33 88 1 32 ( )

Put. (Het.:)

4 4 3 2 1

( ( [email protected] ) 1 23

4

88 20/8/ : 86 11/ 24/ :

Eurygaster integriceps Put. 1384 1383 . 5/0 25/0 25/0 . b . 13/1( ) β ( 19/1 ) . ( Kuno ) (Green ) 12 . 25/0 15/0 1/0 24/5 24/5 1/0 ( ) 65/2 09/0 . ( ) ) 25/0 . 157 26 1/0 ( 1IPM 90 16 1/0 25/0 ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( ) E. integriceps ( ) . . Eurygaster integriceps :

337940 . 288755 .( 34) 9300 87 86 27445 130000 206450 89200

1- Integrated pest management ... : 34

3.( ) 206393 12(. 12(. )7 (Eurygaster 8( ) integriceps Put.) . 21(. ) . . . )6( 5/1 15 1 63/0 11( ) . 33( ) 5/0 1 4/5 10 94/ 10 65/ 3 14 01/ 13 63/ 25.( ) . . 14( ) 30 .( 4) .( 30 ) 1355 75000 1383 1700000 )5.( 31.( 31.( ) 1 )2.( . 50 50 35 16.( 16.( ) ( D) 2 (Tn) 8

1- Sequential Sampling Plans 2- Sequential Sampling Stop Line

35 88 1 32 ( )

4 Epilachna 22( ) . 15( 15( ) varivestis Mulsant Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) n Sitophilus zeamais Mutschulsky . ( 24 ) . . . Shizaphis graminum (Rondani) Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus 17( ) 5 ( ) 25/0 25/0 . . . E. integriceps ) 2 K 1 ( Pinus brutia Tenore ) . ( 3 . 3 . y = 7/1 n ± 3/7 10 13.( ) .( .( 28 ) y = 1/44 n ± 9/59 . 9( ) . 5/0 25/0 y = 0/63 x ± 7/44 y = 32/0 x± 62/7 10.( ) . 7 6 .

4- Fixed-Precision Sequential Sampling Plans

5- Eliott et al . 1- Safe Level 6- Economic Injury Level 2- Common K (Kc) 7- Economic Threshold 3- Wald ... : 36

( . 3 3 2 . . . 50/0 25/0 . . Z α S N = ( 2 ) 2 .( ) 2 20(: ) D m 5/0 25/0 D N m S

Z α 2 . α = 1 . 20( ) 96/1 . . D= 25/0 . 1384 1383 80 80 . . . 1 2 b : : . S 2 = xa b 1490 b α 1990 2 ( log s ) . ( log x ) 450 . 1- Dispersion Indices ) 2- Taylor’s power law

37 88 1 32 ( ) n 1 t t t . ( b ) t 1 b . 39.( 39.( 18 ) Log (s2 ) = Log (α) + bLog (x) 1 b : . α . 2 ( r ) 38 ) .( 39 1 β . ) x∗ ( 2 17 ) ( D) 19(: : b − 2 α x x n = ∗* ∗* min 2 xx = x + xx = α + βx D exp k n β 3 α α . 4 b α . Dexp β . ( Tn) α . n α . 17(: 17(: ) D 2 β 38.( 29 ) T = ( exp ) 1 /( b − 2 ) n ( b − 1 /() b − 2 ) n α 1

5 39.( ) : ( r2) t 1 ( b ) . :

t = (slope − )1 SE slope ( nmin )

( Dexp )

40(: 40(: 23 ) 1- Iwao 2- Lloyds mean crowding index 3- Basic contagion index 5- Kuno 4- Density contagiousness coefficient ... : 38

1( . 1( ) 1 β − 1 α + 1 n min = 2 T = D n β − 1 D 2 − n 13( 9) n . . β α . D . 1 ( ) 25/0 105 65/2 /0 0875 25/0 15/0 10/0 . 40.( 17 ) 3 ( ( ) 500 25/0 4 4 ( ( ASN ) . 26 .( 26 ) RVSP 2 55/2 55/2 ) 11 10 2/ ( . 27/0 27/0 ) 67 ( ) 12 08/1 . 2( ) ( 1/0 . 25/0 157 RVSP 65 404 . 2.( 2.( 1 ) : 15/0 SAS 25/0 71 RVSP Excel 36( 8) 29 . 182 1 ) : 2.( 2.(

3- Resampling 1- Iwao 4- Average Sample Number 2- The resampling for Validation of Sampling

39 88 1 32 ( )

E.integriceps 1

t 2 R a ± S b ± S ( ) E E 09/065/2 /0 9001 93 55/4 ** /0 139 ± 01/ /1 189 ± 04/0 25/0

09/065/2 /0 8142 93 81/4 ** 1/0 ± 07/0 /1 385 ± 08/0 25/0

n.s 24/51/0 79/0 58 98/1 /0 125 ± 03/0 16/1 ± /0081 5/0

24/51/0 /0 9006 58 /2 591 * 26/0 ± 11/0 13/1 ± 05/0 5/0 . /0 01 05/0 1 ** *

٣٠٠ 0/25 0/5 350 ٢٠ 300 ٢٠٠ 250 200 ١٠ 0/1 0/1 150 ١٠٠ 15/0 100 15/0 ٠ ٠ 0/25 0/25 0 0 250 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500

( ( 25/0 ) 1 E.integriceps ( 5/0 ) ( ( 25/0 15/0 1/0 )

... : 140

E.integriceps 25/0 500 2 5 8 12 25/0 15/0 1/0 . 25/0 15/0 1/0

500 D ( ) ( D) ...

(D) (D) (D) (D) ( D) ( D) 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 71 71 155 297 23 74 190 41 109 244 32/0 17/0 1/0 16/0 11/0 08/0 23/0 14/0 09/0 51/0 51/0 5/0 51/0 1 43 43 98 191 14 50 122 25 68 151 39/0 2/0 12/0 12/0 11/0 08/0 23/0 14/0 1/0 94/0 92/0 91/0 9/0 2

32 32 64 117 8 28 70 16 41 92 /0 42 22/0 14/0 15/0 11/0 09/0 27/0 17/0 11/0 76/1 73/1 69/1 66/1 3

36 36 83 184 12 46 116 24 64 142 32/0 18/0 11/0 14/0 1/0 08/0 23/0 14/0 1/0 02/1 99/0 98/0 1 4 : 33 33 74 146 11 34 85 20 52 117 35/0 19/0 12/0 16/0 11/0 08/0 25/0 15/0 1/0 29/1 29/1 25/1 22/1 5

115 265 523 30 108 200 67 182 404 36/0 2/0 12/0 22/0 15/0 1/0 28/0 17/0 12/0 28/0 27/0 27/0 27/0 6

31 31 74 144 10 37 94 19 52 116 35/0 17/0 11/0 12/0 1/0 07/0 22/0 14/0 09/0 3/1 26/1 26/1 26/1 7

17 17 40 78 5 21 54 11 29 65 35/0 18/0 11/0 09/0 09/0 06/0 21/0 13/0 09/0 64/2 6/2 56/2 55/2 8

25 25 58 111 6 24 58 14 38 83 49/0 25/0 16/0 14/0 12/0 09/0 29/0 18/0 12/0 02/2 92/1 91/1 /1 95 9

55 55 129 256 17 69 170 35 97 212 31/0 17/0 1/0 16/0 11/0 08/0 23/0 14/0 09/0 61/0 59/0 6/0 59/0 10

30 30 66 138 10 33 90 19 50 112 31/0 18/0 11/0 11/0 1/0 08/0 22/0 14/0 09/0 36/1 33/1 32/1 31/1 11

42 42 97 187 10 37 100 25 65 145 53/0 27/0 17/0 17/0 13/0 1/0 31/0 2/0 13/0 03/1 99/0 97/0 95/0 12

44 44 17/ 100 25/ 112 42/ 13 46 75/ 197 67/ 26 33/ 70 58/ 156 92/ /0 145 /0 198 /0 1225 /0 375 11/0 /0 0825 /0 2475 /0 153 /0 1025 23/1 2/1 /1 185 /1 181 40

41 88 1 32 ( )

15/0 1/0 1/0 . 25/0 12 25/0 157 ) 500 12/1 5/0 88 25/0 ( ( 3 2 ) . 9/0 96/0 25/0 15/0 16 ( 37/4 ) 25/0 ( 84/0 ) 25/0 . 3( 1 ) 30 8 ( 62/1 ) 10 10 ( ) 88 11/0 35( ) 1 . 42 2 . 168 15/0 . 5/0 48 23 10 89 ( ) 1 ) 10 . 3.( ( 37 ) 3 ( ) 5/0 25/0 1 . . ( ) ( ) . 1/0 62/1 71/1 2 25/0 15/0 E.integriceps .( 3 2 ) . ) . . ) ( . ( 35(. 35(. )

1- Ruesink 2- Absolute Estimates 3- Seber

... : 42

5/0 500 3 2 6 12 25/0 15/0 11/0 . 25/0 15/0 11/0 E.integriceps

500 ( D) ...

( D) (D) (D) (D) (D) ( D) ( D)

25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0 25/0 15/0 11/0

19 19 43 79 7 24 49 11 33 60 35/0 17/0 12/0 06/0 09/0 07/0 22/0 13/0 09/0 76/2 74/2 7/2 65/2 1 25 25 51 87 7 26 52 13 37 68 41/0 21/0 15/0 13/0 11/0 09/0 27/0 16/0 12/0 44/2 38/2 34/2 27/2 2 23 23 57 92 7 28 58 13 40 72 36/0 19/0 13/0 11/0 09/0 07/0 24/0 14/0 1/0 26/2 15/2 16/2 19/2 3 : 28 28 75 123 6 26 53 15 44 80 55/0 26/0 18/0 17/0 13/0 1/0 32/0 19/0 14/0 07/2 95/1 95/1 85/1 4 29 29 66 114 9 36 72 16 48 90 32/0 16/0 12/0 12/0 1/0 07/0 22/0 13/0 1/0 72/1 68/1 67/1 64/1 5 63 63 149 268 7 46 84 29 85 158 58/0 29/0 2/0 17/0 13/0 11/0 35/0 22/0 16/0 03/1 92/0 9/0 94/0 6 27 27 75 129 10 38 81 19 56 103 4/0 21/0 14/0 09/0 07/0 06/0 2/0 13/0 09/0 48/1 42/1 42/1 4/1 7 30 30 61 100 8 30 58 15 42 78 35/0 18/0 13/0 13/0 11/0 08/0 26/0 15/0 11/0 01/2 2 97/1 2 8 12 12 29 52 5 18 34 8 23 42 4/0 18/0 13/0 09/0 08/0 07/0 21/0 13/0 09/0 5/4 42/4 42/4 37/4 9 15 15 36 61 5 18 38 9 26 47 42/0 21/0 14/0 1/0 1/0 08/0 26/0 15/0 11/0 88/3 81/3 73/3 78/3 10 26 26 69 115 9 34 68 16 48 90 31/0 16/0 11/0 11/0 09/0 08/0 22/0 13/0 1/0 73/1 68/1 66/1 64/1 11 58 58 133 244 11 57 120 30 89 168 48/0 22/0 16/0 18/0 12/0 1/0 28/0 17/0 12/0 9/0 85/0 83/0 84/0 12

29 29 6/ 70 33/ 122 6/7 31 75/ 64 16 2/ 47 58/ 88 41/0 20/0 /0 1425 /0 122 10/0 /0 082 /0 254 /0 1525 11/0 23/2 17/2 15/2 13/2 42

43 88 1 32 ( )

. Helicoverpa Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) zea (Boddie) Tn . O. nubilalis 08/4 24/0 . 38 25/0 . 227 10/0 . . H. zea 160 27 27(. ) 31 16 ) 41.( ) 25/0 ( 25/0 1/0 . 71 42/ 75 12/ β ) b 5/0 ) . ( 82 75/ 25/0 1/0 ( . 79 84/ . 1 Aphis gossypii ) 25/0 93 79 ( Glover ( ) 5/0 ( ) . 1( ) . Heliothis sp. 53 45 . 9 4 ( 25/0 15/0 )1/0 .( .( 32 ) . (Tn) 3(. 2 ) . . ... : 44

E. integriceps 25/0 . . . .

Aphis gossypii Glover . 1384 .. 1. . . 381 .

. . 1371 . . 2. 76. 79 .

87 86 . 1387 . 3. . . .

. . . 1387 . 4. . .

. . 1387 . 5. .

. 1381 . . . . . 6. 44. 29 2 70 .

. . 1372 . 7. . . 33

. . 1386 . 8. . 157

45 88 1 32 ( )

. 242 . . 1383 . 9.

. 1386 . . . . 10. . Eurygaster integriceps (Het.:Scutelleridae) 59. 59. 43 2 27 .

. 1371 . . . 11. . 41 31 2 1 60

1378 1377 .1378 . 12. . 31 .

. 1379 . . . 13. . (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) 10. 1379 17 14 .

. 1381 . . . . 14. Eurygaster integriceps Put.(Het: Scutelleridae) . 28 . .

15. Barrigossi, J.A.F., Hein, G.L., and Higley, L.G. 2003. Economic Injury Level and Sequential Sampling Plans for Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae ) on Dry Beans. Journal of Economic Entomolgy, 96(4):1160-1167.

16. Binns, M.R. 1994. Sequential Sampling for classifying pest status.. In: Pedigo, L.P., and Buntin, G.D. (eds.)., Handbook of Sampling Methods for in Agriculture. CRC Boca Raton., FL. pp: 137-174

17. Elliott, N.C., Gilles, K.L., Royer, T.A., Kindler, S.D., Tao, F.L., Jones, D.B., and Cuperus, G.W. 2003. Fixed Precision Sequential Sampling Plans for Greenbug and Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Winter Wheat. Journal of Economic Entomolgy, 96(5): 1585-1593.

18. Feng, M.G., and Nowierski. R.M. 1992. Spatial Distribution and Sampling Plans for four species of Cereal Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting Spring Wheat in Southwestern Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomolgy, 85(3): 830-837.

19. Green, R.H. 1970. On fixed precision sequential sampling. Research on Population Ecology, 12: 249-251. ... : 46

20. Hsu, J.C., Horng. S.B., and Wu, W.J. 2001. Spatial Distribution and Sampling of Aulacaspis yabunikkei (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Camphor Trees. Plant Protection Bulletin, 43: 69-81.

21. Javahery, M. 1995. A technical reviw of Sunn pest. FAO, Regional office for the Near East, 80 p.

22. Kogan, M., and Herzog. D.C. 1980. Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology. New Yourk, Springer-Verlag, 587 p.

23. Kuno, E. 1969. A new method of sequential sampling to obtain population estimates with a fixed level of precision. Research on Population Ecology, 11: 127-136.

24. Meikle, W.G., Holst, N., Degbey, P., and Oussou, R. 2000. Evaluation of Sequential Sampling Plans for the Larger Grain Borer (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and the Maize Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and of Visual Grain Assessment in West Africa . Journal of Economic Entomolgy, 93(6): 1822-1831.

25. Miller, R.H., and Morse, J.G. 1996. Sunn pest and their control in the Near East. FAO, plant production and protection paper, 138: 165 p.

26. Naranjo, S.E., and Hatchison, W.D. 1997. Validation of sampling plans using a resampling approach: Software and analysis. American Entomologist, 43: 48- 47.

27. O,Rourke, P.K., and Hutchison, W.D. 2003. Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Crop Protection, 22: 903-909.

28. Parker, B.L., Costa, S.D., Skinner, M., and Bouhssini. M. El. 2002. Samplimg Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) in overwintering sites in Northern Syria. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Forestry, 26: 109-117.

29. Pearsall, I.A., and Myers., J.H. 2000. Evaluation of sampling methodology for determining the phenology, relative density, and dispersion of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Nectarine Orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(2):494-502.

30. Pedigo, L.P. 1994. Introduction to Sampling Arthropod Population. In: Pedigo, L.P. and Buntin G.D. (eds.)., Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture. CRC Boca Raton., FL., pp: 1-11.

31. Pedigo, L.P., and Zeiss, M.R. 1996. Analyses in Ecology and Management. Iowa State University Press/Ames, 168 p.

32. Pieters, E.P., and Sterling, W.L. 1975. Sequential sampling cotton squares damaged by boll weevils or Heliothis spp. In the costal bend of Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology, 68: 543-545.

33. Radchenko, Y. 1978. Some particulars of the control of the noxious pentatomid. Zash. Rast, (12): 22 (In Russian).

47 88 1 32 ( )

34. Rasmusson, D.C. 1985. Barly. Madison Publishers, Wisconsin, 522 p.

35. Ruesink, W.G. 1980. Introduction to sampling theory. In: Kogan, M., Herzog, D, C. (eds), Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology. New Yourk, Springer-Verlag, pp: 61-78. 36. SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 8, SAS Institute. Cary, NC.

37. Seber, G.A.F. 1973. The Estimation of Abundance and related parameters. Charles Griffin & Company Limited, 506 p.

38. Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological Methods, with practicular reference to the study of insect populations. 2nd ed . Chapman & Hall, London, 524 p.

39. Tsai, J.H., Wang, J.J., and Liu, Y.H. 2000. Sampling of Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Orange Jassamine in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist, 83(4): 446-459.

40. Wang, K., and Shipp, J.L. 2001. Sequential Sampling Plans for Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Greenhouse Cucumbers Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(2): 479-585.

41. Young, J.L., and Young, J.H. 1998. Statistical Ecology . Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, 565 p.