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History As a Construct.Pdf Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature English Language and Literature HISTORY AS A CONSTRUCT: CARYL CHURCHILL’S MAD FOREST, DAVID EDGAR’S PENTECOST, AND DAVID HARE’S STUFF HAPPENS Ömer Kemal GÜLTEKİN Ph.D. Dissertation Ankara, 2018 History as a Construct: Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest, David Edgar’s Pentecost, and David Hare’s Stuff Happens Ömer Kemal GÜLTEKİN Hacettepe University School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature English Language and Literature Ph.D. Dissertation Ankara, 2018 BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin/raporun tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt eder, tezimin/raporumun kağıt ve elektronik kopyalarının Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü arşivlerinde aşağıda belirttiğim koşullarda saklanmasına izin verdiğimi onaylarım: o Tezimin/Raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. o Tezim/Raporum sadece Hacettepe Üniversitesi yerleşkelerinden erişime açılabilir. o Tezimin/Raporumun …… yıl süreyle erişime açılmasını istemiyorum. Bu sürenin sonunda uzatma için başvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin/raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. [25.01.2018] [Ömer Kemal Gültekin] YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI Enstitü tarafından onaylanan lisansüstü tezimin/raporumun tamamını veya herhangi bir kısmını, basılı (kâğıt) ve elektronik formatta arşivleme ve aşağıda verilen koşullarla kullanıma açma iznini Hacettepe Üniversitesine verdiğimi bildiririm. Bu izinle Üniversiteye verilen kullanım hakları dışındaki tüm fikri mülkiyet haklarım bende kalacak, tezimin tamamının ya da bir bölümünün geleCekteki çalışmalarda (makale, kitap, lisans ve patent vb.) kullanım hakları bana ait olacaktır. Tezin kendi orijinal çalışmam olduğunu, başkalarının haklarını ihlal etmediğimi ve tezimin tek yetkili sahibi olduğumu beyan ve taahhüt ederim. Tezimde yer alan telif hakkı bulunan ve sahiplerinden yazılı izin alınarak kullanılması zorunlu metinlerin yazılı izin alınarak kullandığımı ve istenildiğinde suretlerini Üniversiteye teslim etmeyi taahhüt ederim. oTezimin/Raporumun tamamı dünya çapında erişime açılabilir ve bir kısmı veya tamamının fotokopisi alınabilir. (Bu seçenekle teziniz arama motorlarında indekslenebileCek, daha sonra tezinizin erişim statüsünün değiştirilmesini talep etseniz ve kütüphane bu talebinizi yerine getirse bile, teziniz arama motorlarının önbelleklerinde kalmaya devam edebileCektir) oTezimin/Raporumun ……………..tarihine kadar erişime açılmasını ve fotokopi alınmasını (İç Kapak, Özet, İçindekiler ve Kaynakça hariç) istemiyorum. (Bu sürenin sonunda uzatma için başvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin/raporumun tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir, kaynak gösterilmek şartıyla bir kısmı veya tamamının fotokopisi alınabilir) oTezimin/Raporumun……………..tarihine kadar erişime açılmasını istemiyorum ancak kaynak gösterilmek şartıyla bir kısmı veya tamamının fotokopisinin alınmasını onaylıyorum. o Serbest Seçenek/Yazarın Seçimi 12 /02/2018 Ömer Kemal GÜLTEKİN ETİK BEYAN Bu çalışmadaki bütün bilgi ve belgeleri akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde ettiğimi, görsel, işitsel ve yazılı tüm bilgi ve sonuçları bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uygun olarak sunduğumu, kullandığım verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapmadığımı, yararlandığım kaynaklara bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunduğumu, tezimin kaynak gösterilen durumlar dışında özgün olduğunu, Tez Danışmanının Doç. Dr. Şebnem KAYA danışmanlığında tarafımdan üretildiğini ve HaCettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Yazım Yönergesine göre yazıldığını beyan ederim. Arş. Gör. Ömer Kemal GÜLTEKİN v DEDICATION To My Wife, Merve, and My Lovely Son, Kerem Yunus. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şebnem Kaya for her help and guidance, and I am grateful to my committee members Prof. Dr. Deniz Bozer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik, Prof. Dr. Aytül Özüm and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sıla Şenlen Güvenç for their invaluable support and advices. I also would like to thank Prof. Dr. James Loehlin for his guidance, support and hospitality and for accepting me to the University of Texas at Austin as a visiting scholar. I am also indebted to the head of the department Prof. Dr. Burçin Erol and to all my professors, Prof. Dr. Huriye Reis, Prof. Dr. Serpil Oppermann, Prof. Dr. Hande Seber, Assist. Prof. Dr. Alev Karaduman and Assist. Prof. Dr. Sinan Akıllı for providing me with a great learning environment since the beginning of my graduate studies. Moreover, I also owe thanks to Assistant Prof. Dr. Dr. Verena Laschinger and Assist. Prof. Dr. John Basourakos for the inspiration they have given me. For the scholarships 2211-A and 2214-A, I would like to present my special thanks to TÜBİTAK, whose scholarships encourage not only me but also thousands of young scholars to go on with their studies. I would like to extend my thanks to my dear friends whose emotional support has been essential for completing this long and compelling journey. By the help of Dr. Hande Dirim Kılıç, Özlem Özmen, Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakan Yılmaz, Cemre Mimoza Bartu, Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülşah Göçmen, Dr. Tuba Ağkaş, Ece Çakır and Şafak Horzum, this journey has been much more bearable. I also heartily thank to my dear roommate Kerim Can Yazgünoğlu, Zümre Gizem Yılmaz, Dr. Aslı Değirmenci, Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar Taşdelen, Emrah Atasoy, Dr. Pelin Kut Belenli and Dr. Ali Belenli. I present my deepest gratitude to my whole family. First of all, I am indebted to my beloved wife for the sacrifices she has made and for her endless support during the long years of my study. As for my parents Ayşe Gültekin and Sadi Gültekin, there are no words to explain my gratitude for the safe harbor they have provided me since the beginning of my life. I can also never express the debt I owe to my grandparents, Fatma Çetinkaya and Osman Çetinkaya, who took great care of me for long years. vii ÖZET GÜLTEKİN, Ömer Kemal. Bir Kurgu Olarak Tarih: Caryl Churchill'in Mad Forest, David Edgar'ın Pentecost ve David Hare'in Stuff Happens Adlı Oyunları. Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Bu tezin amacı İngiliz politik oyun yazarları Caryl Churchill, David Edgar ve David Hare’ın –sırasıyla Mad Forest (1990; Deli Orman), Pentecost (1995; Hamsin) ve Stuff Happens (2004; Olur Böyle Şeyler) adlı oyunlarında – postmodern tarih yazımından aldıkları ilhamla kullandıkları içerik ve teknik özellikleri incelemektir. Bu amaçla Michel Foucault, Hayden White ve Jean François Lyotard tarafından geliştirilen postmodern kuramlar, adı geçen oyunlardaki tarih kavram ve anlayışını aydınlatmak üzere seçilmiştir. Bu oyun yazarları epik tiyatro, yarı belgesel oyun, birebir tiyatro ve olgu-kurgu tekniklerini kullanarak tarihe postmodern bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Adı geçen yazarların kaleme aldığı oyunlar objektif bir anlatı olduğu iddia edilen tarihin güvenilmezliğini ortaya çıkararak tarih anlatılarının yapaylığına dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma dâhilindeki oyunlarda tarihi gerçekliğin oyunlaştırılma şekli, geleneksel tarih anlayışının aksine, tarihin ilerlemeye yönelik, nesnel veya tutarlı olmak yerine eksik, öznel ve uyumsuz olduğuna vurgu yapmaktadır. Oyunların tümü yazım tarihlerinden kısa süre önce meydana gelen yakın tarihi ele alırken, Mad Forest 1989’da Romanya’da ortaya çıkan fasılalarla dolu sahte bir devrime epic ve post epic tiyatro tekniklerini kullanarak odaklanmakta, Pentecost Avrupa tarihinin sözde kökenlerini değiştirebilecek bir resmin arkasındaki gerçeği bulmada olgu ve kurgu arasındaki çizgi üzerinde durmakta, Stuff Happens ise 9 Eylül’den sonra Irak Savaşı’nı meşrulaştırmak için Amerikan hükümeti tarafından ortaya atılan tarih üstanlatılarına yarı belgesel ve birebir tiyatro teknikleri yoluyla yapıbozumculuk açısından yaklaşmaktadır. Her oyun içerisindeki tarihi olaya birçok farklı bakış açısı sunarak okuyucunun/seyircinin sıklıkla resmi belgelerde ve ana akım medyada karşılaştığı geleneksel tarih anlayışı üzerine şüpheci bir bakış oluşturmaktadırlar. Söz konusu üç oyunun analizi, eserlerdeki tarihin oyunlaştırılma şeklinin postmodern tarih yazımıyla aynı çizgide olduğunu ve çağdaş İngiliz siyasi tiyatrosunda yeni oyunlaştırma biçimlerinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açtığını göstermektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler Postmodern Tarih Yazımı, Tarih üzerine İngiliz Oyunu, Caryl Churchill, Mad Forest, David Edgar, Pentecost, David Hare, Stuff Happens viii ABSTRACT GÜLTEKİN, Ömer Kemal. History as a Construct: Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest, David Edgar’s Pentecost, and David Hare’s Stuff Happens. Ph.D Dissertation, Ankara, 2018. The aim of this dissertation is to explore how the content and techniques the contemporary British playwrights Caryl Churchill, David Edgar, and David Hare employed in their plays – Mad Forest (1990), Pentecost (1995), and Stuff Happens (2004) respectively – represent a postmodern understanding of history. For this purpose, the postmodern theories developed by Michel Foucault, Hayden White, and Jean François Lyotard are chosen here to elucidate the concept and understanding of history in these plays. Reworking traditional drama techniques like those of the epic theatre, documentary and verbatim theatre as well as faction, these playwrights generate a view of history from a postmodern perspective. Foregrounding the unreliability of history as an allegedly objective narrative, each play they pen draws attention to the constructed nature of historical representations. In this respect, the dramatisation of historical reality in the
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