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From Golden Heroes to Too Many Zeros: the Evolution of Newspaper Sports Journalism

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From Golden Heroes to Too Many Zeros: the Evolution of Newspaper Sports Journalism FROM GOLDEN HEROES TO TOO MANY ZEROS: THE EVOLUTION OF NEWSPAPER SPORTS JOURNALISM by DYLAN JAMES DARLING A THESIS Presented to the School of Journalism and Communication and the Robert D. Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2002 APPROVED: 11 An abstract of the Thesis of DyIan James Darling for the degree of Bachelor of Arts In the School of Journalism and Communication to be taken June 2002 Title: FROM GOLDEN HEROES TO TOO MANY ZEROS: THE EVOLUTION ALI SM Approved: Newspaper sports content of today includes melodramatic exposes of scandal, drugs, crime and sex. This content contrasts with the content of the 1920s, which relished tall tales of heroics, glory and legends. But the content is not the only thing that has changed within newspaper sports writing. The relationships between sportswriters and their sources have also changed a great deal in the 70 years between these two periods. Whereas sportswriters of the 1920s, who dubbed the era the "Golden Age," often had friendships with their sources and they enjoyed privilege to a great deal of access, sportswriters today often have tense relationships with their sources and restricted access. This thesis uses the philosophical tenet of origin - which came first, the chicken or the egg? - to examine whether the changes in newspaper 111 sports content led to the changes in the sportswriter I source relationship or whether the changes in the relationship led to the changes in content. Possibly, neither came first and the two changes are intertwined. These changes and sports are worth evaluating because of the importance of sports in American society. Millions of people spend time going to sporting events and spend their money buying items related to sports, including newspapers with their sports pages. Many people also consider sports to be a reflection of society. This thesis consists of three major sections that divide the issue into then, transition and now segments. In the then and now segments, the thesis focuses on what type of content appeared on the sports page and what type of sportswriterI source relationships existed in the different time periods. The transition section bridges the gap between the two time periods and highlights changes outside the world of sports that had a significant impact on both the sports content and the sportswriter I source relationship. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Professors John Russial and Janet Wasko, both of the School of Journalism and Communication, and Professor Joseph Fracchia of the Robert Donald Clark Honors College, for their advice and patience throughout the thesis process. I would also like thank Jody Green, Kate McKevern and all those others who work in the Honors College office for facilitating my research and writing. In addition, I would like to thank my friends and family - especially my parents - who put up with my constant talk of how I needed to work on my "thesis" for the last year and a half. I will always be grateful for their support and guidance. I would also like to thank my friend Robin Miller for helping put my thoughts to paper and then edit them once they were there. A special thanks is also in store for my officemates, Jesse Hunter, Jenny Riker and Jose Bernal, whose companionship and late-night_discussions in the Honors College computer lab fueled me during this project. Lastly, I would like to thank my old friend Christopher Michael Brown, whose endless knowledge and insight continue to inspire me to this day. He once said, "Pigeons are like rats in the city." I am still trying to figure out what he meant. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Section page Introduction........... ... .. ............. ...................... .. ........ .. ........... 1 Then: "The Golden Age" ............................................ ..... .. 13 Transition: Falling heroes and rising tension............. .. 40 Now: "Feed the monster" ................................................. 59 Conclusion.. ...................................................................... .. .. 84 Works cited .. ...................................... .......... .... ....... ... ........... 92 Interviews ... .................. ............. ................ ........................... 97 V l 1 Introduction 2 The sports section has been a mainstay in America's newspapers for over a century now. Pick up a newspaper from the 1920s, and you will find a section devoted to sports alongside finance, politics and world news - just as you find it today. But the content of the sports stories of today is much different from that of their predecessors. Sports stories were once whimsical tales of mighty heroes who earned the respect of an adoring public by miraculous achievements in their chosen means of competition. Now sports figures are put under an ever-intensifying microscope by newspaper journalists. In his book, Sports Reporting, Bruce Garrison said: "Gone are the days of reporters and editors who served as cheerleaders for the home team. The contemporary sports journalist is serious, critical and thorough. 111 Athletes are now being examined by newspaper sportswriters for what they do off the field or out of the ring as much as they are for what they do between the lines of play. In the June 5, 1982 Editor and Publisher, John Consoli wrote: No longer is an athlete's performance on the field the only thing that is written about. Many times the athlete's conduct off the field becomes an even bigger story. Disputes among teammates and between players and owners get as many headlines as game results - sometimes even bigger headlines. 2 Early sports pages did not include stories critiquing athletes for more than what they were paid to do, which was to play games. Around the turn of the twentieth century, the New York Journal, and its owner William Randolph Hearst, pioneered much of the early sports page. While Hearst's sports page did not include the tell-all stories and in-depth personality profiles found in modern day sports pages, his pages had extensive coverage of a variety of sports. Hearst's sports coverage inspired other New York papers to follow suit, starting a race to cover the most sports. As rival papers 3 ran three to seven columns of sports news each day, Hearst doubled, tripled and quadrupled this amount and on occasion ran 12-page bicycle or horse racing supplements. In his article "The Sports Section," which appeared in the February 1929 American Mercury, William Henry Nugent reported, "Hearst not only invented the present-day sports page make-up; he whooped things up all along the line, putting the final crusher on the weekly as an authority in athletics."3 The sportswriters were the authority about what occurred during the games, and not about what occurred away from competition. The daily sports page content focused on games, runs and statistics of sports, not personal lives, run-ins with the law and money figures of those involved with sports. All of the latter are common topics today. Sports pages continued in the mold set by Hearst into, and through, the 1920s. The stories found in these sports pages built heroes out of the athletes who played the games, especially when it came to baseball, but the heroic images were based mostly on athletic achievements and only a little bit on their personality. This is in contrast to today, where an athlete's personality can make or break him or her as a hero in the sports section and sports stories, even everyday game coverage, often include references to athlete personalities. Stories about Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in the 1920s focused on his tremendous ability to slam the baseball over the fence, with only occasional references to what he was like as a person. As a person Ruth had many character flaws - including alcoholism and spousal abuse - that would be exposed by sportswriters of today, but instead were tucked away by the journalists of his era. In contrast, stories of today about Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants, the modern power hitting equivalent of Ruth, focus on 4 what his personality is like, how he conducts his personal life and why he responds to teammates and the media the way he does. Coverage of Bonds focuses more on his personality then on how often he hits home runs. While Ruth was built by sportswriters into a hero of the grandest proportions for what he did on the field, Bonds is ripped apart for almost everything he does off it. Both Ruth and Bonds would most likely not be known by the public if they had not starred in baseball. Baseball is generally known as America's pastime, and it has had this label since before the 1920s. Though the game has had peaks and valleys in popularity between the 1920s and today, it was and is a prominent professional sport. Thus, in this thesis, I use baseball as a touchstone for my research, though the changes in sports page content and the sportswriterI source relationship are present in coverage of all sports. In doing so I look at what type of relationships the stars of their day - such as Ruth and Bonds - had or have with sportswriters and also at what kind of content appears on newspaper sports pages about them. The differences in the way sportswriters of the 1920s covered Ruth and the way today's sportswriters cover Bonds show how the content of sports stories found in daily newspapers nationwide has changed over the past seven decades. The 1920s were coined, by the journalists of the time, as the "Golden Age" of both sport and sports journalism. The sportswriters considered many of the sports figures of the day to be the best ever to play their respective sports and those covering them to be some of the best writers ever to sit in the press box.
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