowledge, Knowledge Management, Digital, Knowledge Management in Libraries

Introduction In the present day market scenario organizations face intense competition. In this competition every organization needs to know and be able to influence on its knowledge base to gain competition advantages. In this knowledge era, every organization can creates and sustain competitive advantages through initiation of appropriate knowledge management process. Knowledge management is very helpful in organization development. Knowledge management is an emerging discipline with many ideas yet to be tested, many issues yet to be resolved and much learning yet to be discovered. The companies which consistently create new knowledge disseminate is widely throughout the organization and quickly embody it in new technologies and products those companies are successful in the present market age in digital era.

The phrase ‘knowledge management’ generally has began to use in the year of 1980. This was the time when conferences in knowledge management began appearing, books on knowledge management were published and the term began to seen in business oriented journals. And after then the term ‘knowledge management’ became very important to every organization. After computerization, knowledge management has come to mean the systematic, deliberate leveraging of knowledge assets. Simultaneously many key developments were occurring in field of information system with respect of knowledge based system.

What is knowledge Knowledge is familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something. Such as fact, information description or skills, which acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discover or learn. Knowledge can refer through a theoretical and practical understanding of a subject. Knowledge is more powerful factor empowers people achieves great result. The more knowledge a person will have then the more powerful he becomes.

What is knowledge management Knowledge management refers to managing data gathered into information aimed towards a specific approach or pattern which, in turn, helps in further generation and dissemination of knowledge. It is considered to be enhancing intellectual property and efficiency of productivity in any organization.

Knowledge management is the systematic management of organization knowledge assets for the purpose of creating value and meeting tactical and strategic requirements; it consists of the initiatives, processes, strategies and systems that sustain and enhance the storage, assessment, sharing, refinement and creation of knowledge. According to D. jarnett that “Knowledge management is knowledge creation followed by interpretation, knowledge dissemination and use, and knowledge retention and refinement.”

Need of knowledge management in libraries The exponential growth in human knowledge in a variety of formats has lead libraries to develop their resources, access and share strategies from print to electronic and digital resources. Due to budget shortfalls in libraries, limited technological access, poor staffing and space, libraries have to carefully analyze the need of their users and seek co-operative acquisitions plans to meet the needs of users.

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 35

The changing role of academic libraries as knowledge managers emphasizes the need to constantly update or acquire new skills to remain relevant to the today’s library environment. Academic libraries may need to restructure their functions, expand their roles and responsibilities for effective delivery of library and information services to meet the ever changing user needs.

Objectives of knowledge management The main objectives of knowledge management are:-  To promote collection, processing, storage and distribution of knowledge.  To promote relationship between library and users.  To organize collective knowledge and information effectively and efficiently.  To promote scientific research.  To promote develop new opportunities for library staff.  To promote creation of new knowledge.  To faster delivery of knowledge to the user.  To manage information and publication costs and to improve communication.  To create knowledge repositories and manage knowledge as an asset.  To protect the intellectual property right, information technology era.

Tools for knowledge management The main tools for knowledge management are:-  Internet/Intranet/ Extranet  Search engines  Groupware  Data were house  Mapping tools  Electronic document management  Document management  Information retrieval tools  Helpdesk technologies  Meta data/meta-information/profit information  Machine learing computer- based training  Workflow management system  Data mining/ text mining  Ontology

Knowledge management in libraries While the business world is changing in the new knowledge economy and digital age, libraries of all types are undergoing drastic changes also. The new role of libraries in the 21st century needs to be as a learning and knowledge centers for their users as well as the intellectual commons for their respective communities where, to borrow the phrase from the keystone principal, “People and ideas interact in both the real and virtual environment to expand learning and facilitate the creation of new technology”. Knowledge management within libraries involves organizing and providing access to intangible resources that help librarians and administrators carry out their tasks more effectively and efficiently. Strategic planning in libraries involves all aspects of library administrative decisions involving policies, procedures, systems, services and human resources. Expatriate library professionals have to take into account the shared knowledge and expertise with regards to all aspects of diversity in the new environment before making decisions. Based on this emphasis on the role of knowledge management in libraries, it can be understood that knowledge management can play a vital role in strategic library planning. Application of knowledge management could climinate the vacuum created due to knowledge drain in libraries when employees leave the organization. As a learning organization libraries should provide a strong leadership in knowledge management. Unlike those business organization whose aim for managing knowledge is for competitive advantage instead of competition, internal use only, and little sharing of knowledge with other, the most important mission, libraries should aim their knowledge management goal high.

Advantages of Knowledge Management There are many advantages of knowledge management. There are following:-  The main advantage of knowledge management is time management.  To makes it possible for you to support new technologies easily and capture new knowledge for future use.  Due to the existing knowledge base, the employees can quickly find all the information they need.  May reduce training time for new staffs?

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 Storage of intellectual property after the staff leaves if such knowledge can be qualified.  Reduces IT costs without having to compromise quality service to internal and external customers.

Challenges of knowledge management There are many challenges of knowledge management. There are following:-  Lack of understanding of knowledge management and its benefits.  Lack of sufficient tools and technologies.  Lack of funding for knowledge management.  Lack of skill in knowledge management techniques.  Lack of commitment from top level management.  Education for knowledge management is challenge.  Intellectual property right is also major challenge for knowledge management.

Conclusion The utility of knowledge management is a library cannot be neglected in the digital era. Knowledge management is very important for libraries to satisfy its users. It manages both explicit and tacit knowledge. Knowledge management facilitates libraries to improve quality of services to capture, store, organize, share and disseminate the right information to the right person at right time. In today’s digital era of India every organization prefers the knowledge about the new technologies for managing his business. Knowledge management is very important to organizations to compete in global market. In digital era of organization in India, knowledge management centers are providing knowledge to organizations very easily.

References [1]. Abell, A and oxbrow, N. (2006). Competing with knowledge: the information professional in the knowledge management age. London: facat pub. [2]. Das gupta, arjun (2013). Knowledge management: the core issue for library and information science (LIS) professionals In upadhyay, J.L (Eds). Knowledge management: Library and information service in changing IT scenario (fests chrift volume in honour of prof. Y.P. dubey). (pp.30-32). New Delhi: shree pub. [3]. Ghani, Syed Raiyal. (2009). Knowledge Management: Tolls and techniques, DESIDOC journal of library and information technology 29(6). [4]. Natorajan,G., and sandhya,S. (2000). Knowledge management: Enabling business growth. New delhi: Tata Mc. Grow hill publishing house. [5]. Patil, sudhir S. (2013). Knowledge management in libraries. International journal of digital libraries and knowledge management. Volume 3, number 2 (2013), pp. 71-74. [6]. http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/knowledge _ management (accessed on 28/12/2016). [7]. http://www.knowledge -management -tool.net/(accessed on 31/12/2016).

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SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: IMPACT OF LIBRARIES

Dr. Suman Singh | Assistant Professor, Ghanshyam urvashi P.G. College, Baudai, Phoolpur Allahabad | [email protected]

Abstract Social Networking is primarily Internet based tools for sharing and discussing information among human beings. Social networking site is a social structure where the user interact and work collaboratively with other users, including the ability to browse, search, invite friends to connect and interact with web world. Social networking in the world not only enhances the practical usability in the library but also helps the librarians add value to their profession, given the value or potential of librarian being to provide possible implication of social media for marketing library and information products and services. To investigate the problems in utilizing social media for marketing purpose in libraries.

Keyword: Social Networking Sites, Social Media, Marketing, Networking, Reference service, Selective Dissemination of Information.

Introduction Social Networking provide an innovative and effective way of connecting users, Features of Social Media enable users to generate interpersonal cinnections based on common grounds. Social Networking Site's (SNS), such as Freendster, LinkedIn, MySpace and Facebook, Blinklist, Digg, Habbo, hi5, Tagged, Flixter, Netlog, YouTube, whatsapp, Wikipedia set up personal communities, allow users to make Social Media excellent in initiating interaction among users.

Concept "Social networking site as any website designed to allow multiple users to publish content of themselves. The information may be on any subject and may be for consumption by friends, mates, employers, employees just to mention a few." "Social networking sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, to view and navigate their list of connections and those made by others within the system. " Boyd and Ellison

Purposes of Social Networking Sites usage in Libraries  identify the availability of Social Networking sites in Libraries;  find out the usefulness of social networking sites to Academic Libraries in India.  Give an overview of usage of social networking sites by users of University of Education Library's, India;  find out the most visited social networking sites and  solicit views from users on having a social networking site linked to University of Education Library's web page.

Social Networking Sites Allow to adding articles and editing existing articles.

Social Networking. (Facebook, Hi5, Last.FM) It uses for friendship, sharing of information and discussions among same professionals.

Social Photo and Video Sharing (YouTube, Flickr) Use by sharing photos or videos and commenting on users submissions.

Social Bookmaking. (Del.icio.us, Blinklist, Simpy) Use by tagging websites and searching through website bookmarked by other people. Social News. (Digg, Propeller, Reddit) Use by voting for articles and commenting on them.

How works Social Networking Sites in Library Social networking helps librarian to share information with patrons and students in the easiest way for digital library environment. Librarian can use in three broad activities in library and information services. The major three are Information communication, Knowledge distribution and knowledge organization.

Facebook

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Social media site frequented by students, Facebook is librarian friendly. Group communication among patrons can be possible.  MySpace  Blogs  Wikis  LinkedIn  Twitter  YouTube  Flickr  Library Thing  WhatsApp  Social Networking Opportunities for Libraries Social Networking presents some important opportunities to libraries which include marketing of reference services and library services.

Reference Services The Use of social networking tools enable librarian to identify library patrons on the social cyberspace and pro- actively provide the type of information that would normally result from reference service. Social networking tools are not only being used as a vehicle for promoting services, programs and new resources but they are also used for reference service. Students are using tool like Ask a Librarian, and twitter to ask questions in "real time and this is assisting in promoting the library as a relevant, efficient and helpful place.

Marketing of library services Librarian should act as an active participant of the social space and be able to identify the needs of the members of the library communities and to offer solutions by offering information links to websites that relevant to their information needs and even direct offers to help. The growing use of social networking tools calls for librarians' needs and even direct offers to help. The growing use of social networking tools calls for librarians to develop 21st century skills on digital technologies. Libraries can connect their social networking sites with their library websites to link their chat, reference pages, research guide, calendar of events news etc.

Impact of Social Networking Sites on Libraries  Promote of library material and products, and services.  Foster the Web traffic between different online Library's channels-the portal and profiles on social networks.  Enable a more direct, active and efficient communication between libraries and their ever-growing and ever-more demanding user community.  Active communication between library and users creates added value in providing library services, while new possibilities and the value of using social networks directly contribute to a better visibility and the value of using social networks directly contribute to a better visibility of the library in the digital environment.  Indirectly it result in a better promotion of the Library in its traditional environment, and increases both the number of users and their overall satisfaction with library services.

Problems Use of Social Networking Sites  Lack of time to use social media.  Lack of privacy and identity theft.  Confidentiality of information.  Lack of knowledge how to use it.

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 Inadequate funding for libraries.  Inadequate library staff.  Low interest of librarians in learning and utilizing social media.  Inadequate training opportunities for library staff.  Electricity failure.  Slow speed of Internet.

Conclusion The concept of traditional library is changing towards digital library. Libraries and Librarians more important but they need to change. There is a great deal of potential inherent in social networking sites for professional development and professional networking purposes. The possible implication of social networking can be successful by condition maximum research and experiment on social networking from different point of view on library. Librarian is the sole custodian to accomplishment the task of planning, organizing and implementing social networks in library and information centre. In this context sufficient training and more expertise need to be gain by him to furnish an absolute shape to social networking sites in the library.

References [1]. Chauhan Mehul (2013) . Use of Social Media in Libraries (PPT), Redefining Libraries to Create Next Generation Libraries, www.Slideshare. net, [2]. Ayu, A.R.R. , &Abirah, A. (2011). Do you Facebook ? Usage and applications of Facebook page among academic libraries in Malaysia. The International Information & Library Review, [3]. PawarSnehal S., (2014) Social Networking Sites and Libraries, Proceeding of Interdisciplinary International Conference on Relevance of Higher Education for the Development of Human Resources: Jalgoan [4]. Sachin, Kdam V. (2014) Impact of use of Social Networking Sites on Libraries," Knowledge Librarian" ain international peer Reviewed bilingual E-journal of Library and information, [5]. http://www.pcmag.com/enclopedia/term/57226/facebook [6]. 6.Mishra, C.S,http://eprints.rclis.org/16844.Social Networking Technologies (SITs) in Digital Environment : Its Possible implications on libraries

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GREEN MANAGEMENT PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT -THE NEED OF THE HOUR

Dr. Nirmala D | Principal/Seshadripuram Law College, Bangalore | [email protected]

Abstract The term “green computing" is that coming out in many different markets and areas all over the world in today's global technology. Yet, many computer users out there aren't sure what it means. Green computing is actually pretty easy to explain and to do – it is basically learning to use computer resources more efficiently to help the environment as well as energy savings. The main goal of a green computing program is to help the triple bottom line, which is an expanded spectrum of settings for measuring organizational success, and is extremely similar to green chemistry, which reduces the use of energy and materials that harm the environment. Green computing helps to promote the usage of biodegradable products and recycle computer components whenever possible. The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades. In recent years, companies in the computer industry have come to realize that going green is in their best interest, both in terms of public relations and reduced costs. green initiatives currently under way in the computer industry, as well as issues The goals that inform developments in this rapidly growing field include: Sustainability - meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources- "Cradle to cradle" design - ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of manufactured products, In these early stages, it is impossible to predict what "green technology" may eventually encompass The huge amount of computing manufactured worldwide has a direct impact on environment issues, and scientists are conducting numerous studies in order to reduce the negative impact of computing technology on our natural resources.

Keywords: Green Technology, Innovation sustainability, Non Hazardous, Impact, Environment

Introduction In consequence of spiralling global environmental concerns such as global warming, climate change and depleting energy resources, green technology has emerged as an important trend and development in the 21st century. It is believed that the development will lead to global, sustainable and macro-economic powers that impact economics, societies, cultures and way of life in the future. In actual fact, perspectives from UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – Green Technology – Kuan-Yeow Show ©Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) current green technological advancement have indicated prospects of intense innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information explosion” in the 1960s. While predictions on economics and potential outlook for green technology are promising, green technology development must be sustainable, and environmental challenges and growths need to be addressed in a mutually reinforcing manner. Its impacts should be carefully analysed, taking into consideration both environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency. Thus, the importance of looking for win-win solutions across the entire economy where sustainability and growth can be achieved in a cost-effective manner must be emphasized. This article provides an overall perspective of green technology challenges and opportunities in line with global effort and trend towards sustainable The field of “green technology ” encompasses a broad range of subjects — from new energy-generation techniques to the study of advanced materials to be used in our daily life. Green technology focuses on reducing the environmental impact of industrial processes and innovative technologies caused by the Earth’s growing population. It has taken upon itself the goal to provide society’s needs in ways that do not damage or deplete natural resources. Mainly this means creating fully recyclable products, reducing pollution, proposing alternative technologies in various fields, and creating a centre of economic activity around technologies that benefit the environment. Green computing, the study and practice of efficient and eco-friendly computing resources, is now under the attention of not only environmental organizations, but also businesses from other industries. In recent years, companies in the computer industry have come to realize that going green is in their best interest, both in terms of public relations and reduced costs. This article will take a look at several green initiatives currently under way in the computer industry, as well as issues that have been raised regarding these initiatives.

Perhaps the most talked about aspect of green technology is the promise of alternative energy sources. Sun, wind, water, sugar — we’ve heard about them all. However, scientists are working on other aspects of the problem as well, testing building materials and studying chemical processes to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances. Nanotechnology is also being used in an attempt to manipulate materials at the nanometre

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 41 scale; scientists are hoping it can transform manufacturing on a global level, from government purchasing to a technological revolution.

The huge amount of computing manufactured worldwide has a direct impact on environment issues, and scientists are conducting numerous studies in order to reduce the negative impact of computing technology on our natural resources. Companies are addressing e-waste by offering take-back recycling programs and other solutions, with lower energy consumption and less wasted hardware. A central point of research is testing and applying alternative non-hazardous materials in the products’ manufacturing process. Although the use cases for green computing.

The most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency. Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a building is located Environmentally preferred purchasing This government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing. Green chemistry The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green Nano technology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometre, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this field. chemical processes to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances. Nanotechnology is also being used in an attempt to manipulate materials at the nanometre scale; scientists are hoping it can transform manufacturing on a global level, from government purchasing to a technological revolution.

The huge amount of computing manufactured worldwide has a direct impact on environment issues, and scientists are conducting numerous studies in order to reduce the negative impact of computing technology on our natural resources. Companies are addressing e-waste by offering take-back recycling programs and other solutions, with lower energy consumption and less wasted hardware. A central point of research is testing and applying alternative non-hazardous materials products in the’ manufacturing process. Although the use cases for green computing are diverse, one.

VIA Technologies Green Computing

VIA Technologies, a Taiwanese company that --manufactures motherboard chipsets, CPUs, and other computer hardware, introduced its initiative for “green computing” in 2001. With this green vision, the company has been focusing on power efficiency throughout the design and manufacturing process of its products. Its environmentally friendly products are manufactured using a range of clean-computing strategies, and the company is striving to educate markets on the benefits of green computing for the sake of the environment, as well as productivity and overall user experience.

Carbon-free computing One of the VIA Technologies’ ideas is to reduce the “carbon footprint” of users — the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO2). Greenhouse gases naturally blanket the Earth and are responsible for its more or less stable temperature. An increase in the concentration of the main greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons — is believed to be responsible for Earth’s increasing temperature, which could lead to severe floods and droughts, rising sea levels, and other environmental effects, affecting both life and the world’s economy. After the 1997 Kyoto Protocol for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the world has finally taken the first step in reducing emissions. The emissions are mainly a result of fossil-fuel-burning power plants. (In the United States, such electricity generation is responsible for 38 percent of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions. VIA aims to offer the world’s first PC products certified carbon free, taking responsibility for the amounts of CO2 they emit. The company works with environmental experts to calculate the electricity used by the device over its lifetime, generally three years. From this data, one can conclude how much carbon dioxide the device will emit into the atmosphere during its operation. This estimate will serve as an indicator, and the company will pay regional organizations for the “sequestering,” or offsetting, of the emissions. Offsetting carbon dioxide can be achieved in different ways. One way is to plant trees that absorb CO2 as they grow, in the region in which the processors were purchased. The necessary amount of trees per processor is represented by VIA’s Tree Mark rating system. In addition, VIA promotes the use of such alternative energy sources as solar power, so power plants wouldn’t need to burn as much fossil fuels, reducing the amount of energy used. Wetlands also provide a great service in sequestering some of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Although they make up only 4 to 6

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 42 percent of the Earth’s landmass, wetlands are capable of absorbing 20 to 25 percent of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. VIA is working closely with organizations responsible for preserving wetlands and other natural habitats, and others who support extensive recycling programs for ICT equipment. The amount paid to these organizations will be represented by a proportion of the carbon-free product’s price Carbon-emissions control has been a key issue for many companies who have expressed a firm commitment to sustainability. Dell is a good example of a company with a green image, known for its free worldwide product-recycling program. Dell’s Plant a Tree for Me project allows customers to offset their carbon emissions by paying an extra $2 to $4, depending on the product purchased. AMD, a global microprocessor manufacturer, is also working toward reducing energy consumption in its products, cutting back on hazardous waste and reducing its eco-impact. The company’s use of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology in its manufacturing, and strained silicon capping films on transistors (known as “dual stress liner” technology), have contributed to reduced power consumption in its products Solar Computing

Amid the international race toward-energy VIA is setting its eyes on the sun, and the company’s Solar Computing initiative is a significant part of its green-computing projects. For that purpose, VIA partnered with Motech Industries, one of the largest producers of solar cells worldwide. Solar cells fit VIA’s power- efficient silicon, platform, and system technologies and enable the company to develop fully solar-powered devices that are non polluting, silent, and highly reliable. Solar cells require very little maintenance throughout their lifetime, and once initial installation costs are covered, they provide energy at virtually no cost. Worldwide production of solar cells has increased rapidly over the last few years; and as more governments begin to recognize the benefits of solar power, and the development of photovoltaic technologies goes on, costs are expected to continue to decline. As part of VIA’s “pc-1” initiative, the company established the first-ever solar- powered cyber community center in the South Pacific, powered entirely by solar technology.

Lead-Free and RoHS computing In February 2003, the European Union adopted the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS). The legislation restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. The directive is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), which sets collection, recycling, and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative that aims to reduce the huge amounts of toxic e-waste. Driven by these directives, VIA implemented a set of internal regulations in order to develop products that are compliant with these accepted policies, including the use of non hazardous materials in its production of chipsets, processors, and companion chips. In 2001, they focused on lead-free manufacturing, introducing the Enhanced Ball Grid Array (EBGA) package for power efficient VIA processors and the Heat Sink Ball Grid Array (HSBGA) package for their chipsets. In traditional manufacturing processes, lead is used to attach the silicon core to the inside of the package and to facilitate integration onto the motherboard through tiny solder balls on the underside of the package. VIA’s lead-free manufacturing technologies do not require a lead bead, and the solder balls now consist of a tin, silver, and copper composite.

However, not everyone is satisfied with this new objective. Howard Johnson of the online EDN magazine says that the move toward lead-free devices is not only unhelpful but actually worse for the environment. “The additional tin mining required to produce high-purity tin alloys, plus the mining of other precious metals required to alloy with tin in substitution for lead, is a poor trade for the use of existing lead, much of which comes from recycled products,” Johnson writes. He also believes that lead-free assembly is less reliable than lead-based assembly, partially due to the increased growth of tin whiskers — small, hair-like metallic growths that naturally emerge from the surface of solid tin. On lead-free tin surfaces, these whiskers can grow to a length sufficient to short an electronic circuit to another, leading to product failure.

Energy-efficient computing A central goal of VIA’s green-computing initiative is the development of energy- efficient platforms for low-power, small-form-factor (SFF) computing devices. In 2005, the company introduced the VIA C7-M and VIA C7 processors that have a maximum power consumption of 20W at 2.0GHz and an average power consumption of 1W. These energy-efficient processors produce over four times less carbon during their operation and can be efficiently embedded in solar-powered devices.

VIA isn’t the only company to address environmental concerns: Intel, the world’s largest semi conductor maker, revealed eco-friendly products at a recent conference in London. The company uses virtualization software, a technique that enables Intel to combine several physical systems into a virtual machine that runs on a single, powerful base system, thus significantly reducing power consumption. Earlier this year, Intel joined Google, Microsoft, and other companies in the launch of the Climate Savers Computing Initiative that commits businesses to meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star guidelines for energy-efficient devices

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Governments - Go green Many governments worldwide have initiated energy-management programs, such as Energy Star, an international standard for energy-efficient electronic equipment that was created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1992 and has now been adopted by several other countries. Energy Star reduces the amount of energy consumed by a product by automatically switching it into “sleep” mode when not in use or reducing the amount of power used by a product when in “standby” mode. Surprisingly, standby “leaking,” the electricity consumed by appliances when they are switched off, can represent as much as 12 percent of a typical household’s electricity consumption. In Australia, standby power is a primary factor for the country’s increased greenhouse gas emissions — more than 5 megatons (CO2 equivalent) annually Worldwide, standby power is estimated to account for as much as 1 percent of global greenhouse emissions. Most of the energy used by products on standby does not result any useful function. A small amount can be needed for maintaining memory or an internal clock, remote-control activation, or other features; but most standby power is wasted energy. Energy Star–enabled products minimize this waste In 1998, the China National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) founded the China Energy Conservation Program (CECP), a non profit organization in charge of the administration, management, and implementation of the certification for energy- conserving, water-saving, and environmentally friendly products. CECP is dedicated to encouraging manufacturers to produce more resource-efficient products and help consumers make more sustainable purchase decisions. CECP undertakes various projects within the national and the international arena, actively supporting improvements in energy efficiency and environmental protection and assisting social and economic sustainable development. In Japan, the Energy Conservation Center is responsible for raising public awareness on energy conservation, training and state examinations for energy managers, and their energy-conservation campaign and exhibition (ENEX).

On the horizon--- Green technology is gaining more and more public attention through the work of environmental organizations and government initiatives. VIA is one of the first corporations to concentrate on green computing that seems less a passing trend than a first step toward significant changes in technology. In May 2007, IBM unveiled its Project Big Green, dedicated to increasing energy efficiency across the company’s branches around the world. Experts say that businesses will continue to invest in clean computing, not only because of future regulations, policies, and social demands to reduce their carbon footprint, but also due to the significant long- term savings it can make.

Several companies are already headfirst into the green-computing business. Located in the Silicon Valley and founded in 2006, Zonbu was the first company to introduce a completely environmentally responsible computer – Their “Zonbox” computer is a carbon-emission neutral computer, thanks to a low-power design and regulatory-grade carbon offsets. The device, which complies both to Energy Star standards and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS), consumes only 15W, compared to the 175W consumed by a typical desktop PC. Zonbu also provides a free take-back program to minimize environmental e-waste.

VIA: vision through the pc-1 initiative VIA isn’t focusing only on the technological aspects of its eco-friendly devices, it’s also taking a look at their applications. The VIA pc-1 initiative seeks to enable the next 1 billion people to get connected, by providing wider access to computing and communications technologies. The company is concentrating on empowering new, emerging markets, looking at models that reach beyond individual ownership of a PC, such as local pay- for-use facilities. Products built for such a use are characterized by ultra-efficient energy consumption and the ability to withstand heat and dust in harsh environments. In VIA’s own words:“Pc-1 brings together business ingenuity with corporate responsibility and altruism. Helping to build skills and literacy throughout the world and incorporating and preserving cultural content are goals now within our grasp. Information is the oxygen to nurturing social mobility, economic equality and development, and global democracy. Providing not just the tools and the know-how, but the support and the maintenance, is all part of what makes pc-1 the next generation of information technology, the next generation of global development, VIA recognized that massive adoption of computing technology on a global scale had the potential to result not only in the creation of vast amounts of waste material when components became obsolete, but also in significant stresses on existing power-supply infrastructures. With this in mind, in 2001 we opted to take an approach to product design that factored in the impact its products and processes might have on the environment.

Since the introduction of the VIA C3 processor in 2001, we have led the industry in the design of energy- efficient x86 platforms. From thin clients to laptops to industrial computing systems, VIA processor platforms have built a reputation for leading performance per watt and cool operationWith the challenges presented by the forward-thinking European Union directives on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste

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Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), VIA implemented internal procedures that ensured a smooth transition for the development of RoHS-compliant products.While the RoHS directive came into effect in July 2006, VIA’s move toward lead-free manufacturing started much earlier, with the introduction of the Enhanced Ball Grid Array (EBGA) package for its processors and the Heat Sink Ball Grid Array (HSBGA) package for its chipsets. In fact, VIA has been shipping lead-free VIA Eden and C3 processor platforms into the market since the end of 2003, with the current VIA C7 processor family lead-free at launch in 2005With the launch of the VIA C7-D processor in late 2006, we’re seeking to define a new era in eco-friendly computing, and to further heighten awareness of computing’s impact on the environment. Conceived as the ideal desktop processor for corporations seeking to significantly save on their power bills, while delivering the performance and reliability needed for productivity applications, the VIA C7-D processor is the world’s first computer component to be sold as carbon-free.

One of the great things about green computing is that it’s not just a more sustainable, environmentally friendly approach to computing; it also means very real savings in dollar terms. With office equipment currently accounting for up to 20 percent of total energy output and the fastest-growing area of energy use, a large company like VIA can cut costs enormously by utilizing energy-efficient, green-computing technologies And the savings don’t stop at lower power consumption through more efficient components. Cooler-running systems don’t heat up office spaces to the same extent, enabling significant air-conditioning cost reductions. Additionally, cooler components extend the useful life of hardware, further reducing costs. The business case for saving energy is very clearBut green computing extends out of the data centre and the desktop, encompassing such mobility issues as encouraging work from home and video conferencing that discourages travel. VIA is a global organization of nearly 3000 people, with engineering teams needing to collaborate regularly, so there are significant financial savings as well as lower carbon emissions that can had through reduced travel. As technology improves, that’s been easier to achieve, and to this end we have an in-house videoconferencing suite that has gone a long way toward cutting back on costs.

Development, with Environment-friendly products On the design side, ensuring energy efficiency in IC chips requires a keen focus on reducing voltage, while retaining performance and enabling our signature rich-feature integration within ever-smaller packages. This is not a simple process and demands high levels of skilled engineering, which is why, to this day, we can offer the lowest power-consuming embedded, notebook, and desktop processors in the world. Achieving such high levels of energy efficiency and low heat production also allows us to build smaller, which in turn allows our partners to build smaller systems, providing savings for consumers not only in terms of power requirements but also in disposal costs. For portable systems, such as the new generation of ultra-mobile devices, this also means longer battery life, an essential element of ultra-mobility Other companies cannot achieve this, as their chips consume too much power and emit too much heatOn the manufacturing side, the removal of hazardous substances raises several technical challenges, especially the replacement of lead as a stable solder substance. However, an aggressive approach to the problem, starting five to six years ago, allowed our engineers the time to experiment with effective replacement alloys, so that our processor platforms were effectively manufactured lead-free long before the industry was mandated to do so.

The fact is, lead-free components and manufacturing processes can be completely safe and reliable. VIA, and other companies who have been lead-free for a while, are in a good position, because we have already worked through the transition problems. Everyone else is just going through it now, which is why we’re hearing so much about it .Not all lead-free soldering is the same. Some alloys are better than others, and some temperatures work better than others. For many companies, there will be an element of trial and error in discovering what works best for them. Certainly, we’ve seen real advances in the last few years with some electronics manufacturers offering lead-free soldering that rivals their leaded counterparts in reliability. We feel comfortable that criticism will die away as companies progress through the transition, and this is being borne out already by the European Union’s removal of several of the exemptions to the RoHS directive.

VIA’s green-initiative progress in future the need of the hour: VIA will continue to innovate in the x86 platform space and push forward with more power-efficient, smaller-form-factor components. Since it’s not just businesses that should be aware of the impact of their computing activity; this includes taking our green- computing message into new settings and product areas. So, for example, we’ll be attending the Green California School Summit in Pasadena, California, in December to showcase low-power client-servers and ultra- mobile devices for the education market, and there will be other events that help get the message across.

Investing: Green technology has big growth potential

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Taking advantage of greatly reduced stock prices is a tricky business. One strategy is to find an investment area so certain to grow that it will be around long after market traumas subside. Green investing, which offers the added potential that innovative companies will get snapped up by bigger firms, could be one of those areas. Buying stocks of firms that play a significant role in the environment and energy conservation can be highly speculative, as indicated by the beatings so many have taken this year. When it comes to the green technology sector, there's California and then there is everyone else. The state has managed to reduce per capita greenhouse gas emissions even as its economy and population have grown Green technology investments lead third-quarter venture funding In a sign that green technology investing is bouncing back, The technology industry is always looking for the next new thing, and that's helping drive the latest hiring push. Such initiatives as green technology and "cloud computing" could even fuel an overall economic comeback, technology analysts say. "After three long years of putting off technology investments, companies inevitably want to take advantage of the new technology that's available," said John A. Challenger, chief executive of outplacement consultant The technology industry is always looking for the next new thing, and that's helping drive the latest hiring push. Such initiatives as green technology and "cloud computing" could even fuel an overall economic comeback, technology analysts say. Investing: Green technology has big growth potential. However, scientists are working on other aspects of the problem as well, testing building materials and studying chemical processes to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances. Nanotechnology is also being used in an attempt to manipulate materials at the nanometer scale; scientists are hoping it can transform manufacturing on a global level, from government purchasing to a technological revolution The huge amount of computing manufactured worldwide has a direct impact on environment issues, and scientists are conducting numerous studies in order to reduce the negative impact of computing technology on our natural resources. Companies are addressing e-waste by offering take-back recycling programs and other solutions, with lower energy consumption and less wasted hardware. A central point of research is testing and applying alternative non hazardous materials in the products’ manufacturing process. Although the use cases for green computing are diverse, one method is that is being tested is green data centres.

VIA Technologies Green Computing VIA Technologies, a Taiwanese company that manufactures motherboard chipsets, CPUs, and other computer hardware, introduced its initiative for “green computing” in 2001. With this green vision, the company has been focusing on power efficiency throughout the design and manufacturing process of its products. Its environmentally friendly products are manufactured using a range of clean-computing strategies, and December to showcase low-power client-servers and ultra-mobile devices for the education market, and there will be other events that help get the message across. We’ll also continue to work closely with organizations and companies involved with renewable energies in an effort to develop more sustainable computing platforms. At VIA, we believe that the computing device you’ll be using in the future will be very different from the one you’re using today. Devices are using less and less power at the same time as renewable energy is getting more and more portable and effective. The materials computers are made from are becoming less hazardous. At the end of the road will be a computer that not only connects us to the world through information technology using renewable energy, but is also constructed through a cycle of manufacturing that doesn’t hurt us or future generations. How long that road is isn’t clear at the moment, but VIA intends to continue to lead the way forward through its green-computing initiative.

Environmental & Global Sustainability Issues The rise of technological advancements and industrialization not only gave rise to our modern civilization, but it also gave rise to a wide range of environmental issues and global challenges. Environmental issues have become a common concern for people around the globe. The growth of factories and businesses has contributed to wide-ranging environmental damages, especially in the past few decades, and has affected the health, ecological balance, and climatic conditions all over the globe. Modern technology has been progressing at exponential rates, making mass production of goods as fast as possible. With rapid expansion of businesses came exploitation and depletion of Earth’s resources and minerals, as well as degradation of the environment.

Green initiatives and sustainable investment Industrialization did not happen overnight. It started with the industrial revolution in the 1700’s in Europe, and quickly spread all over the world. During this time, the world went through a rapid transformation, when people started using power machinery for building, manufacturing, and harvesting. These machines needed fuel to run, and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas became the primary source of energy. The global warming and the environmental impacts that we are experiencing today are in part due to the rapid industrialization around the globe that increased the amount of carbon, and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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With rise in carbon and other greenhouse gases, the global temperature started to rise, causing severe changes in weather patterns, water currents of the ocean, and wind patterns around the globe. As a consequence, we have been experiencing extreme weather, record heat, droughts, devastating hurricanes, and tsunamis in the coastal areaEspecially in the urban areas, the negative impacts of rapid industrialization were clearly evident. Diseases like cholera, typhoid, and other water and air-borne diseases quickly broke out. Unhealthy living conditions and overcrowding of population in many cities of America threatened public healthPeople slowly started realizing the importance of sustainable investment and preservation of natural resources; economic development of human civilization would only go so far without harming the human health and many dangerous risks.

Healthy sustainable food Food grown locally by farmers using organic methods organic methods (without the use of chemicals, GMO’s, or synthetic fertilizers) is the right choice for food production. It is safer for the environment, ecology, and people’s health. Growing your own food is even better because you are able to control the amount of chemicals you use for pest control measures, as well as regulate the use of antibiotics, and fertilizers. The less processed and imported food you eat, the better it is for your health and the environment. It’s important to first avoid food waste, but also use any leftover or inedible food to make organic fertilizer (compost) for your garden.

Sustainable communities Most Americans live in cities or the surrounding areas; people living in metropolitan areas account for over 80% of the US population. The choices we make while we are living in cities greatly impact the global economy, environment, and personal well-being. The bright side of living in a city is that it creates efficiency of energy uses, and reduces the per person energy and resource use, and reducing energy waste and pollution. By making our communities more energy efficient, we can save money, protect natural resources, and improve our quality of life.

Clean water-Clean water availability is going to be a major health issue around the globe, as the world population increases. The need for safe clean drinking water is likely to double in the next decade, where the world population is expected to exceed nine billion. When water runs off our roofs and streets, it gets contaminated with disease causing toxic chemicals, dirt, and germs along the way. Many of our water resources can also become contaminated with pollutants if proper protection and conservation measures are not taken. Unprotected water resources can become vulnerable to pollution from industrial waste, factories, power plants, and other human activities, leading to drinking water shortages and diseases around the globe. Protect and conserve water as much as possible, reducing pollution, and water waste.

Environment and health The environment that we live in has a profound effect on our health and well-being. No matter how advanced we get technologically, if we fail to keep the environment clean, our progress and development will not be positive development. All things that surround us can affect our health; our drinking water, the air we breathe in, the soil we walk on, and the food that we eat, all have a profound effect on our health, and how we will progress into the future. Environmental health and environmental protection are very much related. If we do not protect our environment, we cannot expect to benefit from it, and we cannot expect our environment to protect us. The problems we are facing today around the globe, with climatic changes, changes to ecosystems, and global warming, are all consequences of our actions. What we do today and how we use our resources today can impact the globe in the future. We can all join forces now and reduce or even reverse the negative impacts on the globe, if we act now. Please join us in our battle against pollution. We are all able to do our part in preserving our earth, by using less water, reducing food and water waste, reducing pollution, using less energy, and using more sustainable products in our daily activities. It just takes a conscious decision to make a shift towards greener products and services, and adopting habits that conserve natural resources, and protects the environment that we are living in. There was never a better time

The world of computers, green computing is becoming one of the most popular trends. But, what exactly is green computing The term “green computing" is one that is coming out in many different markets and areas all over the world in today's global technology. Yet, many computer users out there aren't sure what it means. Green computing is actually pretty easy to explain and to do – it is basically learning to use computer resources more efficiently to help the environment as well as energy savings. The main goal of a green computing program is to help the triple bottom line, which is an expanded spectrum of settings for measuring organizational success, and is extremely similar to green chemistry, which reduces the use of energy and materials that harm the environment. Green computing helps to promote the usage of biodegradable products and recycle computer components whenever possible. The term green computing began to be used around this same time as well, and began to become a goal that more companies strive to meet over the years.

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There are several government agencies that have continued to help strive for better standards for computers and companies to help promote green computing. Energy star was actually revised in October of 2006 to make the requirements more strict for computers, and also implemented a ranking system for products. Because of these new requirements, there are over 20 states that have now established a special recycling program for old computers and electronics to help with green computing Green computing started as early as 1992, when the EPA created Energy Star, which is a voluntary labelling program that promotes energy efficient computing equipment and technologies. It was because of this program that many computer manufacturers launched sleep mode and millions of computer users around the world began to adopt this policy to help save energy when they were not using their computers. The term green computing began to be used around this same time as well, and began to become a goal that more companies strive to meet over the years better for new computers to help both the companies and the end user of the equipment – as well These four pathways focus on various activities such as:

Power Management - This feature means conservation of power used by all electrical appliances. Many appliances now come with a power saving/management feature as well. Devices with this feature automatically turn off the power or switch the appliance to a low power state when not being used.

Energy Efficient Computing - Computers have a fan / heater-like component inside them. The energy waste of computers is increasing by the day. Unfortunately, not many people are aware of this. Energy waste is leading to a climatic change from burning coal and oil. Learn how to buy an energy-efficient computer.

Remediation of Environmental Pollutants - This deals with reducing and removing pollution or contaminants from groundwater, soil, surface water, or sediments.

Server Virtualization - This is popularly known as VPS and is commonly used to split the server. The idea is to use one server which connects to many individual computers. This development has been seen in software, technology, and other types of architecture virtualization.

Sewage Treatment - This wastewater treatment involves removing of contaminants from waste water and sewage. Various chemical and biological processes are used to remove chemicals and other contaminants.

Efficient Disposal/Waste Management - This is the collection, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste materials.

Efficient Recycling - Reusing products is much better than letting them stay in landfills.

Regulatory Compliance - A strategy must be designed by governments, which would offer rules for curbing waste management, reducing pollution, and stringent penalties for non compliance.

Recycling and Water Purification - This is the process of removing all unneeded materials and contaminants from water. The water is then used for drinking or fulfilling specific requirements for medical, chemical and other uses.

Green Metrics and Methodology - It is important to quantify sustainability and environmental performance to help reach our goals.

Renewable Resources - Use of renewable sources of energy such as solar power and wind to serve purposes like heating, cooking, etc.

Eco-Labelling of IT Products - More companies should design their products so they receive the eco-label. Consumers must check for the eco-label before investing their resources in a particular IT product.

Thin Client Solutions - Thin client is also known as a lean client solution, and requires computers to depend on another computer or server to function

Conclusion Going Green at Work-Organizations all over the world are beginning to understand their corporate social responsibility toward the environment. Most companies now believe in conserving energy and power and using environmentally friendly products that help in reducing their carbon footprint. In fact, in many organizations, the need for green computing is put at the top of the agenda. Nowadays, it is imperative for all sized

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 48 organizations to implement aspects of green computing in their daily workings. Organizations must follow these simple steps for creating the green computing awareness in their workplaces Announcing green intentions to all employees Setting up a committee to form a green IT plan. Centralization of all desktops Using efficient computer applications Power management tactics. Business performance enhancement.

The most common actions organizations have undertaken are:

Virtualization: Virtualization is the consolidation of servers and systems to reduce power consumption and energy utilization. It leads to usage of more than one system on a single piece of physical hardware. This allows for minimum power consumption and maximum cooling Power Saving: Industry standards like ACPI design and manufacture computer components in such a way that they result in power controlling and saving.

Telecommuting: Employees working from home reduce the fuel emission created during commuting by vehicles. Moreover, there is reduction in overhead costs on utilities, etc. All of these initiatives result in increased power and energy savings VoIP: VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol and results in less telephone wiring and lower costs.

Wrap Up and the Future Green computing is extremely popular. It is not only seen as an organizational responsibility but is also the responsibility that must be undertaken by all computer users. Home computer owners must also resort to green computing practices to make the environment more sustainable. Future trends are also using computers and Living Machines such as the one developed by Worrell Water Technologies, where entire buildings and even municipalities can recycle wastewater for continuous use - all controlled by specially designed computers with a goal toward saving on another precious resource Companies are addressing e-waste by offering take-back recycling programs and other solutions, with lower energy consumption and less wasted hardware. A central point of research is testing and applying alternative non hazardous materials in the products’ manufacturing process. Although the use cases for green computing are diverse, one method is that is being tested is green data centres.

References: [1]. Worrell Water Technologies - How Living Machines Work [2]. Image Credits: [3]. Green Planet / Wikimedia Commons / Chrisbabi / C.C. 3.0 License [4]. Planet Green Logo / Wikimedia Commons / Msw1002 / Public Domain [5]. Screenshot of Living Machines used by permission from Worrell Water Technologies [6]. Green Computing - Microsoft Research - The Architecture Journal

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INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) - LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES

Dr. NCH. Varadaraju | LIS Consultant, Former Documentation Officer, SRC Hyderabad | [email protected]

Abstract There are variety of platforms available to provide ICT based library and information services these include mainly computer based traditional services such as OPAC, CAS, reference etc, later with advent of technology and Web 2.0 the LIS services provided to users by different ways such as through Social Networking Sites(SNSs), Mobile phones, Internet of Technologies (IoT)and cloud computing services. The services providing by these modes to the users are effective and efficient. In modern era libraries are adopting these services to users without wasting their time.

Keyword : ICT, SNSs, Mobiles, IoT, Cloud computing Services

Introduction Traditional library housekeeping methods such as acquisition classification cataloguing, circulation, reference services, bibliographical services etc are now carried by using ICT technologies. ICT’s has tremendously changed the management of library resources or House Keeping Operations as well as the way services are delivered to users. The activities which were carried out manually are being carried out effectively and smoothly with the help of ICT in such a way that library readers can get desired information and services effectively in shortest time with less man power involvement.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are electronic technologies used for information storage and retrieval. As quoted by Dar, Tajamul Husain and others (2017) ALA defines the application of computers and other technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. The computers are used to process and store data, while telecommunications technology provides information communication tools, which make it possible for users to access databases and link them other computer networks at different locations." IT and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are used somewhat interchangeably. Users can have access to a variety of information and digital archives of libraries from any corner, as well as can get update activities of libraries by the SMS on their mobile phones. It also helps to users to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate with other users more easily than ever; it can made possible by the emergence of library 2.0. The significant developments in ICT have forever changed the way of information gathering, processing and disseminating.

In modern era Library and Information services are being provided by Network based environment i.e from LAN and WAN then to web OPAC later web 2.0 technology emerged then LIS services are being provided through mobiles, Social Networking sites , cloud services and Internet of Things.

ICT based Library and Information services. Library automation was the first major step towards the use of ICT based products &services in libraries. The libraries started for automation in middle 1950’s, some open source software available in the market such as Koha, New GenLib, My Library, SOUL, LibSys etc. Automation can be used in the organization of all library databases (Database creation, Database Indexing.) and all housekeeping operations of library (Classification, Cataloguing, and Circulation). As quoted by Chauhan, Buddhi Prakash(2004) ICT based library services such as OPAC, CAS, Reference services, Bibliographical service etc are being provided to users at their desktops.

Online Public Catalogue Service: OPAC provides access to the catalogue through a computer terminal. OPAC allows searching the entire catalogue online, OPAC even shows the current status of a book and availability of book. It also display catalogue records in a variety of formats such as AACR2, MARC etc, and the records can be displayed in a desired order.

An OPAC terminal should be equipped with search software, which is usually part of integrated library management systems such as LibSys, EasyLib, NewGenLib, SOUL, etc. Some integrated library management packages even use

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OPAC for other user services like reservation, membership enquiry and registration, interlibrary loans etc. OPAC can be accessible from a remote computer, using a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) An internet enabled OPAC is called Web OPAC. it is also possible to provide access from anywhere in the world via Internet Web OPAC can be searched using any common browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.

Reference service: Libraries can provide ICT based reference services such as Email, subject gateways, FAQs, and electronic libraries and interactive tools like chat rooms, virtual reference desk etc these services replaced the conventional means of post, phone or in-person reference enquiries. The reference librarian either provides an answer, links to resources or link to a subject expert.

Current Awareness Service: Libraries compile current awareness bulletins using predefined search strategy and running on the database either on CDROM or online periodically and getting the desired output. Table of contents of most journals are available free from the publishers’ sites. Some publishers even offer free email update of table of contents. A large number of electronic publishing sites or portals now offer current information via email to registered users.

Bibliographic Service: Databases in electronic form on CDROM or online, offers convenient, efficient and cost effective information retrieval. Electronic databases also provide unique search features such as searching on multiple criteria (key-word, subject, author, source, classification code, year of publication, language etc.), and variety of display formats & styles. Web based services facilitate full text searches and link to full text of the documents.

Electronic Journals and E Books: E journals can be accessed via internet from any web enabled PC. Depending on the type of subscription, one or more users can access the service simultaneously, either directly from an independent web enabled PC or in a local area network through a proxy server (IP addresses based access). Electronic journals also offer benefit of full text searching and downloading of articles. As quoted by Chauhan, Buddhi Prakash (2004) Many publishers of electronic journals offer their journals through consortia of libraries at much lower rates. INDEST (Indian Digital Library of Engineering, Science and Technology), and INFLIBNET etc are such consortia operating in India. Access to articles in electronic journals can also be made through aggregator services which offer searchable databases of contents of e-journals from several publishers, and links to journal site for full text. Emerald, OCLC and J-Gate are some of the example of e-journal aggregator services.

E-Books: E-Book has been described as a text analogous to a book that is in digital form to be displayed on a computer screen. E-book offer advantages like portability, 24 hours access, text search, annotation, linking, and multimedia and self-publishing possibilities.

Digital Library A digital library is a library in which all collections of a library are stored in digital formats, and anyone can access to this collections without any barrier. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a highly organized collection of electronic resources. The main benefit of digital library is the ability to provide 24-hour, remote access to high-demand or restricted materials for multiple concurrent users.

Institutional Repository (IR) It is a web-based database (repository) of any institute’s scholarly materials. An IR may include published works it may include pre prints, theses & dissertations, images, data sets, working papers, course materials, or anything else a contributor deposits. The main task of institutional repository is to collect the scholarly materials to store and disseminate in digital format for widely used. D space and Greenstone are leading open source digital library management soft wares.

Union catalogues Libraries can access catalogues of thousands of libraries across the world using Internet. Developments in digital library and internet technologies have made it possible to automatically update the catalogue records from member library systems, distributed searches using a single user interface. As quoted by Chauhan, Biddhi Prakash(2004) Red

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Light Green. (http://www.redlightgreen.com/ ) is one of the world’s largest web based union catalogues. In India, bodies like INFLIBNET, DELNET are also developing union catalogues of books, serials and theses.

Document delivery services. Document Delivery Service (DDS) is actually concerned with the supply of documents to the users on demand, either in original or its copy in print or non-print form, irrespective of the location and form of the original. In United Kingdom, The British Library’s British Library Document Supply Centre ( BLDSC) is the most widely known and the most widely used DDS in the world today.

The N-LIST project an off-shoot of UGC – INFONET and another national library network operating in India, the DELNET has also been extending the DDS to the member libraries to promote the use of e-resources and p- resources particularly among the professional institutions and colleges. INFLIBNET Centre also providing document delivery service via J-gate. The universities are provided with a link to the Document Delivery Service Portal, J-Gate@UGC INFONET (http://igateplus.com) and also the search interface for directly using from library website to request research articles from other universities. Users from the universities can send requests that are not available in their own library, directly via the internet for articles found in J-gate portal. J-Gate@UGC-INFONET (http://jgateplus.com) provides articles from the journals not subscribed to by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium by including the exclusive journals subscribed by 22 (university libraries) designated as document supply centers by INFLIBNET. These identified document supply centers by INFLIBNET are responsible for supplying journal articles to all other universities. Some of the commercial document delivery services are Ingenta (http://www.ingenta.com/), and BioMedNet, OCLC (www.oclc.org/) and Science Direct (http://www.scienceDirect.com).

Customer Relations Earlier Customer services and user training in libraries taken place in the form of interaction such as meetings, suggestion box, surveys and interviews etc, new communications technologies such as email, web forms, bulletins boards, discussion forums and listserv are fast replaced the earlier ones. LIS customer relations can be provided by use of technology like virtual library tours, making interactive library maps and floor plan available on the library web site. Conventional user education programmes can be supplemented with web based instructions and guides for use of resources.

LIS services through Social Networking Sites With advent of recent trends in technology, at present Library and Information services are being provided through social networking sites, mobile phones, Internet of Things and cloud computing etc. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, and interests with people in their network across political economical and geographical borders. Social networking services helps in developing library resources, connecting staff with users, searching library catalogues and other online resources, providing user education, creating awareness of library resources, connecting with other librarians and library staff, getting feedback on library and its’ services, etc.

Major Social networking sites (SNSs) used in Library Services: Social networking used as complimentary tool to traditional services. In a survey by Oosman, Aalia and others (2014) found that the main social media channels currently used to promote library resources are face book ,Twitter, blogs etc. The following are major SNSs used in libraries. a)Face book: Mazman, S.G. & Usluel, Y.K(2010), Face book members can share photos, send and receive messages, chat, tag themselves or others in photos, join groups, create new groups, share new ideas in group discussions, add applications and play games, distribute library news and information. It is more social and less formal than Twitter. Libraries can arrange events including tracking RSVPs and sending event updates, engagement with students. b) YouTube: It is a video-sharing website where in one can make available the content including teaching video clips, TV clips, music videos, and also seminar presentations. Education related videos and library related videos like how to search books, OPAC, e-resources, repositories, etc. (i.e Information literacy skills and how to use library services and resources) c) LinkedIn: It is a great way to get posting and finding on jobs, sharing experience and answering questions. It’s one of the best locations to connect with current and past co-workers and potentially future employers for professionals to get library patrons connected with the people who can help them find information. d) Twitter: Users of the libraries can utilize this platform to type in short messages or status update and also to keep staff and patrons updated on daily activities, like frequently updated collections, distribute library news and

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Other Networking Sites used in Libraries There are other social networking sites which would help to provide different library services; they are aNobii, Pinterest, Instagram, Flickr, Library Thing. As quoted by Deepthi and others( 2017), aNobii: It helps to share reviews and recommendations on book and also to inform due date alerts and lending services; by creating a blog, any information can be disseminated, Pinterest: It is a web and mobile application that operates a photo sharing website. Promote general library collections, digital and archive special collections and information literacy. Set up of online repositories for students to pin researched references as part of collaborative group work display book titles to save time browsing and promote new titles provide an arena for students and course leaders to pin reviewed and recommended reading for a particular topic. Instagram: It is an online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service that enables its users to take pictures and videos, and share them either publicly or privately on the app, as well as through a variety of other social networking platforms. Flicker : It shares new image collections and can create image sets with metadata. Librarians can use this tool to share and distribute new images of library collections, cover page of new arrivals of both books and journals can be disseminated to users via Flicker. Library Thing: A tool that enriches the library OPAC. Once an account is created, a list of books with ISBNs is sent to Library Thing which sends back a piece of code which is pasted into the footer of the Library OPAC. Librarians can utilize this to send a list of current publications to users.

Library and Information Services by Mobile phones Users can access wide variety of information sources available in the library from any place and at any time with smart mobile phone more over many users use resources at a time and can give feedback related to library services. A library may reach the remote users effectively by adopting of mobile technology in its services. With a simple 3G connection, a user lying on a beach can access e-books and multimedia content from a local library. Mobile based library services require some basic things. As quoted Verma, ManojKumar and Verma, Nitish Kumar (2014) these things include digital library, integrated library automation and management software with mobile interface, website with mobile view, trained staff and sources for creating of mobile website and mobile applications. Libraries today are covering most of the technologies given by mobile industry like PDA's, Blackberry, iPod, Cell phones, UM PC's (Ultra Mobile PC) and mobilizing library contents in a portable form suit able for small screen and delivering short services in the form of contents/information with device's multiple searching features. There are many websites offers design and development of mobile applications based on different platforms such as iOS, Andorid,HTML5 and OS X. Librarians easily create mobile applications for their library services which include facilities like OPAC, reservations, notifications feedback, access to digital library etc. There are many websites available on internet which offers to create mobile applications.

Mobile based Library and information services Text alerts, SMS reference, library website for mobile and mobile OPAC are the major services which easily may provide to library users. Libraries are providing access to their OPACs via mobile optimized websites.

SMS/Texting (Alert Services) Existing e-mail alert services like bringing new books to the notice of users for suggestion, intimation of arrival of indented documents by users, informing availability of reserved documents for collection, appraising about which/when books are overdue, library circulars, e-journals subscribed, change in timings, information about important events, etc., can be upgraded by sending through SMS/text alert services to meet the information needs of ‘netgens’. Such alert notifications can be generated automatically using integrated library management system/software. SMS messages can be sent to group of users simultaneously through many free applications, and intermediary websites/clients.

Mobile Online Public Access Catalogue Libraries are providing access to their OPACs via mobile optimized websites.The users can just enter search terms and see results that are designed specifically for mobile viewing. This service includes OPAC (online public access catalogue), integrated search, and original document search. Nalluri ,Srinivasa Rao and Gaddam

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Brahmaiah(2016)The New York Public Library Mobile Beta site supports a mobile OPAC and allows users to browse library locations and hours (see http://m.nypl.org/).

Data bases/ E resources: Mobile technology offers access to a variety of databases and digital resources such as e- Books, e- Journals, Web databases, dissertations, audio books, streaming music, films, images and article databases which can be used on mobile. These collections can either be downloaded from the library websites on user's own mobile devices or libraries lend mobile devices with the collections already on them. A large collection of audio books both free-and subscription based services are available for download and also transferable to mobile devices. As quoted by Sharma , Dhara and Sahoo, Dipti Ranjan (2014)Duke University has created a free iPhone application called Duke Mobile, containing a wealth of information on digital library resources, including extensive access to the library’s digital photo archive and other collections (see http://itunes.apple.com/app/dukemobile/id306796270?mt=8). As quoted by Malathy S. and Kantha P (2013)Publishers like IEEE Xplore, Elsevier’s Science Direct, Pub Med, EBSCO host, Encyclopedia Britannica, American Institute of Physics i Research iPhone application, etc., are already offering their databases for mobile devices. The nature.com app from Nature Publishing Group is providing access to read full-text articles, view full-size figures and save references. Libraries can offer their digital collections (institutional repositories and in-house databases) on mobiles phones that can be accessed remotely. Libraries can make use of multimedia messaging service (MMS) on mobile devices to share photos, videos, and audio. Most of the e-book publishers provide 24x7 access to the library subscriptions from any internet terminal within the campus, as well on mobile devices, such as iPads, Android devices, and Kindle.

Reference service: Librarians can provide instant answers, and links to articles/references in real time through mobiles. As quoted by Malathy S. and Kantha P ( 2013) Libraries’ may subscribe to fee-based tools like Text a Librarian, Library Help, My Info quest, and Shout bomb. These tools offer mobile customers all of the benefits of virtual reference services without being tied to a website. Librarians can provide instant answers, and links to articles/references in real time. As quoted by Nalluri , Srinivasa Rao and Gaddam Brahmaiah (2016)Some libraries are offering “text a librarian” services ideal for simple questions that can be answered with a brief response (watch http://www.library.yale.edu/science/textmsg.html) for more information visit M-Libraries, Library Success: A Best Practice Wiki (http://libsuccess.org/index,php/title=M-libraries).

My library: It is a personal library space where users can find information and resources of their choosing. Users can read alerts, check records, renew resources, request items, track interlibrary loans and document delivery requests, set up email notices of new books and journal articles, set up preferences for catalogue searching, etc.

Mobile library instruction: Some libraries are offering library instructional materials and resources via mobile platforms. A series of short audio files can be created describing the library, how to get reference assistance, and library workshops As quoted by Sharma , Dhara and Sahoo, Dipti Ranjan (2014) East Carolina University’s “Research First Aid” is a series of podcasts for library researchers on the go (watch http://www.ecu.edu/csdhs/laupuslibrary/researchfirstaid.cfm). As quoted by Yee, Annie (2012) Tours at the Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University were very popular. When Staffing resources are limited in library , the use of iPods and MP3 players can provide an audio tour of the library is good for users. In addition to distributing MP3 players for audio tour, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University also offers options for visitors to access recordings of exhibits on their mobile phones. This service allowed visitors to explore their own pace and interest without straining staff.

Internet of Things ( IoT) - library and information services Internet of Things (Io T) is a fast growing, user friendly technology which allows everything to be connected together and also allows effective communication between the connected ‘ Things’. These ‘Things’ can include any object ranging from a small pen to a big car. IoT would be the next big thing after Internet, which is going to bring in plethora of changes to the library arena particularly the way library connects and communicates with its patrons. IoT uses a set of technologies to connect to objects. As quoted Pujar,Shamprasad and Satyanarayana K V (2015) First is identification. Owing to billions of devices that will be connecting to the Internet, each one requires a unique identification. Next, devices need to sense, which is possible by putting sensors that measure various aspects of an object. Then object needs to have the ability to communicate, which could be Internet or other similar objects.

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Lastly, they require central server where data from all these objects will be collected for analysis and allow user to control. The basic set of technologies associated to enable IoT to happen, include RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device), wireless communication devices (such as Beacons), sensors, energy harvesting technologies, cloud computing and advanced Internet protocol (IPv6). As quoted by Pujar Shamprasad and Satyanarayana K V(2015) Some of the potential areas for implementation of IoT in libraries include the following.

Access to library and its resources Libraries, using/providing a mobile app, When a user accesses the library catalogue to locate the required resource/s, the library app stored on his or her mobile, will provide a map of the library guiding user to the location of resource/s. It can also provide additional information about a resource by connecting to a site such as Amazon, so that user has detailed information about a resource, before he/she borrows it.

Collection management The IoT will be able to tell users about overdue books and how much fine they owe to the library, to enable them return the overdue books and pay the fine online without needing to stand in a queue in the library circulation desk.. IoT will also help in better inventory management (stock verification) as it will be easy to locate misplaced books

Information literacy IoT may help libraries in providing self guided virtual tour of the library. Libraries having setup beacons like wireless devices at various sections of the library, when users visit the particular section, their mobile phone will play a video or audio explaining more about that section and how one can get maximum benefit out of it..

Recommendation service IoT can use patron’s data to suggest tailored recommendations, using real time data, based on the history of their borrowings. When a researcher searching a database for resources on topic of his or her research, it will be possible to suggest other resources, which would be of interest to them. Even when a user, while visiting library next time or is he or she is close to the library, IoT would be able to inform the user about new arrivals in his or her area of work or about availability of borrowed book, which he or she was looking for during his/her earlier visit

Location based services IoT would help libraries in providing location based services. If a user having created his favorite list in library catalogue using his or her account from home or office, walking in to the library with IoT enabled mobile device, would be able to get directions for stacks, where favorite books have been shelved and also would be able to help him or her to know interesting titles available on the topic and status of checked out books. It may also enable libraries to provide status of availability of reading rooms, discussion rooms, printers, scanners, computers etc, by displaying the peak and non peak hours of their usage on library website or users can check it using their library mobile app.

Appliances management IoT may help libraries and their users in better management of available appliances thus saving the energy costs. Imagine, a user walking into library, using a cubicle or reading table using their IoT enabled mobile phones would be able to control the lighting, air conditioning, Wi-Fi etc.

Cloud Computing and Library and Information services Cloud computing has become a new buzzword in the field of libraries, which is blessing in disguise to run different ICT services without much of a problem as third-party services will manage servers and undertake upgrades and take backup of data. Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications, Stroh,S and others (2009) “Cloud computing is nothing more than the collection of computing software and services that can be accessed via the Internet rather than residing on a desktop or internal server”. Wang & Huang, (2011) Usually “cloud services are based on the Internet which are accessed, transported & used over the Internet in user`s web browsers”

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Nowadays libraries are using cloud computing technology for enhancing the services by adding more values, attracting the users and cost effectiveness. Cloud Computing can help to develop digital libraries, corporate cataloging, acquisition, storages and sharing the resources on virtual environment on the web. On utilizing cloud computing to deliver library resources, services and expertise to users to their fullest satisfaction at their pace, libraries can be liberated from managing technology and can focus on collection building and other innovative services. Libraries can utilize cloud computing services such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS in a number of areas such as library automation, website hosting, digital library services, search services, Storage, Integrated Library System (ILS), Inter Library Loan system etc. There are many cloud service providers such as Ex Libris, Dura cloud and Polaris Library System in the market which can provide these types of services.

Application of Cloud computing in Library and Information Services: Cloud computing can be used /applied in the following Library and Information Services a)Building Digital Library/Repositories b) Searching Library Data c )Website Hosting d) File Storage e) Library Automation f) Search services.

Building Digital Library/Repositories: As quoted by Adarsh N Gokul and Dr. Ambil K.S Dura cloud is an open source platform developed by Dura space. Dura cloud provides complete solutions for developing digital libraries/ repositories with standard interfaces and open source codes for the both software. Dura Cloud enables digital preservation, data access, transformation and data sharing. It helps to move copies of content of any shape or size into the cloud and store them with several different providers and offers compute services

Searching Library Data: As quoted by Kaushik, A. & Kumar, A. (2013), OCLC World Cat service is one of the popular service for searching library data, now is available on the cloud. OCLC is offering various services pertain to circulation, cataloguing, acquisition and other library related services on cloud platform through the web share management system. Web share management system facilitates to develop an open and collaborative platform in which each library can share their resources, services, ideas and problems with the library community on the clouds. Ex libris is a group providing library automation solutions it offers comprehensive product suite for management and distribution of all materials of print, electronic and digital. It consolidates and extends library's operations with a unified, SaaS platform for electronic, print and digital resources. It supports the entire suite of library operations -selection, acquisition, metadata management, digitization, and fulfillment-for the full spectrum of library materials, regardless of format or location.

Website Hosting Website hosting is one of the earliest adoptions of cloud computing as many organizations including libraries preferred to host their websites on third party service providers rather than hosting and maintaining their own servers. due to dearth of required technical manpower to maintain the servers. Google Sites serves as an example of a service for hosting websites outside of the library's servers and allowing for multiple editors to access the site from varied locations.

File storage : Cloud computing makes possible the uploading and downloading of information from anywhere anytime by offering no maintenance, no-cost storage space. As quoted by Adarsh N Gokul and Ambili,KS cloud computing present number of services such as Flicker, Sky Drive, Dropbox24, Google Drive25, Microsoft OneDrive26, Amazon Cloud Drive30 and other initiatives offer storage space on the cloud to enable organizations and individuals to store and share their documents, sync across multiple devices, and enable to work collaboratively on the web irrespective of their geographical location. Microsoft One Drive and Google Drive offer 15 GB each. These services virtually share the files on the web and provide access to anywhere and anytime without any special software and hardware. Drop box and Spider oak offer 2 GB each free space to store and share documents, photos and videos online. Libraries may take advantage of this offer in order to undertake collaborative activities with other libraries.

Library Automation At present automation in most of the libraries are carried out on local servers by using different types of commercial or open source integrated library management software and managed by internal IT / library staff. For library automation purpose, As quoted by Kaushik, A. & Kumar, A. (2013), Polaris provides

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variant cloud based services such as acquisitions, cataloguing, process system, digital contents and provision for inclusion of cutting edge technologies used in libraries and also supports various standards such as MARC21, XML, Z39.50, Unicode and so on which directly related to library and information science area.

Search Services: Many open source solutions are providing search services, they use context sensitive links to jump from citation in an abstract or indeed database to complete text. Using commercial or open source solutions libraries have already migrated key services such as Open URL providers and federated and pre-indexed search engines on the cloud. As quoted by Adarsh N Gokul and Ambili,KS, For example hosted Ex-Libris SFX Open URL link resolver service, offers libraries to linkup to the subscribed journal full-text articles. Ex Libris' SFX, use Open URL to provide library patrons with context-sensitive links, such as the ability to move quickly from a citation in an abstracting and indexing database to the full text.

Conclusion Application of ICT has added value to the services and libraries are becoming popular among the patrons. With the aid of ICT libraries are actually marching towards achieving the goal of providing pinpointed exhaustive and expeditious information to those who are in need of that information. Keeping in view the importance of social networking site and the need of user community, libraries should develop a comprehensive social networking service usage policy and a proper training to the staff on social networking sites. Since social network sites are quite helpful in providing alert services and also quite helpful in outreach activities, the adoption and usage of social networking services need to be geared up by libraries. Some good examples of successful cloud computing libraries include Dura cloud, OCLC services and Google based cloud services. Nowadays many commercial as well as open sources venders (i.e. OSS) are clubbing the cloud computing technology into their services and products. With cloud computing, library services will have a new leap in future; and it will become more effective, user- centric, sophisticated and more professional. IoT would be the next big thing after Internet, which is going to bring in plethora of changes to the library arena particularly the way library connects and communicates with its patrons. The future of internet depends upon the mobile technology because of the rapid increase of mobile users. It is the golden opportunity for the libraries and other information institutions to rethink and remodel their existing services by adopting mobile technology facilities. There are many tools and techniques through which libraries can easily provide services through mobile technology. Development of websites for Indian libraries for mobile phones leads to prompt information services to the maximum number of users. Librarians should implement mobile technology in their respective organization/institution in order to improve and enhance the library services so that it is available to users at any place and any time. Mobile technology has now come up with “Libraries in hand” trend.

References [1]. Adarsh N Gokul and Ambil K.S .Cloud Computing and its Application in Libraries. [2]. www.liscom.org/.../S%2015%20Cloud%20Computing%20and%20its%20Application [3]. Chauhan, Buddhi Prakash(2004) ICT Enabled Library and Information Services, Winter School on ICT Enabled Library & Information Services. Dec 27-31, 2004. TIET, Patiala [4]. Dar,Tajamul Husain and others( 2017 ) Use of ICT in IIT and IIM Libraries of India. International Journal of Library & Information Science (IJLIS), 6(1),1-18. [5]. Deepthi and others (2017). Use of Online Social Networking Services in University Libraries: A Study of University Libraries of Karnataka, India. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 37(. 4), 249-258 [6]. Kalpatha,N and Giridhar, Akula 2014),information and Communication Technology used in digital Libraries : An Overview. International Journal of Science and Applied Information Technology 3(1), , 33 – 36. Available Online at http://warse.org/pdfs/2014/ijsait06312014.pdf [7]. Kaushik, A. & Kumar, A. (2013).Application of cloud computing in libraries. International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 3(4), 270-273. [8]. Khan, Javed (2016)Impact of Information Communication Technology on Library and Its Services , International Journal of Research – GRANTHAALAYAH, 4 (9), 97-100 [9]. Malathy S. and Kantha P (2013). Application of Mobile Technologies to Libraries. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 33, ( 5 ), 361-366 [10]. Mazman, S.G. & Usluel, Y.K(2010). Modeling educational usage of Facebook. Computers Education, 2010, 55, 444-53 [11]. Oosman, Aalia and others (2014) Use of social media by the library current practices and future opportunities. Oxford, Taylor and Francis. [12]. Pujar, Sham Prasad and Satyanarayana, K V (2015) Internet of Things and libraries. Annals of Library and Information Studies ,62, 186-190. [13]. Sharma , Dhara and Sahoo, Dipti Ranjan (2014).Application of Mobile Technology in Library Services: An Overview. International Journal of Information Technology and Library Science. 3, (1 ) 17-24.

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[14]. Stroh, S. and others (2009). The Cloud is Ready for you, Are you ready for Cloud?, [15]. Retrieved from: www.booz.com/media/file/Cloud_Is_Ready_for_You.pdf [16]. SrinivasaRao Nalluri, and Brahmaiah,Gaddam (2016) Mobile Library Services and Technologies: A Study. International Journal of Research in Library Science, 2(2), 59-66. [17]. Wang, Xiao can Lucy & Huang, Jie (2011). What cloud computing means to libraries & information services. Journal of Library & Information Science, 37(2), 166-174. [18]. Yee, Annie (2012) Mobile technology: academic libraries in Australia and beyond. In Bart Rutherford (Ed.) VALA2012 Proceedings, Melbourne, Australia, 6 - 9 February 2012, 1-18.

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CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS OVER ONLINE FORUM: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NEW MILLENNIUM LIS PROFESSIONALS (NMLIS)

Jacob MS Dawngliana | Research Scholar, Department of Library & Information Science Mizoram University, Aizawl | [email protected]

Dr. Akhandanand Shukla | Assistant Professor, Department of Library & Information Science Mizoram University, Aizawl, [email protected]

Abstract Paper analyses contents of scholarly communications over online forum posted by library professionals during three year period. A total of 7695 scholarly communications collected from the group NMLIS through an online survey. The scholarly communications have been grouped into eight categories of scholarly communications. LIS professional development was the major focus of scholarly communications. The data analyzed in terms of most prolific contributors; the focus of scholarly communications; the extent of file attachments; categorization of file types; and finally top most contributors of job-related information and library-specific information have been identified. Findings and conclusions have been drawn on the basis of analysis of collected and processed data using MS-Excel.

Keywords: Scholarly Communication, Online Forum, Library Professionals, Content Analysis, NMLIS.

Introduction Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals deeply involved in the dissemination of scholarly content available in the various physical forms. By using the Internet and its related technology, LIS professionals share and promote their information resources to the needy persons at their desktop. The communication becomes much faster amongst the fellow professionals. Online forum plays very much significant role in terms of dissemination of professional information as well as sharing of digital information resources. In the modern world, online forums have changed the way of interaction among peers and crossed the limits of geographical boundaries. It is a web-based communication tool that gives opportunities to members to post their views/message as well as react to other's posts. Online forums are popularized by various other names like Discussion Board, Discussion Group, Discussion Forum, and Message Boards etc. It is not the "transfer of information or status messages that are crucial factors, but rather, the opportunity to be part of someone else’s process by reading, commenting, discussing or simply enhancing it" that leads to being part of a "murmuring community" (Ebner et al., 2010; p. 98).

In India, there are numbers of online LIS discussion forums, out of which New Millennium LIS Professionals (NMLIS) group is widely accepted and used by the library professionals among all other online discussion forums. The NMLIS created on 22nd October 1999 by Prof. N. Laxman Rao on Yahoo! The group is sharing the different varieties of knowledge and experience to the members of the group. This is the biggest discussion group in Library & Information Science discipline, in India, in terms of group members (3111) as well as in terms of scholarly communications posted (more than 33269) on the group as on 16.03.2017.

According to White & Marsh (2006) “content analysis is a method which can be used qualitatively or quantitatively for systematically analyzing written, verbal, or visual documentation”. “Content analysis is described as the scientific study of the content of communication. It is the study of the content with reference to the meanings, backgrounds and purposes contained in messages” (Prasad, 2008). Further, Berelson (1952) describes the content analysis as “the researcher quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer, the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversations, advertising, theater, informal conversation, or really any occurrence of communicative language”.

Review of Literature The following existing literature reviewed in the area of research to examine the real status of scholarly communications carried over online platforms:

Shukla & Dawngliana (2017) conducted a study on content analysis of online forum and concluded that professional communication was highly preferred in the forum. They organized the messages into eight different

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 59 categories. Pujar et al. (2014) analyzed messages posting on a prominent LIS electronic discussion forum and found that the average posting of the message is about 1600 per year during the study period, out of which an "announcements" are forming the major posting. Majhi & Maharana (2014), in their study, concluded that library profiles on Facebook would be welcomed by many users and, therefore, should be strongly considered. Gala (2013) concluded that LIS blogosphere has discussing very specific subjects as well as very broad subjects. On an average, the blog content comprised of 30% blog posts and 25% response & comments. Another content analysis study conducted by Jackson-Brown (2013), and found that professional development was a major focus of the blog content during the period of study. Dhanvandan & Tamizhchelvan (2012) analyzed the e-mail discussion forums and highlighted LIS groups available over the Internet and features of the each forum, the number of members, the mode of hosting the messages among LIS forums and found that Library and Information Science forums play an important assistant role for the profession and concluded that LIS forum is a simple and efficient way to communicate with the group members.

Seker & Duzyol (2011) performed a content analysis with 277 posts sent to ACRLog and found that major focus of posts were "technological aspects of LIS", "LIS service activities", "others" (conference announcements, information, and announcements about ACRL, personal ideas and experiences, etc.) and "scientific and professional communication." Tonta & Karabulut (2010), in their study, analyzed the messages sent to KUTUP- L, an electronic discussion list for Turkish librarians. The study indicates that the number of messages posted to KUTUP-L has been increased over the years along with the authors. The result of the study shows that of the entire message posted to the list 40% were off topic as LIS professionals may not wish to waste their valuable time shifting through irrelevant posting. Issues about the Information Management Services were 32% and Information Science with 23% as well as 19% of the total post was related to professional and scientific communication. Moradi & Dokht (2009) conducted a content analysis of the electronic discussion group of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran and found that majority of the messages covers Library and Information Science related information followed by subscription request and congratulations and condolence messages. Moreover, messages related to Library and Information Science confirmed that 25.82% messages were related to news/events about LIS; and 22.90% posts were related to conferences and workshops.

Analysis of librarians' blogs conducted by Aharony (2009) shows that there are fewer posts and posting days, as well as lesser readers' comments, however a larger number of links and tags which are assigned to the posts. During the study, the majority of LIS blogs posting contained both personal and professional postings. The researcher found that blogger desire to write longer and more detailed posts with hypertext links. Deryakulu & Olkun (2007) conducted a content analysis of Computer Teachers' online discussion forum focusing message posted relating to job problems that the Turkish computer teachers experience and the type of social support provided by mutual discussion in an online forum. The study proves that the general problems face by computer teachers are from educational policies and organizational factors such as role conflict, lack of technological infrastructure and technical support. The researcher confirmed that the Turkish computer teachers used an online discussion forum as a social-professional platform for sharing their problems and employing possible solution and providing social support. White et al. (2007) conducted a study on the content of e-mail communicated between patients and their providers and found that majority of the message addressed to a single issue. Further, researchers found that the most common types of the message posted are relating to information updates to the physicians (41.4%). The study reveals that in general, messages were brief, formal and medically relevant; and the content and quality in the majority of e-mails were appropriate.

Bar-Ilan (2007) conducted a study over the use of blogs (Weblogs) by libraries and librarians. The contents of blog posts were characterized using multi-faceted content analysis and findings indicates that blogs have an impact on the activities of information professionals and they are a novel information channel for transferring information both to fellow professionals and to other users of the Web. Librarians use blogs to disseminate professional and general information, while libraries often use blogs for announcements. The studies of discussion by library professionals working with children and young adults in the public library by Edwards (1999) explained that PUBYAC has been and keep on to be an important and reliable source of information for library professionals. The study exposes that the purpose or function of the messages was to answer to an inquiry (32%) or to request ideas (18%).

Scope of the Study This study is confined to the scholarly communications (7695 messages) posted by the group members of New Millennium LIS Professionals (NMLIS) during the three year period from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2016.

Objectives of the Study

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The general objective of the study is to analyze the contents of scholarly communications carried over online forum New Millennium LIS Professionals (NMLIS). Further, the specific objectives of the present study are: a) To know the extent of scholarly communications carried over an online forum. b) To determine the focus of scholarly communications over online forum based on the category of scholarly communications. c) To find out the top five prolific contributors to scholarly communications. d) To assess the extent of file attachments and their category of file types. e) To assess the degree of contribution and most prolific contributor to job posts and library specific scholarly communications over the online forum.

1. Data Collection Methods and Procedures The online survey and observation methods have been applied to conduct the study. The primary data collected from the Yahoo! group New Millennium LIS Professional (NMLIS) using archived records of online conversations carried among registered members of the group. The data have been collected to know the level of involvement, type of their activity and number of scholarly communications (postings) with description. The conversations carried out during the periods of 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2016 have been collected from the archived database; categorized and transcribed appropriately using already defined categories of scholarly communications identified by Shukla & Dawngliana (2017). The study involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods for the description of analysis and result. The MS-Excel has been used for data collection, coding, analysis, and its interpretation during the study.

2. Data Analysis and Interpretation a) Extent of Scholarly Communications

Table 1: Extent of Scholarly Communications Months Extent of Scholarly Total % Communications 2014 2015 2016 January 228 262 235 725 9.42 February 208 233 230 671 8.71 March 184 192 163 539 7.00 April 169 171 214 554 7.19 May 157 155 192 504 6.54 June 187 211 232 630 8.18 July 243 207 227 677 8.79 August 264 222 165 651 8.46 September 187 272 232 691 8.97 October 240 374 148 762 9.90 November 199 282 159 640 8.31 December 186 259 206 651 8.46 Total 2452 2840 2403 7695 100 Average 204.33 236.67 200.25 641.25 8.33

Table 1 display the number of scholarly communications carried over NMLIS forum during three year period. The total 7695 scholarly communications took place during the study period. Year wise and monthly breakups of scholarly communications have been given in table 1. On the observation of table 1, it has been found that the highest number of scholarly communications have been posted during the year 2015 whereas the least communication took place in the year 2016. From the total scholarly communications carried over the study period, it has been an inference that on average 641 communications took place per month whereas the maximum number of communications gone up to 762 in the month of October and the least number of communications gone down to 504 in the month of May. Further, from the table 1, it has been observed that the highest percentage of scholarly communications took place in the month of October (9.9%) followed by January (9.42%) & September (8.97%). The least scholarly communications took place in the month of May (504) that is 6.54% of total scholarly communications during the study period. b) Focus of Scholarly Communications

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Table 2: Extent of Scholarly Communications – Category wise

Months Extent of Categories of Scholarly Communications Scholarly CON FDM JOB GIC LSC GRC OTH OBI Communications January 725 144 17 97 260 157 31 13 6 February 671 103 11 75 293 159 4 22 4 March 539 91 4 62 196 161 8 16 1 April 554 87 7 58 229 124 18 31 0 May 504 84 9 79 173 113 4 39 3 June 630 88 9 79 280 102 3 61 8 July 677 107 4 88 283 132 5 49 9 August 651 136 7 77 251 131 14 32 3 September 691 127 2 136 238 148 5 35 0 October 762 137 4 178 221 175 17 29 1 November 640 125 6 137 175 157 12 22 6 December 651 141 9 91 215 137 21 32 5 Total 7695 1370 89 1157 2814 1696 142 381 46 Percentage 17.8 1.15 15.03 36.56 22.04 1.84 4.95 0.59

Table 2 displays the extent of scholarly communications monthly as well as categorically. There are eight categories of scholarly communications identified by Shukla & Dawngliana (2017). The collected data have been arranged and analyzed according to the above-mentioned categories of scholarly communications. From the observation of table 3, it has been found that 36.56% GIC related communications took place in the group which is the highest amongst all categories followed by LSC (22.04%), CON (17.8%), JOB (15.03%), OTH (4.95%), GRC (1.84%), FDM (1.15%), and OBI (0.59%). In a three year longitudinal period, again FDM related communications are less than GRC whereas 0.59% OBI related communications have been also observed. The categories CON, FDM, JOB, and LSC are directly related to the development of LIS professionals as observed by Shukla & Dawngliana (2017) in their study. In this regard, 56.03% scholarly communications belong to these four (4) core categories (CON, FDM, JOB, and LSC) identified for professional development. Moreover, the categories CON, JOB, and LSC were the major focus of scholarly communications in NMLIS group after excluding GIC that shares 54.87% scholarly communications together.

c) Top Five Most Prolific Contributors to Scholarly Communications Table 3: Top Five Prolific Contributors Months Extent of Top 5 Contributors Contributors (in Code Name with extent of Scholarly Communications) Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5 January 155 NL (159) PJ (144) NLR (138) AMR (69) AL (18) February 131 PJ (204) NLR (139) NL (121) AMR (20) AL (15) March 119 NL (146) PJ (140) NLR (65) AMR (23) AL (16) April 126 PJ (170) NL (106) NLR (80) AMR (19) AL (14) May 101 NL (159) NLR (103) PJ (82) AL (20) LR (11) June 112 PJ (241) NL (119) NLR (104) TLA (9) ATF (8) July 126 PJ (205) NL (147) NLR (124) ASLA (16) AL (15) August 111 PJ (203) NL; NLR (133) AL (18) ASLA (12) GS; PJP (4) September 112 PJ (171) NLR (142) NL (122) LIS (100) AL (11) October 119 LIS (155) NL (122) NLR (107) PJ (105) AMR (95) November 106 PJ (164) AMR (138) NL (115) NLR (82) ASLA (8) December 110 PJ (194) NL (138) AMR (90) NLR (77) AL (11)

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Legends: AMR = A Madhava Rao; PJ = Pralhad Jadhav; NL = Naglaxman; NLR = Prof. N. Laxman Rao; LR = Laxman Rao; GS = gopalakrishnan shanmugam; TLA = Telangana library Association; ASLA = ASIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION; AL = **@nil**; LIS = LIS Professional; ATF = Dr. A. T. Francis; PJP = Prof Pijushkanti Panigrahi

Table 3 represents the top five most prolific contributors to scholarly communications over online forum during the three year period along with the total extent of contributors monthly. The highest number of contributors observed in the month of January (155) followed by February (131), April (126), and July (126); the least contributors have been observed in the month of May (101). Further, it has been observed that same contributor is repeating in other months and repeatedly coming in the list of top 5 contributors. Moreover, the extent of scholarly communications mentioned with the contributor's code name which is described below in table 3 in legends section. The original identities of contributors are mentioned in the legends section as such appeared in the NMLIS group communications.

Table 4: Most Prolific Contributors Name of Extent of Percentage Frequency of Contributor(s) Contribution (out of 7695) Contribution (Posts) (in Months) AL 138 1.79 9 AMR 454 5.89 7 ASLA 36 0.46 3 ATF 8 0.10 1 GS 4 0.05 1 LIS 255 3.31 2 LR 11 0.14 1 NL 1587 20.62 12 NLR 1294 16.81 12 PJ 2023 26.28 12 PJP 4 0.05 1 TLA 9 0.11 1 Others (n=1416) 1872 24.32 --- Total (n=1428) 7695 ---

Table 4 is displaying the frequency of contribution (in months) and the extent of scholarly contributions of all month's top 5 contributors with their code name as listed in table 3 during the three year period. From the observation of table 4, as per extent of scholarly contribution, PJ (Pralhad Jadhav) is the topmost prolific contributor amongst all followed by NL (Naglaxman), NLR (Prof. N. Laxman Rao), and AMR (A Madhava Rao). In the longitudinal study, there has been no change observed as per the study conducted by Shukla & Dawngliana (2017) for the year 2016 only. On the observation of frequency of contributor's contribution from the table 4, it has been found that three contributors namely NL, NLR, and PJ have the highest frequency of contribution (in months) i.e. they have contributed every month and observed under top 5 contributors. The founder of the group and contributor Prof. N. Laxman Rao uses three different identities namely LR, NL, and NLR for his scholarly contributions to the group. By combining three different login identities of Prof. N. Laxman Rao, he contributed 2892 scholarly communications which are 37.58% of total communications carried out during the three year study period. Pralhad Jadhav has contributed 2023 scholarly communications and sharing 26.28% of total scholarly communications. Further, A. Madhava Rao (AMR) has contributed 5.89% scholarly communications whereas contributor LIS Professional (LIS) has contributed 3.31%. There were 1428 contributors to the 7695 scholarly communications during three year period, out of which 12 contributors have contributed 75.68% scholarly communications whereas rest of the contributors (1416, 99.15%) have contributed 1872 scholarly communications only which is 24.32% of total contributions. d) Extent of File Attachments & Category of File Types Table 5: Extent of File Attachments Months Extent of Extent of % of Extent Ratio Scholarly Communications (A) out of Files between (A) Communications having File of Total (B) & (B) Attachments (A) January 725 146 20.13 208 1 : 1.42 February 671 97 14.45 165 1 : 1.70

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March 539 82 15.21 118 1 : 1.43 April 554 98 17.68 163 1 : 1.66 May 504 70 13.88 91 1 : 1.30 June 630 83 13.17 118 1 : 1.42 July 677 98 14.47 134 1 : 1.36 August 651 118 18.12 183 1 : 1.55 September 691 110 15.91 140 1 : 1.27 October 762 102 13.38 161 1 : 1.57 November 640 81 12.65 110 1 : 1.35 December 651 110 16.89 157 1 : 1.42 Total 7695 1194 15.51 1748 1 : 1.46

Table 5 show monthly extents of scholarly communications that have file attachments during the period of study, the percentage of communications having file attachments, and extent of files attached. On the observation of table 5, it has been found that 1194 scholarly communications (15.51%) were having file attachments. The highest number of file attachments observed in the month of January (146 scholarly communications) with 208 files; and the least number of file attachment seen in the month of May (70 scholarly communication) with 91 files. The amount (extents) of files is more than the extent of scholarly communications that have file attachments. Furthermore, on an average per month 99.5 scholarly communications observed having file attachments with 145.66 files on an average per month. There are total 1748 files found in 1194 scholarly communications. The ratio between the extent of scholarly communications that have file attachments and extent of files have been calculated monthly; and on an average, for three years scholarly communications, 1 : 1.46 ratio found between both of them. The highest ratio observed for the month of February (1 : 1.7) whereas the least ratio observed for the month of September (1 : 1.27).

Table 6: Extent of File Attachments with File Types Months Extent of Extent File Types File of Attachments Files PDF Image Excel Word PPT Audio Video Others Zip HTML January 146 208 109 52 1 21 0 0 0 24 0 0 February 97 165 78 57 0 19 0 0 0 10 1 0 March 82 118 58 40 0 9 0 0 0 11 0 0 April 98 163 74 66 1 15 0 0 0 8 1 0 May 70 91 39 23 0 10 6 0 0 9 3 1 June 83 118 39 39 0 20 6 0 0 8 3 4 July 98 134 55 50 0 18 0 0 0 11 0 0 August 118 183 67 63 1 41 1 0 0 9 0 1 September 110 140 53 49 1 16 0 0 1 19 1 0 October 101 161 66 64 0 13 0 0 0 15 1 2 November 81 110 36 30 0 13 0 0 0 29 0 0 December 110 157 75 52 0 13 0 0 0 16 1 0 Total 1194 1748 749 585 4 208 13 0 1 169 11 8 Percentage 100 42.84 33.46 0.22 11.89 0.74 0 0.05 9.66 0.62 0.45

Table 6 displays the extents of file attachments and file types. There are 10 file types have been identified by Shukla & Dawngliana (2017) in their study for grouping the file types appeared in the scholarly communications over online forums. There is lack of audio files during the three years of study period whereas 4 Excel files, 13 PPT files, 1 video file, 11 Zip formatted files, and 8 HTML files have been observed in the scholarly communications of the group NMLIS. The highest numbers of file attachments were found in the form of PDF files (749, 42.84%) followed by Image files (585, 33.46%), and MS-Word files (208, 11.89%). There are 9.66% files could not identify due to non-availability of proper documents and keep under "Others" category. From the observation of table 6, it has been an inference that PDF, Image, and MS-Word are most communicated file types which covers 88.21% of total files as attachments.

e) Degree of JOB & LSC Posts Contribution & Most Prolific Job Posts Contributor

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Table 7: Degree of JOB & LSC Posts Contribution & Prolific Contributors Months Extent of Scholarly JOB Posts LSC Posts Communications Extent of Top Extent of Top Communications Contributor Communications Contributor January 725 97 AMR (34) 157 AMR (18) February 671 75 NLR (19) 159 AMR (15), NLR (15) March 539 62 NL (33) 161 PJ (25) April 554 58 NL (15) 124 AMR (17) May 504 79 NL (40) 113 NL (44) June 630 79 NL (37) 102 PJ (23) July 677 88 NL (21) 132 NL (21) August 651 77 NLR (24) 131 PJ (25) September 691 136 LIS (56) 148 LIS (33) October 762 178 LIS (75) 175 LIS (44) November 640 137 AMR (89) 157 AMR (35) December 651 91 AMR (48) 137 PJ (22) Total 7695 1157 AMR (171), 1696 PJ (95), NL (146), AMR (85), LIS (131), LIS (77), NLR (43) NL (65), NLR (15)

Table 7 represents the degree of JOB & LSC posts contributions and prolific contributors of such scholarly communications. On the observation of table 7, it has been found that 1157 JOB posts were shared in the group. The JOB posts share 15% scholarly communications out of total scholarly communications of the group during the study period. The month October is recorded for sharing the highest JOB posts communication whereas April is recorded for lowest communications of such posts. The contributor AMR (A Madhava Rao) has contributed the highest number of JOB posts (171) during the study period as well as contributed the highest number of posts in the month of November also. During the study period, contributor NL (Naglaxman) contributed 146 JOB posts followed by LIS (131) and NLR (43). Out of the total JOB posts communicated in the group, AMR (A Madhava Rao) shares 14.77% JOB posts followed by Naglaxman (12.61%), and LIS (11.32%). Further on the observation of table 7, it has been found that 1696 LSC posts were communicated to the group which is 22.04% of total scholarly communications. From the observation, the highest number of LSC posts were communicated in the month of October (175) and the lowest LSC posts were communicated in the month of June (102). The contributors PJ (Pralhad Jadhav) and AMR (A Madhava Rao) contributed four times as top contributor of LSC posts. Overall Pralhad Jadhav is the topmost contributor of LSC posts (95) which is 5.6% of total LSC posts communicated in the group followed by A Madhava Rao (85 posts, 5.01%) and LIS (77 posts, 4.54%).

Findings of the Study Following are the findings derived from the present study: a) There are 7695 scholarly communications took place in a three-year longitudinal study. b) The categories CON, JOB, and LSC were the major focus of scholarly communications in NMLIS group that shares 54.87% scholarly communications together after excluding GIC. The categories CON, FDM, JOB, and LSC are directly related to the development of LIS professionals and together shared 56.03% scholarly communications. c) As per extent of scholarly contribution, PJ (Pralhad Jadhav) is the topmost prolific contributor amongst all followed by NL (Naglaxman), NLR (Prof. N. Laxman Rao), and AMR (A Madhava Rao). On the observation of frequency of contributor's contribution, three contributors namely NL, NLR and PJ have the highest frequency of contribution. Prof. N. Laxman Rao contributed 37.58% scholarly communications using three distinct usernames followed by Pralhad Jadhav (26.28%). There are 12 contributors which have contributed 75.68% scholarly communications and rests of the contributors (99.15%) have contributed only 24.32% scholarly communications. d) Out of total 7695 scholarly communications, 1194 scholarly communications (15.51%) were having file attachments. There are total 1748 files found in 1194 scholarly communications. The ratio between the extent of scholarly communications that have file attachments and extent of files have been observed 1 : 1.46.

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e) The highest numbers of file attachments were found in the form of PDF files (42.84%) followed by Image files (33.46%), and MS-Word files (11.89%). f) Total 1157 JOB posts were shared in the group during the study period. The contributor AMR (A Madhava Rao) has contributed the highest number of JOB posts. g) Total 1696 LSC posts were communicated to the group which is 22.04% of total scholarly communications. Pralhad Jadhav is the topmost contributors to LSC posts followed by A Madhava Rao.

Conclusion In the modern technological world, Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals are using the various electronic medium to share their views and other information with fellow professionals as well as their users. Online forums are one of the best information and views sharing platform. NMLIS group is also one of such kind of online platform to post individuals ideas, views, and information etc. It is evident that, when a LIS professional communicates in the group, he shares scholarly knowledge (Shukla & Dawngliana, 2017). NMLIS group is made for the development of LIS profession and self-development of library professionals’ via sharing different kinds of professional information. NMLIS group is having the highest number of group members with the significant number of scholarly communications. The major focus of the scholarly communications in the group is inclined towards professional development. “From the general kind of information to library-specific information, from job-related information to faculty development information and from greetings to obituaries kind of information has been shared in the group” (Shukla & Dawngliana, 2017). It is also evident from the present study and earlier study (Shukla & Dawngliana, 2017) conducted on the group NMLIS that very few members of the group contributing highest percentage of the scholarly communications and vice versa. Moreover, some sort of scholarly communications has file attachments for sharing valuable information over the online forum in different file formats. The group NMLIS proves its worth amongst group members by sharing more than 200 scholarly communications per month in the field of LIS for professional development.

References [1]. Aharony, Noa. (2009). An exploratory analysis of librarians' blogs: their development, nature, and changes. Aslib Proceedings, 6(61), 587-604. Accessed on 27th December 2017 from https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530911005535 [2]. Bar-Ilan, J. (2007). The use of weblogs (blogs) by librarians and libraries to disseminate information. Information Research, 12(4). Accessed on 20th February 2017 from, http://www.informationr.net/ir/12- 4/paper323.html [3]. Berelson, Bernard. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Glencoe: Free Press. [4]. Deryakulu, Deniz & Olkun, Sinan. (2007). Analysis of Computer Teachers’ Online Discussion Forum Messages about their Occupational Problems. Educational Technology & Society, 10(4), 131-142. [5]. Dhanvandan, D., & Tamizhchelvan, M. (2012). E-mail discussion forums in library and information services (LIS): a study. International Journal of Computer Applications & Information Technology. Accessed on 20th February 2017 from, http://www.ijcait.com/IJCAIT/121.pdf [6]. Ebner, M., Lienhardt, C., Rohs, M., & Meyer, I. (2010). Microblogs in higher education - a chance to facilitate informal and process-oriented learning? Computers & Education, 55, 92-100. [7]. Edwards, Melissa Maxwell. (1999). A content analysis of the PUBYAC discussion list (Master’s Paper). North Carolina: University of Carolina. Accessed on 27th December 2017 from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:6d94453e-f8fe-4f80-91be-633ac27aebc4 [8]. Gala, B. (2013). Library and information science blogs: a content analysis [Doctoral Dissertation]. The Maharaja University of Baroda: Baroda. [9]. Jackson-Brown, G. M. (2013). Content analysis of librarian blogs: professional development and other uses. First Monday, 18(2). Accessed on 20th February 2017 from, http://firstmonday.org /ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4343/3415 [10]. Majhi, S., & Maharana, B. (2014). Academic, public and special libraries on Facebook: a content analysis. PEARL – A Journals of Library and Information Science, 8(3), 177-183. [11]. Moradi, Shima & Dokht, Esmatti M. (2009). Content analysis of the Iranian Library and Information Science (LIS) electronic discussion group. Library and Information Science, 11(4), 91-114. [12]. Prasad, B. D. (2008). Content analysis: a method in social science research. In: Lal Das, D. K. & Bhaskaran, V. (Eds.) Research methods for social work (pp. 173-193). New Delhi: Rawat Publications. [13]. Pujar, S.M., Mahesh, G. & Jayakanth, Francis. (2014). An exploratory analysis of messages on a prominent LIS electronic discussion list from India. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 34(1), 23-27.

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[14]. Seker, S., & Duzyol, G. (2011). Content analysis of ACRL blog. Elpub. Accessed on 20th February. 2017 from, http://elpub.scix.net/data/works/att/121_elpub2011. content.pdf [15]. Shukla, Akhandanand & Dawngliana, Jacob MS. (2017). Library professionals’ scholarly communications over online forum: content analysis of New Millennium LIS Professionals (NMLIS). In: Proceedings of 11th International CALIBER-2017, Anna University, Chennai (pp. 266-281). Accessed on 27th December 2017 from http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/1944/2110 [16]. Tonta, Yaşar & Karabulut, Doğan. (2010). The anatomy of an electronic discussion list for Librarians, KUTUP-L: bibliometric and content analyses of postings. In: Proceedings of ELPUB2010 – Conference on Electronic Publishing, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed on 27th December 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47628553 [17]. White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content analysis: a flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-45. [18]. White, Casey B., Moyer, Cheryl A., Stern, David T., & Katz, Steven J. (2004). A content analysis of e- mail communication between patients and their providers: patients get the message. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(4), 260-267.

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INFOGRAPHICS AND ITS IMPACT ON LIBRARIES

Dr. (Mrs) Kusum Lata Malik | Associate Professor (Library), K V M M (PG) College, CSJM University, Kanpur | [email protected]

Abstract Infographics display information or data or knowledge in visual form. Paper discusses on what is infographics? history of infographic, types of infographics, components of infographics and how design it. Author describes benefits of it and highlights the impact of infographics on libraries. Paper shows that infographics are very important tool for libraries to promote and market its products and services.

Keywords: Libraries, library professionals, internet and infographics etc.

Introduction Infographics are effective due to its visual element. Human beings obtain information from all five senses as sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing but they obtain exactly vast information from sight than the other senses. The visual functions and images are processed faster than text by human brain that means takes much longer time to receive information from text. Today’s business or industry sectors are using infographics to make their business matter more accessible for clients. Online trends, the Internet users, also contributed in increasing popularity and effectiveness of infographics.

ICT has made the availability of infographics to large number of people around the world because it provides free tools for use of infographics. Infographic techniques are enhancing, improving and integrating a variety of information in maps like the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, local landmarks and Public places like transit terminals and transportation. In short, infographic condense large amount of information. Infographics can make use of data, information and knowledge quickly and clearly to increase the capacity of human beings visualization system for considering or perceiving trends and ideal samples.

Infographics is a combination of information and graphics or can be say it is the graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge that intended to show information immediately. It presents information visualization, data visualization, statistical graphics and information design/ architecture. For example news, weather, summaries of data, maps, and site plan and current events as well as social networking sites are commonly used infographics.

Data visualizations usually make up the entire infographic. Infographic is taking into consideration graphical features such as position, size, shape, and color. Mostly five types of visualization are used as time-series data, statistical distributions, maps, hierarchies, and networking. The most common forms of data visualization are time-series data. It includes index charts, stacked graphs, small multiples, and horizon graphs. Index charts are used when raw values are less important than relative changes. It shows percentage changes for a collection of time-series data based on a selected index point. While stacked graphs are area charts that are stacked on top of each other, and depict aggregate patterns. An alternative to stacked graphs is small multiples. Horizon graphs are a space efficient method to increase the data density of a time-series while preserving resolution. Statistical distributions display trends depend based on what pattern of numbers used for distribution.

They include histograms and box-and-whisker plots that carry statistical features like mean, median, and outlines. Some other statistical distributions also used as stem-and-leaf plots, Q-Q plots, scatter plot matrices (SPLOM) and parallel coordinates. For assessing a collection of numbers and focusing on frequency distribution.34

Geographical data is represented through Maps. Here, time and space can be drawn by flow maps. Line strokes are highlighted by different widths and colors to show encode information. Choropleth maps and Graduated symbol maps are used to represent geographical data. Cartograms distort the shape of a region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions are redrawn proportionally to the data. Hierarchies used for space filling of nations or common structures for governments and arrange in natural hierarchies. All node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure diagrams are represented through hierarchical data. A node-link diagram is similar to a tree, where each node branches off into multiple sub- sections. The adjacency diagrams are a space-filling variant of the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link between hierarchies, nodes are drawn as solid areas with sub-sections inside of each section. Enclosure diagrams are also a space-filling visualization that uses containment.

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Network visualization used to search alliance as friendships and cliques. There are three types of network visualization; force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view. Force-directed layouts links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are one-dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. Mathematicians and computer scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y) value in the matrix that corresponds to a node.[6]

Modern infographics combine multiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such as illustrations and text. Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as graph paper, pencils, markers, and rulers. However, today they are more often created using computer software, which is often both faster and easier. They can be created with general illustration software. Diagrams can be manually created and drawn using software, which can be downloaded for the desktop or used online. Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams. Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Internet. [7]

History First time in 1626, Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations to demonstrating the rotation of Sun patterns.[8] In 1786, To represent the economy of England of18th Century, used statistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs, area charts, and histograms and the first pie chart was introduced[9][10][11] In 1820 used shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability,[12] and fidelity and considered a super sign that combines sign systems of symbols, icons, indexes as representations.[13] In 1857, information graphics used to improve conditions in military hospitals. The Coxcomb chart was used that was the combination of stacked bar and pie charts. In1861, influential information graphic was used on the subject of Napoleon's disastrous. In 1878, a set of diagrams is showing the relationship between chemical bonds and mathematical properties.[14] In 1942, published a document that covered art, culture, poetry, film, and political theory as a synthesis of writing and visual art and called metagraphics and hypergraphics. In 1958, proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, used for analyzing arguments. In 1972 to1973, used a pair of gold- anodized aluminum plaques, to present pictorial messages. The pictorial messages included nude male and female figures and symbols to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. [15][16][17][18] In 1993-2012, the field of data visualization and infographics is considered immense. [19] With vector graphics and raster graphics becoming ubiquitous in computing in the 21st Century. In 2000, Adobe Flash-based animations on the web had made use of many key practices in creating infographics for designing a variety of products and games. Television also began to incorporate infographics in the early 2000s like music video in pop culture used in 2002. [20] A television commercial used animated infographics as an advertising tactic in 2004. With the rise of alternatives to Adobe Flash, such as HTML 5:it is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the world wide web (WWW) and CSS3: it is a simple, declarative language for creating style sheets that specify the rendering of HTML and other structured documents, infographics are now created in a variety of media with a number of software tools.[21][22][23] Today journalism has also incorporated and applied information graphics to news stories. Many businesses also use infographics to communicate with and to attract its potential customers.[24] Now infographics have become a tool for internet marketers and companies to create content that others will link to, boosting a company's reputation and online presence.[25] Spritual as well as study and teaching are also using a variety of tools to create their own infographics.[26,27] With the popularity of social media, infographics have shared between users of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+ and Linkedin.

Components of Infographics It consists three parts as the visual, the content, and the knowledge. The visual includes two parts colors and graphics. There are two types of graphics – theme, and reference. Theme graphics present in all infographics and represent to visual representation of the data. Reference graphics are normally icons that can be used to point to certain data. The content includes statistics and facts generally serve as the content for infographics and can be received from number of sources like census data and news reports. infofographics have some kind of vision into data that is knowledge.[28]

How to Design Infographics When an infographics design the visual aspect and knowledge are the essential part of an infographic. There should be considered parts of visual encoding as spatial, marks, connection, enclosure, retinal properties, and temporal encoding for the effectiveness of the visualization.[29] Each of these six visual parts can be utilized in its own way to represent relationships between different types of data.But spatial to represent numerical data in most effective manner and leads to the fastest and easiest knowing by clients.[30] When designing an infographics, there must be considered communication provisions i.e. appeal, comprehension, and retention. Appeal can engage its clients. Comprehension helps to audience to understand

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 69 the information easily that is presented to them. Retention means that the client must learn the data representation by the infographic. But the importance of these three provisions depends on the motto of the infographic. For example if information is conveyed by infographics without biased method like in the domains of science or academia, comprehension should come first then retention and then appeal or if the infographic is used for commercial purposes, then first appeal then retention and finally comprehension or if infographics are used for editorial purposes like a newspaper, then first appeal then followed by comprehension and then retention.[31]

If above factors are taken to design an infographics, it will be a best infographics. In simple words, infographic means to collect data, information or knowledge and organize them and represent them in vistual form. Infographics are present popular method to design a visually attracting, easy to learn piece of content. Designing an infographic is not difficult, if hire a brand to do it or can also design oneself. For instance, many sites as hubspot or piktochart provide templates and help to design infographics within few minutes.

Advantages of Infographics Every second a billion piece of information is created but we remember only visual based information easily. Some important advantages of infographics:  Infographics include colors, content, images and movement which naturally more eye-catching than printed words.  Infographics help to scan and get the information easily that needed by us.  It help to remember information that have seen more so than read.  Usually infographics provides an embed code for internet that permits an automatic link from the original site to individuals so it is easily shareable on websites,/ social networking and on a blog.  Infographics call attention visually and strengthen value of specific product by additional force so they increase brand awareness and increase reach of brand in an extremely natural manner. For example if make an infographics with firm shape, color, message and logo then it enhance the value of that brand product.  A well-designed and aesthetically pleasing infographic attracts people to site and they are more likely to share and click on it.  Infographics help to connect with visitors/audience by generate a unique bond between visitors to site or a location that has featured in infographic.

Impact of Infographics on Libraries People take direct possession of set steps of life not required a big consideration of occasion or opportunity to transform on data, information or knowledge. The investigating methods for transfer on data may be examined with accuracy. It imparts key data easily and quickly. It receives in the consideration and mends to think intensely about learners. The main attention of infographic is confound and presenting a new idea from data or raw news. Infographic show information through charts, tables and diagrams that provide complete, accurate, short and pinpointed information to users. It isolate large amount of information to suck up to a mass. Infographic fascinate in return of users and forward strengthen visual information. Infographic help to viewer in drawing information model. The infographics are a powerful tool to relay complex data in an easy to digest format. Most important impact of it on libraries is that it provides big opportunity to do effective and efficient communication to its users. Libraries are utilizing it to relay impact, research, value and advocacy. Library professionals used it in searching guides and statistical use. Infographics also act as a marketing tool for libraries to promote their products and services. Many websites provide tools to make an effective infographics in few minutes. The infographics help to library professionals to present their activities in best ways. Books and periodicals suppliers or publishers as well as libraries utilized it to advertise their products and services. For example pinterest a well-known visual bookmarking site, has large numbers of infographics identified with books. The visual simplicity of infographics attracts users to use it. The effectiveness of the infographic depends on innovativeness as an originator infographic lead users to determination because of certain data and definite information assets. It makes reliable connection with users to deliver information on or off chance as they want. It provides information source information with pertinent connections.

Imparting through infographics is imperative and important to staff and administration at all levels to exhibit data to benefactors, partners and administration. Senior staff and directors in charge of answering to sheets are particularly encouraged to know infographics and the power they bring to impart their message. (Mauldin and Kroski)[41]

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Librarians use infographics to market the library, raise funds and educate patrons and more. Libraries can use infographics to market their collections or service. (Qualey, E) [42]

Conclusion Author opinioned that infographics is a powerful tool that provide a way to libraries to represent itself in effective manner in front of users. It also presents a path for libraries to communicate and locate its presence on web. Infographic technique enhanced, improved a variety of information. Libraries can advertise or marketed its products and services in efficient as well as effective manner through it. Library professionals utilized it to make their service more accessible to its stakeholders.

References [1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic [2]. http://www.ted.com/talks/david_mccandless_the_beauty_of_data_visualization.html [3]. Turnbull, Dominic. "EPRA real economy infographic" http://www.epra.com/regulation-and-reporting/the- property-business/ [4]. Mark Smiciklas (2012). The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with Your Audience. [5]. Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). Public Relations Writing: Form and Style. p.236. [6]. Heer, J., Bostock, M., & Ogievetsky, V. (2010). A tour through the visualization zoo. Communications of the ACM, 53(6), 59-67. [7]. Aparicio, Manuela and Costa, Carlos (2015) Data visualization. Communication Design Quarterly Review 3, 1 (January 2015), 7-11. DOI=https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2721882.2721883 [8]. Stollery, Paul (2015). The history of infographics. Florence Nightingale: infographic pioneer. Hotwire. Retrieved 2017-12-27. [9]. H. Gray Funkhouser (1937). Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data. Osiris, Vol. 3, pp. 269–404. [10]. Playfair, William; Wainer, Howard; Spence, Ian (2005). Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85554-9. [11]. Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-9613921-4-2. [12]. Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter. The Profession of Geography: https://www.e- education.psu.edu/geog597i_02/node/698 [13]. Benking, Heiner (2005) Using Maps and Models, SuperSigns and SuperStructures. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006012124/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/geo/courses/geo466/topics/humboldt. html [14]. Biggs, N., Lloyd, K., & Wilson, R. (1999). https://cs.bme.hu/fcs/graphtheory.pdf [15]. Tufte, Edward R. (1990). Envisioning Information. ISBN 0-9613921-1-8. [16]. Tufte, Edward R. (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (2nd ed.). ISBN 0- 9613921-4-2. [17]. Tufte, Edward R. (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. ISBN 0-9613921- 2-6. [18]. Freymann-Weyr, Jeffrey, “Edward Tufte, Offering ‘Beautiful Evidence’”, NPR.org, August 20, 2006. [2] https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5673332 [19]. Romano, Andrew, “How Master Information Designer Edward Tufte Can Help Obama Govern”, thedailybeast.com, March 9, 2010. [3] https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/blogs/the- gaggle/2010/03/09/how-master-information-designer-edward-tufte-can-help-obama-govern.html [20]. Röyksopp (2008). "Remind Me" https://vimeo.com/2285902 [21]. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5 retrieved on 02.01.2018 [22]. http//:www.w3.org>current-work.en.html retrieved on 02.01.2018 [23]. Paul Rouget.Why you should build your infographics in HTML5 and CSS3. Retrieved on 04.01.2017 [24]. Khazan, Olga (2012). How can businesses use infographics? https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-small- business/post/how-can-businesses-use-infographics/2012/04/06/gIQAjbbh4S_blog.html [25]. SEO Guide to Creating Viral Linkbait and Infographics"https://www.distilled.net/linkbait-guide/ [26]. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, retrieved from MormonNewsroom.org [27]. "8 Examples for Incorporating Infographics in Classrooms"https://venngage.com/blog/8-examples-on-using- infographics-in-middle-school-classrooms/ [28]. "The Anatomy Of An Infographic: 5 Steps To Create A Powerful Visual – SpyreStudios"http://spyrestudios.com/the-anatomy-of-an-infographic-5-steps-to-create-a-powerful-visual/ [29]. Card, Scott (2009). Information visualization. In A. Sears & J. A. Jacko (Eds.), Human-Computer Interaction: Design Issues, Solutions, and Applications (pp. 510-543). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [30]. Heer, J., Bostock, M., & Ogievetsky, V. (2010). A tour through the visualization zoo. Communications of the ACM, 53(6), 59-67. [31]. Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling [32]. Aparicio, Manuela and Costa, Carlos (2015) Data visualization. Communication Design Quarterly Review 3, 1 (January 2015), 7-11. DO Card, Scott (2009). Information visualization. In A. Sears & J. A. Jacko (Eds.), Human- Computer Interaction: Design Issues, Solutions, and Applications (pp. 510-543). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press

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[33]. https://www.searchenginejournal.com/6-benefits-using-infographics/70917/ retrieved on 27.12.2017 [34]. William S. Cleveland (1985). The Elements of Graphing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-512- 1 [35]. William S. Cleveland (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978-0-9634884-0-4 [36]. Robert L. Harris (1999). Information Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. Oxford University Press [37]. Jalagar, Vijay kumar and Karkun, Shrikant (2017). Use of infographics and its impact on libraries (p215-221). New Delhi, Manakin Press. [38]. Mauldin, S.K.C. and Kroski, E. (2015). Data Visualizations and Infographics. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. [39]. Qualey, E. (2018). What can infographics do for you? Using infographics to advocate for and market your library. AALL Spectrum:7-8. [40]. Oetting, J. (2015). The Science behind why our brains crave infographics. http://blog.hubspot.com/agency/science- brains-craveinfographicsretrieved on 04.01.2018.

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ROLE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: ENHANCING TEACHING AND LEARNING

M. Ram | Assistant Librarian, Bodhisattva Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Library,Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh (India), [email protected], [email protected]

Prabha Rani | Research Scholar, Department of Education, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula Amroha (Jyotiba Phule Nagar), Uttar Pradesh (India) | [email protected]

Abstract In this paper explore the expected role of academic libraries in teaching and learning activities of the University. Paper writing, seminars, conferences, discussions, roundtable discussions, colloquiums, symposiums, online conferences, digital symposium and other platforms have their own importance in the development of the academic libraries. The library professionals are working hard to offer various innovative services and achieve the goals to make information an integral part of the academic curriculum, thus helping students to succeed not only during their years in college but also for their lifelong career choices. We talk about the academic libraries. Library professionals in the India, particularly in the academic fields have realized the importance of information needs to the learning community in the academic field and have responsibility to address the issues in a professional way. In this paper we will discuss how academic libraries support to academic organisation? How academic library literacy can best be incorporated into students’ academic experience, and how this process can make students’ learning meaningful and successful. This paper also tries to point out the following issues, what kind of Library does the University need in the future? What services will it offer? How can the library play a key role in the development of collection and services to achieve the University objectives?

Keyword: Library, Academic, Teaching, Learning, University

Introduction Education is one of the leading activities globally. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) take initiative in the field of education i.e. "Education for all" to start a global movement. UNESCO starts that movement aiming to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adult. In India education system is designed especially for the development of society. Academic libraries structure a significant infrastructure quality service support provided by the Universities and academic organisations to their learning communities. Academic libraries play very crucial role in the development of teaching and learning in the education system of any organisation. Libraries generally have close relationship to enhance the teaching through subject association and library training programs. Academic Libraries can play a key role in achieving the excellence in research and learning. The resources centers can sensitise the learning community about the suitable user of information through training, workshop, seminar, research and ability development programmes.

Academic Libraries in their respective institutions are redefining, their collection development policies, and resource sharing mechanisms, new services and reconfiguring their space. The information explosion and information storage problem, advancement of technological, access, reading material evaluation have become necessarily important in technological environment. The rapidly growth of the information and technological advancement is a big challenge for the library professionals to manage the academic credibility of the organisation to serve the quality services for the learning community in the organisation. Library professionals are operating at the cutting edge of technological developments in identifying the need for, locating, accessing, evaluating and managing information. It is very important that academic libraries have been given for maintaining the quality in teaching, learning and research efficiency. The Academic libraries have been working hard to make them relevant and playing a meaningful role to fulfillment of teaching and learning vision and mission of the organisation. Academic libraries paying a very vital role in the development of curriculum, teaching tools, learning environment and research activities in the organisation as well help to achieve the academic objectives of the organisation.

Academic Library Education without library is like a body without soul, a vehicle without an engine and a building merely a collection of bricks without cement. Education and library service cannot live apart from the other. The academic library is being considered the heart of the teaching process of the academic organisation. Academic libraries of the society have increase importance to the intellectual community, economic and social

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 73 development of the society and nation. The academic library has an expression of development of higher education in India. The role of the library in academic organisation is to support the education, teaching and learning system. Academic library role is immense in this part and renders positive services. Academic libraries have for long played a central role in the lives of universities, in supporting learning, teaching and research. Since universities themselves vary considerably in the nature, range and scale of their activities, it is not surprising that their libraries too come in many different shapes and sizes. Academic Libraries have a close relationship with learning and research and influence the academic fields. The responsiveness of students, research scholars, staff and faculty members needs quality services. Academic library is offering quality services and able to fulfill the demands of learning community of the university with the help of its collection development and resource sharing. The importance of the academic libraries is recognized by the various education commission of India.

Role Of Academic Library In Enhancing, Teaching And Learning The academic libraries are building with the work of acquiring, organising, preserving documents and help the learning community in locating required information what they searching exactly. It is very much clear that development in information technology has brought changed in various characteristics of librarianship and coming days academic libraries looking beyond the librarianship. Information and communication technology has not only affected the types of information materials stored in libraries, it has also the services proposed by the academic library and the skills needed for proposing the quality services. The academic libraries counted as a store house of documents previously and librarian as custodian of the reading material store house. In the present scenario the development of information technology and due to change of learning communities’ information needs open new doors for the academic libraries. Now libraries become recourses centers and librarian became cybarian, reference librarian, and academic librarian. The rapidly growth and developing of trust on electronic resources accessible anywhere, anytime and worth user may indeed origin the requirements of computer based academic library services, database and fully automated libraries. The libraries are important place centrally located, where latest and emerging information science technologies can be collectively with conventional information resources to the learning community. Academic libraries particularly maintain the quality of service, managing appropriate knowledge, quality collection and rich information environment, which support teaching, social and educational models of learning, research and teaching.

Role Of Librarian In Enhancing, Teaching And Learning The librarian is the head of the library and having overall managerial responsibilities to smoothly serving with quality library services and fulfilling all the documents need to the learning community of the organisation. The information is growing rapidly and library professionals to play many vital roles in the specific digital era. The librarian as administers who serve the University community for the development of society and nation. Librarian is an expert in the field of acquiring library materials, facilitating their use. He is supposed to understand the need of the scholars, and as a student and colleague, it is assumed that is interested in making available the entire resources of his office in promoting the library interests and knowledge needs of the campus, whether they come under his direct control or not. The University librarian and other professionals in modern times are required to play key roles in information generation, manage and utilisation. When knowledge has become the real power and highly costly it is the profession of library and information science people to help organise the affairs of a society and nation. The librarian is making aware teaching information literacy skills through orientation to learn the faculty, research scholar and students. Librarian is planning the quality services, user expectations, curriculum; study guides and as information needs to the students, research scholars and faculty members.

The role of librarian in higher education generally creates lot of way to serves the society as well nation. Library professionals are acquiring reading material which is best for largely classroom teaching dictated lecture notes followed by the annual examination. The other way to select the material is useful for the students, research scholar and faculty members to read in addition to lecture notes and other information requirement. In such a process the various library qualities service and servicing the learning community following the books on demand from the issue counter. The professionals need training and skill for serving, enhancing the learning and teaching or the academic organisation. Toad`s modern times, it comes to knowledge that students, research scholars and teachers need dynamic academic library and quality information services needs enhance the teaching and research in the academic institution.

The measure role of librarian are collecting, achieving, preserving and carefully serving the resources of an organisation to research scholars, faculty and students. The library plays an information consultation role to guide the research scholars, student and faculty member toward the best materials to meet their information needs. Various roles of a librarian will have to develop new skills and competencies, so that they could match

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 74 themselves with the requirement of the library development in the modern era. In good colleges and universities a librarian’s role is to enable students to acquire and use knowledge and to develop lifelong skills for sound learning. Libraries are essential for these objectives because it is in libraries that students learn how to locate knowledge and how to organize and use knowledge. In our country, if libraries are suddenly dropped in nearly rivers, the process of education will continue and shall not stop. This is so because the planners of Higher Education are failing in the task of policy making for effective development of library based education. Librarian should be full of knowledge, creative, active and professionally strong to know the user needs and act accordingly and prepare to extend services beyond his library.

The librarian plays a very vital role in collection development and provides the materials for research and scholarship as well involves selection, acquisition, processing for access, and control the duplicity. Library professional is a professionally qualified person and much accountable for the smoothly performance of any library and involved to selection of quality contents, reading material processing, organization of resources, the delivery of information resources, required instruction and loan service to fulfill the requirement of academic learning communities. In digital environment, the role of the library professionals is to organise and smoothly access to resources that available only in digital form.

It’s another role we have seen in institute that helps to develop students, research scholars and faculty effective use of information and resources and also ethical use of information. Librarian must be aware of development of the current technologies, which have already entered in the library.

Role Of Academic Libraries In Research Academic libraries are measured to be the centres of academic organisations, which support the teaching, learning, research, and other academic activities of the academic programmes. Academic libraries typically identify research support as a center pillar of the academic institution. Education aims to impart knowledge and develop excellent learning society. Libraries are the repositories of knowledge and form an integral part of education and support the educational activities of the academic organisation to achieve their goals. The resources centers have a long time back, developed with the sequence to access libraries of previously to the recent time hybrid libraries, digital libraries, and virtual libraries that use the advanced information technology for the provision of knowledge through variety of quality services. The librarians have improved their status from custodian, storekeepers and now cybrarians who were concerned with custodian of reading material to the theft, defacement and tearing to that of documentation officers, academic librarian, information officer, who find themselves in the vast ocean of reading material and are busy in satisfying their learning community, which help the learning community to reach to the desire information under the guidance of librarian anytime and anywhere. The invention of computer changed the definition, nature working of the library and type of resources perfectly. Computer technology helps the libraries to offer the quality services to the learning community and fulfill the role of academic organisations in this technology advancement ear. The role of the academic libraries is continually evolving, but one constant is championing initiatives in support of organisation and library users.

Academic libraries characteristically have close relationship to the enhancement of teaching and learning faculty through quality services, subject relationships and library orientation programs. Academic libraries are offering perfectly quality services to adjust the changes formats in higher education. The textbook market is going to be down due to digital document enhancement in the academic organisation. The libraries are paying active role and involvement in the open educational resources movement. Academic libraries are working on one object to serve closely to the faculty, research scholar, students and other learning community to believe the course objectives and learning outcomes when assessing and integrating. The library is collecting high quality reading materials for excellent teaching and quality research, library professionals are working hard in a professional’s manner with research scholar, faculty and students and seeking the support from the institution to fulfill the academic needs of the learning community and academic institution.

Future Of Academic Libraries The journey of academic libraries from analogue to hybrid to digital has opened up a new exciting era of challenges for the library professionals. The advances in information and communication technology have intensified the expectations from librarians. The performance of librarians now is dictated by how efficiently and effectively the library services are designed and disseminated. The library and information science professionals are projected to provide innovative quality services using latest technologies, develop products for the library users and facilitate round the clock access to the library. The on-going explosion of choice of digital content and information are increasing the importance of digital information literacy skills. The information protection and privacy is very important part to secure the information. In the latest device mobile is becoming the important medium for download and access the required information, content and other services available in

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 75 the academic library. The academic educational process of library services at any level, especially in academic level, which vision and mission at the holistic development of the students such as personality, skill, communication, career, creativity. Academic library is promoting their services to the development of students in totality. Academic libraries and library science profession are facing challenges to continue enhance their services and resources to provide the best solution to the learning community of the academic organisation. Advancement of information and communication technology to information technology in near future is expected to manage in learning society. The technological development is bring in tremendous changes in a way the higher education and face the great challenges to deliver the quality services. The academic library prospect in India is set to change considerably on their accounts namely large scale increasing privatisation of higher education, promotion of distance education mode and advances in information and communication technology.

Role Of Academic Libraries In Collection Development Academic libraries are full of hybrid as well as digital collection to serve the academic organisation. It has the perfect combination of physical and digital materials to provide the needs of learning community of the academic organisation. The development of collection is the essential element of any library to achieve the objectives of academic organisation. The library collection should suffice the evaluative, prescriptive, innovative, comparative, instructive and practical information needs of the users. To fulfil these varied demands, the library needs to develop a collection of different types and formats. Collection development is occasionally used as alternative word with collection building that means the procedure of thoroughly building library collections to serve teaching, research, students and learning community, and other needs of academic library users. The library professionals pay a very significant role to build the systemically collection of reading material, so that academic library full fill all needs of the learning community.

The collection development criteria keep on changing as per availability of resources, views of library management and user demands. The books in the print version are available now in electronic version and also in various digital formats. There is no systematic and timely collection evaluation to assess the effectiveness of a collection to meet the identified information needs of the user community. The profession has not come out with standards prescribing core collection and rate of growth. There is no policy that fits the library effectively into academic system. There are no guidelines for multiple copies, discarding outdated, unused publications. There are no determinants ever examined which. Influence the decisions regarding the several variables applying to the users, subjects, programmes and so on. Libraries present rather a pathetic scene perhaps the result of the kind of academic environment that affects the education in general. The emergence of digital preservation has paved a path for the development of institutional digital repositories, which is the latest trend to develop the collection in academic libraries to develop the intellectual output of organisation in the form of digital.

Academic Libraries In Digital Era The academic libraries in India is the exactly same performing their duties as that of academic libraries offering globally. The academic libraries in India are working hard to provide the information to the learning community using limited resources and offering maximum information to fulfill the digital documents requirement in information and technology era. The role of the library in academic organisation is to support the education system and academic library is being considered the heart of the teaching process. So that library's role is immense in this part and renders positive services for the achieving the objectives of the academic organisation. The digitisation form of reading material has opened new anticipation to faculty, research scholars and students to offer digital services. The libraries planning the needs and requirements of the learning communities and develop policies of the academic institution to maximize its effectiveness to achieve the mission and goals. The digitization is a latest trend in this field which composite procedure with various essential dependencies between diverse phases over time. Develop an advance holistic lifecycle for digitisation initiatives help to grow the sustainable and perfect digitisation project. The paper writing, seminars, conferences, discussions, roundtable discussions, colloquiums, symposiums, online conferences, digital symposium and other platforms have their own importance in the development of the libraries. Here the professionals share their experience and interact with those who have done remarkable job in the field of library. Here the new policies and their implications for the society development and welfares are discussed. The professionals are writing the research papers and derive conclusion for the sake of the libraries. The present research paper is also a step in these directions to enhance the impotence of libraries as well library profession. The success of the teaching and learning of the organisation depends on the feedback and the change in the mind set of the library learning community. This is doubtless conclusion that the professionals gathered from all over India, will share their views and derive to some conclusion so that the academic libraries can be play a unique role to enhancement of teaching and learning of the academic organisation.

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The role of the academic libraries are to provide appropriate information resources and instruction in their use, sufficient to meet the educational, recreational and research needs of research scholar, staff, students and community users through the effective acquisition and organization of material. The new digital resources open the doors for the learning community to access the resources any time anywhere in the advancement of information and communication technological. One of the ways in which the library achieves these aims is by providing orientation to students, especially to new comers. This takes place at the beginning of the year. The objective is for newcomers to become familiar with the library quality services. Orientation is offered to all new students that enroll at the University for the first time, and is intended to help close the space between senior level education and higher education. The students are lot of creative process about the academic library during the orientation programme conducted by the library for the newcomer students. The library professionals asked to the students that what they have learned through orientation program. The students learned through the orientation program how to access resources, how they may get issued the books, what is do`s and don’ts for the students in the library, rules and regulation, timing of the academic library, how much books they may be borrow from eh library and the use of book bank section for the students. The students learned the library activities, photocopying facility, reference reading material, books search using online public access catalogure (OPAC), webopac and use of the new technology installed in the library.

Conclusion Academic community particularly in a University utilises library services for research, learning and teaching purposes to achieve the objectives of the University. The; teaching, learning, and The teaching, academic and research work is supported by academic library. The university library with its resources and services is at the heart of the university educational system. The core objectives of the university library; teaching, learning and research may not be realized. Resource centers are supposed to provide a variety of adequate library and information resources and services, certain factors such as inadequate funding, poor infrastructural facilities and skills. In order to cope with these changes librarians must not only acquire training necessary for understanding the use of modern technologies through planned educational curriculum, they must also discover creative ways of using technology to add value to library services. The academic library is collecting high quality reading materials for excellent teaching and quality research, library professionals are working hard in a professional’s manner with research scholar, faculty and students and seeking the support from the institution to fulfill the academic needs as well enhance the teaching and learning role in the organisation for the learning community and academic institution growth. The academic libraries in India are working actively to provide the information to the learning community using limited resources and offering maximum information to fulfill the digital documents requirement in information and technology era. A very active role playing by the academic libraries in enhancement of teaching and learning in a academic organisation to achieve the vision and mission of the academic Institution.

Reference [1]. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). (2004). Norms and Standards for establishment of new M.E./ M.TechJ M.Pharm programmes for the academic year 2004-2005. Retrieved on August 28, 2005, from http://www.aicte.emet.in [2]. American Library Association. (2004a). ACRL Standards for Libraries in Higher Education. Retrieved on December 2, 2005, from http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/ acrlstandards/standardslibraries.htm [3]. Association of College Research Libraries (ACRL), (2003). ''Strategic marketing for academic and research libraries'', pp. 1–70. [4]. Bell, S.J. and Shank, J.D. (2004). ‘The blended librarian: a blueprint for redefining the teaching and learning role of academic librarians’, College and Research Libraries News, 65 (7), 372-375. [5]. Bell, S.J. and Shank, J.D. (2007). Academic Librarianship by Design: A Blended Librarian’s Guide to the Tools and Techniques, Chicago: American Library Association. [6]. Brown, S. and Swan, A. (2007). Researchers’ use of academic libraries and their services. A report commissioned by the Research Information Network and the Consortium of Research Libraries. London: RIN & CURL. [7]. Brown, S., Downery, B., & Race, P. (1997). 500 tips for academic Librarians. London: Library Association Publishing. [8]. Choi, Y. and Rasmussen, E. (2009) ‘What qualifications and skills are important for digital librarian positions in academic libraries? A job advertisement analysis’, Journal of Academic Librarianship, 35 (5), 457-467. [9]. Coetzee, J.A. (2007). Strategic plan for 2007 of the Academic Information Services (AIS) of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Unpublished report. Cape Town: Cape Peninsula University of Technology. [10]. Dhiman, A. K., & Sinha, S. C. (2002). Academic Libraries. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications. [11]. Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Anne C. Moore, and Beth W. Lang, (2008). “Reference Librarians at the Reference Desk in a LC: A Mixed Methods Evaluation,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 34, no. 3, 231–38. [12]. Hanson, T. (ed.) (2005). Managing Academic Support Services in Universities: The Convergence Experience. London: Facet. [13]. I.H. Grgic and D. Zivkovic, (2012). ''Core competencies for academic reference librarians in Croatia,'' in Quantitative and Qualitative methods in libraries, vol. 3, pp. 247–256.

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[14]. Kuh, G. D., & Goneya, R. M. (2003, July). Role of the academic library in promoting student engagement in learning. College and Research Libraries, 64{A), 256-282. [15]. Kumar M (2009). Academic Libraries in electronic environment: Paradigm shift. A paper presented at the International Conference on Academic Libraries (ICAL) held at the University of Delhi, India. p.105. [16]. Lance, K. C, Lynda, W., & Christine, H. (1993). The impact of school library media centers on academic achievement. Colorado: Hi Willow Research and Publishing Castle Rock. [17]. M. N. Ansari, (2013). ''ICT skills proficiency of Library professionals: A Case Study of Universities in Karachi, Pakistan,'' in Chinese Librarianship, pp.72–84. [18]. Miller, F. (2008). Research information needs of public policy oriented researchers at a regional university: issues emerging from a pilot study. Australian Academic and Research Libraries, 39(4): 253-268. [19]. Patkar, V. (2010). Avenues for repositioning the academic libraries in India. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 47(5), 475- 489. [20]. Powis, C. (2004). ‘Developing the academic librarian as learning facilitator’, in Oldroyd, M. (ed.) Developing Academic Library Staff for Future Success, pp. 83-93. London: Facet. [21]. Saunders, L. (2009). ‘The future of information literacy in academic libraries: a Delphi study’, Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 9 (1), 99-114. [22]. Van Zijl, CW. (2005). Developing and managing information collections for academics and researchers at a university of technology: a case study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Africa. [23]. Vengan,. R. (2000, April 3). New dimensions in the management of academic libraries. University News, 38(14), 4- 9.

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USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH LIBRARY RESOURCES AND SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF LUNGLEI GOVERNMENT COLLEGE LIBRARY

Manoj Kumar Verma, Ph.D. | Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004 | [email protected]

Lalrokhawma | M.Phil. Scholars, Department of Library & Information Science Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004 | [email protected]

Abstract Since the middle of 20th century the libraries have transformed in terms of their collection and services significantly. The information and communication technology is responsible for this revolution. When the library and information centerssatisfied the actual needs of users then only they reached to users expectations because users are the important factor and without them an information system loss its whole purpose. In the library operation, it is important to understand who their users’, what their needs are are and how those needs can be satisfied and fulfilled by the library. User satisfaction has been recognized as an important measure of library performance.The present paper focuses on the assessment of user satisfaction with library resources and services inLunglei Government College Library.

Introduction Academic libraries must strive to survive and grow with their user’s base on focusing to meet their users‟ expectations. Academic libraries are libraries attached with institutions for learning, teaching and research activities of institutes. ICT revolutions has created a lot of challenges to LIS professionals as well as profession because library users have gradually more complex in learning and information need and they access many digital content through Internet and mobile devices. Thus Library collection and services have to be ready to satisfy the changing knowledge and learning behaviour of users.Libraries are regarded as service institutions where they serve their users to satisfy their information needs and library activities are geared towards serving the needs of users because in service center user’s satisfaction is their ultimate goal (Verma and Laltlanmawi,2016). Libraries must improve the quality of their services to enable them face the challenges of information explosion. Service oriented organizations have identified the customer or user as the most critical voice in assessing service quality.

Academic libraries play an important role in the institutions they serve. Academic users fulfill their academic information needs from library. Thus all academic library activities are geared towards serving the needs of users and make them satisfied. Effah (1998) emphasized that academic support service provided by library is very important and necessary to the attainment of any academic central mission of teaching, learning and research. Kargbo (2002) stated his view that academic library is the central organ of the academic institutions and library together with good laboratories and faculties are the parameters used to judge the status of academic institutions. Verma (2015) discussed the role of academic library to achieve academic excellence in academic institution and pointed out that academic library has to play very important role because academic institutions are incomplete without a good library.

Collages play a significant role in higher education system and work as back bone because they are feeder institutions for universities system. The core objective of college library is to support the parent institution (i.e. college) to achieve its objectives and missions i.e. to educate and train students in their respective subject field and make them as an intelligent aware, informative and enlightened to play the role of a responsible citizen of country. The libraries hold different collections of reading materials including books, periodicals, newspapers, reports special collection of government documents and a wide range of electronic resources for their users. The college library is an important nucleus of college campus life where we can check out books, find a quiet place to study, and may be even flip through a magazine, newspaper etc.

User satisfaction: An overview In library professional, various terms are being used to signify user, such as clients, customers, borrowers, members, patrons, etc. But the most frequently used term in libraries is user. It specifies the context clearly and has a wide acceptability in the profession. It represents a person who uses the library for his information needs. According to Cambridge Dictionary users means “someone who uses a product, machine, or service. According to Kenneth Whittaker (1993), “a user may be defined as a person who uses one or more of a library’s services at least once a year.” The library user is the focal point to the 21st century library and information

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 79 services, as the library primarily exist to satisfy the user. Aina (2004) defined him as anybody who visits the library with the purpose of exploiting its resources to satisfy his information need. Users are the important factor without which an information system loss its whole purpose. In the library operation, it is extremely important to understand who the users are, what their needs are and how those needs can be satisfied and fulfilled by the library.

Hayes (1997) stated that users’ satisfaction is one of the probably most complicated phenomena connected with measuring library quality is the issue of customer satisfaction in library. According to Cambridge Dictionary Satisfaction means,” a pleasant feeling that you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you have done something you wanted to do.” User satisfaction has been recognized as an important measure of library performance, in general user satisfaction has been defined as the degree to which the library is able to meet the demands of the user. The most acceptable definition of satisfaction brought by Kotler and Keller (2006) who define satisfaction as “person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment which resulted from comparing a product’s perceived performance or outcome against his/ her expectations”.

User satisfaction is widely used by researchers and Information professional to evaluate Information retrieval system success. Williams and Buswell (2003) refer to Oliver’s theory that divides potential customer satisfaction levels into three categories. First, negative disconfirmation happens when the level of service turns out to be worse than expected by the customer.Second, Positive disconfirmation, is the case where the service is better than expected by the customer.Third, simple disconfirmation, happens when the level of service matches the level of service expectation. According to IGI Global Disseminator of knowledge- “user satisfaction is the utility received by an information seeker from the services rendered by the library and information centre at an affordable cost and convenient time”.

Lunglei Government College Lunglei Government College is located in Lunglei which has a population of over 60000. The college has a 29.74 bigha of land in the heart of the town and the biggest college in town and graded with B++ by NAAC in 2017. Lunglei Government College was established in the year 10th September, 1964 by concerted efforts of the then elites of the society. The College was first affiliated to Guwahati University and then North Eastern Hill University to which it has permanent affiliation. It was provincialized in 1976 by the Government of Mizoram thus becoming the oldest among the Government colleges in Mizoram. The College was then recognized under section 2(f)of the UGC Act in 1981 and was accorded the 12 (b) statuses in 5th July 2008. The college is currently affiliated to Mizoram University (Source: Lunglei Govt. College, Self Study Report, 2017). The collage library has total 14536 books and subscribed 18 journals and magazines. All the books are classified with a classification scheme of DDC 23rd edition and from 2016 the library are fully computerized by using SOUL software. The UGC-NCR centre is also setup in college campus to provide access to various study material to students.

Review of Literature The scholar has attempted to review literature on library user satisfaction and measurelibrary service quality with a focus on different areas inIndia and global level. The scholar investigates various topics related to this work to have complete knowledge on the area and the works of other in the related areas are as follows: Mahajan (2009) shown a study in Punjab university library and found that library users are contented with library resources and services but they want more training in the use of online resources. Azzah and Mark (2010) studied and investigated factors influencing user satisfaction in information retrieval; it is evident from this study that user satisfaction is a subjective variable, which can be influenced by several factors such as system effectiveness, user effectiveness, user effort and user characteristics and expectations. Therefore, information retrieval evaluator should consider all these factors in obtaining user satisfaction and in using it as a criterion of user effectiveness. Pauline (2011) examined the relationship between service quality and user’s satisfaction at Redeemers University and investigateshow user surveys have been employed in a number of previously published literatures. A questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument for the study. The study revealed that the academic staff and students who formed the population for the study, students were found most frequently used the library. The college of management sciences had the highest frequency of use and it also showed that users were satisfied with the resources and services of the library.

Borbely (2011) identified how task effectiveness, completion, efficiency and task time effect the general user satisfaction with a specific software product and which factors, mentioned above, have the biggest effect on user satisfaction. Burcak (2011) explained to put strategies for archival institutions in order to provide user satisfactionin archival organization by conducting the interview with by 60 users of the ottoman archivesin order to determine the satisfaction norms of the archives users. Muhammad and Mirza (2013) evaluated the

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 80 satisfaction of users with the services of Punjab Institute of Cardiology Library. A purposive sample of 15 health care professionals was selected for collection of data. The data were qualitatively analyzed using a thematic approach and revealed that users of PIC library were satisfied with the library collection, organization, and reference and circulation services. They were concerned about library space, hours, furniture and environment and suggested more availability of electronics library services, newer collections, better internet access and comfortable furniture.

Bakti and Sik (2013) investigated the relationship between library customer loyalty and other areas namely service quality and customer satisfaction in a university library service in Indonesia and revealed that service quality has a direct effect on customer satisfaction and it directly influences library customer loyalty.Saikia and Gohain (2013)investigated user’s satisfaction on library resources and services and information seeking behaviors of the students and research scholars of Tezpur University and resolved that 82.39% users borrowed text books, 79.87% (127) consulted journals and 75.47% (120) read newspaper to meets their information needs and they also concluded that user’s guidance is necessary to help library users to meets their information needs.Ahmed and Amjad (2014) measured the satisfaction level of researchers regarding to the usage of electronics resources and to assess the frequency and purpose in the use of the different types of electronics resources and also to identify the problems faced by research scholar while using e-resources and concluded that main problem faced by researchers are lack of internet connection, difficult interface design, discomfort with e- reading and lack of guidance from teacher etc.

Verma and Prang (2015) conducted a survey regarding satisfaction with library services by PG students of school of physical sciences and study resolved that users are quite satisfied with library collection and services. Lalrokhawma and Verma (2017) evaluated user satisfaction with library resources and services in Higher and Technical Institute, Mizoram (HATIM) and resolved that majority of respondents are satisfied with library collection and services of library.

Methodology To collect the primary data of present study, survey method was used.A structured questionnaire was designed randomly distributed among 120 library users (teachers and students) out of which 80 (67%) filled questionnaire were received to draw the result of study. The sample of this study consisted students and teachers who regularly visited the library.

Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are to: 1. Investigate the purpose and frequency of library visit 2. Examine the source of information used by respondents 3. Identify the strength and weakness of the library collection and services 4. Measure the satisfaction level of library users towards library resources and Services

Data Analysis Gender- Wise Distribution Table-1 shows gender-wise distribution of respondent under the study and it was revealed that 60% respondents are male and 40% are female respondents. Table-1: Gender-wise Distribution of Respondents Gender No of Samples Percentage Male 48 60% Female 32 40% Total 80 100%

Frequency of library visit The frequency to visit library is one traditional criteria to rank the utilization of library resources. Table-2 shows respondents attitude towards library visit and after analysis it resolved that the regularity visit of the library and it was found that users are not too regular in visiting the library. After analysis it resolved that 30% respondents visited library daily followed by 3 times a week (26%), Weekly (20%), Monthly (12%) and occasionally (12%).In overall, the respondents are not very much regular to visit library. Table -2: Frequency of library visit Frequency Number Percentage Daily 24 30% 3 times in a week 16 26% Weekly 20 20%

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Monthly 10 12% Occasionally 10 12% Total 80 100% Purpose of Library visit Library users visited library for various purposes like borrowing books, to study, to read periodicals, update knowledge etc. Each individual users’ have their own purpose to visit library. Table -3 shows purpose of respondents to visit library and after analysis it resolved that 58% respondents visited library for borrow the books, 50% respondents for study, 42% respondents for update their knowledge. The other purposes of visit library are reading Newspaper 937%), photocopy (37%). Writing assignment (27%) and preparing the lecture (12%). Table-3: Purpose of library visit (Given more than one option) Purpose of Visit Numbers Percentage Borrow books 47 58% Study 40 50% Reading News paper 30 37% Photocopy 30 37% Writeassignment 22 27% Preparing lecture 10 12% Update knowledge 34 42%

Preferred Information Sources There are many type of information sources available on library and users use these sources according to their information requirement and choice. Table-4shows that preferred information source used by respondents and revealed that text book are most common information source and used by 77% respondents, followed by Newspaper (50%), Magazines/ periodicals ( 25%) and reference book and journals (20%). No respondents are using e-journals and e-book.

Table 4: Preferred Information Sources (Given more than one option) Preferable information sources Numbers Percentage Text Book 62 77% Reference book 16 20% Journals 16 2% Magazines/Periodicals 20 25% Newspaper 40 50% E-Journal 0 0% E-Book 0 0%

User satisfaction on Library Resources Table-5 shows the users satisfaction on collection of library resources and after analysis it revealed that majority of respondents 84% (67) are satisfied, 14% (11) users are highly satisfied while 1% respondents are unsatisfied with book collections; 15% (12) respondents are highly satisfied, 74% (59) respondents are satisfied while 9% and 2% respondents are not sure and highly unsatisfied withthe collection of reference sources respectively; 11% (9) respondents are highly satisfied and 75% (60) respondents are satisfied while only 11% (9)don’t know and 2%(2) are highly unsatisfied with the collection of journals; 15%(12) respondents are highly satisfied and 73%(58) respondents are satisfied whereas 11% (9) don’t know and only 1% (1) are highly unsatisfied in newspaper collections. No respondents are using e-book and e-journal even then 5% respondents are highly satisfied, 58% (46) respondents are satisfied with e-book collection while 36%(29) respondents don’t know and only 1% (1) is highly unsatisfied with E-Books; and 10% (8) respondents are highly satisfied and 61%(49) respondents are satisfied with e-journal collection while 28% (22) don’t know and 1% (1) respondents are unsatisfied with e-journal collection of library.Therefore, out of the six library resources it is also learnt as it is shown below in the table that majority of the library users are contented with the collection of library resources but some of the areas like electronic resources need to be looked and focus on it. Table 5-User satisfaction on Library Resources Library Highly Satisfactory Don’t Know Unsatisfactory Resources Satisfactory Books 11 (14%) 67 (84%) 1(1%) 1(1%)

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Reference 12 (15%) 59 (74%) 7(9%) 2 (2%) Journal 9 (11%) 60 (75%) 9(11%) 2(2%) Newspaper 12(15%) 58(73%) 9(11%) 1(1%) E- Book 4(5%) 46(58%) 29(36%) 1(1%) E- Journal 8(10%) 49(61%) 22(28%) 1(1%)

User Satisfaction on Library Services The table -6 highlighted user satisfaction on Library Services. There are six library services presented to the respondents to draw the satisfaction level of library services and after analysis it resolved that 11% (9) respondents are highly satisfied, 85% (68) respondents are satisfied with circulation services while 4% (3) respondents say don’t know;8% (6) respondents are highly satisfied and 81% (65) respondents are satisfied with the library reference service while 11% (9) respondents say don’t know;13% (10) respondents are highly satisfied, 75% ( 60) respondents are satisfied with reprography services whereas 11% (9) respondents say don’t know and 1% (1) respondents are felt highly unsatisfactory with this service; 15% (12) respondents are highly satisfied, 74%( 59) respondents are satisfied newspaper clipping while 11% (9) say don’t know and 6%(5) are highly unsatisfied with this service; and 6% (5) respondents are highly satisfied while 84%(67) are satisfied with library orientation service while 10% (8) respondents say don’t know about this service.

Table -6: User Satisfaction on Library Services Library Highly Satisfactory Don’t Know Unsatisfactory Services Satisfactory Circulation 9 (11%) 68 (85%) 3 (4%) 0 Reference 6 (8%) 65 (81%) 9 (11%) 0 Reprography 10 (13%) 60 (75%) 9 (11%) 1 (1%) Newspaper 12 (15%) 59 (74%) 9 (11%) 5 (6%) Clipping Library 5 (6%) 67 (84%) 8 (10%) 0 Orientation

Major Findings 1. Majority of respondents (60%) are male. 2. Respondents are not very regular to visit library. Only 30% respondents visited library daily, 26% respondents 3 times in a week and 20% respondents visited library weekly while 12% respondents visited library monthly and occasionally. 3. Book barrow (58%), study (50%) and update knowledge (42%)are main purpose to visit library by respondents. The other purpose are rreading newspaper and photocopy (37%), write assignment (27%), preparing lecture (12%). update knowledge 4. Majority of respondents are satisfied with collection of Library resources i.e. printed and e-resources even then they are not using e- resources. 5. The result depicted that majority of respondents are mostly satisfied with the services which is rendered by the library but some areas of services like newspaper clipping, reprographic and library orientation services need to be improve for smooth functioning of the library.

Conclusion A library become complete with collection, users and service providers (library professionals) but users are in central place. To satisfy the information needs of users library develop their collections and also provide different type f library services. On the basis of findings of this study it was concluded that users of Lunglei Government College library are satisfy with library resources and services but at the same time there are some areas which need to be improved in the resources and services provided by the library particularly in e- books, e- journal, periodical, etc. It was also surprising that in age of ICT Internet has changed the way of education system and become most important means of accessing and disseminating information, no respondents are using e resources (e-book & e-journal). Library should take initiative to make awareness about e-resources among users so that they can start to use and benefited. UGC and MHRD has already taken many initiatives to promote the use of e-resources and INFLIBNET centre also conduction awareness program in this context but library cannot be sustain without e-resources in present digital environment.

References [1]. Aina, L.O. (2004). Library and information science text for Africa. Ibadan: Third world information services Ltd. [2]. Azzah Al- Maskari and Mark Sanderson.(2010). A review of factors influencing user satisfaction in information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(5), 859-868.

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[3]. Bakt Gede, Mahatma Yuda and Sik Sumaedi. (2013). An analysis of library customer loyalty: The role of service quality and customer satisfaction, a case study in Indonesia. Library Management, 32 (7), 397-414 [4]. Borbely Maria. (2011). Measuring user satisfaction with a library system according to ISO/IEC TR 9126-4. Performance Measurement and Metrics, 12 (3), 157-171. [5]. Burcak Senturk. (2011). The concept of user satisfaction in archival Institution. Library Management, 33(2), 66- 72. [6]. Chanchinmawia, F and Verma, Manoj Kumar. (2016). Use of UGC-INFONET digital library consortium by faculty members and research scholars in School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University: A study. Journal of Advances in Library and Information Science, 5(3), 215-222. [7]. Effah, P. (1998). The training and development of academic librarians in Ghana. Library Management, 19(1), 37-41. [8]. Hayes, Bob E. Measuring Customer Satisfaction: Survey Design, Use, and Statistical Analysis Methods. Wisconsin: ASQ Quality Press (1997). [9]. Kargbo, J. (2002). African universities and the challenge of knowledge creation and application in the information age, Library Review, 51(8), 411-416. [10]. Kotler, P. & Keller, K. L. (2006), Marketing Management 12e, International Edition, Pearson, Prentice Hall. [11]. Lalrokhawma, Verma, Manoj Kumar (2017). An evaluation of user satisfaction with library resources and services in Higher and Technical Institute, Mizoram (HATIM).National Conference on Library Information Science and Information Technology for education. 59-66p [12]. Lunglei Government College Lunglei, Mizoram: Self Study Report, (2017), 1-50. [13]. Muhammad Ijaz Mairaj and Mirza Muhammad Naseer. (2013). Library services and user satisfaction in developing countries: a case study. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 30 (7), 318-326. [14]. Mahajan, P. (2009). Information-seeking behavior: A study of Punjab University India. Library Philosophy andPractice.Available on http://www.webpages .uidaho .edu/~mbolin/mahajan4.htm (Retrieved on March7, 2017). [15]. Pauline, Adeniran. (2011). User satisfaction with academic libraries services: Academic staff and student’s perspectives. International Journal of Library and Information science, 3 (10), 209-216. [16]. Saikia, Mukesh and Gohain, Anjan. (2013). Use and user’s satisfaction on library resources and services in Tezpur University (India): A study. Library philosophy and practice (e-journal) paper no. 972 [17]. Shamsad, Ahmed and Amjad, Anam. (2014). Evaluation of researcher’s satisfaction with electronics resources in two universities of Pakistan. Library High Tech News, 31 (7), 20-25. [18]. Verma, Manoj Kumar (2015). Academic excellence in higher education through web based library services. Contemporary Social Scientist. 7(2), 56-63. [19]. Verma, Manoj Kumar & Laltlanmawii, Rosa. (2016). Use and user’s satisfaction on library resources and services by U.G. students of Government Hrangbana College, Aizawl: A study. Journal of Advances in Library and Information Science, 5 (1), 18-23. [20]. Verma, Manoj Kumar and Parang, Buit. (2015). Use and user's satisfaction on library resources and services by students of school of physical sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl: A Study. Information Studies, 21 (2 &3), 193- 204. [21]. Whittaker, Kenneth. The Basics of Library-Based User Services. Michigan: Library Association, 1993. [22]. Williams C. and Buswell J. Service Quality in Leisure and Tourism. U.K.: Cromwell Press: 2003.

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A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY OF DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

Neha Dubey | Phd student, Department of Library and Information science, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar | [email protected]

Abstract The present bibliometric study aims to represent the number of open access e-journal in the field of Library and Information Science discipline available in Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).The study based on 124 open access journals in LIS discipline has been analyzed, covering the chronological distribution, language distribution, geographical distribution, review pattern, country wise distribution

Keywords: Bibliometric study; LIS Journals; DOAJ; Open Access

Introduction Bibliometrics is a type of research method used in Library and information sciences. It is an emerging area of research in the Library and information science field. The term “Bibliometrics” was first coined by Pritchard 1969, and its usage and practice can be traced back to the second decade of this country. It is the statistical analysis of texts and information. It utilizes quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature.1 The Directory of Open Access Journals is a service that indexes high quality, peer reviewed Open Access research journals, periodicals and their articles' metadata. The directory covers open access scientific and scholarly journals in different disciplines in all languages, having a quality controlled system. It is one interface catering various needs of the users2. Open Access is a new method of scholarly publishing, i.e. making the literature freely accessible on Internet without any payment. In short, the DOAJ aims to be the one-stop shop for users of open access journals. (https://doaj.org/)

Source:” https://doaj.org/”

Review of literature Awasthi and Jaiswal (2015), studies 72 open access journals in Library and Information Science achieved in DOAJ site and analyzed based on using different parameters like country wise distribution, language wise distribution, etc Bansal (2014) examined 44 free full text with abstracts online journals on music were accessed through DOAJ and analyzed on the basis of their originating country, language and year of emergence. Thanuskodi (2011) did the bibliometric study of ‘Library Herald Journal’ from 2006 to 2010 his findings reported year wise article productivity, authorship collaboration, and average number of reference per article. Thavamani (2015) examines 67 sport science-focused journals represented in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and analyzed on the basis of their subject specific distribution of sports science, interdisciplinary aspects, country of origin, language used and other language characteristics, numbers of titles first appearing in given years, publication fees, and the existence of license agreements having journals in the Directory. Jamdade (2013) examines 137 online journals of Library and Information Science, journals archived in the directory of open access journals and analyzed the aspects covering Country, Languages, Subject headings etc. Lihitkar and Lihitkar (2013) analyzed library and information science journals archived in the directory of open access journals. A total of 100 LIS journals were examined on the record to aspect like country wise

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 85 distribution, language wise distribution and Keywords, their accessibility and availability of Archives of online journals in LIS. Rajeev & Jat (2012) studies 33 open access journals in Health Sciences- Nursing achieved in DOAJ site and analyzed based the aspect like Country, Languages, Subject Headings, and Keywords, their accessibility and availability of Archives of online journals in Health Sciences- Nursing. Padmavathi and Veerabasavaiah (2017) examines 470 online open access journals in Educational discipline, journals archived in the directory of open access journals and analyzed based on year wise growth distribution, language wise, country wise and discipline wise distribution of Open Access Journals.

Objectives of the study The objectives of study are as follows

1. To identify out open access journals covered in DOAJ in the subject of LIS, country of origin and to provide the specific URLs of these journals. 2. To identify the year wise growth of open access LIS Journals. 3. To identify out the country wise distribution of open access LIS journals on 4. DOAJ. 5. To trace the Language wise distribution of open access LIS journals on DOAJ. 6. To identify language patterns 7. To study journals published with EISSN and ISSN.

Scope of the study The Present study covers the database of Directory of Open Access Journals in the field of LIS accessed on 25/10/17. Users can be benefitted with the summarized information of all open access LIS e-journals available on DOAJ.

Method of research Bibliometric method is used for the present study. Directory open access journals website (http//www.doaj.org) is browsed for collecting the required data. There are 124 open access journals on LIS discipline. Those journals are analyzed according to objectives of the study.

Data analysis and Discussion A Total 124 LIS open access journals were analyzed based on objectives of the study. The following tables are presented below.

Table 1: Year Wise Distribution of Open Access LIS Journals on DOAJ

Year No. of Open Access LIS Percentage (%) Journals 2003 06 4.83 2004 04 3.22 2005 04 3.22 2006 08 6.45 2007 06 4.83 2008 04 3.22 2009 02 1.61 2010 07 5.64 2011 06 4.83 2012 09 7.25 2013 15 12.09 2014 01 0.80 2015 13 10.48 2016 13 10.48 2017 26 20.96 Total=124 LIS journals 100 %

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Table 1 the study shows that year wise distribution open access LIS Journals. Maximum number of 26(20.96%) journals has been added in the year 2017 followed by 13 (10.48%) journals each in the year 2016, 2015 respectively.

Table 2: Country Wise Distribution of Open Access LIS journal

S.N. Name of the Country No. Open Access Percentage Rank LIS journal %

1. United States 29 23.38 1 2. Brazil 16 12.90 2 3. Span 10 8.26 3 4. United Kingdom 8 6.6 4 5. Indonesia 7 5.78 5 6. Poland 7 5.78 5 7. Germany 4 3.30 6 8. Taiwan 4 3.30 6 9. Canada 3 2.47 7 10. Switzerland 3 2.47 7 11. Argentina 2 1.65 8 12. Costa Rica 2 1.65 8 13. Cuba 2 1.65 8 14. France 2 1.65 8 15. India 2 1.65 8 16. Italy 2 1.65 8 17. Korea 2 1.65 8 18. Romania 2 1.65 8 19. Turkey 2 1.65 8 20. Chile 1 0.82 9 21. China 1 0.82 9 22. Colombia 1 0.82 9 23. Egypt 1 1.42 9 24. Iran 1 0.82 9 25. Lithuania 1 0.82 9 26. Netherlands 1 0.82 9 27. Pakistan 1 0.82 9 28. Portugal 1 0.82 9 29. Scholastic 1 0.82 9 30. Singapore 1 0.82 9 31. Slovenia 1 0.82 9 32. South Africa 1 0.82 9 33. Ukraine 1 0.82 9 34. Uruguay 1 0.82 9 35. Total 124 100

Table 2 shows the Country wise distribution of open access Journals in the field of LIS. It shows that highest 29 (23.38%) open access journals are from United States. It is followed by Brazil with 16 (12.90%) standing second rank and Span, United Kingdom countries is on third, fourth rank respectively.

Table 3: Language wise distribution of Open Access journals on LIS

No. Language Total Percentage Rank %

1. Arabic 01 0.46 10

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2. Catalan 01 0.46 10 3. Persian 01 0.46 10 4. Romanian 01 0.46 10 5. Russian 01 0.46 10 6. Slovenian 01 0.46 10 7. Turkish 01 0.46 10 8. Ukrainian 01 0.46 10 9. Urdu 01 0.46 10 10. Valencian 01 0.46 10 11. Croatian 02 0.92 9 12. Moldavian 02 0.92 9 13. Italian 04 1.84 8 14. Chinese 05 2.30 7 15. German 06 2.76 6 16. Polish 06 2.76 6 17. French 07 3.22 5 18. Indonesian 08 3.68 4 19. Portuguese 26 11.98 3 20. Castilian 33 15.20 2 21. Spanish 33 15.20 2 22. English 75 34.56 1 Total 22 Languages 217 100

Table 3: shows Language wise distribution of Open Access journals on LIS .The study shows that maximum of 75 (34.56%) open access journals are available in English Language. Spanish and Castilian with 33 (15.20%) equal sharing of Second rank. The third rank occupied by Portuguese language journals 26(11.98%).

Table4: Language-ship Pattern of LIS Journals S.No. Language Total Percentage 1. 58.06 Monolingual Journals 72 2. 21.77 Bi-lingual Journals 27 3. 8.06 Tri-lingual journals 10 4. 12.09 Quadrilingual Journals 15 Total 124 100

Table 4 shows the language wise distribution of LIS Journals .The Present analysis shows that most of the journals,72 journals are published in Monolingual language, while 27 journals in Bi-lingual language,10 journals in Tri-lingual language and 15 journals published Quadrilingual ( more than three language).

Table5: Distribution of Reviewing Pattern of LIS Journals Review Percentage % Double blind peer reviewed 64 51.61% Blind peer review 23 18.54% Peer review 20 16.12% Non-peer review 17 13.70% Total 124 100%

Table 5 the Study shows that 64 (51.61%) journals are Double blind peer reviewed. Followed by 23(18.54%) journals blind peer reviewed and 20(16.12%) journals peer reviewed. Out of 124 open access journals the pattern review of 17 journals has not been mentioned in DOAJ.

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Table 6 Distribution of Journals with Respect of Serial Standard Number S.No. Journals Total Percentage %

1. ISSN 26 20.96

2. E-ISSN 55 44.35

3. ISSN/E-ISSN both 43 34.67

Total 124 100

Table 6 shows the majority of LIS journals with E-ISSN are published in 55 (44.35%).Followed by 43(34.67%) are published in ISSN/E-ISSN both and 26 (20.96%) journal published under ISSN number.

Findings & Conclusion The bibliometric study examines 124 Library and Information Science Journals covered in the DOAJ database. Six topics are considered: Chronological wise, Geographical wise, Language wise, Language-ship pattern and reviewing pattern of LIS Journals.  The analysis covering 124 Journals published during 2003-2017 in DOAJ reveals the following facts. Though there has been a irregular pattern of qualitative growth of journals in DOAJ during the period covered in the study, but it is being established that every year new journals are being established to the database .It is also found that a maximum of 26 journals, were added in the year 2017.this indicates that preference and demand of the users for growing pattern of electronic availability of journals.  United state is the dominating country (27 journals) among other countries according to country wise distribution of LIS journals.  English is the most common communication language for user community and it is revealed in the study that maximum open access journals (75 journals) are available in English Language .  In the study it is found that there are 72 journals are monolingual is being published in foreign language .followed by 27, 10, 15 journal published in bilingual, tri-lingual and quardrilingual respectively in language wise distribution of LIS Journals.  It is found that there are 64 double peer reviewed journal followed by 23 blind peer reviewed, 20 peer review journals respectively indexed in DOAJ database. Another finding is that 17 journals do not follow any review system.

References [1]. M.Ambika, M., A., & D.Chinnadurai, D. (2013). Bibliometric Study of Annals of Library and Information Studies. International Journal of Information Library & Society, 2(2), 28-33. [2]. DOAJ Director of Open Access Journals, [3]. http://www.Doaj.org (Retrieved on 25/10/17). [4]. Neera Bansal (2014). Directory of Open Access Journals, Music: A Bibliometric Study, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4 (1), 1-9. [5]. Mohan L. Jamdade and Pramila M. Jamdade (2013). A Bibliometric Study of Directory of Open Access Journals: Special Reference to Library & Information Science, Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1 (1), 48-62. [6]. Lihitkar, Ramdas and Shalini R. Lihitkar (2013). Open Access Library and Information Science Journals on DOAJ: An Analytical Study. International Journal of Advanced Library and Information Science, 1(1), 33-61 [7]. Padmavathi N and M Veerabasavaiah (2017). A Bibliometric Study of Directory of Open Access Journals: Special Reference to Education Journals. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5 (2), 16- 21 [8]. Thanuskodi, S. (2011). Library Herald Journal: A Bibliometric Study. Researches world: journal of Arts, Science & Commerce,2(4),68-76 [9]. Thavamani, K (2015). Directory of Open Access Journals: A Bibliometric Study of Sports Science Journals. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 5(1), 1-9 [10]. Santosh Hulagabali. Bibliometrics Study on LIS Journals Archived in DOAJ. In National Conference on Open Access Movement in the Age of Innovation and ICT. Ancy Jose, Prtibha Gokhale and Santosh Hulagabali (Eds.). Himalaya Publishing House. Mumbai. 2012. 107-116.

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Annexure: List of Open Access Journals on LIS on DOAJ

It is observed that total 124 open access LIS journal were analyzed based on title of E-Journals, Country of origin and URL of LIS E-Journals are presented in the form of table.

S.N TITLE Origin of Website COUNTRY 1 International Journal of Librarianship http://ojs.calaijol.org/index.php/ijol (IJoL) United States 2 Cuadernos de Gestión de Información Spain http://revistas.um.es/gesinfo 3 Revista Bibliotecas Costa Rica http://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/index.php/bi bliotecas/index 4 Jurnal Kajian Informasi dan Perpustakaan Indonesia http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/jkip/index 5 Frontiers in Research Metrics and Switzerland http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/resear Analytics ch-metrics-and-analytics#about 6 Edulib: Journal of Library and Information Indonesia http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/edulib/in Science dex 7 The Reading Room: A Journal of Special Scholastica http://readingroom.lib.buffalo.edu/reading Collections room/ 8 Urban Library Journal United States http://academicworks.cuny.edu/ulj/ 9 Pustakaloka: Jurnal Kajian Informasi dan Indonesia http://jurnal.stainponorogo.ac.id/index.php Perpustakaan /pustakaloka 10 Baca: Jurnal Dokumentasi dan Informasi Indonesia http://jurnalbaca.pdii.lipi.go.id 11 Annals of Library and Information Studies India http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/ALIS/ind ex 12 Libraria: Jurnal Perpustakaan Indonesia http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/L ibraria 13 Jurnal Pustaka Budaya Indonesia https://ejurnal.unilak.ac.id/index.php/pb/ 14 Berkala Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi Indonesia https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/bip 15 Vìsnik Odesʹkogo Nacìonalʹnogo Ukraine http://vislib.onu.edu.ua Unìversitetu: Bìblìotekoznavstvo, Bìblìografoznavstvo, Knigoznavstvo 16 Folia Toruniensia Poland http://ksiaznica.torun.pl/o-nas/folia- toruniensia/ 17 Encontros Bibli Brazil https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/eb 18 LIBRES: Library and Information Science Singapore http://www.libres-ejournal.info/ Research Electronic Journal 19 Data Switzerland http://www.mdpi.com/journal/data 20 Liinc em Revista Brazil http://revista.ibict.br/liinc 21 Acervo Brazil http://revista.arquivonacional.gov.br/index .php/revistaacervo 22 Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação Brazil http://www.scielo.br/pci 23 Pakistan Journal of Information Pakistan http://journals.pu.edu.pk/journals/index.ph Management & Libraries p/pjiml/index 24 Zhishi guanli luntan China http://www.kmf.ac.cn 25 Bibliothecae.it Italy http://bibliothecae.unibo.it/ 26 Journal of the European Association for Netherlands http://eahil.eu/jeahil/ Health Information and Libraries 27 Journal of Copyright in Education and United States https://www.jcel-pub.org Librarianship 28 Transinformação Brazil http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci _serial&pid=0103- 3786&lng=en&nrm=iso 29 Insights: The UKSG Journal United States http://insights.uksg.org/

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30 Data Curation Profiles Directory United States http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dcp/ 31 Revista General de Información y Spain http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RGID Documentación 32 Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico Spanish; http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/ind Castilian ex.php/boletin_cultural 33 Páginas a&b Portugal http://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/paginasae b/index 34 Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & United States http://palrap.org Practice 35 Revista Analisando em Ciência da Brazil http://racin.arquivologiauepb.com.br/index Informação .htm 36 Informationspraxis Germany http://journals.ub.uni- heidelberg.de/index.php/ip/index 37 Revista Acesso Livre Brazil https://revistaacessolivre.wordpress.com 38 Biblioteka Poland http://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/b 39 o-bib. Das offene Bibliotheksjournal Germany http://www.o-bib.de/index 40 Bibliotecas: Anales de Investigación Cuba http://revistas.bnjm.cu/index.php/anales 41 Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne Poland http://www.home.umk.pl/~tsb/?q=pl 42 Journal of Data Mining and Digital France http://jdmdh.episciences.org/ Humanities 43 Ciência da Informação em Revista Brazil http://www.seer.ufal.br/index.php/cir/inde x 44 Informatio Uruguay http://informatio.eubca.edu.uy/ojs/index.p hp/Infor/index 45 Archeion Online Brazil http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs/index.php/arc heion 46 Weave: Journal of Library User United States http://weaveux.org/ Experience 47 Documentación de las Ciencias de la Spain http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/DCIN Información 48 International Journal of Medical Reviews Iran http://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/ijmr/index.php/ij mr/index 49 Biblioteka i Edukacja Poland http://www.bg.up.krakow.pl/bie/ 50 SLIS Connecting United States http://aquila.usm.edu/slisconnecting/ 51 Revista Brasileira de Educação em Ciência Brazil http://abecin.org.br/portalderevistas/index. da Informação php/rebecin/index 52 Journal of Balkan Libraries Union Turkey http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/jblu/ 53 Palabra Clave [La Plata] Argentina http://www.palabraclave.fahce.unlp.edu.ar / 54 Tennessee Libraries United States http://www.tnla.org/?17 55 College and Research Libraries United States http://crl.acrl.org/ 56 Libellarium: Journal for the Research of Croatia http://www.libellarium.org Writing, Books, and Cultural Heritage Institutions 57 Biblios United States http://biblios.pitt.edu 58 Journal of Information Science Theory and Korea http://www.jistap.org/journal.do?method=j Practice ournalintro&journalSeq=J000043&menuI d=&introMenuId=0101 59 Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Brazil http://seer.bce.unb.br/index.php/rici Informação 60 027.7 : Zeitschrift für Bibliothekskultur Switzerland http://www.0277.ch 61 RUIDERAe : Revista de Unidades de Spain https://revista.uclm.es/index.php/ruiderae Información. Descripción de Experiencias y Resultados Aplicados

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62 Iranian Journal of Information Processing Iran http://jipm.irandoc.ac.ir/index.php?slc_lan & Management g=en&sid=1 63 International Journal of Knowledge Korea http://ijkcdt.net/ Content Development and Technology 64 In the Library with the Lead Pipe United States http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.or g/ 65 Studii de Biblioteconomie şi Ştiinţa Romania http://www.lisr.ro Informării 67 South African Journal of Libraries and South Africa http://sajlis.journals.ac.za Information Science 68 Podkarpackie Studia Biblioteczne Poland http://psb.ur.edu.pl 69 Métodos de Información Spain http://www.metodosdeinformacion.es 70 Revue Française des Sciences de France http://rfsic.revues.org/ l’Information et de la Communication 71 Journal of eScience Librarianship United States http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/ 66 International Journal of Digital Library India http://www.ijodls.in/index.html Services 72 Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly United States http://jlsc-pub.org/ Communication 73 e-Ciencias de la Información Costa Rica http://revistaebci.ucr.ac.cr/ 74 iNFOTEZY Poland http://www.ujk.edu.pl/infotezy/ 75 Serie Bibliotecología y Gestión de Chile http://seriebibliotecologia.blogutem.cl Información 76 Practical Academic Librarianship United States http://journals.tdl.org/pal 77 Information Technology and Libraries United States http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/i ndex 78 Ciencias de la Información Cuba http://cinfo.idict.cu/index.php/cinfo 79 Perspectivas em Gestão & Conhecimento Brazil http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/pg c 80 Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecología Colombia http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/ index.php/RIB/index 81 BIBLOS : Revista do Instituto de Ciências Brazil https://www.seer.furg.br/biblos/index Humanas e da Informação 82 Pecia Complutense Spain http://biblioteca.ucm.es/pecia/ 83 Knjižnica Slovenia http://knjiznica.zbds- zveza.si/index.php/knjiznica 84 Tushuguanxue yu Zixun Kexue Taiwan http://jlis.glis.ntnu.edu.tw/ 85 Türk Kütüphaneciliği Turkey http://www.tk.org.tr/index.php/TK 86 Información, Cultura y Sociedad Argentina http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.p hp/ICS/index 87 Revista Española de Documentación Spain http://redc.revistas.csic.es Científica 88 JLIS.it Italy http://www.jlis.it/ 89 Journal of Library and Information Studies Taiwan http://jlis.lis.ntu.edu.tw/ 90 Journal of Library Science Taiwan http://jlis.lis.ntu.edu.tw/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemi d=5&lang=us 91 Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Canada https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index. Association php/jchla 92 Theological Librarianship United States https://theolib.atla.com/theolib 93 Informatică economică Romania http://revistaie.ase.ro 94 Informação & Informação Brazil http://www.uel.br/revistas/informacao/ 95 Code4Lib Journal United States http://journal.code4lib.org

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96 Library and Information Research United http://www.lirgjournal.org.uk/lir/ojs/index Kingdom .php/lir 97 Hipertext.net Spain http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext 98 GMS Medizin – Bibliothek – Information Germany http://www.egms.de/en/journals/mbi/index .shtml 99 Communications in Information Literacy United States http://www.comminfolit.org 100 Journal of Information Literacy United http://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/ojs/index.php/JIL/ind Kingdom ex 101 Knygotyra Lithuania http://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/knygotyra 102 Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Canada http://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca//index.php/p Library and Information Practice and erj/ Research 103 International Journal of Digital Curation United http://www.ijdc.net/ Kingdom 104 North Carolina Libraries United http://www.ncl.ecu.edu/index.php/NCL Kingdom 105 International Journal of Doctoral Studies United http://ijds.org/ Kingdom 106 RDBCI: Revista Digital de Brazil http://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index. Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação php/rdbci/ 107 Cybrarians Journal Egypt http://www.journal.cybrarians.org 108 Journal of Educational Media & Library Taiwan http://joemls.dils.tku.edu.tw/index.php?lan Sciences g=en 109 Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, United http://www.ijikm.org/ Knowledge, and Management Kingdom 110 Evidence Based Library and Information Canada http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.p Practice hp/EBLIP 111 Virginia Libraries United States https://ejournals.lib.vt.edu/valib/ 112 Libreas : Library Ideas Germany http://www.libreas.eu 113 Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Learning and United States http://ijklo.org/ Learning Objects 114 Issues in Informing Science and United States http://iisit.org/ Information Technology 115 Liber Quarterly: The Journal of European Netherlands https://www.liberquarterly.eu/ Research Libraries 116 Electronic Journal of Knowledge United http://www.ejkm.com/ Management Kingdom 117 Chinese Librarianship: An International Poland http://www.iclc.us/cliej/ Electronic Journal 118 Information Research: An International France http://informationr.net/ir/ Electronic Journal 119 Informing Science The International Brazil http://inform.nu/ Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline 120 BiD: Textos Universitaris de Indonesia http://bid.ub.edu/ Biblioteconomia i Documentació 121 EBIB Bulletin United States http://open.ebib.pl/ojs/index.php/ebib

122 Issues in Science and Technology Korea http://www.istl.org/ Librarianship : a quarterly publication of the Science and Technology Section, Association of College and Research Libraries 123 Journal of the Medical Library Association United States http://jmla.mlanet.org/ojs/jmla

124 Bulletin of the Medical Library Ukraine http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocren Association der.fcgi?journal=72

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PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMICS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Nirnimesh Pandiya | Research Scholar, Department of Library Science | [email protected]

Bhartrihari Pandiya | Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, IIIT Allahabad | [email protected]

Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha | Associate Professor, Department of Library Science, | [email protected]

Abstract Written falsification or plagiarism undermines the respectability of training and happens at all levels of grant. Research shows that both undergraduate and postgraduate understudies expect preparing to dodge written falsification. Built up scientists are not invulnerable to affirmations of unoriginality. Instructive foundations need to move past prevention, identification, and discipline, and take an all encompassing and multi-partner way to deal with address written falsification. While some copyright infringement in advanced education look into is deliberate, some is unexpected and a matter of obliviousness of written falsification realities. The creators found that while most scientists do have a general thought of what constitutes written falsification, many didn't know about the varying sorts of unoriginality. A considerable number of scientists likewise did not understand the punishments engaged with submitting written falsification. In the examination's decision, analysts ought to be instructed in revise reference utilization and protected innovation laws.

Keywords : Plagiarism, Acknowledgement, Literary theft, Research Ethics , Academic Community

Introduction Literary theft has a generally acknowledged proof based definition: “when you exhibit another person's work as your own, you are conferring a demonstration of extortion”. The site plagiarism.org distinguishes ten most regular sorts of literary theft, and positions them as indicated by seriousness.There is unmistakably a blend of lawful, scholarly, social, expert, and good issues here. There are likewise matters of notoriety, acknowledgment, disgrace, monetary misfortune, confidence, and anger.

In spite of the fact that it is getting more mind boggling as a result of electronic scattering, copyright encroachment is a statutory offense where overstepping the law is by all accounts clear. Progressively, as well, understandings and techniques related with reasonable managing/utilize, especially those dependent on licenses and contracts (terms of utilization), are endeavoring to referee between worthy what's more, inadmissible practice. Scholastic trustworthiness envelops various esteems including genuineness, put stock in, regard, decency, and duty [1] and goals that ought to be maintained by every instructive partner. "Scholastic respectability includes guaranteeing that in look into, and in educating and learning, both staff and understudies act in a legit way. They have to recognize the scholarly commitments of others, to be opened and responsible for their activities, and show reasonableness and straight forwardness in all parts of academic undertaking" [2]. Scholastic uprightness guarantees open trust in the validity of grant at all levels of instruction including the exploration procedure and its results [3]. Scholastic uprightness breaks incorporate a differing scope of out of line works on including literary theft, deceiving in exams or assignments, wrong intrigue, robbery of other understudies' work, paying an outsider for assignments, downloading entire or part of assignments from the Internet, distortion of information, deception of records, or different activities that undermine the respectability of grant [4]. Literary theft is a standout amongst the most passionately disparaged ruptures of scholastic uprightness since it undermines the commence that academic work will make a unique and legit commitment to a current assortment of learning. In spite of the way that written falsification happens at all levels of grant, the principle center in the current blast of research here is on understudy literary theft [5]– [9]. With the end goal of this paper, written falsification is characterized as the utilization of others' words, thoughts, or inventive work without suitable affirmation, and does not really suggest purposeful misdirection.

Plagiarism by Students The degree of written falsification (in its different structures) in understudies' work depends partially on the technique used to investigate this issue, with most examinations utilizing self-report strategies. The rate of literary theft for college understudies changes uncontrollably from 19% [10], to 26% [11], 66% [12], and 81% [13]. Research has additionally featured issues of literary theft by understudies for whom English is an Additional

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Language (EAL) at both undergrad and postgraduate levels. Marshall and Garry [14] presumed that EAL understudies are altogether more prone to have occupied with genuine types of written falsification (83%) than non- EAL understudies (65%); Vieyra et al. [15] discovered that 47% of EAL graduate understudies had counterfeited in their exploration recommendations, versus 16% of non-EAL understudies. Pecorari [16] found that 76% of non- local English talking graduate understudies had no less than one section in a written work test (half of which were finished PhD proposals) where more than 70% of the content was taken from source material. A current study of 15,304 Australian understudies, from a scope of controls both undergrad and postgraduate, announced that global understudies were more than twice as likely as household understudies to pass on an absence of trust in how to keep away from a scholastic respectability rupture [5].

However a plagiarism check tool named URKUND has been developed by INFLIBNET to improvise the quality of the thesis and dissertations submitted in Indian universities. Various new laws and rules have been made so that the practice is curbed. In the research field there are severe consequences that will be faced by the researcher as well as the guide.

It is for the most part accepted that graduate understudies, having put in no less than 15 years in the training framework, are familiar with scholastic trustworthiness necessities and know how to maintain a strategic distance from literary theft [17]; in any case, it is ending up progressively clear that many graduate understudies are poorly arranged for the difficulties of postgraduate investigation [18],[19] and that breaks of scholarly respectability strategy do happen among this understudy bunch [13],[17]. Gilmore et al. [17] found that 42.6% of research proposition by science, innovation, designing, and arithmetic graduate understudies contained copyright infringement; McCullogh and Holmburg [20] detailed 27% literary theft in ace's theories; and Segal et al. [21] found that 5% of medicinal residency applications had no less than one case of written falsification. Results from the Academic Integrity Standards Project [4] showed that one out of five postgraduate research understudies had never known about scholarly trustworthiness and two of every five postgraduate understudies said they didn't know whether their college had a scholastic honesty arrangement.

A significant part of the exploration on literary theft and different breaks of scholastic honesty has concentrated on the part of instructing and adapting, especially at the undergrad level, with focused acceptance, support, and preparing upheld for all understudies, and specifically for those from non-customary foundations. Techniques to stop literary theft incorporate exhortation with respect to appraisal advancement, educational programs plan, and scholastic aptitudes training [7]. These discouragement procedures are exhorted in conjunction with recognition and suitable punishments. Frequently incorrectly touted as a "copyright infringement discovery" apparatus, content coordinating programming, for example, Turnitin or SafeAssign furnishes teachers with the way to check understudies' conflict with other material on the Internet, beforehand submitted understudy papers, and diary articles. As expanding quantities of schools, universities, and colleges utilize content coordinating programming, as both an instructive apparatus and as prevention, understudies might be less disposed to submit assignments in light of "reorder" literary theft.

Be that as it may, literary theft isn't just an issue of understudy appraisal. It is an indication of a profoundly settled in scholastic culture that ostensibly puts substantial prizes (grades, recognitions, productions, advancements, gifts) over the inborn benefit of learning and information creation. To address the progressing issue of counterfeiting and different breaks of scholastic uprightness, instructive foundations must work towards cultivating a culture of respectability that goes past prevention, recognition, and discipline of understudies. Bertram Gallant and Kalichman keep up that "individual offense is really a foundational issue, formed by individual, authoritative, instructive/institute, and societal components" [23]. On this premise, to sustain a group with shared scholarly estimations of respectability would require a comprehensive and multi-partner approach incorporating instructive arrangement creators, senior chiefs, showing scholastics and guides, understudies at all levels, analysts, subsidizing bodies, editors, and commentators [24]. A really all encompassing methodology would include advancing trustworthiness in each part of the scholastic undertaking: including college statements of purpose and advertising, through affirmations forms [40], to nuanced and precisely enunciated arrangement [4],[5],[7]. It must incorporate appraisal practices and educational programs plan [22],[24], data gave amid introduction, and visit and visual updates on grounds [40]. There must be implanted and focused on help in courses and at each level for understudies [5], proficient advancement for staff [7],[25], and look into preparing [18]. At last, the utilization of new advances to both help understudies to stay away from scholarly respectability ruptures, and as an apparatus to distinguish breaks when they happen, must be embraced [25],[26]. While such a nuanced and comprehensive way to deal with

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 95 scholastic trustworthiness is optimistic as opposed to one that exists in a solitary foundation, too many years of research has given proof of the effect of individual intercessions (e.g., approach, appraisal configuration, preparing, location, punishments) in tending to counterfeiting. The two specialists and experts are currently calling for partners at all levels of instruction to perceive that the intricacy of unoriginality requires a similarly modern and multi- pronged approach, which is both focused on and setting particular. [27]

Steps Taken by INFLIBNET / University Grants Commission to Prevent Plagiarism In order to improve quality in teaching, learning and research , University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued the guidelines in M. Phil./ Ph.D. Regulations 2009 and revised version has been given in draft UGC Regulation for M. Phil./ Ph.D. July 2017 to be adopted by the Indian Universities and Higher learning Institutions. The Draft As per UGC Public Notice issued vide No.F. 1-18/2010(CPP-[) 1st September 2017 , UGC said that University Grants Commission had constituted a Committee of experts to look into issues of Plagiarism and recommend some institutional mechanism to eliminate the scope of this menace in higher education system in the country. The objective of the regulations is to promote academic research and deterrence from plagiarism by developing systems to detect plagiarism.

As a result, the Committee emphasized on the needs to refer plagiarism in a broader way by putting appropriate systems and checks in place. The draft University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2017 prepared by the Committee is attached herewith for observations and suggestions of stakeholders. The Feedback and comments on the above draft may be sent to UGC on [email protected] on or before 30th Septembet,2017. )

As a result the news came in various newspapers. As news published in Hindustan Times, New Delhi (September 6, 2017) regarding New UGC policy: Research scholars can lose registration and teachers dismissed for plagiarism says that the draft rules for students state that in non-core areas, plagiarism of up to 10% would not invite any penalty while in cases of up to 40% plagiarism, the student will not be given any marks and/or credits. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released the Draft UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2017 to crack down on students and faculty found plagiarising.

The commission has asked stakeholders to give their suggestions by September 30. “The objective of the regulations is to promote academic research and deterrence from plagiarism ... As a result, the committee emphasized on the needs to refer plagiarism in a broader way by putting appropriate systems and checks in place,” said a senior official. Educational institutions have also been asked to form an academic misconduct panel (AMP) to investigate allegations of plagiarism and submit a report to the Plagiarism Disciplinary Authority (PDA) of the institute.

“The core work carried out by the student, faculty, staff and researcher shall be based on original ideas and shall be covered by a zero tolerance policy on plagiarism. In case plagiarism is established, then the Plagiarism Disciplinary Authority (PDA) of the HEI shall impose maximum penalty. The core work shall include abstract, summary, hypothesis, observations, results, conclusions and recommendations.”

The draft rules for students state that in non-core areas, plagiarism of up to 10% would not invite any penalty while in cases of up to 40% plagiarism, the student will not be given any marks and/or credits and will be asked to submit a revised script within a stipulated time period not exceeding six months. In case similarities are above 6o%, no marks would be awarded and the applicant’s registration for that course will be cancelled.

In case of faculty, for similarities ranging from 0-40%, they will be asked to withdraw the manuscript and will not be allowed to publish work for at least a year. In case there are similarities above 60% they will not be allowed to publish any work for at least three years and be denied two successive increments.“In case where plagiarism of highest level is committed then the punishment for the same shall be operative. In case a level 3 offence is repeated, then the person shall be dismissed,” states the draft. These regulations will be retrospective.The draft also points out that all institutes should instruct students and staff about proper attribution, seeking permission from authors wherever necessary and acknowledgement of sources compatible with the needs and specificities of disciplines. Institutes will also be required to conduct sensitization seminars and awareness programmes on responsible research, assignments, project work, dissertations to promote academic integrity and ethics in education.

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All the stakeholders are requested to give their opinion. The Teachers Associations across the country have also submitted their responses and the concerned universities have also submitted reply for incorporating suggestions. Final Regulations is yet to published.

The INFLIBNET Centre has been entrusted to monitor the plagiarism level through the Central Libraries of all the Indian Universities. The concerned Universities have been signing the MoU with the INFLIBNET for submitting Ph.D. theses to the ETDs Repositories which has been hoisted at INFLIBNET. The soft copy of thesis before submission has been passed through the Anti-Plagiarism Software URKUND and the supervisor and candidate check the level of plagiarism and the candidates are allowed to submit thesis only when the plagiarism level is below 25 % or less. This helps the supervisor and scholars to submit Ph.D. thesis in its original form and free from all the plagiarism issues. This steps definitely enhancing the quality and standard of the theses as these are being uploaded to the ETDs repositories which are now available across the world for access. Therefore , the draft University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2017 when come into force would bring a new era in the higher education and research in India which promotes quality education and research in Indian Universities and Institution of Higher learning.

Conclusion Counterfeiting is a genuine break of scholastic trustworthiness in that it diminishes the estimation of unique and legitimate academic work. While there has been a blast of intrigue and research on this subject, all around the attention has been on college understudies copying in evaluation. Late research has shown that literary theft is a mind boggling issue, with numerous partner bunches requiring significantly more acceptance, data, preparing, and support to guarantee that they have the fundamental comprehension and abilities to satisfy their scholastic duties. Instructive foundations along these lines need to perceive that tending to literary theft requires a comprehensive and multi-partner approach which plans to cultivate an insightful group in light of shared understandings and practices of scholastic honesty.

Therefore , as a faculty members, supervisors, researchers , we should support this activities and try to bring transparency in higher education and our researches should be original and fress from all sorts of plagiarism.

References [1]. International Center for Academic Integrity, Fundamental Values Project. Available: http://www.academicintegrity.org/fundamental_values_project/index.php. Accessed 24 August 2011. [2]. Exemplary Academic Integrity Project (2013b) Resources on academic integrity. Available: http://resource.unisa.edu.au/course/view.php?id=6633&topic=8. Accessed 20 August 2013. [3]. Anderson MS, Shaw MA, Steneck NH, Konkle E, Kamata T (2013) Research integrity and misconduct in the academic profession. Paulen MB, editor. Higher education: handbook of theory and research. pp. 217–261. [4]. Bretag T, Walker R, Green M, Wallace M, East J, et al. (2010) Academic integrity standards: aligning policy and practice in Australian universities. Successful Priority Projects proposal to the Australian Learning and Teaching Council Available: http://www.apfei.edu.au/altc-priority-project.html. Accessed 24 November 2011. [5]. Bretag T, Mahmud S, Walker R, Wallace M, McGowan U, et al. (2013) Teach us how to do it properly! An Australian academic integrity student survey. Studies in Higher Education doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/03075079.2013.777406 [6]. Carroll J (2003) Six things I did not know four years ago about dealing with plagiarism. Invited Keynote Address, Asia-Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity: Plagiarism and Other Perplexities, University of South Australia, Adelaide. [7]. Carroll J, Appleton J (2001) Plagiarism: a good practice guide. Available: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/candit /plagiarism/brookes.pdf. Accessed 6 February 2008. [8]. Howard RM, Robillard AE (2008) Pluralizing plagiarism: identities, contexts, pedagogies. Portsmouth (New Hampshire): Boynton/Cook Publishers Inc. [9]. McCabe DL, Trevino LK, Butterfield KD (2001) Cheating in academic institutions: a decade of research. Ethics Behav 11: 219–232. [10]. Scanlon PM, Neuman DR (2002) Internet plagiarism among college students. J Coll Stud Dev 43: 374–385. [11]. Ellery K (2008) An investigation into electronic-source plagiarism in a first-year essay assignment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 33: 607–617. [12]. Franklyn-Stokes A, Newstead SE (1995) Undergraduate cheating: who does what and why? Studies in Higher Education 20: 159–172. [13]. Marsden H, Carroll M, Neill JT (2005) Who cheats at university? A self-report study of dishonest academic behaviours in a sample of Australian university students. Aust J Psychol 57: 1–10.

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[14]. Marshall S, Garry M (2006) NESB and ESB students' attitudes and perceptions of plagiarism. International Journal for Educational Integrity 2: 26–37. [15]. Vieyra M, Strickland D, Timmerman B (2013) Patterns in plagiarism and patchwriting in science and engineering graduate students' research proposals. International Journal for Educational Integrity 9: 35–49. [16]. Pecorari D (2003) Good and original: plagiarism and patchwriting in academic second-language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 12: 317–345. [17]. Gilmore J, Strickland D, Timmerman B, Maher M, Feldon D (2010) Weeds in the flower garden: an exploration of plagiarism in graduate students' research proposals and its connection to enculturation, ESL, and contextual factors. International Journal for Educational Integrity 6: 13–28. [18]. Mahmud S, Bretag T (2013) Postgraduate research students and academic integrity: ‘It's about good research training’. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 35: 432–443. [19]. Lovitts BE (2005) Being a good course-taker is not enough: a theoretical perspective on the transition to independent research. Studies in Higher Education 30: 137–154. [20]. McCullough M, Holmberg M (2005) Using the Google search engine to detect word-for-word plagiarism in Master's theses: a preliminary study. Coll Stud J 39: 435–441. [21]. Segal S, Gelfand BJ, Hurwitz S, Berkowitz L, Ashley SW, et al. (2010) Plagiarism in residency application essays. Ann Intern Med 153: 112–121. [PubMed] [22]. Barrett R, Malcolm J (2006) Embedding plagiarism education in the assessment process. International Journal for Educational Integrity 2: 38–45. [23]. Bertram Gallant T, Kalichman M (2011) Academic ethics: a systems approach to understanding misconduct and empowering change in the academy. Chapter 3. Bertram Gallant T, editor. Creating the ethical academy: a systems approach to understanding misconduct and empowering change in the academy. New York: Routledge. [24]. Bretag T (2012) Publish or perish: ramifications for online academic publishing. Wankel C, Wankel L, editors. Misbehaviour online in higher education. Cutting-edge Technologies in Higher Education 5: 11–24. [25]. Higher Education Academy JISC Academic Integrity Service (2011) Policy works: recommendations for reviewing policy to manage unacceptable academic practice in higher education. Available: http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/detail/academicintegrity/policy_works. Accessed 20 September 2013. [26]. Bretag T (2013) Short-cut students: fostering academic integrity in students, Section 3.8 in Transparency International, Global Corruption Report: Education. Berlin: Transparency International. [27]. Exemplary Academic Integrity Project (2013a) Academic integrity policy toolkit. Available: www.unisa.edu.au/EAIP. Accessed 22 November 2013 [28]. The draft University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2017

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STAFF MOTIVATION: FEATURES, STRATEGIES AND ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN THIS CHANGING ERA

Ompal Singh | Senior Librarian, Government PG College For Women, Karnal | [email protected]

Abstract The success of an organization depends not only on technical expertise but also on the interest of the workers/employees. A strong positive motivation will increase the output of employee and a negative motivation will reduce their performance. Motivation is an important factor which encourages employees to give their best performance and helps in achieving the organization goal. Motivation inspires people to work efficiently and effectively. Now-a-days we are living in the age of information age the scientific age the High- Tech age. The emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the boon of 21st century and the role of libraries plays a important role in this changing scenario. In this regard, if the librarian wants to adopt this latest advancement, it will be necessary for him to motivate his subordinating staff and improve the professional skills. Today, it is essential for the librarians to equip themselves with this new technology and need to reorient/redesign their services to meet the challenges of 21st century. The librarian should make the staff to understand the reasons for the changes, thereby motivating the staff to accommodate changes in information provision, information storage and information access and to do value additions too. Motivation creates a sense of responsibilities and special interest in the work. Motivated employee will work hard for the benefit and betterment for the organization. This paper highlights on the concept of motivation, essential features of motivation, an important theories of motivation and effective strategies of motivation and role of librarians in this changing scenario.

Keywords: Features of motivation, theories, strategies, role of librarians.

Introduction The great libraries of the future will not be those which have great collections but those with the great staff, because knowledge must be rediscovered in the library before it is used. Rediscovery may be as important as the creation of knowledge itself (Lowry, C. B., 1991).

Koontz and O’ Donnell defined motivation as, “Motivation is a general norms applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces.” According to Encyclopedia of Management, “Motivation refers to degree of readiness of an organism to pursue some designated goal and implies the determination of the nature and locus of the forces, including the degree of readiness.”

Frederic Herzberg defined motivation as, “Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentives.”

Mc Farland defined as, “Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives, desires, aspirations, strivings or needs influences the choice of alternatives in the behavior of human beings.”

Essential Features Of Motivation  Motivation is a Psychological Concept: Motivation comes from inside the individual. The inner feeling balances the perception of an individual and satisfaction of the workers’ need that influence the direction, volume, behavior and limitations of efforts of an individual. So, motivation is an encouragement of inner feeling of an individual and it cannot be forced upon outside.  Motivation is System Oriented: Motivation is the result of interactions among different of forces:- i. Influences, Force operating within an individual i.e. his goals, needs, values and attitudes. ii. Influences, Forces operating within the organization i.e. organizational structure, technology, physical facilities, nature of jobs etc., and iii. Forces, operating in the external environment i.e. culture, customs, norms etc. of the society and the country.  Motivation Can be Positive or Negative: Positive motivation implies use of incentives such as higher in pay, continuous reward, regular and continuous promotion etc. for improving work, culture. Negative motivation is to emphasis on penalties such as reprimands, threat of demotion, fear of loss of job etc.  Motivation is an Unending Process: Man being a social animal has innumerable wants to satisfy which encourage him to work. All wants cannot be satisfied at one time.

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 The whole is Individual is Motivated: Every individual is an integrated organized whole workers and part of him cannot be motivated because motivation is a psychological concept that is concerned with the attached individual.  Motivation and Job Satisfaction are Interrelated: Motivation leads to job satisfaction. A person who is not motivated and not in high spirits and spirit can never enjoy a job satisfaction.  Motivation is the Degree of Willingness and Readiness: When an employee is motivated, he takes all initiative and voluntary come forward to accept any challenges and responsibilities. He becomes a willing employee, a self-starter, a self-disciplined, a self-controlled and self-motivated.  Motivation is an Invisible Variable: Motivation cannot be seen, heard or felt but can only be seen from one’s action. Motivation effects one’s behavior output and quality of work. Motivated people do not meet the target they show miracles.

Categories Of Theories Of Motivation

(A): THEORIES BASED ON HUMAN NEEDS  Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Theory  Frederick Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory  David C. McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory (B): THEORIES BASED ON HUMAN NATURE  Douglas McGregor’s Participation Theory or Theory X and Theory Y  Urwick, F. L., Rangnekar, Sharu S., Ouchi, William’s Theory Z  Chris, Argyris’s Theory Immaturity to Maturity (C): THEORIES BASED ON EXPECTANCY OF HUMAN BEINGS  Victor H. Varoom’s Expectancy Theory.  Porter, L.W. & Lawler, E.E., Expectancy Theory. (D): SOME OTHER MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES  Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory  Adam Smith’s Equity Theory  Edwin A. Lock’s Goal Setting Theory  Fritz Heider’s Attribution Theory  B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory This theory believes that people are motivated by a sequence of needs that are arranged in hierarchy of importance. The urgency of each of these needs may however vary. He identified these needs as follows:  Physiological Needs: This includes hunger, thirst, air, shelter, clothing, sex, bodily needs.  Safety/Security Needs: These include the need to be free from physical danger and the fear of loss of job property, food clothing or shelter.  Social Needs: These needs include the need for love and affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.  Esteem Needs: Comprises of two different sets of needs (i) Internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement, and (ii) External esteem factors such as status, recognition and attention, admiration.  Self Actualization Needs: Once esteem needs are satisfied the self actualization needs become important. After a man’s other needs are fulfilled, he has a desire for personal achievement. The drive to become what one is capable of becoming: includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self- fulfillment.

Frederick Herzberg’s Two Factors Or Hygienic Maintenance Theory Of Motivation The Two Factor Theory was developed in 1950s by interviewing 200 accountants and engineers in and around Pittsburg. During the interview each individual was asked to describe the situations in which they found their jobs “Exceptionally Good” and felt motivated or “Exceptionally Bad” at work. In this context he developed his “Two Groups of Factors” which he classified as:- 1. Satisfiers or Motivators (Exceptionally Good):-  Achievement  Recognition  Advancement  Responsibility  Work itself, and  Growth Opportunities.

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2. Maintenance Factors or Hygienic Factors (Exceptionally Bad):-  Company Policy and Administration  Technical Supervision  Interpersonal Relations with the Supervisors  Interpersonal Relations with the Peers  Interpersonal Relations with Subordinates  Salary/incentives  Job Security  Quality of Professional & Personal Life  Working Conditions  Status

DOUGLAS Mcgregor’s THEORY ‘X’ & THEORY ‘Y’ Under Theory ‘X’ the FOUR assumptions held by manager are:-  Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.  Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goal.  Employees will avoid responsibilities & seek formal direction whenever possible.  Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition. . Further he listed FOUR positive assumptions under Theory ‘Y’  Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.  People will exercise self-directio0n & self-control if they are committed to the objectives.  The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility.  The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed throughout the population and is not necessarily the sole province of those in management positions.

Victor H. Varoom’s Expectancy Theory Varoom’s theory explains the relationship between:  Efforts and Performance,  Performance and Reward,  Rewards and Personal Goals.

Motivational Strategies According to Bernard in Stoner, et al (1995) describes, “The ultimate test of organizational success is its ability to create values sufficient to compensate for the burdens imposed upon resources contributed.” In this era of information superhighway, employees of information professionals or librarians must be careful to meet their needs. Otherwise, they will discover they are losing their talented and creative professionals to other organizations who are ready and willing to meet their needs and demands.

To develop inspired employees, a librarian must treat individuals as people, empower workers, provide an efficient reward or appreciation system, redesign jobs and produce a flexible workplace.  Empowerment: It occurs when individuals in a establishment are given autonomy, trust, authority and encouragement to attain a job. Empowerment is designed to liberate the workers and to repeat a task the worker’s responsibility.  Appreciation System: A reward is a work outcome of positive value to the individual. Organizations are rich in rewards for individuals whose performance achievements help meet organizational objectives. Individual receive rewards in one of the following ways: i. Extrinsic Rewards: Common workplace examples are pay bonus, promotions, security, special assignments, office fixtures, awards, verbal praise, and so on. In all case, the motivational stimulus of extrinsic rewards originates outside the individuals. It encourages the staff to compete their task in order to receive the reward. ii. Intrinsic Rewards: This involves the performance of an activity for the intrinsic satisfaction of the activity. The responsible person feels good because he has a feeling of competency, personal development, and self-control over his work.  Task Redesign: Job redesign requires knowledge of and concern for the human qualities individuals bring with them to the establishment, applies motivational theories to the structure of work for amending productivity and satisfaction. When redesigning jobs, librarian looks at both task scope and task depth. Redesign efforts may include the following:

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i. Task Enlargement: It increases the form of jobs a task comprises. Though it does not increase the quality of or the challenges of those jobs, task enlargement may reduce some of the monotony, and as an employees’ monotony decreases, his or her work quality generally increase. As well as library work is concerned persons involved in cataloguing when assigning special duty to organize periodical indexing services or counter duties, in absence of counter staff, etc. ii. Task Rotation: This idea is to add form and to expose individuals to the dependence that one task has on their jobs. Task rotation can encourage higher levels of contributions and renew interest and enthusiasm. In library routine works this method can be used on weekly, monthly or even annual basis. iii. Task Enrichment: This application comprises not only an increased variety of jobs, but also provides an employee with more responsibility and authority. In this context Herzberg (1968) contributed the theory of job enrichment as a motivational technique. Job enrichment provides employees with an opportunity to grow psychologically and mature in a job. In the library field task enrichment is in the grouping of cataloguers, each person takes responsibility for a particular group of subjects, in which they all catalogues and classify. Task enrichment may be achieved by subject specialization structures in the libraries.  Flexible Working Hours: The flextime, which permits employees to set and control their own work hours, is one way that organizations are accommodating their employees’ needs. Flexible time is intended to ensure that the work of the organization is accomplished and, at the same time, to permit library staff and their supervisors to establish work schedules that recognize individual and family needs.  Staff Training: It is an essential strategy for motivating workers. The library organization must have good training programme. This training programme will give the librarians or information professionals’ opportunities for self-improvement and development to meet the challenges and requirements of new equipment and new techniques of performing a task.  Information Availability and Communication: Information availability brings to bear a powerful peer pressure, where two or more people running together will run faster than when running alone or running without awareness of the peace of the runners. By sharing information, subordinates compete with one another.  Mentoring: Simply this is a process whereby an experienced librarian consciously prepares staff under his supervision with the one and only aim of reproducing his kind over a period of time. Staffs which pass through this process are usually motivated when they know that their superior officer is interested in their career progress.  Team Building: Team spirit exercise is another great way to improve the skills of staff and helps to develop stronger working relationships. Supervisors should allow the subordinates to make use of their initiative in performing certain tasks.  Proper Working Conditions: Good welfare package like security of tenure, reasonable opportunity for promotion, good office accommodation and equipment, satisfactory retirement benefit etc are good motivators.  Nurture Good Vision: Library management should not strangle good ideas more specially ideas which will move the library forward. Be a good listener. Suggestion scheme should be c encouraged.  Integrate Stress Management: The library management should organize training sessions on stress management from time to time. This may include health talk, sports programmes, etc. Serve food at such meeting when necessary. Such activities will give staff opportunity to relax their nerves.

Role Of Librarians In This Changing Environment Change is eternal, the law of nature. There will be changes in the library environment, and these changes will affect librarians: their role, job opportunities, self-image, motivation and even survival. New roles, changing roles, education and training, and the future of librarians have been deliberated on for many decades – in fact for each new technological advancement (e.g. automation and the paperless society, CD-ROMs and the end user threat, and the Internet and disintermediation). With the emergence of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) and its implementation in library operations and services, the role of librarians has been changed dramatically. Librarians need to be polite, friendly and always able to behave in a courteous, patient and tactful manner. Librarians must look for right number of people with right type of skills available at the right time. To develop staff capacity to maximum and team spirit among the library staff, the librarian should motivate the staff in various ways. The libraries like other organizations, utilize several categories of staff. The categories of staff is vary from library to library. However there are FOUR basic categories of staff in the library organization i.e.  The Top Management & Academic Professionals Staff;

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 Supportive Staff/The Technical Staff;  Clerical/Administrative Staff, and  Group IV Staff.

Conclusion Library is the heart of an academic institution. The heart of an organization is its people (the human resources) and one critical part of getting work done in an organization is attractive and retaining effective employees. Abilities, skills, personality, and organizational support alone might not lead to individual job performance that contributes to overall organizational if people are not satisfied. Motivated staffs are needed in our rapidly changing workplace. They help the organizations to survive, and are more productive. Motivated staff are contended, dedicated and work enthusiastically. To be effective, management needs to understand what motivates the library staff within the context of the role they execute. Need theories can be used to satisfy employee’s physical and psychological needs and hopefully to motivate them by increasing their sense of self- esteem and self-actualization. Hygiene-Motivator theory makes us realize that job conditions such as pay and benefits alone might not motivate people. Intrinsic rewards such as compliment, public recognition, professional and opportunities are motivators. As extrinsic reward such as monetary rewards and gifts, which might motivate the employees to win the reward rather than to focus on the work itself? Positive motivators encourage and make the workers to work harder and increase productivity where as negative motivators are counter-productive. It is very important to note that staff motivation is a continuous process.

References/The Reading Lists [1]. Arnold, K (2007), “Motivating and Evaluating Staff.” Available: http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/class/clis724/specialLibrariesHandbook/motivating.html’ [2]. Chaud, S. (2015), “Motivation at Workplace: Role, Definition, Needs, Incentives and Motives.” Available at: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.comk/motivation/motivation-at-workplace. [3]. Herzberg, F. et al (1959), “The Motivation to Work.” New York, John Wiley, 1959. [4]. Herzberg, F. (1968), “One More Time: How do you motivate employees?” Harvard Business Review 53. [5]. Kaur, Rajwant, (2006), “Librarians’ Job Satisfaction: Nature, Determinants and Theories.” ILA Bulletin, 42.4: pp 5- 12. [6]. Kaya, Ebru, (1995), “Job Satisfaction of the Librarians in the Developing Countries.” In 61st IFLA General Conference Proceeding. Available at: http://archive.ifla.org.IV/ifla61/61-kaye.htm [7]. Lim, S. (2007), “Library Information Technology Workers: Their sense of belonging, role, job autonomy, and job satisfaction.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 33(4), pp 492-500. [8]. Lim, S. (2008), “Job Satisfaction of Information Technology Workers in academic libraries.” Library & Information Science Research. 30.2: pp 115-121. [9]. Maslow, A. H. (1943), “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review (July): [10]. Maslow, A. (1954), “Motivation and Personality.” New York, Harper & Row, 1954. [11]. Mishra, V. (1991), “Job Satisfaction in peaceful and distributed textile industries.” Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 18(4): pp 619-628. [12]. Mitchell, T.R. (1982), “Motivation: New Directions for theory and research.” Academy of Management Review 17 (1): pp 80-88. [13]. Mullins, L. (1996), “Management and organization.” 4th edn. London, Pitman. [14]. Rowley, J. (1996)’ “Motivation of Staff in Libraries.” Library Management (17): pp 31-35. [15]. Ryan, R. M. (2000), “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations” Classical definitions and new directions.” Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25: pp 54-67. [16]. Shah, K. and Shah, P.J. (2015), “Motivation.” Available at: http://www.laynetworks.com/motivation [17]. Sharma, M.P. et al, (2011), “Public Administration in Theory and Practice.” Allahabad, Kitab Mahal, 2015.

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ALTMETRICS: DIGITAL METRICS FOR SOCIAL MEDIA

P. SANKAR | Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Periyar University and Librarian, Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India | [email protected]

Dr. E. S. KAVITHA | Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Periyar University

Abstract Social media platforms such as blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and article reference managers such as Mendeley are now being used to communicate and discuss research. Traditional bibliometric analysis and peer review have formed the standard methods to assess the ‘scientific status of disciplines, research institutes and scientists. But some research has investigated how scholars use social web services, giving insights into the kinds of activities that altmetrics might reflect. Altmetric is a system that tracks the attention that research outputs such as scholarly articles and datasets receive online Altmetrics, or alternative citation metrics, provides researchers and scholars with new ways to track this influence. This article briefly layout about the concept and need of the Altmetrics. Altmetric Attention Score for a research output and Altmetric donut also discussed in depth.

Keywords: Metrics, Altmetrics, Social Media, SNS

Introduction Metrics and their use and misuse are very live issues for our communities. Bibliometric data such as citations will be used by the Research Excellence Framework (REF) panels as part of their deliberation. While publications are still a key part of that analysis, panels are explicitly forbidden to consider the impact factor of the journal where those publications appear, when assessing the article’s impact or importance: ‘No subpanel will make any use of journal impact factors, rankings, lists or the perceived standing of publishers in assessing the quality of research outputs’. Alongside that, the rise of ‘altmetrics’ is a new ways of looking at the usefulness and impact of research outputs that take into account references outside of the journal article, including social media and news stories. The web makes these new metrics possible, and technology brings assessing impact and reach closer to real time.

Librarians, those working in research offices and publishers are no strangers to the use of metrics: for making journal collection decisions; showing return on investment of journal collections or funding of research; and assessing research outputs and impact institution. Often, however, we lack the time and resources to understand all the metrics available, let alone to gather the data and analyse it effectively to aid reporting and decision- making.

The term "altmetrics" is short for "alternative metrics. These are a range of nontraditional metrics that can be used to assess the impact that scholars have on research in their areas of study. They can include the number of article downloads, citation of research in online news/social media sources, Mendeley bookmarks (a web-based system for sharing and extracting information from PDFs and other electronic documents), and nontraditional forms of scholarship.

Definition According to Jason Priem, Paul Groth, and Dario Taraborelli, “Altmetrics is the study and use of scholarly impact measures based on activity in online tools and environments. The term has also been used to describe the metrics themselves; one could propose in plural a "set of new altmetrics." Altmetrics is in most cases a subset of both scientometrics and webometrics; it is a subset of the latter in that it focuses more narrowly on scholarly influence as measured in online tools and environments, rather than on the Web more generally.”

Altmetric is a system that tracks the attention that research outputs such as scholarly articles and datasets receive online. It pulls data from:

 Social media like Twitter, Facebook, and Google+.  Traditional media - both mainstream (The Guardian, New York Times) and field specific (New Scientist, Bird Watching). Many non-English language titles are covered.  Blogs - both major organisations (Cancer Research UK) and individual researchers.  Online reference managers like Mendeley and CiteULike

Need for Altmetrics Articles are increasingly joined by:

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 The sharing of “raw science” like datasets, code, and experimental designs  Semantic publishing or “nano-publication,” where cite able unit is an argument or passage rather than entire article.  Widespread self-publishing via blogging, micro blogging, and comments or annotations on existing work.

Because altmetrics are themselves diverse, it is great for measuring impact in this diverse scholarly ecosystem. In fact, altmetrics will be essential to sift these new forms, since it was outside the scope of traditional filters. This diversity can also help in measuring the aggregate impact of the research enterprise itself. Altmetrics are fast, using public APIs to gather data in days or weeks. Altmetrics is open, not just the data, but the scripts and algorithms that collect and interpret it. Altmetrics look beyond counting and emphasize semantic content like usernames, timestamps, and tags. Altmetrics aren’t citations, nor are they webometrics; although these latter approaches are related to altmetrics, they are relatively slow, unstructured, and closed. As the volume of academic literature explodes, scholars rely on filters to select the most relevant and significant sources from the rest. Unfortunately, scholarship’s three main filters for importance are failing:

 Peer-review has served scholarship well, but is beginning to show its age. It is slow, encourages conventionality, and fails to hold reviewers accountable. Moreover, given that most papers are eventually published somewhere, peer-review fails to limit the volume of research.  Citation counting measures are useful, but not sufficient. Metrics like the h-index are even slower than peer-review: a work’s first citation can take years. Citation measures are narrow; influential work may remain uncited. These metrics are narrow; they neglect impact outside the academy, and also ignore the context and reasons for citation.  The JIF, which measures journals’ average citations per article, is often incorrectly used to assess the impact of individual articles. It’s troubling that the exact details of the JIF are a trade secret, and that significant gaming is relatively easy.

Altmetric Attention Score The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. After Altmetric aggregates all of the information it can find about a research output it looks at both the quantity and the quality of attention being paid to an output and visualizes it. The number inside the colored circle is the Altmetric Attention Score for the output being viewed. This is a quantitative measure of the quality and quantity of attention that the output has received. The colours themselves reflect where the posts mentioning the output came from.

Altmetric donut

The score is a weighted count The score is derived from an automated algorithm, and represents a weighted count of the amount of attention we've picked up for a research output. To reflect the relative reach of each type of source. It's easy to imagine

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 105 that the average newspaper story is more likely to bring attention to the research output than the average tweet. This is reflected in the default weightings: News 8 Q&A 0.25

Blogs 5 F1000/ Publons/ Pubpeer 1

Twitter 1 YouTube 0.25

Facebook 0.25 Reddit/Pinterest 0.25

Sina Weibo 1 LinkedIn 0.5

Wikipedia 3 Open Syllabus 1

Policy Documents (per source) 3 Google+ 1

The Altmetric Attention Score always has to be a whole number. This means that mentions that contribute less than 1 to the score sometimes get rounded up to one. So, if picked up one Facebook post for a paper, the score would increase by 1, but if picked up 3 more Facebook posts for that same article, the score would still only increase by 1.

Sources of Altmetric Altmetric monitor the following sources for mentions of research outputs to bring the most relevant and up to date picture of the online activity and discussion:  Public policy documents: Altmetric track and text mine a range of public policy sources globally, looking for references to published research.  Mainstream media: Mainstream media tracking offers a unique insight into where a piece of research has attracted high-profile coverage from over 2,000 outlets around the world.  Online reference managers: Displayed on the details pages but not included in the Altmetric score are the number of Mendeley users who have saved the research to their library. One can view a breakdown of the demographics (location, discipline, etc) of these users on the summary tab details page.  Post-publication peer-review platforms: Also included in coverage are evaluations of individual outputs from contributors to open post-publication peer-review forums Pubpeer and Publons.  Wikipedia: Altmetric currently track the English language version of Wikipedia for citations to published research, with new mentions or edits being identified automatically.  Open Syllabus Project: Data from the Open Syllabus Project is displayed on the details pages of individual books to showcase where those titles appear in the course syllabi of over 4,000 institutions around the world.  Blogs: System scans a manually curated list of over 9,000 academic and non-academic blogs every day.  Citations: Provide Scopus and Web of Science (where licensed) citation information in the Explorer for Publishers and Explorer for Institutions platforms for items that have also received attention from the other sources we track. Users of these platforms are able to see the total citation count and 3 citing articles in the Altmetric details page for the item, and click through to view the full record.  Research highlights: Recommendations of individual research outputs from F1000.  Social Media: Track a range of social networks for mentions of research outputs – all of these are then displayed on the details page for complete transparency. Networks we track include of Facebook (mentions on public pages only), Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn, Sina Weibo and Pinterest (historical data only – they no longer supply an open feed)  Multimedia and other online platform: Monitor a selection of other sites and community forums such as YouTube, Reddit and Q&A (stack overflow)

Calculation of outputs score The Altmetric Attention Score is influenced by two factors: 1. The quantity of posts mentioning an output 2. The quality of the post's source

The first is relatively straightforward: the more posts mentioning an output the higher their attentions score. It measure quality in a few different way such as

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 Higher profile posts are worth more than lower profile ones. A blog post contributes more than a tweet.  Who authored each post is important. For posts on social media sites we typically fetch an author's list of followers, a list of their past posts and information about how often those posts were liked, retweeted or reshared. A tweet from a doctor followed by other doctors will contribute more than an automated tweet from a journal's press office.

Criticism of Altmetrics  Attempts to use data derived from social media sources as measures of research influence are intriguing efforts to refine and improve accepted methods, which are widely seen as unsatisfactory for various reasons. It is important to note that these attempts may bring real improvement, or may simply generate more numbers and graphs.  Altmetrics, like established scholarly metrics, measure the activity surrounding a particular scholarly work which is in turn being taken as an indication of the report's scholarly significance. In that respect, it should not be assumed that altmetrics show an altogether different or “better” picture than that which is revealed through other scholarly metrics. Altmetrics are merely seeking to provide a more complete version of that picture.  Concerns have also been raised about the manipulation of these metrics. A paper published in December of 2012, linked below, examined Google Scholar's services in particular and concluded that it was quite easy to atifically inflate a paper's scores as determined by Google Scholar's metrics.  Altmetric measures attention, not quality. People pay attention to papers for all sorts of reasons, not all of them positive.  Altmetric only tracks public attention. Papers are discussed in private forums, offline in journal clubs and by email but we cannot track this.  Altmetric tracks direct attention, that is to say attention focused on a specific research paper or dataset. More specifically for a newspaper article or blog post etc. to be counted by Altmetric it must either contain a link to the publication (journal article, DOI, PMID, or institutional repository) or reach our text mining criteria  Altmetric provides with a single metric per output so that you can quickly compare relative levels of attention but it only makes sense. The norms for attention are very different for different scientific disciplines, just as the norms for citations are.

Pros and Cons of Altmetrics Pros Cons Potential for manipulation: The openness of Immediacy: Unlike citations, which take time to social media provides the opportunity for artificial accumulate, impact can be assessed in real-time inflation of figures Track impact outside the formal publishing Popularity of social media services: Comparisons network: Can measure the impact of a wider of figures from a specific tool (e.g. Twitter) for variety of scholarly communication channels material published at different times can be such as datasets, presentation slides, pre-prints, affected by fluctuations in the number of users videos and websites Assess reach beyond scholarly citing community: Capture evidence of engagement in Acceptance: These measures and their role in broader society e.g. practitioners, measuring impact are evolving and have differeng undergraduates, general public including the levels of acceptance in the scholarly community impact of influential but uncited work

Conclusion Altmetrics are new and changing indicators, and measurement is not standardized, making the choice of indicator challenging. However, it may be possible to select the sort of alternative metric to use depending on the type of impact being investigated. Altmetric counts cannot be used at present as a measurement of societal impact because more information is needed about user groups; for example, whether impact has been measured by citations in policy documents or guidelines, or used in healthcare commissioning decisions, rather than simply appearing on social media sites. There is no conclusive evidence to link activity on social media platforms with citations or on the impact of the article. Social media may well have a role to play in academia in the future, and should not be ignored. Assessing the value and impact of scholarly work can be modernised, and altmetrics and social media potentially provide the tools to do this.

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References

[1]. Baynes, G (2012) , Scientometrics, Bibliometrics, Altmetrics: Some introductory advice for the lost and bemused. Insights, 25(3), 311–315, doi: 10.1629/2048-7754.25.3.311 [2]. Careless, J. (2013). Altmetrics 101: A Primer. Information Today, 30(2), 1-36. [3]. Garfield, E (2000), Journal Impact Factor: A Brief Overview, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 161(8), 979– 80, [4]. Haustein, S. (2014). Tweeting biomedicine: An analysis of tweets and citations in the biomedical literature. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(4), 656–669. [5]. Mohammadi, E. Mendeley readership altmetrics for the social sciences and humanities: Research evaluation and knowledge flows. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. [6]. Peters, I (2014). Altmetrics for large, interdisciplinary research groups: A case study of the Leibniz Association. In Proceedings of Libraries in the Digital Age, Zadar, Croatia. Retrieved from http://ozk.unizd.hr/proceedings/index.php/lida/article/view/162/138 [7]. Priem J, Taraborelli D, Groth P, Neylon C. altmetrics: a manifesto. 2010. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/ (accessed on 25.12.2017) [8]. Sankar P & Kavitha ES (2015), Librarians And Altmetrics: A Birdseye View, e-Library Science Research Journal, 4(1), 1-7 [9]. Sankar P & Kavitha ES (2015), Role of Information Professional for the Growth of Altmetrics in the Digital Era, Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology , 5(2), 37-41 [10]. Sankar P & Kavitha ES (2016), Altmetrics: New Research Tool in the Growth of Social Media, Knowledge Librarian: An International Peer Reviewed Bilingual E-Journal of Library and Information Science, 3(1), 80-91 [11]. Zahedi, Z. (2014). How consistent are altmetrics providers? Study of 1000 PLOS ONE publications using the PLOS ALM, Mendeley and Altmetric.com APIs. In: altmetrics 14. Workshop at the Web Science Conference.

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POWERLESSNESS FACTORS OF INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY SYSTEM: A STUDY

P. Sankar | Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Periyar University, Salem and Librarian, Sree Narayana Guru College, KG Chavai, Coimbatore

Dr. E. S. Kavitha | Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Periyar University, Salem

Abstract Each educational institution will define which their potential authors are, depending on the documents that it decides to include in the repository. The study aimed to study the perception on various factors of academic parameters to deposit in the Institutional Repositories System. Majorities of the institutions had institutional repositories and three fourth of the respondents were depositing their works in their institutional repositories. The present study attempted to study the powerlessness factors of contributing in institutional repository system. For obtaining the objective questionnaire method adopted. Structured questionnaire were designed to analysis perception on unwilling towards depositing the works in Institutional repository system such as Publicity, Pre-print culture, Accessibility, Publisher’s policy, Trust of readers, Additional time, effort and Technological skills, Preservation, Advocacy, University or department action factors. The article ends with summarization the finding of the study with conclusion.

Keywords: Institutional Repository, IRS

Introduction The institutions of higher education all over the world are experiencing the necessity of managing their education, research and resources in a more effective and open way. By making the research and scientific output easily available, they will support the development of new relationships between the academicians and both national and international research centres. The Institutional Repository (IR) is understood as an information system that collects, preserves, disseminates and provides access to the intellectual and academic output of the academic community. Nowadays, the IR is a key tool of the scientific and academic policy of the institution. On the other hand, access to the full text of the digital learning objects makes the repository become a fundamental support tool for teaching and research, whilst at the same time multiplying the institution’s visibility in the international community. Within this scenario, it is the university libraries that must lead the implementation of the IRs to enhance the university’s educational competitiveness, because of their experience in information management in all its forms and contact with knowledge.

Definition of IR Kumar, Singh, and Karisiddappa (2011) note that “Institutional repositories should become an integral part of scholarly communication” (p. 201). For an IR to be successful and serve its full potential, it is imperative that its constituents be aware of its existence, understand its value, and be willing to contribute their scholarship. Crow define IR as (Crow, 2002)“Provide a critical component in reforming the system of scholarly communication-a component that expands access to research, reasserts control over scholarship by the academy, increases competition and reduces the monopoly power of journals, and brings economic relief and heightened relevance to the institutions and libraries that support them”. According to Johnson, while traditional publishing model limits readership, obscures institutional origin, costs much, the new model implies no monopoly, increase of output, awareness (Johnson, 2002).

Review of Literature

Ukwoma, Scholastica C (2017) stated that academics’ support of institutional repositories favours the growth of IRs in Nigeria and believed that publishing works on institutional repositories will improve accessibility to scholarly literature and increase the citation impact of their work

Moseti, Irene (2016) found that scholars at the universities were personally engaged in preservation of their digital information but did not extensively use university digital archives, servers or repositories. This was largely attributed to lack of awareness of the important role of digital repositories in digital preservation.

Schwartz, Nathan R ( 2016) was to promote scholarship and encourage faculty to create publishing profile space in SelectedWorks, which can become a virtual curricula vita. The ultimate goal is discoverability and open access contribution to scholarship in the field.

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Tiemo, Pereware Aghwotu (2016) revealed that lecturers’ awareness of institutional repository was high and most of the lecturers agreed that if the repository was established in the university it will enable them to deposit their work but this will violate the copy right law. It is recommended that librarians should create more awareness of IR and educate lecturers on the dangers of giving out the copy right of their work out to commercial publishers.

Xia, Jingfeng (2016) stated that when people were happy with the success of mandate policies in digital repositories, it was equally important to carry out quality control over repository content by setting up guidelines for self-archiving and understand how scholars perform self-archiving in and what expectations readers have for a repository.

Gross, Julia (2015) argued that OA publishing will continue to transform scholarship within the arts and humanities, especially through the role of institutional repositories. However, the ongoing training of university researchers and personnel is required to bring into balance their understandings of OA publisher and the demands of the broader Australian and international research environment.

Lagzian, Fatemeh (2015) stated that several of the factors are not fully realised by the institutional repositories despite their relative importance. Institutional repositories are still in development; this study may help to guide their implementation and further development

Lee, Jongwook (2015) confirmed the contribution of the IR in making papers available and accessible. The results also reveal some impediments to the success of OA: including impediments linked to contractual arrangements between authors and publishers, impediments linked to policies, practices, and technologies governing the IR itself, and the low level of faculty participation in the IR.

Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca (2015) concluded that universities should encourage promotional activities geared towards creating awareness of IR which will in turn enhance positive attitude towards IR establishment in universities.

Okhakhu Sr, David O (2015) found out that Librarians had a negative perception that lecturers were not fully aware of IR and were not willing to support the project by submitting their intellectual property to the university IR. The study concluded by highlighting the need for librarians to have a positive perception of IR development.

Aim and Objectives of the study The study attempted to study the powerlessness factors on depositing the works in the Institutional Repositories System. The study aimed to study the perception on various factors of academic parameters to deposit in the Institutional Repositories System.

Methodology This study is a descriptive study in which the sample was elected by means of random sampling. A survey was used as a method of collecting the data. The data analysis is descriptive in nature. A structured questionnaire designed to collect the data from the Arts & Science and Engineering College faculty members working in Coimbatore of South India. Questions were designed to analysis perception on unwilling towards depositing the works in Institutional repository system such as Publicity, Pre-print culture, Accessibility, Publisher’s policy, Trust of readers, Additional time, effort and Technological skills, Preservation, Advocacy, University or department action factors. 90 samples were collected from faculty members.

Table No: 1 -Distribution of the respondents by gender Sl. No Gender No of Respondents Percentage 1 Male 67 74.4 2 Female 23 25.6 90 100 Total The table no 1 shows the gender wise distribution of the respondents. It is inferred that majorities (74%) of the respondents were male and 26% of the respondents were female. Table No: 2 - Distribution of the respondents by Age Sl. No Age Group No of Respondents Percentage 1 Below 25 9 10

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2 26-30 6 6.7 3 31-35 19 21.1 4 36-40 23 25.6 5 41-45 27 30 6 Above 45 6 6.7 90 100 Total The table no 2 shows the distribution of the respondents by their age. It is clear from the table that majorities (30%) of the respondents were in the age group o f 41-45. Around 26% of the respondents were in the age group of 36-40 and 21% of the respondents were in the age group of 31-35. 10% of the respondents were below 25 age. A 7% of the respondents were above 45 age and another 7% of the respondents were in the age group of 26-30. Table No: 3 -Distribution of the respondents by Type of Institution Sl. No Type of Institution No of Respondents Percentage 1 Arts and Science 48 53.3 2 Engineering 42 46.7 90 100 Total The table no 3 shows the type of institution where the respondents working. It is clear from the table that majorities (53%) of the respondents were working in Arts and Science colleges and 47% of the respondents were working in the Engineering Colleges.

Table No: 4 -Distribution of the respondents by experience Sl. No Experience No of Respondents Percentage 1 Below 2 18 20 2 2-4 22 24.4 3 5-6 19 21.1 4 7-8 10 11.1 5 9-10 9 10 6 Above 10 12 13.3 90 100 Total The table no 4 shows the experience of the respondents. It is clear that majorities (24%) of the respondents had experience of 2-4 years and around 21% of the respondents had 5-6 years of experience. Around 20% of the respondents had below 2 years of experience and 13% of the respondents had above 10 years of experience. 11% of the respondents had 7-8 years of experience and 10% of the respondents had 9-10 years of experience.

Table No: 5 - Availability of institutional repositories Availability of Institutional No of Respondents Percentage Sl. No Repositories 1 Yes 71 78.9 2 No 19 21.1 90 100 Total The table no 5 shows the Availability of institutional repositories in their respective institutions. It is noticed that majorities (79%) of the respondents’ institutions had institutional repositories and remaining 21% of the respondents’ institutions not having institutional repositories.

Table No: 6- Depositing the in the institutional repositories Sl. No Opinion No of Respondents Percentage 1 Yes 52 73.2

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2 No 19 26.8 71 100 Total The table no 6 shows the depositing the materials in the institutional repositories. It is noticed that majorities (73%) of the respondents were depositing their works in their institutional repositories and 27% of the respondents were not depositing their works in their institutional repositories.

Table no: 7- Sources to know about institutional repositories Sl. No Sources No of Respondents Percentage 1 Librarian/ Library Staff 34 37.8 2 From colleagues /friends 17 18.9 3 From faculty 13 14.4 4 Through Internet 26 28.9 90 100 Total The table no 7 shows the various sources to know about institutional repositories. It is noticed that majorities (38%) of the respondents were aware of institutional repositories from other Librarians and Library Staff. 29% of the respondents were aware of institutional repositories through internet. 19% of the respondents were aware of institutional repositories from colleagues and their friends and 14% of the respondents were aware of institutional repositories from their faculty.

Table no: 8- The awareness level about the Institutional Repositories Sl. No Level of Awareness No of Respondents Percentage 1 Extremely aware 32 35.6 2 Moderately aware 31 34.4 3 Somewhat aware 19 21.1 4 Slightly aware 4 4.4 5 Not at all aware 4 4.4 90 100 Total The table no 8 shows the awareness level about the Institutional Repositories. It is clear from the table that majorities (36%) of the respondents were extremely aware about the institutional repositories and 34% of the respondents were moderately aware on institutional repositories. Around 21% of the respondents had somewhat aware about institutional repositories. 4% of the respondents had slightly aware and another 4% of the respondents not at all aware about institutional repositories.

Table no: 9 -Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Publicity

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publicity H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publicity Multivariate Testsb Partial Eta Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .432 31.529a 2.000 83.000 .000 .432 Wilks' Lambda .568 31.529a 2.000 83.000 .000 .432 Hotelling's Trace .760 31.529a 2.000 83.000 .000 .432 Roy's Largest Root .760 31.529a 2.000 83.000 .000 .432

The table no 9 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Publicity. The multivariate n2 = 0.432 indicates that approximately 43% of multivariate

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 112 variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.432 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Publicity”

Table no: 10 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Pre-print culture

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Pre-print culture H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Pre-print culture Multivariate Testsb Partial Eta Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .498 40.724a 2.000 82.000 .000 .498 Wilks' Lambda .502 40.724a 2.000 82.000 .000 .498 Hotelling's Trace .993 40.724a 2.000 82.000 .000 .498 Roy's Largest Root .993 40.724a 2.000 82.000 .000 .498

The table no 10 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor to Pre-print culture. The multivariate n2 = 0.498 indicates that approximately 50% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.498 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Pre-print culture”

Table no: 11 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility Multivariate Testsb Hypothesi Partial Eta Effect Value F s df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .675 88.447a 2.000 85.000 .000 .675 Wilks' Lambda .325 88.447a 2.000 85.000 .000 .675 Hotelling's Trace 2.081 88.447a 2.000 85.000 .000 .675 Roy's Largest Root 2.081 88.447a 2.000 85.000 .000 .675 The table no 11 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility. The multivariate n2 = .675 indicates that approximately 68% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.675 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility”

Table no: 12 -Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their willingness factor of publisher’s policy

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H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publisher’s policy H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publisher’s policy

Multivariate Testsb Partial Eta Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .541 50.659a 2.000 86.000 .000 .541 Wilks' Lambda .459 50.659a 2.000 86.000 .000 .541 Hotelling's Trace 1.178 50.659a 2.000 86.000 .000 .541 Roy's Largest Root 1.178 50.659a 2.000 86.000 .000 .541

The table no 12 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publisher’s policy. The multivariate n2 = 0.541 indicates that approximately 54% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.545 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publisher’s policy”

Table no: 13 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their willingness factor of trust of readers

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of trust of readers H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of trust of readers Multivariate Testsb Hypothesis Partial Eta Effect Value F df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .360 23.895a 2.000 85.000 .000 .360 Wilks' Lambda .640 23.895a 2.000 85.000 .000 .360 Hotelling's Trace .562 23.895a 2.000 85.000 .000 .360 Roy's Largest Root .562 23.895a 2.000 85.000 .000 .360

The table no 13 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of trust of readers. The multivariate n2 = 0.360 indicates that approximately 36% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.360 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of trust of readers”

Table no: 14 -Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their willingness factor of additional time and effort

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of additional time and effort H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of additional time and effort Multivariate Testsb

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Hypothesis Partial Eta Effect Value F df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .522 46.925a 2.000 86.000 .000 .522 Wilks' Lambda .478 46.925a 2.000 86.000 .000 .522 Hotelling's Trace 1.091 46.925a 2.000 86.000 .000 .522 Roy's Largest Root 1.091 46.925a 2.000 86.000 .000 .522

The table no 14 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of additional time and effort. The multivariate n2 = 0.522 indicates that approximately 52% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.522 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of additional time and effort”

Table no: 15 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their willingness factor of technological skills

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of technological skills H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of technological skills

Multivariate Testsb Hypothesis Partial Eta Effect Value F df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .558 54.846a 2.000 87.000 .000 .558 Wilks' Lambda .442 54.846a 2.000 87.000 .000 .558 Hotelling's Trace 1.261 54.846a 2.000 87.000 .000 .558 Roy's Largest Root 1.261 54.846a 2.000 87.000 .000 .558

The table no 15 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor to technological skills. The multivariate n2 = 0.558 indicates that approximately 56% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.558 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of technological skills”

Table no: 16 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their willingness factor of preservation H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of preservation H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of preservation

Multivariate Testsb Partial Eta Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .510 44.807a 2.000 86.000 .000 .510 Wilks' Lambda .490 44.807a 2.000 86.000 .000 .510 Hotelling's Trace 1.042 44.807a 2.000 86.000 .000 .510 Roy's Largest Root 1.042 44.807a 2.000 86.000 .000 .510

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The table no 16 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor to advocacy. The multivariate n2 = 0.510 indicates that approximately 51% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.510 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of preservation”

Table no: 17 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of advocacy

H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of advocacy H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of advocacy Multivariate Testsb Partial Eta Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .609 66.898a 2.000 86.000 .000 .609 Wilks' Lambda .391 66.898a 2.000 86.000 .000 .609 Hotelling's Trace 1.556 66.898a 2.000 86.000 .000 .609 Roy's Largest Root 1.556 66.898a 2.000 86.000 .000 .609

The table no 17 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor to advocacy. The multivariate n2 = 0.609 indicates that approximately 60% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.609 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of advocacy”

Table no: 18 - Multivariate Tests between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of university or department action H0: There is no significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of university or department action H1: There is significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of university or department action Multivariate Testsb Hypothesis Partial Eta Effect Value F df Error df Sig. Squared Pillai's Trace .543 51.103a 2.000 86.000 .000 .543 Wilks' Lambda .457 51.103a 2.000 86.000 .000 .543 Hotelling's Trace 1.188 51.103a 2.000 86.000 .000 .543 Roy's Largest Root 1.188 51.103a 2.000 86.000 .000 .543

The table no 18 shows the multivariate test results between the experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor to university or department action. The multivariate n2 = 0.543 indicates that approximately 54% of multivariate variance of the dependent variables is associated with the group factor. The resulted interpreted that the Pillai's Trace value was 0.543 and the significant value was 0.000. The P value is lesser than 0.05. The results indicated that the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The alternative hypothesis is being “There is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of university or department action”

Findings  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Publicity

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 The study mentioned that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Pre-print culture  The study expressed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of Accessibility  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of publisher’s policy  The study mentioned that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of trust of readers  It is understand that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of additional time and effort  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of technological skills  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of preservation  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of advocacy  The study pointed that there is a significant difference between experienced in depositing in IR and their unwillingness factor of university or department action

Conclusion The Institutional Repository (IR) is understood as an information system that collects, preserves, disseminates and provides access to the intellectual and academic output of the academic community. Nowadays, the IR is a key tool of the scientific and academic policy of the institution. On the other hand, access to the full text of the digital learning objects makes the repository become a fundamental support tool for teaching and research, whilst at the same time multiplying the institution’s visibility in the international community. These environments could strengthen research and learning development and increase the effective work time, visibility of science which lead to motivate the students in an intrinsic and extrinsic way. Institutional repositories help to explore the knowledge of the faculty members. On the other hand it processes their positive attitude for depositing their working in the institutional repositories for various purposes.

References [1]. Crow, R. (2002) The case for institutional repositories: a SPARC position paper. URL: http://www.arl.org/sparc/IR/ir.html and www.arl.org/sparc/IR/IR_Final_Release_102.pdf [2]. Gross, J., & Ryan, J. C. (2015). Landscapes of Research: Perceptions of Open Access (OA) Publishing in the Arts and Humanities. Publications, 3(2), 65-88. [3]. Johnson, R. K. (2002) Institutional repositories: partnering with faculty to enhance scholarly communication. D-Lib Magazine, 8(11), Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november02/johnson/11johnson.html [4]. Lagzian, F., Abrizah, A., & Wee, M. C. (2015). Measuring the gap between perceived importance and actual performance of institutional repositories. Library & Information Science Research, 37(2), 147-155. [5]. Lee, J., Burnett, G., Vandegrift, M., Baeg, J. H., & Morris, R. (2015). Availability and accessibility in an open access institutional repository: a case study. Information Research: An International Electronic Journal, 20(1), n1. [6]. Moseti, Irene (2016) Digital preservation and institutional repositories: case study of universities in Kenya, Journal of the South African Society of Archivists, 49,137-154. [7]. Ogbomo, E. F., & Muokebe, B. O. (2015). Institutional Repositories, as Emerging Initiative in Nigerian University Libraries., Information and Knowledge Management, 5(1), 1-9. [8]. Okhakhu, D. O. (2015). Librarians’ Perception of Lecturers’ Awareness as a Factor Influencing the Development of Institutional Repository in Public Universities in South-West Nigeria. [9]. Schwartz, N. R. (2016). Creating an Institutional Repository., The Christian Librarian, 59(1), 43-47. [10]. Tiemo, Pereware Aghwotu (2016) Awareness and Attitude of Lecturers toward Establishing Institutional Repository in Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Information and Knowledge Management, 6(6), 1-6. [11]. Ukwoma, Scholastica C., Dike, V. W. (2017), Academics’ Attitudes toward the Utilization of Institutional Repositories in Nigerian Universities, Libraries and the Academic, 17(1), 17-32 [12]. Xia, J. (2008). A comparison of subject and institutional repositories in self-archiving practices. The Journal of academic librarianship, 34(6), 489-495.

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MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

Powar Surekha Anil | Librarian (M.Lib) Sangli | [email protected]

Abstract The Indian educational system shift from ‘ d – learning (distance learning) to r – learning and now from e – learning’ will be the next big wave, mobile technologies can be used to provide better access to information.

Keywords: Mobile technology, ICT, Library Service, Distance learning, M- learning.

Introduction Library have adopted ICT and passed through developmental stages like automated housekeeping operations. Today most of us are used to reading or listening to the news, seeing movies and even shopping from our mobile. Mobile with internet facilities and access to the world wide web provides a powerful and convenient tool to access information anytime, anywhere. Librarians must be commensurate with this trend and integrate themselves in to the mobile realm if they wish to enhanced user services.

Library and Mobile Technology Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. To harness the advantages of this technology, academic libraries must device ways by which they can provide services to the users, just as libraries have integrated telephones, computers and internet to provide services, to the users, so also mobile phones can be used to provide the much needed services to the users. Easy access to internet, the world wide web and free access to many of the e-resources has made the academic user locate information on the net rather than going to the library: on the library. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two – way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device an embedded web browser and instant messaging client and a handheld game console. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Most of the libraries have their own phone line that are used for the administrative purpose, mobile phones can be used to reply queries send sms’s or text massages to their users.

Mobile Devices Used in Libraries  Tablets  Smart Phone

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 Cell Phone  The design of mobile  PDA s (Personal Digital Assistant)

Components The research tracking (users Currently engage with information on the world wide web via their mobile devices)  The users  The devices  The service  The operating systems.

Mobile Technology & Library Services

SMS alert Service Some of the Library software’s provide the option the option to send SMS alerts to the users for reserved items, due items, library notices, new arrivals etc. outsourcing the contract to a vendor to send alert service. To send SMS to collect the requested books.

Reference Instant Massaging Librarians can provide reference services to the users, the users can interact with the library staff and get suggestions via mobiles, also mobiles can be useful for intendance were like definitions, meanings and other information from digital libraries and web. Immediate feedback is also possible from the user’s side.

OPAC Libraries can interact with the software vendors and create mobile compactable WEB OPA and provide access to their data based and recourses, namely, their catalog on the mobile devise.

Catalogue Search o Libraries Catalogue: Libraries can provide their catalogue on the mobile devices. o Journal Finder : Library Journal Finder provides access to full text journal, magazine and news paper contact within the Library as well as links to title held in print.

SDI Services Groups can be formed on the basis of their subject interests, project being handled etc. and materials on the topics of their interest can be notified to them through what’s app group or group messaging.

Database Browsing Libraries access to a variety of its resources and databases. The users can just enter search terms and see results that are designed specifically for mobile viewing. This service include OPAC interrelated search and reigned documents search.

Handling of Multimedia file types Large and complex object need javelapplets /flash and other plug – ins to support the mobile library efficiently on mobile library. Hence all audio / video files may not work efficiently on mobile devices.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile in Libraries o It is user friendly. o Location Awareness o Students have access to campus information. o Time Saving o Limitless access o Increasing Space in teaching and learning. o Providing students with freedom of location and time. o Its easier to access. o Mobile is the way of the future.

Disadvantages of Mobile Technology o High Price o Limited Computational Power. o Insufficient to wired Internet Service, has relatively slow transmutation speed.

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Librarian and Mobile Technology: Mobile Technology has now come up with “Libraries in Hand” trend. Our librarians are in more to determine now these devices are affecting information access and ensure that they are communicating with users and providing web content in the most appropriate and effective ways. Our Librarians must be prepared to increase the market and demand for mobile access to personalized fact and information anytime, anywhere one one’s own handheld device.

Conclusion Mobile libraries have to grow, and this requires grater collaboration between academic, Industry corporations and government. They can engage in learning activities using any mobile devices wherever and whenever they choose, not just at their desktop PCS hence, application of mobile technology in library services is the need of the hour. The mobile revolution offer both challenges and opportunities that need to be used by the academic libraries to ensure user satisfaction

References : [1]. Vishwkarma M.L. Use of Mobile and wireless technology in Indian libraries International Journal of Engineering and computer science z (6), Retrieved from http://ijecs.in / issue / v 2-16 on 7th Dec. 2017. [2]. Hakoama-mikiyasu & Hakoyama: shotarm (2011). The Impact of cell Phone use on Social Networking and Development. [3]. The Hand held Library : Mobile technology and the Librarian Paperback – April 1.20 B by Thomes A. Peters (Editor), Lori A. Bell (Editor). [4]. Shrma Dhara & Sahoo Dipti : Application of Mobile Technology in Library Services.: An Overview, Retired from http://www.ripublication.comon 8th Dec. 2017. [5]. Nalluri Srinivas rao & Gaddam Brahmaiahji Mobile Library Services & Technologys : A study, Journal of no. 2 Issue 2 (July- Dec.) on 8th Dec. 2017. [6]. www.mobile technology & academic libraries on 25 dec. 2017

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AN OVERVIEW OF VIRTUAL LIBRARY

Rajiv | Ph.D. Research Scholar, Deptt. of Library and Information Science,Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra- 136119 | [email protected]

Abstract This paper sheds light on the virtual library and the virtual library services. It describes the need, purpose, features, functions, elements, services, list and challenges of virtual library. But technological devices and Internet are major constraints to access the virtual library. Recently many library and information centres are engaged in providing the information and services to more users’ satisfaction at global level. Everyone can access information from the virtual library at remote level. Virtual libraries are major role play to providing the instant information. So, it can’t be denied the importance of virtual library at academic level.

Keyword: Virtual library, VL, Virtual reference service, Virtual library space, VLEs,

Introduction Today, we are living in the era of information communication technology (ICT). Almost all things or application transformed to new form in the world. Library was also changed by development of computer and ICT. These two, computers and ICT make all over world look like a global village platform. Where everyone meet each other and share their information among them. Before the development of computer and ICT, information was shared in print form or in a hard form and libraries were giving their services in traditional form or traditional way. In that time users used to come to library and ask the librarian for the information sources for reading or for his research purpose and librarian had less opportunity to satisfy the users. After 1960’s year computer effectively changed all over the world and few years later punch cards or magnetic tapes were breakthrough in computer environment. During this time, information was stored in punch cards and magnetic tapes along with print form of the information sources in the library. In 1980’s CD, CD-ROM or DVD, DVD- ROM came and information was stored in digital form. After a decade Internet open for public and people started things broadly. After interning in Internet in the human life, every information, things or products transformed in digitally or electronically and made an information based society globally. Information based society and user have many opportunities to get information via using the computer or ICT. But generally an individual person can’t purchase the information due to their high cost.

Library also changed its form time to time such as traditional library to electronic library, Digital library, Hybrid library and virtual library. Depending on the level of ICT application in the libraries, these libraries were classified (Mestri, k, & S, 2008). Librarians have changed their role with selecting, organizing and instructing clientele on how to locate and use the resources and preserving information regardless of format or technology (Kaliammal&Selvi, 2004).

1. Type of libraries based on ICT application levels:- We can say that there are three type of library by using the ICT application. i) Electronic library:-electronic library is a library that has use of computer and such others activities as online databases and automated record keeping and computer based decision making (Mestri, k, & S, 2008). ii) Digital library: - all information exists in digital format. iii) Virtual library:- is another kind of digital library and available electronically elsewhere. iv) 2. The virtual library i) Virtual library space: All over the world, all the libraries have their own space to put their resources and retrieving their resources or document for their users. All libraries have their some standard for the development of library and the library service to their users and society development. So for library and library associations developed some standard for library like library building, maintains section, media area (multimedia area ) like it division section, conference room and periodical section, library operational section, electronics resources, computer memory & hard disk or server room. And libraries build some policy for best use of library in every field and every section.

Library space is an aggregate of all Physical existing squares (spaces) and invisible space. Library space is 2 major segments:- i) Physical existing and visible (real segments). ii) Invisible to see with human eyes and Physical invisible or virtual segment (Zverevich, 2012).

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Real segment or physical existing spaces are storing collections, audio and visible, books or documents, card catalogues rooms, IT Division, etc. which can seen by the human eyes actually present in the library building. Virtual segment: This segment of library space deals with electronic resources. All the information which is available on the library web site, all electronic resources are kept on the library web sites by using hyperlinks or on it. And third party server. The library website is chief element of library space. It shows the information on library history, status, staff roster, OPAC, contacts, working schedule, book reviews, rating, the library’s own database etc. So, the library web site consists of constantly renewed and update information to educational purpose (Zverevich, 2012). ii) The Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Virtual Learning Environment is an online environment of electronic resources, teaching and learning to enhance the learning process of students including computer and Internet (Vle.du.ac.in. 2018). Main components of VLE includes curriculum, student tracking, online support (for teacher and student), e- communication (e-mail, chat, Web publishing and threaded discussions) and Internet links of curriculum resources. In general, VLE users are entrusted ID (either a teacher or a student). In which, teacher sees what a students sees. But the teacher has additional user rights to create and modify curriculum content and track student performance. Some commercial VLE software packages are available such as COSE, LearningSpace, WebCT, Blackboard and Lotus. VLE is affecting all activities of learning process in academic level. Recently, many students of colleges and universities are taking benefits from VLE (Whatis.techtarget.com, 2018). iii) Virtual Library After '60s the emergence of ICT world is fast moving to environment of paperless society. The term 'virtual library' was coined by Nancy Schiller in 1992. Virtual library is an organized set of links such as documents, audio/visual components, graphical, software, image, database.etc on the network and access via computer and similar devices with the help of Internet connection at globally. In generally, virtual library is defined as e- resources (indexes, journals, magazines, books, reference materials etc.) and services are available over the Internet and provides access to a large number users at global level (Gbadamosi, 2008)). Virtual libraries offer additional time and convenience to learning while physical libraries design and operate with hours (Gunn, 2002). It does not itself hold content and offering services in electronic format through pointers anytime and anywhere (Green).

Need of virtual library In 21st century, the development of computer or ICT fully changed the library role in a society. Librarians face the challenges of select, organize, and instruction’s patrons on who to locate and use the resources and preserving information (Kaliammal & Selvi, 2004). Same points are listed below need for virtual library:- i) Information explosion. ii) Save the time of user. iii) User wants and information resources on his desktop. iv) To promote the e-learning among the distance users and other. v) Up to date the user knowledge. vi) For providing an information globally. vii) For self existence in world.

Purpose of the virtual library i) To provide information anytime anywhere at global level via computer and Internet connection ii) To provide more information on solid basis for education iii) To enhance the quality of education iv) To provides a good mechanism of information/services acquisition and dissemination for easily access (Neal, 1997). v) To provide the virtual learning environment to the all user related to the disciplines. vi) To become more useful educational tool to users vii) To enhance the learning process

Features of Virtual Library i) It provides update and instant information globally. ii) It provides information/services online than the traditional library. iii) It emphasizes on access information instantly. iv) Time saving of their clientele.

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v) Virtual library is a creation of digital sources that can be offered to support virtual library services (Koganuramath, 2007). vi) A virtual library connects you a last number of resources the help in researching desired topic. vii) To be keeping up resources development by creating new demands of the user’s requirement and also integrate developed with new services. viii) All links in virtual library are transparent to user for providing information regarding interface.

Functions of a virtual library Virtual library is the efficient enlargement to collect, store and organize information and knowledge in digital form and access easy around the globally. So, a virtual Library should:  Virtual library Provide ICT based information access in digital form available publications to educational purpose in the public domain and from other sources;  Provide more information at remote access;  Efficient delivery of information to clientele and other education institutions;  Make stronger communication and collaboration among the clientele (Koganuramath, 2007).

Useful of Virtual Library:-

i) In addition of organising your e-book collection, you can also organise your collection of real books and other printed publications. ii) Convenience of having access to all your publications, be they printed or in e-book form. iii) You can search the content of your e-book collection. iv) For the time being, this is mostly dependent on what keywords and abstracts you entered for each publication. v) Full-content search of your library is still a while off, but keep watching this space. It can be used as a repository for reference works for a project team. It can be a bibliographical database for research projects. The (optionally filtered) collection list can be exported to a BibTeX file to share with other projects. Likewise, you can import other project's BibTeX files to add to your bibliography. And don't get me started on saving the trees etc. (Tamilselvan, Sevukan, &Sivakumar, 2012). Elements of Virtual Reference Service i) The user, patron ii) The interface: e-mail; chat; video etc. iii) E-resources: electronic, CD-based resources, web resources, local digitized materials, print resources and information professional Services of Virtual Library:- Virtual Reference services allow librarians and library users to communicate with each other in real time with the help of Internet by using the instant messaging, chatting and e-mail. Some Virtual Reference Services listed below:- i) Virtual HelpDesk:- A Virtual tour before 2005 in the Netherland where 7 of the 13 university libraries and the Royal Library had a basic, virtual helpdesk. The Royal Library, Dutch, which is going to participate with Question Point, formerly called collaborative Digital reference service (CDRS), and jointly developed by library of congress. OCLC (Online Computer library Center) is providing web-based reference service to their clientele anytime and anywhere (Singh, 2005). ii) Question Point Services:- The library of Congress’s public service collection Directorate and the OCLC launched Question Point. This service (integrating chat, e-mail, live help anytime etc.) is provide libraries access to a growing collaborative network of reference librarians in the world (Oclc.org. 2018). Almost 100 all type libraries have signed up to participate and each participating library has signed a service Level Agreement with Question Point, based on the scope so its services. iii) 24/7 availability:- Some major information resources are already available in the literature outlining important issues to be considered in the process of initiating a virtual reference service (Fane & McMillan, 2003) especially in the online environment. Online service can be offered 24/7 and anywhere too from the library, from other libraries in a different time zone. iv) Chat Reference using simple technology:- Librarian and users may exchange short messages. Various chat program offer an open virtual reference room where one or more users can exchange message with the librarian. Virtual reference services: instant messaging software, virtual reference room solution and with chat software purchased

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by the library. v) RSS Feed: - It is one of most important services that allow to user or give information relatively of sites when update information on the site. An email sends to user’s email relatively updating of the site. vi) Ask-A-Librarian:- vii) It is also a virtual reference service. viii) Fill out as Ask-a-librarian online form an email response. ix) FAQ frequently ask question via email and librarian also reply by email.

List of some Virtual library:- i) The WWW Virtual Library ii) NIST Virtual Library iii) WWW Virtual Library Women's History Internet public library: It contains directories of online texts, newspapers, magazines, and other reference materials. iv) The World Wide Web Virtual Library v) Virtual Information Center

The challenges of virtual library:- The virtual library is that any person who has a computer with Internet connection can access information without being physically present in library (Kaliammal&Selvi, 2004). It exists independently nature of the electronic information to which it provides access. There are no limits on the size, content or value of data in a virtual library (Mestri, k, & S, 2008). We are listing same challenge of the virtual library in the age of the of the computer and information communication technology society. The virtual library: challenges for librarian points are listed below: i) The changing environment ii) Technological challenges iii) The challenge and change role of the librarians iv) Challenges in collecting information v) Challenges in accessing Virtual information

Conclusion Today information is very important element in every field of the development. Libraries play a major role in all realm and different kinds of libraries are providing services and information to their users. In which, virtual librariea are providing instant information with the help of Internet. It is helpful to solve the problem of information instantly. But the virtual library is a challenge for the librarian to maintenance and to fulfill the information need of the users in ICT era. Many university and information centre are engage in to provide the service and information to the users satisfaction. Everyone can access information from almost all the virtual library at remote level. So, in this stage can’t be denied the importance of virtual library.

Reference [1]. Education (IITE). 2007. Diital Libraries In Education, Science and Culture. Unesco (Iite). http://iite.unesco.org/publications/3214660/ [2]. Fane, C., & McMillan, D. 2003. Online in real-time Deciding whether to offer a real-time virtual reference service. The Electronic Library, 21 (3): 240-246. [3]. Gbadamosi, Belau Olatunde. 2008. “VIRTUAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPT, PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA.” COCLlN Journal of Library and Information Science 4 (1): 35·44. https://www.academia.edu/8296748/VIRTUAL_LIBRARY_DEVELOPMENT_CONCEPT_PROSPE CTS_AND_CHALLENGES_IN_COLLEGES_OF_EDUCATION_IN_NIGERIA [4]. Green, D. G. (n.d.). http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/phg/crsmg/virtual.html. Retrieved 1 20, 2014, from http://ces.iisc.ernet.in: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in [5]. Gunn, H. 2002. Virtual Libraries Supporting Student Learing. School Libraries Worldwide, 27-37. [6]. Kaliammal, A., &Selvi, G. T. 2004. The Virtual Library: Changing Roles and Ethical Challenges for Librarians. 2nd International CALIBER- 2004. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Center: 184-189. [7]. Koganuramath, M. 2007. Virtual Library: An Overview. 5th International CALIBER- 2007. Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Center: 535-542. [8]. Iisg.nl. 2018. WWW Virtual Library Women's History." International Institute of Social History | Socioeconomic History. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://www.iisg.nl/w3vlwomenshistory/index.html. [9]. Ipl.org. 2018. Ipl2. Information You Can Trust. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://www.ipl.org.

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[10]. Mestri, Mamata; k, Praveen Kumar; S, Parameshwar. 2008. Development of Virtual Library in India: Problems and Prospects. In A. K. Saidu (Ed.), Information Management of New Millennium opportunities and challanges for Library Professionals. New Delhi: ESS ESS Publication: 468-483. [11]. Neal, S. 1997. The Virtual Library- a Market perspective. Asian Libraries, 6 (1/2), 57-66. [12]. Nist.gov. n.d. "National Institute of Standards and Technology." National Institute of Standards and Technology | NIST. Accessed January 10, 2018. https://www.nist.gov/nist-virtual-library-0. [13]. Oclc.org. 2018. "QuestionPoint." Accessed January 10, 2018. http://www.oclc.org/en/questionpoint.html. [14]. Singh, P. k. 2005. Virtual Reference Services in Library Automation. New Delhi: Shree Publication: 84-97. [15]. Tamilselvan, N., Sevukan, R., &Sivakumar, N. 2012. VIRTUAL LIBRARY. International Journal of Library and Information Science Research and Development (IJLISRD), 1 (1): 21-34. [16]. Ulb.ac.be 1995. "The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Sustainable Development." Homepage De L'UniversitéLibre De Bruxelles. Last modified August 8, 1995. http://www.ulb.ac.be/ceese/meta/sustvl.html. [17]. Vlib.org. 2018. The WWW Virtual Library. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://www.vlib.org. [18]. Virtualinfocenter.com. 2018. Welcome to Virtual Info Center. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://www.virtualinfocenter.com/. [19]. Vle.du.ac.in. 2018. Virtual Learning Environment. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://vle.du.ac.in/. [20]. Whatis.techtarget.com. 2018. "What is Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) or Managed Learning Environment (MLE)? - Definition from WhatIs.com." WhatIs.com. Accessed January 10, 2018. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-learning-environment-VLE-or-managed-learning- environment-MLE. [21]. Zverevich, V. 2012. Real and virtual segments of modern Library space. LIBRARY HI TECH NEWS, 5- 7.

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THE MAIN FEATURES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Dr. Rakhi Tyagi | Assistant Professor – Library | K.L.P.G. Girls College, Meerut | [email protected]

Abstract Technology is application of knowledge to practical requirements. Green technologies encompass various aspects of technology which help us reduce the human impact on the environment and create ways of sustainable development. Social equitability, economic feasibility and sustainability are the key parameters for green technologies. Today the environment is racing towards the tipping point at which we would have done permanent irreversible damage to the planet earth. Our current actions are pulling the world towards an ecological landslide which if happens would make destruction simply inevitable. Green technologies are an approach towards saving earth. Thus both its positives and negatives need to be investigated. Green technology uses renewable natural resources that never depletes. Green technology uses new and innovative energy generation techniques. Green nanotechnology that uses green engineering and green chemistry is one of the latest in green technologies. One of the important factors for environmental pollution is the disposal of waste. Green technology has answers to that as well. It can effectively change waste pattern and production in a way that it does not harm the planet and we can go green. This term is also used for sustainable energy production technologies such as wind turbines, bioreactors, recycling, photovoltaic, etc. green technology environmental technology may be related to electronic devices and gadgets that promote the sustainable resources management. Advantages and disadvantages green technology Available from: This page covers advantages and disadvantages of Green Technology.

Keywords: Green technology, Environmental pollution, recycling, eco-friendly, green chemistry

Introduction As the name implies green technology is one that has a "green" purpose. By green we do not mean the color. Green inventions are environmentally friendly inventions that often involve -energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable resources, and more. The world has a fixed amount of natural resources, some of which are already depleted or ruined. For example -household batteries and electronics often contain dangerous chemicals that can pollute the groundwater after disposal, contaminating our soil and water with chemicals that cannot be removed from the drinking water supply and the food crops grown on contaminated soil. The risks to human health are great. Therefore, the need of the hour is that every investor should think green. They should know that green inventions and clean technologies are good business. These are fast growing markets with growing profits. From the view point of consumers they should also know that buying green inventions can reduce their energy bill and that green inventions are often safer and healthier products. The technology which builds products and systems to help in conserving natural resources and environment is known as green technology. It is technology which is environment friendly and hence known as environmental technology or clean technology. It uses innovative methods to create environmental friendly products. The need of green technology arises due to the fact that natural resources are declining and pollution has increased due to abundant use of non renewable sources.

What Is Green Technology? Green Technology is the Development and application of products, equipment and systems used to conserve the natural Environment and resources which minimize and reduces the negative impact of human activities. Green Technology refers to products, equipment or systems which satisfy the following criteria: a. It minimizes the degradation of the environment b. It has zero or low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved environment for all forms of life; c. It conserves the use of energy and natural resources; d. It promotes the use of renewable resources.

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Importance Of Green Technology Green technology, an environmentally friendly technology is developed and used in a way that protects the environment and conserves natural resources. A part of the renewable energy branch of the environmental technology movement, the green technology importance cannot be ignored. We have come to a point, where we need to pause and reflect on the growing green technology importance and why it is going to be important for humanity

With many reasons behind green technology importance, perhaps volumes can be written and spoken on the subject. Whether it is the growing importance of green technology in the industry or at homes, it is certain that things need to be done fast. It does not take a rocket scientist to state that mankind has to do something about clean environment and save energy resources. Going green can only help us come out of the present tough situation. Before things turn for the worst, we should realize the green technology importance to solve this problem.

Benefits Of Green Technology Recycling Green technology helps manage and recycle waste material. It allows it to be used for beneficial purposes. This technology is used for waste management, waste incineration, and more. A lot of recyclable material has allowed individuals to create plant fertilizer, sculptures, fuel, and even furniture. Purifying of Water Green technology purifies water. The scarcity of pure drinking water is a major concern. Through the use of various technologies a lot of campaigns have been successful in providing people with clean drinking water. Purifying the Air Dealing with carbon emission is another focus. While the human race is improving in terms of various technologies. The automobiles, factories, etc. are emitting a lot of carbon that is detrimental to the planet. Green technology helps to reduce carbon emission and purify the air. This allows people and other living things to breathe properly. Rejuvenating Ecosystems Green or Clean technology is also being used to breathe life into ecosystems that have sustained a lot of damage due to human involvement. Through the use of this technology tress are replanted, waste is managed and recycled. This ensures that the affected ecosystem is able to start again, and this time remains conserved. This helps to ensure that a lot of plant and animal species don’t go extinct. The Earth needs protection and green technology can help in providing exactly that to the planet we all depend upon in order to live.

Branches Of Green Technology

Green chemistry Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. In 1990 the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in an original and innovative way. It aims to avoid problems before they happen. As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry applies to organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and even physical chemistry. While green chemistry seems to focus on industrial applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. Click chemistry is often cited as a style of chemical synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green chemistry. National Benefits for energy generation

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Power generation is another sector where green technology might create wonders. Distributed generation technologies e.g. solar PV, biogas production, wind power etc. have practically proven that they can provide more employment opportunities to people and can be applied to provide energy solutions to communities in remote areas successfully. Live examples exist in India where people have used alternative green power generation technologies and have not only fulfilled their own energy needs but have also sold their energy to the grid thereby making significant income. Same is in countries like Germany, where people sell the electricity generated by their household Photovoltaic panels to the national grid and in rare cases may end up charging money from the utility instead of paying! In this way a person not only helps him or herself but also helps the nation by actually contributing to the national power generation and thus proves to be an asset rather than a liability to the society.

Green information technology Green IT (green information technology) is the practice of environmentally sustainable computing. Green IT aims to minimize the negative impact of IT operations on the environment by designing, manufacturing, operating and disposing of computers and computer-related products in an environmentally- friendly manner. The motives behind green IT practices include reducing the use of hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during the product's lifetime and promoting the biodegradability of unused and outdated products. Building with green technology Green buildings use a variety of environmentally friendly techniques to reduce their impact on the environment. Reclaimed materials, passive solar design, natural ventilation and green roofing technology can allow builders to produce a structure with a considerably smaller carbon footprint than normal construction. These techniques not only benefit the environment, but they can produce economically attractive buildings that are healthier for the occupants as well. The chief benefit of building green is reducing a building’s impact on the environment. Using green building techniques can also reduce the costs associated with construction and operation of a building. Green ventilation techniques involve open spaces and natural airflow, reducing the need for traditional air conditioning and preventing many of these problems.

Green Nanotechnology

It is the king of nanotechnology that uses different environmentally friendly nano-products and technological processes in order to enhance the environment sustainability .Needs to minimize all potential human health risks (associated with the use of nanotechnology products) and to replace existing products with new ecological nano – products. Green ecological nano- products are produced at low temperatures using less materials energy and renewable inputs. Nano–products are widely used for cleaning and desalinating of polluted water, as well as for remediation of hazardous waste locations. Also the numerous nano –products have been developed for generation of energy. Such as thermo-electric devices fuel cells, improved batteries and solar cells. All these products are small sized (use less material) save energy/fuels and they don’t generate any pollutants. Green nanotechnology combines. Green engineering, green chemistry and industrial ecology to discover the nano- products and nonmaterial are that don’t contain of toxic ingredients. First of all, this nanotechnology has to involve the following.

 Use of significantly less energy during manufacturing processes The ability to recycle products after their use  Using various eco-friendly materials.

Benefits Or Advantages Of Green Technology Following are the advantages of Green Technology: ➨It does not emit anything harmful for the environment. ➨It has become popular as consumers of the technology are becoming more environment conscious. This will give benefits to investors at long run in certain areas. ➨It requires less cost for maintenance. This reduces operating cost and hence overall cost on the long run. ➨As it uses renewable natural resources and hence we will never run out of vital resources such as water and electricity. ➨It will slow down effects of global warming due to reduction in CO2 emissions.

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Challenges Or Disadvantages Of Green Technology Following are the disadvantages of Green Technology: ➨Initial investment or implementation cost is very high. ➨People are still not familiar with the technology and hence will take time to adopt it for larger population. ➨The technology is still evolving and many of the products are at R&D stage. Hence people are unaware of performance results. ➨Lack of skilled human resources are available to install or implement the green technology based products or systems. ➨In most of the countries policies have not been finalized for the green technology based systems.

Conclusion Consumer demand for green technology products is on the rise. Government customers are increasingly mandated to purchase green where available, and the spectrum of products covered by such provisions is growing. As for business customers, if they demonstrate a return on Investment in green products, then demand will materialize. Here, the greatest opportunities are in products that reduce energy consumption. Even so, a growing number of business buyers can be expected to be motivated by nothing more than the desire to be perceived as supporting environmental sustainability. So change is coming. In information technologies green technology (or “Clean Tech”) is the application of gadgets as well as other devices, which reduce energy consumption and save the environment. Some of these well-known IT applications include: the hybrid and electric cars (with great fuel efficiency); solar cells /panels; smart phones or mart phone-car tech; computers and tablets that use less battery power; energy efficient monitors; Industrial Internet and cloud computing. With each passing day, the number of these green devices and gadgets is growing!

Reference [1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology [2]. http://www.gpnm.org/e/articles/Definition-of-Green-Technology-by-KETTHA-Ministry-of-Energy-Green- Technology-and-a5.html [3]. www.ajcebeats.com/the-importance-of-green-technolo [4]. Tsur, Y., Zemel, A., on the dynamics of competing energy sources. Automatica 47, 1357 1365, [5]. A Smarter Shade of Green: How Innovative Technologies Are Saving Energy, Time and Money, Technology CEO Council, 2008.

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TRANSFORMATION OF LIBRARIES AS 2.0: A CHANGING LANDSCAPE

R.Nagpal | Research Scholar | [email protected]

N.Radhakrishnan

Abstract The study is the sign of explanation and speculation for "Library 2.0". It suggests that recent thinking describing the changing Web as "Web 2.0" will have significant implications for libraries. These implications still necessitate a new paradigm for librarianship. The study applies the theory and definition to the practice of librarianship, specifically addressing how Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs, wikis, social networks, tagging, RSS feeds which might intimate changes in how libraries provide access to their collections and user support for that access.

Keywords – Web 2.0, Library 2.0, blogs, wikis, social networks, tagging, RSS feeds

Introduction According to the fifth law of Library and information science which states ‘library is a growing organism’ similar is the field of librarianship which is ever expanding and changing, from exploding internet and media technologies to ever diverse patron groups with increasingly complex information needs. Library professionals need to be as savvy as the clients they serve, and the most productive and effective way for librarians to keep up with these changes is to seek out professional development opportunities. Librarians owe it to their clients and to themselves as competent professionals, to remain abreast of trends and developments in the field. The purpose of this paper is to address the changing landscape of the library profession, including the changing nature of library and to exemplify the importance and necessity of continuing professional development for librarians. The newest manifestation of which is online professional development through Web 2.0 tools and social media technologies and later the speculations towards Library 2.0 The changing landscape Societal change affects every profession. Technology does as well. In the field of library and information science, scholars and practitioners have long theorized and pondered the state of libraries, user expectations, and the future of library service. In the recent years of development there have been conversations about change brought on by the shift in Web technology known as Web 2.0. Coined by Tim O’Reilly, the term describes the new Web: more interactive, built as a platform, and tied to the collective intelligence of users. Web 2.0 The term Web 2.0 was being popularized in 2004. Initially this term was used by Darcy DiNucci in 1999. Web 2.0 can be defined in terms of its features and specific technologies, or social impact. In other words, World Wide Web (www) provided the base for Web 2.0 applications to create a new communication environment (Linh, 2008). It is a second wave that covers web tools and services (Macaskill and Owen, 2006). Davis (2005) describes Web 2.0 as an attitude not a technology and Birdsall (2007) believes that Web 2.0 is a social movement. Boateng, Mbtika & Thomas (2010) defines Web 2.0 as a set of trends and tools for using the internet. He further explains that these socio-technological innovations have enabled interactivity and gathering of knowledge through experience and practice on a global scale. The concept of collaborative work, social networking and the ease in the usage of these applications has brought a significant change in the Internet usage style of Internet surfers in the world. The popularity of social networking applications, blogs and sharing of media has also changed the way and behavior of users of libraries all over the world. The concept of Web 2.0 has emerged into other disciplines and changed the entire mode of practices in library science as well and a new concept of Library 2.0 has been introduced. A brief description of few Web 2.0 applications is below: Blog (Web Log) is a major application of Web 2.0 era. The blogs are new forms of publication (Maness, 2006). Blogging is an easy process of publishing the ideas on the web and to get the comments from other users of web. This is a one-click process of publishing posts. Blogs are a relatively recent Internet phenomenon dating from the late 1990s (Clyde, 2004). Hane (2001) says that Blogs are a natural for librarians. Libraries all over the world are using blogs for the easy dissemination of information to the targeted users. Blogs are the fastest growing medium of information over World Wide Web. Most of the time, blogs are created as single-person effort but some blogs are created and published as cooperative or group projects (Clyde, 2004). Most of libraries are maintaining their blogs by collaborative efforts. RSS is another Web 2.0 application which helps users to bring the updates and feeds from other websites. It is a very simple tool to bring the latest stories, updates from news groups, magazines, journals and blogs. In a recent study of Australian University Libraries, RSS was found the most widely applied technology (Linh, 2008). It

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 130 creates a feed from a site that readers can then add into an aggregator to create one point of access for many sources (Davison-Turley, 2005). Instant Messaging (IM) is also a very useful tool which may help library professionals to provide library services. Maness (2006) claimed that Instant Messaging was initially Web 1.0 application because it often requires the downloading of software but now a day IM can be categorized in Web 2.0 applications because IM is available through browsers from most of service providers (AOL, Meebo, MSN, Google Talk, etc). IM is vastly being used for online reference services in libraries. Ask a librarian service is provided by instant messengers all over the world. A study of top 100 university libraries shows that IM features have extensively been used in libraries to provide quick online reference services using IM technology (Harinarayana, 2010). Currie (2010) states that libraries can provide online reference services by employing staff at public desks during nights and weekends when the library is closed for other services. Wikis are another example of collaborative creative work. Multiple users from all over the world can build a knowledge base by using this application. Wikipedia is a great example of this kind of collaborative work. A library wiki as a service can enable social interaction among librarians and patrons, essentially moving the study group room online (Maness, 2006). Wikis can be used to create help files, tutorials with the help of users in libraries. Wikis are the mix of many other technologies like messaging, blogging, streaming media, and tagging (Maness, 2006). Flickr, an online image sharing application is being used to share images within communities and is a very good source of sharing different events with the help of images and image sets. It allows users to upload, share and tag images by keywords. These tags are very useful for retrieving relevant images (Angus, Thelwall & Stuart, 2008). In short, the use of Web 2.0 applications in the libraries is increasing day by day due to many factors. The rate of adoption of Web 2.0 applications is very high because these are easy to use and intuitive, and enable the direct and immediate online publication and distribution of user content (Schneckenberg, 2009). Librarians working in social media environment have a new brand name; librarian 2.0. A librarian 2.0 is a master of information age who strives to understand the power of the social media opportunities and practices. He/she is also able to connect users to expert discussions, conversations, and participation. Use and develop advanced social networks to library enterprise advantage and connect with every user using their social media modes of choice. Encourage user‐driven metadata, explanation, user‐developed content and understand the wisdom of crowds and the emerging roles and impacts of the blogosphere. Library 2.0

Library 2.0 (L2) is a transformation in the way library services are delivered to library users. It provides new tools to make the library space (both virtual and physical) more interactive, collaborative and driven by community needs. It encourages collaborative two-way social interactions between library staff and library customers. Library 2.0 requires user participation and feedback in the development and maintenance of library services. The phrase was coined by Michael Casey in his blog, Library Crunch, in 2005, although the concepts that collectively make up "Library 2.0" existed well before then. The term was a spinoff of "Web 2.0" which had been coined by O'Reilly Media. Library 2.0 is the application of interactive, collaborative, and multi-media web-based technologies to web- based library services and collection (Maness, 2006). Library 2.0 is the byproduct of the application of social media in libraries. It was first coined by Michael Casey in his blog, Library Crunch. Casey predicted a transformation of librarian's role and library services by taking the traditional library to the next level. Library 2.0 is a new way of thinking about libraries and follows the golden rule that dynamically deals with interacting with and listening to users to create more user‐centered services both physical and technology related and the willingness to enhance library services through user collaborations. It is not solely about technology, but it is the information services that matters. It simply means making the library's virtual and physical spaces more interactive, collaborative, and driven by user needs. Development of library information services through user participation is the key feature of library 2.0 where constant updates and evaluation of library services are ensured to better serve the needs, demands, desires and wisdom of varied user communities. Library 2.0 is said to be more interactive and user‐centered communication technologies and enable participatory creation of knowledge and information sharing in simple and convenient ways. For example, blogs provides a catalog and classification functions for users. By using this technology, information users can access all kinds of virtual scientific information and disseminate their findings. Users also can use this platform to share scholarly information in a minimized effort and time. Mass media scholars Jenkins (2006) and Kahn and Kellner (2005) contribute to our understanding of how technology and media can foster and facilitate online culture and knowledge communities, which are especially pertinent when teaching and learning online. Jenkins (2006) mentions two interesting concepts:

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None of us can know everything; each of us knows something; and we can put the pieces together if we pool our resources and combine our skills. Collective intelligence can be seen as an alternative source of media power (p. 4). Conclusion As libraries evolve to meet new challenges, they must retain the best of the past and a sense of libraries' history for scholarly communication. With knowledge of enduring values and continuity of the mission of libraries, there must also be the acceptance of the challenge of social media innovation. If the library ever ceases to be a growing organism, then it really will become extinct. It has become increasingly clear that ethical issues related to information demand urgent attention of the librarians yesterday. It is therefore important that librarians take an active role in developing social media policies to govern the mediums.

References [1]. Jack M. Maness,MLS, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries, 1720 Pleasant St., Boulder, CO, USA. [2]. Abram, S. (2005). Web 2.0 - huh?! library 2.0, librarian 2.0. Information Outlook, 9 (12), 44-46. [3]. BlogBridge (2006).Announcing BlogBridge: Library. Accessed June 10, 2006, from http://www.blogbridge.com/archives/2006/06/announcing_blog_2.php [4]. Breeding, M. (2006). Web 2.0? let's get to web 1.0 first. Computers in Libraries, 26 (5), 30-33. [5]. Casey, M. (2006a). Born in the biblioblogosphere. LibraryCrunch, January 3, 2006. Accessed June 10, 2006, from http://www.librarycrunch.com/2006/01/post_1.html [6]. Casey, M. (2006b). LibraryCrunch: bringing you a library 2.0 perspective. Accessed May 18, 2006, from http://www.librarycrunch.com/ [7]. Crawford, Walt. (2006). "Library 2.0 and 'Library 2.0'" Cites and Insights, 6, 2. Accessed June 10, 2006, from http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ6i2.pdf [8]. Bawden, D. (2007) Facing the educational future. Information Research [online], 12(4), paper colise01. URL: http://informationr.net/ir/12-4/colis/colise01 [accessed 20.10.07]. [9]. Bawden, D., Robinson, L., Anderson, T., Bates, J., Rutauskiene, U. and Vilar, P. (2007) Curriculum 2.0? Changes in information science education for a Web 2.0 world. Presented at: INFuture 2007: 1st International Conference on the Future of Information Sciences. Digital Information and Heritage Conference, Zagreb, Croatia, 7-9 November 2007. [10]. Bradley, P. (2007) How to use Web 2.0 in your library. London: Facet Publishing. [11]. Casey, M.E. and Savastinuk, L.C. (2007) Library 2.0: a guide to participatory library services. Medford NJ: Information Today. [12]. Abram, S. (2005). Web 2.0, Library 2.0, and Librarian 2.0: Preparing for the 2.0 World. SirsiDynix OneSource. 2(1).Accessed May 16, 2010 http://www.imakenews.com/sirsi/e_article000505688.cfm [13]. Aharony, N. (2008). Web 2.0 in U.S. LIS Schools: Are They Missing the Boat? Ariadne, (54).Accessed May 15, 2010 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue54/aharony/ [14]. Angus, E., Thelwall, M.,& Stuart, D. (2008). General patterns of tag usage among university groups in Flickr. Online Information Review.32 (1), pp. 89-101. [15]. Arif, M., & Mahmood, K. (2010). The Changing Role of Librarians in the Digital World: Adoption of Web 2.0 Technologies in Pakistani Libraries. Paper presented at the 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, Gothenburg, Sweden. [16]. Birdsall, W.F. (2007), Web 2.0 as a social movement, Webology, 4(2), available at: www.webology.ir/2007/v4n2/a40.html [17]. Harinarayana, N. S. (2010). Web 2.0 features in university library web sites. The Electronic Library, 28(1), 20. [18]. Ata-ur-Rehman, AM Library, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad. Use of Web 2.0 and Its Implications for Libraries: Perceptions of Information Professionals in Pakistan [19]. Bawden, David (2007). Towards Curriculum 2.0: library / information education for a Web 2.0 world. Library and Information Research, Volume 31, Number 99 [20]. Nicole A. Cooke, (2012) "Professional development 2.0 for librarians: developing an online personal learning network (PLN)", Library Hi Tech News, Vol. 29 Iss: 3, pp.1 - 9 [21]. Jotham Wasike, (2013) "Social media ethical issues: role of a librarian", Library Hi Tech News, Vol. 30 Iss: 1, pp.8 – 16.

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AN OVERVIEW OF GREEN LIBRARY SYSTEM: ISSUES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Sangita Yadav | Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam |[email protected]

Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha | Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Library and Information Science ;(Swami Vivekananda School of Library Sciences), Assam University, Silchar, Assam | [email protected]

Abstract A Green Library also knows as a sustainable library, is a library build with environmental concerns in mind, Green libraries are a part of the larger green building movement. Green libraries are being build all over the world, along with library 2.0 green design is an emerging trend, defining the library of the 21st century. Library and librarian are directly related to the society, they should not harm our nature but they should play as role leader to save our natural environment. They play a great role for making a green a library This paper deals with what green library building is, how to make green library and , what are the things required for making green Library and also what is the future of Green Library Buildings in our modern India. The paper highlights conditions of environment, their impacts on society and efforts of leading organizations towards an eco-friendly earth, developed standards for the betterment, green India, green library, role of a librarian for making green Library, features of green library, Initiatives in India and outside India.

In view of the role played by the library and Librarian for making green Library, the present paper has been conceived which described about the role of the librarian for the improvement of the library system for the betterment of the society. For the present study secondary sources are consulted.

Keyword: Green Library, LEED, Green Library Initiatives

Introduction A green library is a library which is designed to minimize the negative impact on the natural environment and maximize indoor environmental quality by means of careful and suitable site selection, use of natural construction materials and biodegradable products, conservation of resources (water, energy, paper), and responsible waste disposal (recycling, etc.). In new construction and library renovation, sustainability is increasingly achieved through Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, a rating system developed and administered by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).

Green libraries are a part of the larger green building movement. Also known as sustainable libraries, green libraries are being built all over the world, with many high profile projects bringing the concept into the mainstream. Along with library 2.0, green design is an emerging trend, defining the library of the 21st century. Many view the library as having a unique role in the green building movement due to its altruistic mission, public and pedagogical nature, and the fact that new libraries are usually high profile, community driven projects.

Review of Literature LeRue and LeRue (1991) explain environmentally supportive library. Brown (2003) gave emerging trends of green libraries. Schaper (2003) highlights Fayetteville Public Library, Arkansas as first registered LEED building. Pinkovski (2007) reviewed green libraries websites. Neale (2008) discussed eco-friendly libraries. Trotter (2008) discussed few green libraries and also provided some important tips for green libraries. Loder (2010) has discussed need for variety of reader’s space. Papers of Sahavirta (2012) Divya and Vijay Kumar (2013), Aulisio (2013), Suresh Kumar and Antoo (2014) are also discussed about green libraries.

How libraries becoming green? Libraries has a great role in changing the society and it is also a great place to educate the public as well as the students .So, in the changing environment we need to think for the betterment of the library. Green design is an integrated process. None of the aspect of a building's architecture makes its green architecture. Without proper integration from the earliest moments of the planning phase, redundancies can occur, eliminating many of the potential benefits of sustainable design. Good sustainable design capitalizes on the synergistic relationships that occur between the various design elements. Buildings can be designed in such a way in which, good design in one category helps another category to fulfil its goal. LEED and IGBC mainly focused on these elements into five categories:

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There are many ways to define a green library. These are as follows:- 1. Site selection: The site selection has a large impact on how ecologically friendly the library will be. LEED has a number of guidelines which help in the selection of site. There are no of question which will help in the site selection process. Site selection is the first step towards green environment. 2. Water Conservation: There are many different ways for libraries to conserve water. A number of them rely on proper site selection. If a site is selected properly strategies can be used to capture rainwater runoff to be used in irrigation. Another strategy is to use low flow fixtures, and waterless urinals. 3. Energy conservation: Use of Solar and Wind Power can be utilized inside the library and energy can be saved. The building sector is a large consumer of electrical energy. Through IGBC rating system, buildings can reduce energy consumption through energy efficient building envelope, lighting, air conditioning systems, etc., Energy efficiency is considered by many to be the most important category in becoming sustainable. In the LEED rating system it is the heaviest weighted of all the categories. On site renewable energy systems, includes solar, wind, and geothermal, provide an independent supply of energy. 4. Building materials: Recycled waste products are to be used as materials for library buildings without causing too much damage to the natural environment. Recycled products can be unused papers, plastics, tires of cars, broken furniture’s etc. And these products can save many trees for not using wood. It also includes use of biodegradable materials, nonuse of plastics and other such products. 5. Indoor air quality: Building should be designed well for indoor air quality. Proper use of ventilation is to be made for air filtration. The lack of ventilation makes buildings expensive to cool and also traps harmful toxins that can do serious headache, fatigue, sinus congestion, nausea, skin irritation etc. Toxins come from a variety of sources. Materials that are used for making the library, including paints and carpeting; have volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They produce ground-level ozone after reacting with sunlight and nitrogen. The carbon dioxide that people breathe into the atmosphere is another toxic gas. To improve air quality, materials having low VOC content and CO2monitors, thermal comfort, Air Contaminant Concentrations, Combustion Products have to be installed which give a pleasing comfort to people who are spending. There are some important points which we have to follow for making our library green.These are as follows:- 1. Maintenance and Green Building: For maintenance of the building we can use Electric fans. If we can use ceiling fans to cool down the library without over using the A/C. It will naturally cool the environment. Opening the windows of the library is another way to save the A/C usage. We can take advantage of windows in this case. Strategically placed windows will provide natural light and may help with heating or cooling costs. Eco friendly bulbs, recycled paper, recycled newspaper and books, recycled ink cartridges. 2. Hardware: In order to make library green selection of hardware is also one of the most important issue. Right selection of hardware also make Library green. When there is need new computers, search for eco-friendly versions computers. Purchasing eco-friendly computers is better for our Library. And also we can use Laptops in the place of Desktop. Laptop use less electricity than desktop versions. 3. Special Events and Projects: Host special events like contests, and go after environmental grants to raise awareness and become a greener library. We can apply for grants. Certain grants awarded by environmental agencies or the government will help your library with funding for green projects and renovations. We can also Sponsor a field trip. Whether we’re a public library or an academic or school library, sponsor a field trip to an environmental agency or project in our area. For example, Delaware has several eco-friendly tours of state parks and such listed on their state website. We can also invite guest speakers who work for environmental causes and give presentation on this issue. 4. Support the EPA National Library Network: The Environmental Protection Agency is building up its resources on environmental protection, the basic sciences, engineering, and more. 5. Celebrate reading: Reading is a relatively eco-friendly activity, especially when books are made out of recycled materials and are checked out by more than one person. 6. Highlight environmentally-conscious writers: Authors who write extensively about nature, land and the environment–like Steinbeck (Stanford) or Wordsworth (Cambridge)–deserve recognition, as do more contemporary writers. 7. Start an organic garden: Grow a garden to spread awareness on sustainability and provide a healthy eating option for participating library patrons and workers. 8. Plant flowers: Show pride in your environment by planting in-season, local flowers and shrubs. 9. Use safe pesticides: Safe and/or natural pesticides will help keep your plants healthy without damaging your health or the environment.

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10. Opt for natural mosquito repellant: Plants like catnip and citronella grass are natural mosquito repellants. The Role of Librarian for making Library Green  Librarian should always make efforts to promote green library movements by using different online tools like social media. Everybody now connected with social Media, So, message directly reach to the masses;  The Librarian constantly willing to work under the Eco-library system and identify those people who are willing to work in this environment;  He is one of the most important person who can promote green library tools, techniques to encourage others;  A Librarian can encourage other librarians towards green library by arranging discussion, seminar, and conferences in the school, college and Universities;  The green librarian’s role is most dynamic he is also called as eco librarian because he has to handle the budgets to support the organizations;  Use wooden furniture and material because these are bio degradable materials;  Library can use wool brick instead of burnt brick;  Solar tiles or panel can be used for roof;  Paper Insulation is also an ultimate trick to make environment friendly building. It is made from newspaper and cardboard which are recyclable. Also it protects wall from fire and insects;  More and more use of bamboo by replacing steel.

Example of Green Library 1. Fayetteville (AR) Public Library: The Fayetteville Public Library designed by Meyer, Scherer and Rockcastle, Ltd. in Minneapolis opened in October 2004. The library, Library Journal's 2005 Library of the Year, was the first building in Arkansas to register with the U.S. Green Building Council and achieved the silver LEED designation in 2006. 2. Seattle Central Library: The Seattle Central Library designed by Rem Koolha as opened in May 2004. It employs a number of innovative techniques to achieve the status of a green library. It is located in a dense urban area, accessible by public transportation. Rainwater runoff is stored in a 40,000 gallon tank, and used to irrigate the landscape. It has triple glazed glass, used to reduce heat buildup. Seventy- five percent of the demolition and construction waste was recycled. Many other green strategies were employed that can be read in more detail here: SPL's green strategies 3. National Library, Singapore: The Singapore National Library has been called the greenest building on the planet. Designed by Ken Yeang, it opened in July 2005. It is designed using light shelves that allow the light to filter into the library, without having any harsh effects. During the moments that the sun is either to bright or not bright enough, sensors are programmed to dim or brighten the lights, and raise and lower the shades to maximize comfort and reduce costs (Anisko & Willoughby, 2006) 4. Minneapolis Public Library: The Central Branch of the Minneapolis Public Library System was designed by Cesar Pelli, and it opened in May 2006. It has a 18,560-square-foot (1,724 m2) green roof. The green roof is planted with vegetation that does well in Minnesota's harsh climate, and it reduces rainwater runoff, reduces the building's heating and cooling load, reduces the buildings heat island effect, and adds green space to the downtown cityscape (MPL, 2006). 5. Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County: The Joe and Joan Martin Center is the first public building in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County certified by the US Green Building Council. In the year 2006, it was LEED certification at the silver level. 6. Children's Museum of Pittsburgh: The Children's Museum of Pittsburgh underwent extensive expansion and renovation in 2004 using sustainable techniques and guiding principles thereby earning silver LEED-certification, one of largest museums in the country to receive this designation, and the first children’s museum in America to do so. 7. University of California, Merced Kolligian: Merced Kolligian Library is opened in August 2005.The Library was awarded gold Leeds in the year 2007.The Library uses 40% less water and 50% less energy compare to other building. The Carpet of the building contain30%recycled content that includes books and newspaper.

Some Green Library Buildings in the World: -Dexter Libary, Ashland  Kilton Public Library, West Lebanon  Eden Prairie Library, Eden Prairie.  Osining Public Library, New York  Harperwoods Public Library Some Green Library Buildings in India:-  Anna-Centenary Library, Chennai  Karnataka UniversityLibrary  Perma Karpo Library,Ladahk  NIT, Library Silchar Assam, India  National Library of India, Kolkata  NIT Trichy –Library

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 Delhi University Library  Madras University Library  Culcutta University Library  Mumbai University Library Future of Indian Green Buildings LEED certifications are increasingly becoming common place in India. Our strategic partnership with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is anchored around accelerating the development of green, high performing buildings across India and Southeast Asia. LEED and TERI’s GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) rating system are proven market transformation tools that are essential for India’s resource efficient future. USGBC has also established.

Suggestions Following suggestions are made for green Libraries in India:-  Library buildings should be properly planned by using Green Building Standards;  Use of solar energy should be promoted at roof tops;  Roof water harvesting and roof top gardens, etc. should be encouraged;  Proper reader spaces should be made available with the use of natural resources;  Libraries should take initiatives to publicize green library buildings to all Academic institution impacts;  Librarians and Other staff also should be part of planning of buildings for institutions;  Librarians should be aware of new in green library initiatives and.  Central Govt and UGC should take steps to improve the library buildings in all academic institutions and convert them green libraries by providing grants.

Conclusion India is a developing country and it should develop in all fields. Green Buildings play a very important role in the environmental protection. Libraries and librarians are directly related to the society and they play a great role for the development of the society and their green buildings are giving them great opportunities to educate not only the students but also every people of society. The Library always facing problem like space and budget and book also facing problem like dust moisture and the books of the library needs a special care.

The duty of a Librarian is not only to provide information to the users but he should take care the books of the library and should play a role of leader to construct modern Green Buildings to save our natural environment. Government should encourage the green library and guide to the all the libraries for making green libraries. Some of the Indian libraries have been trying to make a successful green and Librarians should take initiatives and participate in green library movement. For the next generation, library professionals should move beyond environmental sustainability exemplified by various practices of “Greening Libraries” and focus on proactive steps to guarantee future sustainable development of libraries.

References [1]. Choudhury,S. (2015). Green library: scope and implications at the national and international level. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/ksatpathy/wnl-165-green-libraries-by sonali-choudhury. [2]. Green Library Buildings: A Sustainable Process. (2016). IJARIIE, 2(6), 342-346.Green library. (2016, December 16). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_library. [3]. Hauke, P., Grunwald, M., &Wilde, A. (2014). Green Libraries Coming Up ! National and international initiatives fostering environmental sustainable libraries and library services. In BOBCATSSS 2014(pp. 1–7). Retrieved from https://proceedings.bobcatsss2014.hb.se/article/view/316/414 [4]. Malode, A. V. (2014). Green Library: An overview. ‘Research Journey’ International Multidisciplinary E-Research Journal, 1(4), 13-17. [5]. Meher, P., & Parabhoi, L. (2017). GREEN LIBRARY: AN OVERVIEW, ISSUES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIAN LIBRARIES. IJODLS, 7(2), 62-69. [6]. Purahit, S. (n.d.). Green Library - A New Concept of Library. [7]. Pangail, R.K.(2015). Green Libraries: Meaning, Standards and Practices.Episteme: an online interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary & multi-cultural journal. Badlapur:Bharat College of Arts and Commerce. 1 (3). [8]. S P, R., & M, Em. K. (2013). Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings –Indian Concept. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3), 329–336. [9]. Shah, L., Kumar, S., & Shah, M. K. (2015). Green Libraries in Academic Institution:Need of the Hour. International Journal of Research Granthalaya: A Knowledge Repository, 3(9), 1-5. [10]. 100 Ways to Make Your Library a Little Greener - BachelorsDegreeOnline.com. (2014, February 20). Retrieved from http://www.bachelorsdegreeonline.com/blog/2009/100-ways-to-make-your-library-a-little-greener/ [11]. Retrieved from http://www.researchjourney.net/upload/oct-

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 136

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 137

ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY

Satish Kumar | Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, (Assistant Librarian, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad) |[email protected]

Abstract The paper reveals scientometric study of Astronomical research productivity of India. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the research performance of Indian Astronomical Research. For this study, the data was retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) bibliographical database for the period of 15 years from 2001-2015 and analyzed. 12,144 research paper has been published over 15 years of time by the Indian Scientist in which 10,746 research publications are in referred journals and 1398 research publications are in conferences, symposiums, bulletins, book chapters etc. The paper also describes the top performing Institutions, Author and preferred journal.

Keywords: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Research Productivity, Scientometrics, Bibliometrics.

Introduction The assessment of research performance of a countries, region, institution and individuals based on counting of publications and citations are prominent in studies of science and in research policy for identification and evaluation of the strength and weakness in scientific achievements. As growth in scientometric techniques like publication profile of institutions, individuals, countries etc are closely related to overall R & D development of a country. Scientometric studies are primarily intended to identify, compare and evaluate relevant aspects of input and output of scientific productivity and research in more objectives that is quantitative fashion1.

Evaluating scientific productivity and influence of different subject areas, countries, authors, institutions, etc. is one of the goals of scientometric studies. This impact and influence has been assessed through various indicators including number of citations, h-index, and so on. Evaluation and assessment plays an important role in decision and policy making about each area of science and provide useful information about the situation of that area and its strengths and weaknesses. Using quantitative techniques like bibliometrics, different studies have investigated library and information science productivity and impact from various aspects during different periods of time2.

During the last few years, several scientometric studies have been done to evaluate the research performance of various countries, institutions and nations as a whole. Jain & Garg3 evaluated Laser research in India, Joshi et al.4 about forest fungal research, Garg et al.5 on Japanese Encephalitis research, Dwivedi, S. et al.6 organic chemistry research of India. These researchers had analyzed the research data and found a meaningful result that may attract the concern stack holder and policy makers in their field of interest.

Objective The objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To study the growth of Astronomical research publication of India during 2001-2015. 2. To examine the sub-discipline coverage Astronomical & Astrophysics research. 3. To examine most prolific author, citation and H-Index. 4. To study the most prolific Institute engaged in Astronomical research. 5. To map the highly productive journals.

1. Data Source and Methodology

The Data was retrieved from Web of Science - SCIE bibliographical database (A product of Thomson Reuters now Clarivate Analytics). Data retrieved with the help of advance search term SU= (Astronomy & Astrophysics) and the period was selected 2001-2015. Total result found for the world was 3, 33,509. Further data was refined with country name ‘INDIA’ and 12, 144 records were received for the Astronomical research in India for the current study.

2. Data Analysis and Interpretation 2.1 India’s Ranking in Astronomy (World’s Top 15 Astronomical research country) Rank Country Publications 1. USA 1,35,068 2. GERMANY 52,569

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3. ENGLAND 42,138 4. FRANCE 37,178 5. ITALY 34,422 6. JAPAN 26,121 7. SPAIN 23,694 8. RUSSIA 22,690 9. PEOPLES R. CHINA 20,997 10. CANADA 17,964 11. NETHERLANDS 15,141 12. AUSTRALIA 13,025 13. INDIA 12,144 14. SWITZERLAND 11,486 15. CHILE 10,026 World’s Total Astronomical Publication 3,33,509 (During 2001-15) Table-1 India holds 13th rank with 12,144 research publication in the world of Astronomical research.

4.2 Growth of research output over the years Astronomy & Astrophysics research has increased in a good number of publication during the period of 15 years. Minimum 488 publications was in 2004 and maximum 1220 publications shown in 2014. The graph shows continuous increase from 2008 to 20014. In the year 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2015 had decreased of publication that was too minimal which can be ignored. Over all the research publications are growing. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) has been calculated with the Formula: CAGR= (Ending Value / Beginning Value) 1/n-1 -1 (Choi, D.G. et al., 2011)7and found 5.25 % was the average CAGR of Indian Astronomical research publications.

Year wise publications 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Graph-1

Year Publications CAGR* 2001 561 - 2002 526 -6.24 % 2003 490 -6.84 % 2004 488 -0.41 % 2005 633 29.71 % 2006 692 9.32 % 2007 675 -2.46 % 2008 778 15.26 %

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2009 855 9.90 % 2010 859 0.47 % 2011 953 10.94 % 2012 1060 11.23 % 2013 1145 8.02 % 2014 1220 6.55 % 2015 1209 -0.90 % Total 12,144 5.25 % Table-2 (*CAGR= Compound Annual Growth Rate)

2.2 Type of Publications Type of Publications No. of Publications Percentage Open Access Publication 4,451 36.65 % Subscription/paid access Publications 7,693 63.35 % Total 12,144 100 % Table-3 India has published 36.65 % of Astronomical research in open access journals and paid access journal publications are 63.35 %.

2.3 Type of Documents Document Type Numbers Percentage Journal Articles 10,746 88.5 % Conference Proceeding papers 1,517 12.49 % Review 152 1.25 % Meeting Abstract 73 0.60 % Correction 57 0.47 % Editorial 40 0.33 % Letter 22 0.18 % Book Chapter and others 6 0.05 % Table-4

India has published 88.5 % of the research papers as journal articles, 12.49 % of the scholarly publication was as conference papers, 1.25 % as review articles.

2.4 Subject wise Research coverage (Top 15 Sub-Field) Subject No. of Publications Physics -Particles Fields 4579 Physics -Nuclear 1219 Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences 787 Geosciences Multidisciplinary 768 Physics Multidisciplinary 554 Instrumentation 144 Engineering Aerospace 140 Geochemistry Geophysics 97 Remote sensing 82 Telecommunications 65 Physics- Fluids Plasmas 62 Optics 51 Physics- Fluids Plasmas 41 Information Science 35 Chemistry -Multidisciplinary 23 Table-5

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The above table shows the top 15 sub-field of Astronomy & astrophysics were most of the research articles have been published by the Indian scientist.

4.5 Most Preferred (Top 15) Journals S. No. Name of the Journal Publications 1. Physical Review ‘D’ 2446 2. Physics Letters ‘B’ 1162 3. Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society(MNRAS) 1161 4. Astrophysics and Space Science 912 5. Astrophysical Journal 858 6. Astronomy & Astrophysics 760 7. Advances in Space Research 388 8. International Journal Of Modern Physics ‘D’ 314 9. Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 310 10. Classical and Quantum Gravity 299 11. Annales Geophysicae 273 12. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 242 13. Solar Physics 231 14. Journal of Astrophysics And Astronomy 213 15. General Relativity And Gravitation 190 Table-6 The table-6 shows that Physical review ‘D’ is the top most preferred publishing journal for the publication by the astronomical scientist of India followed by Physical Letters ‘B’, MNRAS and so on. Top 15 journals have published more than 80 % of the research articles. 4.6 Prolific Institutions S. No. Name of the Institution Publications 1. Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research (TIFR) 2252 2. Inter University Centre for Astronomy Astrophysics (IUCAA) 1266 3. Indian Institute Of Astrophysics (IIA) 1124 4. Indian Institute Of Technology (IITs) 975 5. Panjab University (PU) 799 6. Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) 768 7. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) 587 8. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) 574 9. Raman Research Institute (RRI) 563 10. Indian Institute of Science (IISc) 416 Table-7 TIFR Mumbai is the most prolific research institution with 2252 research publications followed by IUCAA, IIA, IITs, PU, PRL, SINP, ARIES, RRI and IISc, Bangalore. The top ten institutions have produced more than two- third papers out of the gross publications of India during the period 2001-20015.

4.7 Prolific Authors S. No. Name of the Author Affiliation Publications Citations H-Index 1. Banerjee S. TIFR, Mumbai 638 23,475 64 2. Kumar A. Univ. of Delhi 398 17,929 58 3. Bhatnagar V. Punjab Univ. 367 16,732 54 4. Beri, SB Punjab Univ. 352 15,997 53 5. Mohanty, GB TIFR, Mumbai 304 14,187 54 6. Ranjan K Univ. of Delhi 304 15,131 53 7. Shivpuri, RK Univ. of Delhi 297 14,883 52 8. Naimuddin, M Univ. of Delhi 295 14,732 52 9. Sarkar, S SINP, Kolkata 283 25,489 56 10. Jain, S SINP, Kolkata 276 14,441 52 Table-8 Banerjee S. is the most productive author from India who has published 638 research papers and have 23, 475 citations with H-Index of 64. All of the prolific authors are from prominent institutions of India. Out of ten, two authors are from TIFR, two from Punjab University and again two from SNIP, Kolkata, four authors are from University of Delhi. All the authors have very high citations and have H-Index more than 50.

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4.8 Top 10 Collaborating Country

S. No. Name of the Country Publications Percentage 1. USA 3251 26.77 % 2. GERMANY 1951 16.07 % 3. FRANCE 1574 12.96 % 4. RUSSIA 1444 11.89 % 5. ENGLAND 1407 11.59 % 6. ITALY 1217 10.02 % 7. PEOPLES R CHINA 1118 9.21 % 8. SPAIN 1088 8.96 % 9. SOUTH KOREA 1067 8.79 % 10. JAPAN 1047 8.62 %

India’s top collaborating country in the field of Astronomical research is USA followed by Germany, France, Russia and So on. Out of ten, top 8 collaborating countries are from western countries and only china and South Korea is from Asian countries which are too good researcher country in the world. Over all India is collaborating with leading researcher countries of the world.

Conclusions This study discovers that the scientometric analysis of Indian Astronomical research as reported in Web of Science. The study indicates that Astronomical research in India is growing year after year. India is holding 13th rank in the field of Astronomical research in the world. The research has shown a steady growth since 2008 and maximum hike occurred in 2014. India has published 36.65 % of Astronomical research in open access journals and paid access journal publications are 63.35 %. India has published 88.5 % of the research papers as journal articles. TIFR is the most prolific institution whose Scientist Banerjee S. is the most prolific author. India is collaborating with leading researcher countries of the world.

References: [1]. Keshav et al. (2015). Frontiers in radio astronomy research in India (1999-2012): a scientometric study. e-Library Science Research Journal, 3(05), 1-10. [2]. Erfanmanesh, Mohammad Amin; Didegah, Fereshteh and Omidvar, Sepideh. (2010). Research productivity and impact of Library and Information Science in the Web of Science. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 15(03), 85-95. [3]. Jain, A. and Garg K.C. (1992). Laser research in India: scientometric study and model projections. Scientometrics, 23(3), 395-415. [4]. Joshi, K., Kshitij, A. and Garg K.C. (2010). Scientometric profile of global forest fungal research. Annales of Library and Information Stuies, 57, 130-139. [5]. Garg, K.C., Dwivedi, Sandhya. & Kumar, S. (2013). Scientometric profile of vector born diseases: a case study of global Japaneses Encephelitis Research. SRELS Journal of Information Management, 50, 543-554. [6]. Dwivedi, S., Kumar, S. and Garg, K.C. (2015) Scientometric profile of organic chemistry research in India during 2004-2013, Current Science, 109(5): 869-877. [7]. Choi, D.G., Lee, H. & Sung, T. (2011). Research profiling for ‘standardization and innovation’. Scientometrics, 88: 259-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0344-7 [8]. Web of Science. Available at https://apps.webofknowledge.com/ (accessed on 10.12.2017).

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ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 142

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~~ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 143~~

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~~3 dqys”k dqekj (2014) xzUFk vknku iznku dh ckjdksM rduhd xzUFkky; foKku] [k.M 45~~

~~4 Verma, A. K. (2009) : Barcoding system Dr. S.M. Tripathi Memorial volume, P 11-22~~

~~ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 144~~

 ckjdksM rduhd ds }kjk xzUFkksa ds vknku iznku iz.kkyh esa gksus okyh =qfV;ksa@xyfr;ksa dk fuokj.k gksrk gSA  ckjdksM rduhd es vknku iznku lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dk MkVk igys ls dEI;wVj esa lqfuf”pr jgrk gSA  mi;ksDrk }kjk fy, x, xzUFkksa ls lEcfU/kr vfHkys[kksa dk lgh :Ik esa j[k j[kko lEHko gksrk gSaa

6-2 ckjdksM rduhd ds izeq[k pj.k ckjdksM rduhd ds izeq[k pj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa &  xzUFky; es laxzfgr izR;sd iqLrd@xzUFk ij ckjdksM eqfnzr dj fpidkuk vkSj bl lwpuk dks vius dEI;wVj ds MkVkosl esa laxzfgr djukA  xzUFkky; ds izR;sd mi;ksDrk dks mlds lnL;rk i=d ij ckjdksM ysfcy iznku djukA  mi;ksDrk ds MkVk dks vius dEI;wVj esa fQM dj ds j[kukA  xzUFkky; esa ckjdksM flEcksykWth dk fuekZ.k ,oa fu”p; djukA  vko”;d gkMos;j dh LFkkiuk djuk mi;ksDrk dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:Ik lkWQVos;j fodflr djukA  ckjdksM rduhd ds fy, xzUFkky; esa dEI;wVj dks ;w` ih ,l ls tksMuk ftlls xzUFkky; ds dk;Z esa ck/kk mRiUu uk gks ldsA

6-3- xzUFkky; esa xUFk vknku iznku esa ckjdksM rduhd5 ds ykHk xzUFkky; esa xzUFksa ds vknku iznku esa ckjdksM rduhd ls fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa&  xzUFkksa dk vknku iznku dk;Z esa ckjdksM rduhd dk mi;ksx djus ls le; de yxrk gSA  xzUFkksa ds vknku iznku dk;Z esa ckjdksM rduhd dk mi;ksx djus ls ,d deZpkjh }kjk gh dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS blds fy, vU; deZpkjh dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh gSaaA  xzUFkky; esa deZpkfj;ksa }kjk mi;ksDrk dks mPp Lrj dh lsok iznku dh tkrh gSaA  xzUFkksa dk vknku iznku djrs le; deZpkjh }kjk vfHkys[k dk;Z esa dqN =qfV;kWa gks ldrh gSa ysfdu ckjdksM rduhd ds ek/;r ds ,slh =qfV;kWa ugh gks ikrh gS D;ksafd lHkh dk;Z dEI;wVj }kjk fd;s tkrs gSaaA  fuf”pr frfFk ij xzUFk dks xzUFkky; esa uk okil djus okys mi;ksDrk “kh?kz gh fuf”pr dk fy;s tkrs gS ftlls Hkfo’; esa gksus okyh =qfV;ksa ds cpk tk ldrk gS ckjdksM rduhd dk ;g fof”k’V y{k.k gSaA  ckjdksM rduhd ds ek/;e ls xzUFkksa dk vknku iznku djus esa lcls izeq[k ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd mi;ksDrk ds vewY; le; dh cpr gksrh gSa ckjdksM rduhd ls mi;ksDrk dks xzUFk iznku djus esa 1lsds.M ;k 2lsds.M dk gh le; yxrk gSA  ckjdksM rduhd ds ek/;e ls ljyrk iwoZd xzUFkksa dh tudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS fd veqd iqLrd@xzUFk xzUFkky; esa gS ;k mi;ksDrk ds lEeq[k gSA  LVSd lR;kiu ds le; Hkh ckjdksM rduhd vR;Ur mi;ksxh gksrh gSa

7- fu’d’kZ ckjdksM iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx vktdy O;olkf;d] O;kikfjd ,oa ekWy bR;kfn esa cgqr gh vPNs rjhds ls dk;ksZa dsk Rofjr o O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gS iqLrdky;ksa us Hkh bl iz.kkyh dks viuk fy;k gSa iqLdrky;ksa es HkkSfrd ijh{k.k dk dk;Z cgqr gh tYnh ckjdksM iz.kkyh ls fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj iqLrdks dks fuxZr o izkfIr ds bl iz.kkyh }kjk dqN gh lsdsaM yxrs gS aiqLrdky; ds ikBdksa ds dkMZ ij

~~5 Singh, S. N. and Singh Sandhya (2001). Barcode technology with reference to library automation. Granthalay Vigyan (Hindi) 32, 41-42.~~

ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 145 ckjdksM yxkkdj o iqLrdks ij ckjdksM yxkdj ;g dk;Z Rofjr :Ik ls fd;k tkrk gSaA vktdy fofr; la”kk/kuksa ls ifjiw.kZ iqLrdky; vkj- ,Q- vkbZ- Mh- dk Hkh iz;ksx dk jgs gSaaA ysfdu ckjdkssM dh rqyuk esa ;g ,d egaxh iz.kkyh gSa ckjdksM esa iqLrdky; vktdy D;w- vkj- dksM dk T;knk egRo ns jgs gSa D;ksafd bles T;knk ?kuRo esa T;knk lwpuk, vk tkrh gSa vkSj FkksMk cgqr {kfrxzLr gksxk fQj Hkh ;g dk;Z lqpk: :Ik ls djrk gSA

~~ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 146~~

~~SOCIAL NETWORKING: LIBRARY CONTEXT~~

~~Shivdan Singh Rajput | Library Information Assistant, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, (Rajasthan) India | [email protected]~~

Abstract This paper has provide an overview of current role of social networking site for library services, from a worldwide perspective, against which individual institutions can benchmark their own activities and be inspired to try new approaches. Social networking sites (SNS) are helpful for stirring up interactions among users. The number of libraries which adopt SNSs is increasing. This paper focuses on the interactions between libraries and users on libraries’ Facebook, Twitter and, lislinks etc. Four types of interactions are examined, including knowledge sharing, information dissemination, communication and knowledge gathering. The paper highlights the Purposes of Social Media Usage in Libraries, Purposes of Social Media Usage in Libraries, examples of Social Media websites, Social Networking Opportunities for Libraries, Impact of use of Social Networking Sits, Problems use of Social Networking Sites.

Introduction A social networking service is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share similar interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his or her social links, and a variety of additional services such as career services. Social network sites are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, create a list of users with whom to share connections, and view and cross the connections within the system. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e- mail and instant messaging. Social network sites are varied and they incorporate new information and communication tools such as mobile connectivity, photo/video/sharing and blogging. Online community services are sometimes considered a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, and interests with people in their network.

The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to trust. Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision. Although social networking is possible in person, especially in the workplace, universities and high schools, it is most popular online. The internet is filled with millions of individuals who are looking to meet other people, to gather and share first hand information and experiences about golfing, gardening, aesthetics and cosmetic surgery, developing friendships or professional alliances, finding employment, business –to –business marketing etc.

When it comes to online social networking websites are commonly known as social networking web sites and promote a number of social network services. It allows users to share ideas, activities, events and interests within the individual networks. In general social networking services allow users to create a profile for themselves and can be broken down into two bread categories. Internal Social Networking (ISN) and External Social Networking (ESN) (MySpace, Facebook, lislinks, Twitter and Weibo Etc). An ISN is a closed / private community that consists of a group of people within a company, association, society, education provider and organization or even an “invite only” group created by a user in a External Social Networking.

Definition “Social Networking is primarily Internet based tools for sharing and discussing information among human beings.” – Wikipedia "a social network is a dedicated website or other application that enables users to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images, etc."- Oxford Dictionary. “Social networking is an opportunity for libraries and museums to do the same–bring together their patrons, raise funds and even have their core audience have a say in what exhibits they‟d like to see, or what improvements need to be made”. -Hemanshu Nigam (Chief Security officer, MySpace)

~~Major Social Network Categories~~

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Major Social Network 1. Social Connections Keeping in touch with friends and family members is one of the greatest benefits of social networking. Here is a list of the most widely-used websites for building social connections online.  Facebook: Arguably the most popular social media utility, Facebook provides a way for users to build connections and share information with people and organizations they choose to interact with online.  Twitter: Share your thoughts and keep up with others via this real-time information network.  Google +: This relatively new entrant to the social connection marketplace is designed to allow users to build circles of contacts that they are able to interact with and that is integrated with other Google products  MySpace: Though it initially began as a general social media site, MySpace has evolved to focus on social entertainment, providing a venue for social connections related to movies, music games and more. 2. Multimedia Sharing Social networking makes it easy to share video and photography content online. Here are some of the most popular sites for multimedia sharing.  YouTube: Social media platform that allows users to share and view video content  Flickr: This site provides a powerful option for managing digital photographs online, as well as for sharing them with others.  Picasa: Similar to Flickr, Picasa provides a way to organize and share photos. It is a Google product and so offers integrated tagging and sharing with Google+. 3. Professional Professional social networks are designed to provide opportunities for career-related growth. Some of these types of networks provide a general forum for professionals to connect, while others are focused on specific occupations or interests. A few examples of professional social networks are listed below.  LinkedIn: As of November of 2011, LinkedIn had more than 135 million members, making it the largest online professional network. Participants have an opportunity to build relationships by making connections and joining relevant groups.  Classroom 2.0: Social network specifically designed to help teachers connect, share and help each other with profession-specific matters.  Nurse Connect: Online community designed to help individuals in the nursing profession connect and communicate with each other. 4. Informational Informational communities are made up of people seeking answers to everyday problems. For example, when you are thinking about starting a home improvement project or want to learn how to go green at home, you may perform a web search and discover countless blogs, websites, and forums filled with people who are looking for the same kind of information. A few examples include:

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 Super Green Me: Online community where individuals interested in adopting green living practices can interact  HGTV Discussion Forums: Connect with individuals interested in home design improvement via the HGTV message boards  Do-It-Yourself Community: Social media resource to allow do-it-yourself enthusiasts to interact with each other 5. Educational Educational networks are where many students go in order to collaborate with other students on academic projects, to conduct research for school, or to interact with professors and teachers via blogs and classroom forums. Educational social networks are becoming extremely popular within the educational system today. Some examples of such educational social networks are listed below.  The Student Room: UK-based student community featuring a moderated message board and useful resources related to school  The Math Forum: A large educational network designed to connect students with an interest in math, this site provides interaction opportunities for students by age group.  ePALS School Blog: This international social network for K-12 students is designed to build international connections to promote world peace.

Use Of Social Networking Sites In The Libraries Social Networks can be used for providing user centric service in social library environment. User attitude towards library is changing day by day. User wants most practical and speed information in e-learning age. But providing quick and easy retrieval information to user is a great challenge to library. Therefore library should find and search some new techniques for impacting valuable information to the user. The impact of SNS in libraries is growing day by day. Many libraries are using social networking platform to interact and reach out to their patrons or clients. It has also become a level playing ground for academics and students to interact on issues pertaining to course work. Students also use this platform to share information amongst themselves on any subject and topic. The use of these tools has been affirmed by Bell (2007), that Academic libraries do not only use social media for communication purposes, but had adapted their research strategies to this environment. Libraries with social networking wall. The walls are mostly used to:  Provide news or information for users  Communication among librarians (in  Provide links to recommended a library system) (Clyde, 2004) Internet Resources  Announce programmes of the library  Book reviews, information about new  Give students the opportunity to ask books questions pertaining to the use of the  Provide entertainment or amusement library for users  Teach basic search tools  Provide news or information for  Paste new books on the wall to inform librarians the University Community  Book discussions  Send brief updates to patrons  Provide news or information for  Ask a Librarian trustees  Provide research tips Libraries can also respond to the needs of modern day patrons by applying efficient technologies such as social networking, mobile application, and online check in/check outs to their service delivery. These developments in the operations of library service delivery should encourage libraries to reinvent itself to respond adequately to this call by investing in technologies that have direct effect on the operations of the library. To achieve this, libraries must upgrade library staff skills in information Technology (IT) so as to be able to understand and use Social Networking sites to their maximum.

Mostly Used Social Networking Sites In The Library Era  Face book -are extremely popular social networking sites which primarily have a social function allowing people to make friends, talk online and share resources. Informational libraries attempt to engage and establish rapport with students through Face book. Face book has come to dominate the social networking site arena; more libraries have created their own library pages on Face book to create library awareness and to function as a marketing tool.  Twitter: Use Twitter, a micro blogging application, to keep staff and patrons updated on daily activities, like frequently updated collections, new arrival, current content services of library.  Blog: By creating a blog, you'll be able to disseminate information to lots of people at one time. Whether you're up dating students on new collections, or just conversing with library staff, blogs are a

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powerful tool, especially when combined with RSS. a web page where you can write journal entries, reviews, articles, and more. Blog authors can allow readers to posttheir own comments. No web design knowledge is needed to create a blog.  RSS: Really simple syndication is a family of web formats used to publish information about frequently updated work such as blog entries, news feeds, live audio, and video in the standard formats noted the important role of RSS in keeping users updated with the latest information. It‟s a way for subscribers to automatically receive information from blogs, online newspapers, and podcasts.  You Tube: YouTube: Library video and e-learning tutorials, events and others video library services can be effectively promote and webcast through YouTube.  Wikipedia: Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia updated by users. This tool is to share your knowledge by editing, or simply point library patrons in the right direction. One can also host library websites.  MySpace: MySpace is like face book, extremely popular social networking sites which primarily have a social function allowing people to make friends, talk online and share resources.  Ning: Librarian can use this tool to get connected with students, library associations, and more. One can also use it to share information with many people at a time.  LinkedIn: This social networking site for professionals is a great way to get library patrons connected with the people that can help them find information. Whether that's you, faculty, authors, historians, or other sources, they can find them in your  Flicker: This image distribution tool is a great way to share new image collections. Library can share photo collection of workshops; conference and different programme that are organized within the campus. One can create image sets with metadata, as well as take advantage of the many plugging available for Flicker users. Flicker users can also help gather missing information about images.  Teacher Tube: Teacher Tube, which is a YouTube for teachers, presents an excellent opportunity for instructor-librarian collaboration. Instructors can guide students to helpful library resources, and vice versa.  PBwiki: PBwiki is the world's largest provider of hosted business and educational wikis. It encourages collaboration for students, a way to showcase work, and offers a central gathering point for information. PBwiki offers controlled access, so one can give some editing privileges, while others can only read.  Footnote: On Footnote, one can access to original historical documents, and can update them with your own content and insights. One can even find personal anecdote and experiences which won't find in reference books.  Slide Share: Encourage faculty, and students to share their slideshow presentations for the greater community to access on Slide Share. It's a great way to disseminate information among research community to the field of research and development (R&D) activities.  Tagging: refers to the ability to add subject headings to content in order to organize information in a meaningful way and to connect to others that tag similar content in the same way

Benefits Of Social Networking Sites To Indian Libraries Social networking sites have its own advantages to Librarians and Users. The major benefits are followed:  Social networking sites will facilitate collaborations and promote effective communication between Librarians and their students and faculty. It will generate a flow of information excluded from search engines and Library Catalogues.  The crucial aim of librarians is to make library resources available to patrons so if social networking sites will help achieve this goal then it should be pursued vigorously.  Financially the costs of using social media are perceived to be low;  It promotes library services and disseminates news quickly, delivering this information moredirectly to library students and faculty  It increases engagement and interactions with faculty and students ;  It helps gather feedback to enhance user services;  The promotion of library holdings via social media can help increase usage of content;  It enhances communication both within the library and with other departments;  It can be used for outreach activities through onward sharing, well beyond the institution itself, helping build connections and reputation more broadly

Barriers Of Social Networking In Libraries The library should think and crack the challenges to stand as a good social partner in the online collaborative environment. The following major challenges should mull over while implementing social software in the library as:

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 Organization Support: To have a commitment from the management for collaborative web tools. To have a commitment from the management for collaborative web tools. A shift to horizontal transparent communication opens new venues to present the organizations life. It is also necessary to have support for the change management process  Resources: Be aware the tools are cheap and easy to install, but do not underestimate the resources you need. Facilitation for a blog or a wiki is very important, especially in the beginning, so users are not frustrated in their first steps.  Software: Implement a solution on your own server or rely on an application service provider.  Training: Web2.0 might be easy, but many people from the organization are totally new to the applications. Things such as tagging, RSS or basic upload functions have to be often explained.  User Orientation: Developing a web-based communication, culture needs orientation. Blogs are totally different from a workflow based intranet. Therefore a policy can help to explain the advantages and also show the limits of interaction.  User Participation: In the beginning usually only few users participate; that‟s why a critical mass of contributors is important. Web2.0 tools are ideal for revolutionary marketing, where motivated contributors serve as multiplicity and can easily train others to join.  Privacy, IPR, copyright issues of social software: Storing personal data on remote systems raises obvious privacy issues, but IPR and copyright issues also need exploring.  Culture: The need for an open, transparent, horizontal working culture. It is not always a prerequisite but it is conducive for effective and creative online knowledge sharing. For example, a wiki needs a certain degree of trust; not everyone wants to sit hours to check the amendments on a document.  Conviction: Having good arguments to proof why these tools are useful (needs another post). For example, they can even reduce the information overload.  Resources: Be aware the tools are cheap and easy to install, but do not underestimate the resources you need. A facilitation for a blog or a wiki is very important especially in the beginning, so users are not frustrated in their first steps.  Patience: To incorporate web2.0 tools to an organization takes time. A few months can pass by before participation reaches a sufficient level, but on the mean time the process is exciting.  Training: Web2.0 might be easy but many people from the organization are totally new to the applications. Things such as tagging, RSS or basic upload functions have to be often explained  Usability: Invest time in design and how to create visually your applications. Usability is very important because users shall take advantage of all features offered. For example many wikis especially lack usability. Therefore a design, documentation and help section (e.g. screen cast) is decisive for users to participate.  Software: Implement a solution on your own server or rely on an application service provider. To which extent your organizational communication has to be internal? What can be exchanged within networks of partner or even in public?

Future Role Of Libraries And Librarians The shift of provision of library resources online has also brought about a huge shift in the role of the librarian – with this role becoming more integrated into the user communities within the institution. Feedback in our focus groups and interviews indicated that social media is seen as an important support tool for transitioning into this new role. Some librarians see their role becoming one of helping users find paths through complex content, and directing them towards making useful connections as efficiently as possible – potentially by merging smart applications and human crowd sourcing, with the smart component drawing on the human element by using social sources to retrieve information that is personalized and relevant to a specific user. Some librarians highlight the value which can be added by providing a human element to complex content; providing a guide to users enabling them to make fast connections between multiple channels and information sources.  Identity management: Librarians should be able to examine the profiles of users to mirror their information needs and match them with the library collections.  Network awareness: Should be able to share views and create awareness of the different social network sites and their uses.  Expert search: The 21st century librarian should be an expert in web navigation; able to find friends of friends, and potential library users with common interests.  Contact management: Librarians can cross-link people and ideas among the conglomerate of different groups.  Context awareness: Should be diversified in knowledge and able to link information to people‟s profiles. The important characteristics of SNT in libraries.

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 Collaborative: Social Network ensures knowledge sharing, establishes a communication link with experts and allows users to develop a team working skill.  Flexibility: Easy content creation and sharing, easy to update files and personal contact

Advantages Of Social Networking Sites Today, social networking sites give various opportunities in library. These are:  Announcement of new services in the library.  People in different corners in the world can use library at any time.  E-reference service can be provided through social networking sites.  A single post can share among users group very quickly.  Through social networking sites, library service can be upgraded for 24 hours in every day.  It is a gateway of sharing information from library to user, user to library, library to library & user to user.  The demand of library users can be realised.  User study can be possible through it.  Important external web resources can be linked through hyperlink for further requirements.  It helps to built virtual professional association and assists to develop communication among them.  It helps to bridge between librarian or experts and researcher for research work.  It creates library awareness among users.  It is a medium to draw the attention of new generation to library.  It helps to increase potential reader in library.  It helps to form a community of library user.  It makes the way of learning easy and suitable to the distance learners.  Exhibition of library materials can be done through it.  Library can post images, audio & video files about the library and library events.  Users can know updated of library events.  Guide to library use & library tour can be possible through it.  It is very effective for marketing of Library products and services.  E-resources can share easily through these sites.  It helps to share professional information among LIS professionals like seminar, workshop etc.

Disadvantages Of Social Networking Sites Besides of advantages social networking sites have some disadvantages also. These are:  Social networking sites generally are being used by the young generations but many aged people don’t know or like to use these types of sites. Some libraries do not show interest to use social networking site.  Some users of social networking sites are not interested to connect with libraries for wastage of time.  Some people do not use social networking sites to keep their privacy.  Some people cannot use social networking sites for technological barrier.

Conclusion Library and Information Centre have presented the library resources on an open platform through Social Networking. In future, it gives a big opportunity to library for increase users. In social sites, there will no obstacles of space, time for using library resources. As a result, library service will be more popular and suitable for the modern society. Now, it is a great problem that the number of library user is decreasing day by day. According to social-economy and user’s need, the acceptance of using library service should be increased through the combination of traditional concept and modern Information and Communication Technology.

References [1]. Rodrigues, Maya Carvalho e(2015). Use of Social Networking Media-Building Relationship in Academic Libraries by,: 1st National Conference on next generation librarianship held on 3rd Oct. 2015 at C.U. Shah University, Wadhwan City (Gujarat) pp. 62-69. [2]. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago. ALA. [3]. Dinesh, K.S. and Nikam, Khaiser (2009). The Role of Blogs in Engineering College Libraries and their Applications in upgrading Library Services In: Emerging Trends and Technologies in Libraries and Information Services. Edited by Sanjay Kataria, B.S. Nigam, Rama Kant Shukla, pp. 44-48, New Delhi: KBD Publications. [4]. Nilesh M. Kantaria (2015) .Social Media: Next Generation Libraries and Librarianship: 1st National Conference on next generation librarianship held on 3rd Oct. 2015 at C.U. Shah University, Wadhwan City (Gujarat) pp.18-23. [5]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media [6]. Boyd and Ellison, N. B. (2008). Socail networking sites:Definiton , History and Scholarship. Journal of computer mediated communications , 210-230.

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~~NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY USERS~~

~~Urmila Devi | Research Scholar in Library& Information Science, Baba Masthnath University AsthalBohar, Rohtak, Haryana| [email protected]~~

Abstracts This paper gives brief information about the academic library user needs and expectations. In the present, the main purpose of academic libraries is to satisfy the needs of users. Library develops a habit of deep and advanced studies of subjects beyond the text books of subjects, informs the teachers with latest up-dates in their respective subject area. Now-a-days library users needs and expectations have been changed. Library users are now expected, on having library services in the new climate of information technology.

Introduction The user community is the most important element of a library. The main aim of every information service is to satisfy its users. To serve conveniently the library should identify the community who needs its services which will be helpful to develop the collection systematically and plan for suitable services for their effective utilization (Gudi et al) 1. A library plays an important role in providing information services and resources to assist users in their studies and research activities. It possesses information in the form of books, periodicals, audio-visual and electronic media. Libraries exist because of them. They should therefore be satisfied with the service they receive (Motiang, et al) 2.

The main objective of college libraries is to satisfy the needs of the users. Each year new students will be coming to the universities and colleges with various expectations and different kind of desires. Apart from these all, the library supporting staffs, the librarians and the learning resources managers faces lot of challenges in promoting the library activities and its support services(Rajeev and Sriram)3.

~~Library Library is a collection of books, magazines, pumplates, newspapers & E-resources etc.~~

According to Ranganathan, 19404, “a library is a public institute or establishment charged with the care of collection of books, the duty of making them accessible to those who required the use of them and the task of converting every person in its neighborhood into a habitual library goers and readers of books.” Thus a library is expected to convert the potential readers into actual readers.

~~Academic Library~~

Academic library comprise the libraries of schools, colleges, universities and similar educational institutions, which cater to the needs of different levels of academic community and supplement academic institution they play an indispensable role in the dissemination of information and knowledge. ( Mookerjee and Sengupta)5

~~Types of Academic Libraries The academic libraries are of the following types:- 1. School library 2. College library 3. University library~~

1. School Library:- A Libraries associated or connected with a School and used by the students, teachers and staff of that School i.e. called School library.( Halder&Jana, 2013)6 1.1Aims and Objective of School Library:- The following aims and objective of school library:- - To provide a supportive environment for student and staff. - To encourage all students to reach their full possible as independent learners - To develop a positive attitude to life –long learning. - To provide resources to support and develop the recreational interests of the students. -To provide the opportunities for the students to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to access library resources. -To develop an awareness in students of the importance of books (www.grange.books.sch.uk>Aims-and- objective.)7

~~2. College library:-A library attached or associated with a college and used by teachers, students and staff of the college is known as College library.~~

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2.1 Objectives of college library:-The objectives of a college library are as follows: - It helps in all educational and instructional programmes of the college; - It develops a habit of deep and advanced studies of subjects beyond the text books of subjects, in students; - It enhances the understanding of different subjects or disciplines among students; - It prepares the students as an intelligent, aware, informative and knowledgeable person to play the role of a responsible citizen; - It assists the research work and make the initiative base for research work in students: - It informs the teachers with latest up-dates in their respective subject area; - It provides healthy entertainment material to its users. (Halder and Jana, 2013)8 2.2 Functions of college library:- To achieve its objectives a college library performs the following function: - In order to help in all educational and instructional programmes of the college it develops its collection by acquiring different documents like textbooks, audiovisuals etc. related to various courses offered by the college: - It also purchase a good amount of more advanced books other than text books on different subjects to develop a habit of deep and advanced studies among college students. - It acquires reference books such as encyclopedias and other books on each and every aspect of different subjects to enhance the understanding of subjects among students on their on own besides class-room teaching and textbooks. - To prepare the students for different professions and occupations - To develop their skills it procures self learning material comparative exam books etc. - It purchases newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines on current events, general knowledge books etc. - To make aware its users about their surroundings. - It subscribes to useful journals, research bulletins on different subjects as per the recommendations of faculty(teachers) for research work and to keep the teachers along with the latest in their subjects; - If some document is not available in the library it brings it on inter-library loan on demand of its users. - It also provides light reading material like fiction, biographies, magazines, travel book guides, audio-visuals etc. to give healthy leisure time to its users; - It purchases general reference books such as dictionaries, directories, encyclopedias, yearbooks as well as some subject specific reference books. - To make library and its use more accessible and easy it makes proper classification, cataloguing, shelf arrangement, display of new arrivals and provides services like bibliographical, indexing, abstracting etc. - It provides orientation training to its new users to use the library and disseminate information time to time regarding new library service and latest books.(Halder and Jana,2013).9

3. University Library: - A library attached or associated with a university and university library. It is a ‘heart’ of the university. 3.1 University Library Services:-The services to be provided by the university library as given below:- - Instruction in the use of the library; - Provision of general and specific information; - To provide the location of documents or use of library catalogue; - To provide the information about the reference books; - Literature search; - To provide readers’ advisory service; - To provide bibliographic service; - To provide inter library loan; - To provide indexing and abstracting service; - Maintenance of vertical files containing display pamphlets like prospectuses, reports etc. - Maintenance of clippings; - To provide current awareness services etc.(`Kumar, Krishan`1980)10

User Satisfaction: - User satisfaction is also assumed to be positively related to the users’ degree of library use. With respect to customer orientation, quality in the library sector is defined as permanent customer satisfaction. It is important that quality is defined from the customer’s perspective and that it is not predefined by the library’s standards. Only a customer who regards the services as being of a high quality from his subjective point of view will remain a satisfied library customer in the long run. Against this background in particular, it becomes apparent that it is not the outputs of a library which are decisive for user satisfaction but rather the outcomes. The outcomes are defined as “the uses made by the consumer of a given output and the degree of satisfaction felt with those outputs”(Abbott, 1994)11. According to Bailey and Pearson (1983)12defined satisfaction as the sum of feelings or attitudes, both positive and negative, affecting the specific situation.

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According to Ives et al (1983)13 defined user satisfaction as the extent to which users believe the information system available to them meet their informational requirements. User satisfaction of academic library has its very narrow approach about coming to college and using library. He is having very limited time which he can spend in the library. So when it’s compulsory to visit library at that time only he will come in the library for movement. In that particular span of time it he will get his relevant information then only he will become satisfy. Online service facility will serve his need very effectively. He can browse any information from his home too. ( Hussain, 2013)14 Library Users:- Users are the essentional element of any library. Users’ curiosity should be succed in doing any system. Ranganthan had very correctly stated that a library is a trinity of books, readers and staff. Library is a place where perpetual, self – learning for the users in an academic atmosphere, is expected to be provided by the library professionals. It is for the users that information centers or library systems are established Knowledge and information are collected, anted for the users only. ( Dasgupta, 2011)15 . Information users are united in one of the common principal they want information now. They do not look alike and think alike. Public libraries are still vital in these regions as many have the infrastructure necessary to access today's digital technology. Users depended upon electronic database provided by public libraries and upon access to the internet are often those individuals from a socio-economic level where home internet access is not available due to financial consideration. Users have received more information from the internet. The user selects the databases desired for the information search and controls the search terms used. (Kataria, 2010).16 Identification of the user needs:- The users come to the library with various information needs, but with minimum possible time. But it is not so easy for the librarian to fulfill all the needs of the users since users may not express their need exactly due to various complex psychological characters. It is also to be remembered that the user needs are ever changing and complex one. To identity users needs, several methods are designed.

Objective of the user needs The main objectives have been given below to satisfy user needs:-  To make aware of the existence of the library, its content, procedures and services.  To create love for books and develop the habit of reading.  To provide the users with basic skills for information collection i.e. current, retrospective, dates or facts, information in appropriate form.  To make the users aware of the different information holding agencies.  To expose the method for strong scientific information collected on different search topics.  To provide technique for information search from secondary periodicals, reference sources and other online data bases and electronic form.  To ascertain the relative merit and demerits of reading materials and reference tools.  Able to survey the current affaires in the different periodicals on his own.  To provide good foundation for the continued self education to readers during their life time.(Kumar and Anuragi)17

User needs and expectations: - In this present era, library users’ needs and prediction have been changed. Users’ have always asked for approach to a broad mixture of information resources and get services from the library at times. Library users are now expected, on having library services in the new climate of information technology. Therefore, it is mandatory to create good provision so that through a computer from anywhere a library user should be able:-  To search library catalogue  To search in bibliographies  To search in directories and reference works  To search for texts  To search for numeric data in social , technical, economic and scientific databases  To retrieve copies for use  To search for images  To browse information  To use the library with comport. ( Kaul and Nandi, 2011)18  Users’ need information to enrich.  They need information on how to stay healthy.  They seek information to know what is going on in their government and in their country.  They require knowledge or information in order to know what to do at any point in time.  Every professional require up-to-date knowledge in his chosen profession, information relating to better jobs etc.

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 Students need information to do assignments, pass their exam and write projects.(Anyira,2011)19.  Academic Library Services:- Academic libraries are provide many services to their users. Some are following:-  To Circulate materials to eligible patrons under equitable;  To provide reference services;  To provide indexing and abstracting service;  To provide current awareness services;  To disseminitate the information  Notification  To provide continuing instruction to patrons in the effective use of the library ;( user education)  To prepare a library handbook giving details of the rules, resources, services and staff of the library  To promoting interlibrary loan;  Document reproduction  Translation of documents  To provide of computer services and convenient hours of services;  To display newly received books in an appropriate place and arranging book exhibitions (Bua and Yawe)20

Conclusion In the end, we can say that the library is a heart of any institution. It plays an important role in providing information services and resources to assist users in their studies and research activities. Every year new students will be coming to the universities and colleges with various expectations and different types of needs. Users are the essentional element of any library. Academic libraries help the teachers and students with latest up-dates, research works and provide healthy entertainment material. It procures a good amount of more advanced books on different subjects like text books, reference, dictionary, encyclopedias, magazines on current events, general knowledge and comparative exam books. Academic libraries provides many types of services like circulation, reference, referral, indexing, abstracting, current awareness, SDI etc.

References [1]. Gudi, S.P et al (2014) Use of information sources and services by PG engineering students in Jayawant Library of Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Pune (India): A case study. International Journal of Librarianship and Administration, 5(2), 181-188. [2]. Motiang, I. P. et.al. (2014). An evaluation of user satisfaction with library services at the university of Limpopo, Medunsa campus (Medical University Of Southern Africa).Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter), 3(11),41-58. [3]. Rajeev, MKG and Sriram, B.(2014 )An evaluation of user satisfaction on library promotional and staff support services at Sur University College, Sultanate of Oman. International Research:Journal of Library & Information Science, .04(04), 417-430. [4]. Ranganathan, S.R.(1940). Reference service and bibliography, v.l, Madras. Madras library association, 25. [5]. Mookerjee, Subodh Kumar and Sengupta, Benoyendres (1977) Library organization and library administration. Calcutta: The World Press Private Ltd. 47- 54. [6]. Halder, Sambhu Nath and Jana, Sibshankar(2013). Library and information science in changing paradigm. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications,38. [7]. www.grange.books.sch.uk>Aims-and-objective [8]. Halder, Sambhu Nath and Jana, Sibshankar(2013). Library and information science in changing paradigm. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications,38-39. [9]. Ibid., pp. 38-39 [10]. Kumar, Krishan (1980). Reference service. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 21. [11]. Abbot, C. (1994). Performance measurement in library and information services. London: ASLIB, 16. [12]. Bailey, J. E. and Pearson, S. W (1983). Development of a tool for measuring and analyzing computer user satisfaction. Management Science, 24, 530–545. [13]. Ives, Blake, et al (1983). The measurement of user information satisfaction. Communications of the ACM, 26, 785– 793. [14]. Hussain, Akhtar (2013). ICT based library and information services. New Delhi: EssEss Publication, 176. [15]. Dasgupta, Arjun (2011). A new look to library management. Kolkata: Classique Books, 20. [16]. Kataria, Sanjay, et. al (2010). Emerging technologies and changing dimensions of libraries and information services. K.B.D. Publication, 553-54. [17]. Kumar, Dharmesh and Anuragi, Matadeen(2017).Library and information society. Delhi: Shabd Vani Parkashan, 32- 33. [18]. Kaul, H.K. and Nandi, Subodh Gopal (2011). Knowledge, library and information networking NACLIN 2011. New Delhi: DELNET , pp. 216-217.

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[19]. Anyira,I.E(2011).The anatomy of library users in the 21st century. Library Philosophy and Practice2011. Available at:- http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/ [20]. Bua, F. T. and Yave, A.A. (2014). A comparative study on user satisfaction with the management of library services in three academic libraries in Benuestate-Nigeria. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 6(1), 23-30.

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~~PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES FOR FARMERS: A CASE STUDY OF THAKUR KARAN SINGH MEMORIAL (TKSM) LIBRARY, VILLAGE ARALIYA, KOTA~~

~~Yogendra Singh Tanwar | Assistant Librarian,Global Public School (GPS) Kota | [email protected]~~

~~Shalini Shrivastava | Assistant Librarian, M.B. International B.Ed. College, Kota | [email protected]~~

Abstract India being a democratic country, the information given is by the people to the people and for the people. Initially, the libraries were established by few only and were additionally used by those who were allowed to use them. However in Araliya (Kota), later on this kind of system was changed and libraries were made open to public and thus become real democratic institution. More than the 70% of Indian population live in rural areas and in villages. Therefore it is difficult to develop a conventional library system which can be accessible to every village. But the digital information, available online, can be accessed in remote areas without distinction of caste and creed. The paper deals with the process of establishing digit democracy along with its modes particularly to the farmers. By this Services library focuses on the Policies and Govt Screams for Farmers.

Introduction Public libraries are effective rural development partners, helping improve farmers’ lives and incomes, according to the newly released impact assessment results of five innovative public library services. Thakur Karan Singh Memorial (TKSM) Library, Araliya, is started one year ago to promote free education to all in rural areas. In this connection last year we started the Library services for farmers in which we aware about Govt. Schemas and Organised Talk show for Agriculture advancement. Farmers’ Library creates daily opportunities for lifelong learning by providing quality materials, services, and information-seeking tools. We intend the library to be a place for personal interactions that enrich the lives of patrons and reflect the values of the Ogden community.

Steps used to promote the library Services for Farmers are mentioned below. . TKSM Library improved access to information and communication in remote rural communities. The library trained 36 people to use computers, to conduct Internet research and to use email and social networking tools. The library also trained 03 people to produce radio programming for a future radio station. The ICT in Rural Development service increased the library’s ICT users. The program also sparked interest in new income-generating activities – through Internet research; women farmers learned how to make bags from recycled fabric. A group of women now meets once a week to make the bags and to research marketing opportunities online. . TKSM Library connected farmers to agricultural experts through interactive webinars. The library conducted one webinars with live webcasts and attracted 13 viewers. Participants learned about accessing support, e-government resources and also about organic farming. . The Hand-in-Hand project convinced the Ministry of Agriculture to provide live webcasts of regional agricultural conferences so that more farmers could participate. . TKSM Library developed a mobile information and business support service for farmers, including a Web portal that offers free advertising for farmers. More than 400 farmers have used the service. The project received funding from European Union’s Rural Development Programme through 2013 to expand the Web portal. The Web portal will help smaller farmers compete more successfully with larger producers.

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. In TKSM Library sent librarians and trainers to rural villages in the library’s INFOBUS to help farmers apply for agricultural and equipment grants. The service contributed to a 20% increase in the number of farmers applying for agricultural production subsidies in the Stip and Karbinci municipalities in 2012. The library also expanded its mobile service and now attracts more than 100 visits from farmers each month.

1.1 Rural Telephony Nearly 85 percent of Indian villages are situated within a 15-20 km radius of taluka towns and therefore a wireless system with a radius of coverage of about 20 kms deployed at these towns would be able to connect nearly all of these villages. Today, wireless “Systems are available that cost about Rs 10,000 per line, including the costs of towards and deployment, which can provide telecom and Internet connectivity within a 20 km radius. Broadband cor DECT, designed at IIT Madras is perhaps the best available today, providing a 256 kbps dedicated connection to each village, even with limited spectrum. Such systems are reliable, sturdy and are now widely deployed in rural India. Most of rural India can indeed be connected today with Broadband. Wireless technologies, that further reduce the cost and increases the bit- rates, are evolving every year and will improve rural connectivity even more in the years to come. The present coverage of mobile networks in rural areas both by area and by population in negligible. At present the USO fund does not support telephone connection on mobile wireless technologists. With the aim of providing rapid connectivity to all rural areas, inclusion of cellular mobile services in the roll –out of rural household lines is being seriously considered.

1.2 Digital Divide The digital divide is a social / political issue referring to this socioeconomic gap between communities that have access to computers and the Internet and those who do not. The term also refers to gaps that exist between groups regarding their ability to use ICTs (information and Communication Technologies) effectively, due to differing levels of literacy and technical skills, as well as the gap between those groups that have access to quality, useful digital content and those that do not. The digital divide perhaps encompasses all of these when it talks of information haves and information have –nots. Traditionally a “Divide” has been talked of in terms of the Marxian divide between haves and have – nots. This has further been defined as divide between the North and the south, rich and the poor, educated and the uneducated. It has also been discussed in terms of gender, caste, religion, language, culture and creed. The divide essentially is in terms of unequal access, its causes and consequences. The divide exists between nations and within nation. It exists between rich and poor, young and old, urban and rural dwellers, etc. there is a financial divide, a knowledge divide and a divide of confidence. Access to Internet is crucial in future access to information”. It is increasingly becoming an essential factor in any strategy of development to empower the masses. The Internet has been hailed as a “great equalizer”, a revolutionary technological tool that enables efficient transfer of information on a global scale. This global information could be used for international trade, online digital libraries, online education, telemedicine, e- governance and many other applications that solve vital problems in the development world. At the very core digital divide is lack of access to communication facilities, which is now extended to lack of access to Internet/ broadband facilities. Developed nations with the Resources to invest in and develop ICT Infrastructure are reaping enormous benefits from the information age, while developing nations are trailing along at a much slower pace. This difference in rates of technological progress is widening the economic disparity between the most developed nations of the world (primarily Canada, the United States, Japan, and Western Europe) and the underdeveloped and developing ones (primarily Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia), thus creating a digital (that is, digitally fostered) divide. In general, the digital divide is a phenomenon where in the rich in technology Information and Communication (ITC) get richer with the rapid foray into the information age for the late twentieth century, while the technologically poor get poorer – if not absolutely poorer, at least relatively so, as the gap between the technological haves and have – nots widens.

1.2.1 Telecom Divide India has achieved an overall teledensity of 13.95 so far. At the end of June 2006, total fixed lines were 47.42 million and mobile were 105.95 million, taking total of telephony subscribers in country to 153.37 million.

1.3 Digital Democracy A democracy government is of the people, to the people & by the people. Similarly public libraries are of the people, by the people & to the people. Now a day’s information has replaced the word libraries. Information is now of the people to the people & by the people. The digital information on computers must

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reach to all those who mead it, use it & think of it. This is digital democracy. There should be no barriers in getting information. There should not be any divide – be it nations to nation, languages, rich or poor, rural or urban, male or female, child or adult, literate or illiterate, or like. Since the most digital information flow on telecom network, any telecom divide leads to digital divide. In this chapter we have tried for the measures taken to reach remote farmers to achieve digital democracy in India.

1.4 Universal Access Obligation Universal service is the long – term objective of making communications facilities available to every member of society on an individual or household basis to achieve digital democracy, it means providing access to telecommunication services of a defined minimum service quality to all users, everywhere, at an affordable access to communication on a community or local basis, Through combinations of Public facilities (Pay Phones, telecenteres ect.) and individual private service. It generally means providing a telephone within a reasonable distance for all citizens. The USO (Universal Service Obligation) is defined as the cost of serving those customers whose monthly bills do no cover the cost of providing the service. Mandatory service obligation and Cross – subsidization, Access deficit Charge (ADC) is some methods in an ADC regime, other operators pay subsidies (earlier on per minute of call basis in India) to finance the total cost of the deficit incurred by the incumbent (BSNL in India) in providing local services that are priced below cost. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is working Towards Phasing out ADC After 2008

1.5 Rural Information kiosks An innovative model is required to deliver Internet service to rural areas. Such are now emerging in form of wirelessly connected Internet kiosks in villages throughout India. Inspired by the STD – PCO example, the model involves creating local entrepreneurs who will own the kiosks and drive the business at the village – level. The KO sets up a kiosk at a cost of around Rs 55,000 which includes the costs of a multimedia PC, a UPS with battery. A digital camera, printer, and the wireless subscriber unit with related accessories as well as a marketing kit, local language software, training and an Internet connection for the first six months. The KO needs revenue of Rs 4500 per month for the business to be sustainable.

Once the kiosk is in operation the KO accesses a host of services. These include computer education, adult literacy programs, and agriculture – related services, health services and e – governance services. Many of these services make use of iSee, a low bandwidth videoconferencing software (Developed by a company) called OOPS. In association with the TeNet Group) that allows villagers to communicate with various experts remotely. Other online services include entertainment (games, music and movies) and astrology. In addition, the KO offers any number of other services that he or she develops independently, or with others partners.

In agriculture, advice on farming methods and solutions to crop and animal diseases, via videoconferencing, can be provided. Farmers should also access various agricultural portals to find weather information, crop. prices, and improved farming techniques at the kiosk, other agricultural services offered through the kiosks are the farm equipment manufacturing companies. In areas where livestock rearing is common, kiosks can provide online veterinary advice from experts. Potential future agricultural services include facilities for soil testing at the kiosk, online farming “School,” an early warning system for diseases outbreaks, and long – term predictions on crop prices, crop demand, and rainfall. Given the size of the agricultural sector in the country, the level of outreach in these services has been extremely limited and much more remains to be done.

E – Governance service which can be included at the kiosk include access to government portals that contain online forms and applications for birth and death certificate etc. In the southern state of Karnataka, the kiosk network has partnered with the government’s Bhoomi database, allowing access to land records. Videoconferencing sessions between village kiosks and local government officials are organized.

The government of India has launched a massive rural infrastructure development programme, titles “Bharat Nirman”, which is designed to provide a new deal to Rural India in the areas of irrigation, roads and communication, healthcare, education, markets etc. The Village knowledge Centres (VKCs) will thus serve as the flagships of the new principal of social inclusion an gender equity will help to end the prevailing gender gaps in our 6,00,000 village.

~~1.6 Bharat Nirman Plan~~

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India has only 66,822 village (Nearly 10-15%), which are uncovered by Village Public Telephone s (VPTs). Under Bharat Nirman Plan the Department of Telecommunication has the responsibility of providing telecom connectivity to these villages by November 2007. This rural connectivity programme is funded under the Universal Service Support Policy of the Government. VPTs and Rural Community Phones (RCPs) Through USO funding have provided public access while private service providers are being assisted by USO fund to penetrate into the rural areas for several activities which include maintenance existing rural areas for several activities which include maintenance existing VTPs and replacement of VPTs installed on Multi Radio Relay (MARP). It is hoped that these measures will to increase in rural teledensity and provided rural users access to information of value and transact business. The Mission 2007 works towards gifting India; her much deserved rural knowledge centers that will cater to each and every panchyat, village and hamlet. These knowledge centers would act as a link between knowledge connectivity and physical connectivity, planned through the Bharat Nirman Programme. This will also bridge the divide between urban India and the rural Bharat. This first steps towards what is universally recognized as Mission 2007 today were taken in 1998 with the launch of the Information Village Research Project (IVRP). Under this programme, Information Centres (later renamed as Village knowledge Centres) were set up in three villages near Pondicherry initially. These VKCs were aimed at providing locally relevant knowledge to host communities and access to information mediums thus far denied to them. Since the VKCs were launched as an innovative project, they experimented with all forms of communication technologies including the Internet, VHF two way radio, spread spectrum, world space Radio, Satellite communication using C and Ku band and low cost wireless technology. The mandate of these Village knowledge Centres (VKCs) thus, was to act as a one stop shop to provide host communication with locate specific and timely information, apart from other deliverables like skill building, micro – credit, education, health, governance and entitlement. Integral to the growth of Mission 2007 is the ‘Cs’ model. The ‘Cs’ stands for: Connectivity, content and services, Capacity building, Control and care, Coordination, Coalition of the Concerned, Conductive Policy and Convergence of resources. The National alliance views this framework at the minimum that we need to provide for mission 2007 accomplishment:  Rural areas may be opened for the Rural Service Provider (RSPs) to encourage rural connectivity at zero license fees for a period of ten years.  A provision may be made for the use of telecom/ internet/ radio services at the VKCs by exploiting all/ any of the technologies available.  Spectrum charges for all technologies should be free for rural service or a levy of 2 percent of revenue share may be imposed.  The towers in the talukas and small towns and villages should be shared by all service providers on a nominal lease for servicing the rural areas.  The existing public connectivity available with Government Should be shared with the RSPs.  There is a need to build 2 mbps plus rural backbone in every taluka. The TRAI has already reduced fiber- leasing charges for such networks by a factor of 4 enabling RSPs to build their networks in a more affordable way.  All State Wide Area Networks (SWAN) should be laid out completely and be available by June 2006 to RSPs at fixed charge. E- Government services should be made available through the Internet (web- enabled) and be accessible to all the RSPs.

1.7 Niche Operators The Govt. of India also plans to appoint small telecom operator for rural areas. These are called Niche Operator. These would be small – localized rural telecom service providers. They would be rural telecom service providers. They would be subject to nil entry charges. They would pay 6% (contribution to USO fund plus administrative costs) of their AGR as license fees and may be given support by USO fund. The possibility of Zero spectrum charges for them is also being considered. Niche operators should be allowed to offer a multiple communication services such as cable T.V. and Internet ATM etc.

1.8 Kisan Call Centers There are many projects under going to reach the farmers. Many of them are primarily e – governance project with an aim to reach to the rural people. Basically these are government to citizen models. A few of them are Web Portal Kisan Helpline developed be NIC in collaboration with Directorate of Oilseeds Research. Hyderabad; Agri –business Information hubs of Haryana State marketing Board is collaboration with State. Agriculture Deptt. & IIM, Ahmedabad, Kisan Channel of IGNOU through, T.V. Kisan Hatt of Agricultural Marketing Committee Delhi, Tata kisan Kendraa bay Tata Group. Tata Chemical Ltds. E- Chaupals of India Taleco Company with a budget of 7 billion rupees for its extension, Besides Drishtee,

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~~Tara haat, RDES, Gyandoot, Ikisan, Greenstar, etc, are many other projects which are helping farmers but with limited resources.~~

Recently Govt. of Indai has launched Kisan Call Centre using telephone. Now the digital information is just a call away that too free of charge, just reach a telephone in your vicinity, dial 1555 & get desired information is not so easy. The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India haved launched kisan Call Centers on 21st January, 2004, by dialing telephone No. 1551 across the country to respond to queries raised by the farmers instantly in the local languages, on a continuous basis. Subject Matter Specialists (SMSs) using telephone and computer, interact with farmers to understand the problems and answer the queries at a kisan Call Centre. To begin with, Kisan Call Centers were initiated at 8 premier institutions of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation on a pilot basis for meeting the requirements of different states. The eight centres are located in Mumbai, Kanpur, Bangalore, Channai, Hyderabad, Chandifarh, Delhi and Kolkata. The KCC work at three levels as follwes.

Level I (Basic Call Center) The calls coming to the call center are picked up by an operator (level – 1 functionary) and details are fed into a computer. The first level operators are agricultural graduate with rural back ground and know local languages understand the local conditions and farmer’s situation for the query he raises, diagnosing the problem by providing the details and answering the query at farmer’s level. Infrastructure provided call centers includes a BSNL line with 8 hunting lines connected to LAN, two telephones with headphone & tale conferencing facilities, server internet connectivity uninterrupted power supply, air – conditioning etc.

Level II (Subject Matter Specialists) At level – II it consist of subject Matter Specialists (SMSs) who are located at their respective places (Research Stations, ATICs KVKs, Agricultural Colleges), of work. In case the first level operator is not able to answer the questions, then it is forwarded (in call sharing mode) to the level 0- II concerned S. M. S. in the cases, it is not possible to answer at level – II there is a system to revert back the quires to the caller or Post / fax/ e-mail by telephone in 72 hours. Which are then consulted at level II. Level III (Management Group) The Level – III consists of a dedicated cell located at the Nodal Office. This centre receives the question that have not been answered at the first and the second levels. The replies are sent to the farmers promptly by post/ e-mail/fax/telephone etc. within 72 hours of receipt of the question. Nodal officer is provided with the assistance of an ICT Infrastructure includes dedicated high bandwidth telephone line p2JVA with UPS system etc. the operational mechanism of the kisan Call Center is explained through a schematic diagram in Annexure I

1.9 Monitoring and Review of Kisan Call Center Nodal Institution monitors and reviews the various activities of the KCCs on regular basis. The Nodal Institutions are also responsible for documenting the daily activities of the KCCs. The Nodal Institutions also organize fortnightly meeting with the Heads of Departments to ensure the proper identification and placement and change, if necessary at Level –II functionaries and replies to the queries with Subject Matter Specialists and their documentation in response centers on rotation.

The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India reviews the functioning of all the Kisan Call Centers with the Heads of Nodal institutions on monthly basis.

1.10 Documentation and Reporting The Nodal Institutions are responsible for documentation and reporting. There prepare consolidated statement of farmers queries and answers, crop/ enterprise – wise, along with the solution given at Level – III and report to the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Government of India through e –mail on fortnightly basis. All the proceeding of the KCCs are documented by each of the nodal institutions and shared with other KCCs for preparing a database or crop / enterprise – wise and also to prepare Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).

Schemes introduced by the government to make agriculture a profitable sector The agriculture sector contributed 51.9 percent to India’s GDP in 1950. Since then it has been on a downside and it currently stands at 13.9 percent. However, a change from an agrarian-centric economy to an industry- centric economy is inevitable with the advent of industries. With industries growing at a faster pace than the rate

~~ICCLIST-2018 ISBN : 978-1-631024-72-6 160 at which trees are being planted, will there be a time when agriculture’s productivity dwindles to a null? If yes, is it already here?~~

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Farming has become an unreliable sector. Farmers are always unsure of the yield they’ll reap, but strive to draw the maximum benefits out of their investments and effort. Often farmers might be at the receiving end, with natural calamities like droughts and floods affecting their yield adversely. To resolve the problem of unpredictable nature of farming and prevent farmer suicides in the country, the Government launched PM Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana in early 2016. It’s a crop insurance policy with relaxed premium rates on the principal sum insured for farmers. Implemented with a budget of Rs 17,600 crore, this scheme will provide financial support to farmers and cover for their losses. This initiative is expected to go on floors from the next Kharif season of farming, that is from June 2016.

After green, white, and golden, it’s time for blue The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved Blue Revolution in India. It’s an integrated scheme designed to increase the productivity and profitability from aquaculture and fisheries resources, inclusive of both inland and marine. With a budget of Rs 3,000 crore offered by the government for the next five years, this scheme aims to maintain an annual growth rate of six to eight percent of the agriculture and allied sector.

Government to invest Rs 221 crore to improve milk productivity India boasts of being the largest producer of milk in the world with an annual output of 130 million tonnes. However, with a milk-producing animal population of more than 118 million, the milk yields per animal is very low. To meet the steadily growing demand for milk, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) has announced 42 dairy projects, under a budget of 221 crore. These projects shall focus on improving the milk productivity of major milk-producing states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the likes.

Energy-efficient irrigation to be implemented A report says that in India more than two-thirds of the arable area lacks proper irrigational facilities. Taking note of this, Power Minister Piyush Goyal said that the government is planning on investing Rs 75,000 crore to provide energy-efficient irrigational facilities to farmers, over the next three to four years. Under this scheme, close to 30 million energy-saving pump sets would be given to farmers and this cost would be recovered via savings in the electricity consumed. This would result in about 46 billion kWh of power being saved and creation of 20 lakh jobs.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana The government has launched Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana in order to address the critical importance of soil and water for improving agricultural production. The government would support and improve the organic farming practices prevalent in India. Following cluster approach mode of farming, at least 50 farmers would form a group having 50 acres of land to implement organic farming. The government aims to cover 10,000 clusters and five lakh hectares of arable land under organic farming within three years.

Recently, the government has been active in investing in agricultural infrastructure such as irrigational facilities, mechanised farming, and warehousing. The growing use of genetically modified crops will also improve the sector’s contribution to GDP. While all of these initiatives look promising, in what way are they going to affect the current scenario is something interesting to watch out for.

CONCLUSION The telecommunication facilities have yet to reach nearly to 10-15% villages. Only 4 states have 100% Village Public Telephone (VPT) coverage. The rural teledensity is still nearly 1.69, very low as computer to 25 – 90 urban teledensity by 2005. Private telecom operators have not reached rural areas in most cases. The subscriber base though, is increasing but PC penetration is very little. Literacy rate is increasing but information literacy is in infant state. Many e – governance projects are on way but they yet to take shape. The state of Public Literacy system in many states is very poor. It may take many years to achieve digital democracy. The seeds are just sown; its fruits may take years to be eaten. Much more serious efforts are yet to be taken both by state & center & local bodies. Panchayats can play vital role in this regard. By coordinating many agencies, Village Malls can be established among a cluster of few villages.

~~Suggestion~~

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Telecom facilities in rural areas should be subsidized for next 10 years.  Private telecom operators should exploit potential of rural telecom market,  PC penetration should be provided by cheaper & simpler technology  Free, reliable & accurate software should be available,  There should be at least one fully equipped PC in each cluster of 5 villages.  Information Literacy Mission should be given priority in five year plans  Cooperative information infrastructure in the form of Village malls should be established with the help of joint industrial groups  A percentage of government budgets should be allocated to Information Literacy Programme & telecom sector.  Public Library System should be supported by state and center governments  E – Governance project should be taken up in all areas.  Niche operators should be allowed in remote areas.  Non – Conventional energy use should be promoted in remote areas to ensure electric power.  International help through UNO, US, GT, BT, etc should be sought for the purpose.  Students of computer Science, It & Library & Information Science be compulsorily trained in Rural Information Programme before the award of the degrees.

REFERENCES [1]. Mishra, Rana Kant. 2003. Innovation merit in Agriculture Tata Kisan Kendra: One step solution to farmers Need. Agriculture Todey. July, 2003; 13. [2]. Jhunjhunwala, Ashok and Ramachander, Sangmitra. 2006. Rural Telephone Connectivity: No more a Challenge now. Kurukshetra, October, 2006: 43 – 47, [3]. Annual Report, DOT, Govt of India. 2004 – 05: 96 – 98 and 110 – 111. [4]. Swaminathan, M.S. 2006. The National Alliance for Mission 2007; Every Village a knowledge Centre. Agriculture Today. September, 2006: 26-28. [5]. Singh, Sapna N. and Sumukan, M, 2004. Tools for Rural Transformation. Yojana. December, 2004:31 [6]. Gulathi, Archana, G. 2006. Every village to be connectivity by Telephone: Bridging the Digital Divide. Kurushetra. October, 2006: 37- 42. [7]. Information and Communication Technology integrating digital tools into your projects. Peace corps, Information Collection and Exchange Publication No. M0085, 2005 http://www.peacerops.gov/library/pdf/M0085_first.pdf. [8]. Manage Bulletin (2004), Vol.10 No. 1, 2004

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