STRATEGIC STREAMS 2019: EUROPEAN ELECTIONS and the FUTURE of EUROPE PUBLISHED by Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade 2020

STRATEGIC STREAMS 2019: EUROPEAN ELECTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF EUROPE PUBLISHED BY Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade 2020

PUBLISHER Dr Goran Bašić

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Dr Armando Marques Guedes (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Prof. Dr Steven Blockmans (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Dr Goran Bašić (Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia) Dr Milan Kankaraš (University of Defence of Republic of Serbia) Dr Stanislav Raščan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia) Dr Andrej Lepavcov (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia) Doc. Dr Vladimir Bakrač (University of Montenegro) Dr Srećko Đukić (Forum for International Relations of European Movement in Serbia) Dr Ognjen Pribićević (Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia)

REVIEWERS Prof. Dr Dejan Jović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia Prof. Dr Duško Lopandić, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Serbia, European Center for Peace and Development-University for Peace est. by United Nations Prof. Dr Duško Dimitrijević, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, Serbia

SERIES Edited Volumes

SERIES EDITOR Dr Natalija Mićunović

ISBN 978-86-7093-232-6 Prof. DrJovo Ateljević Dr AndreiRadulescu Dr Neven Cvetićanin EDITED BY THE FUTUREOFEUROPE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS AND STRATEGIC STREAMS 2019: Institute ofSocial Sciences |Belgrade2020 edited volumes

NEVEN CVETIĆANIN MIRJANA DOKMANOVIĆ Forum for Strategic Studies Strategic for Forum Forum for Strategic Studies Studies Strategic for Forum of Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade of of Institute Social Sciences, Belgrade of of Institute

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 104 105 edited volumes - 1 The paper discusses the growing literature on the interrelationsThe paper discusses the between neoliberal policy- and rising inequalities in the Europe to the growing social movements.an Union, and their impact member sta- inequalities within the EU The analysis shows that policy the results of the current EU tes and between them are privatizati- trade liberalization, due to fostering marketization, at the expense of social, economic andon and financialization This trend has induced social mo- political rights of the majority. These ci- vements to campaign and advocate for social changes. transfor vil society networks share same position in demanding mation of the current ‘market Europe’ into ‘social Europe’. Their into ‘social Europe’. Europe’ mation of the current ‘market based on intro- proposals to counter economic difficulties are They people’. ducing transformative economies that ‘works for socioe- advocate for alternative economic models, prioritizing justice and en- conomic justice, gender justice, tax justice, food populist ‘ra- vironmental justice. Thus, their position is far from movementdical right’. The analysis also shows that these social networks may constitute corrective to democracy. - inequalities, social Euro : neoliberal policy, European Keywords social movements pe, social justice, European nological Development of the Republic of Serbia [projects number 179023 number [projects Serbia of Republic the of Development nological and 47010]. The projects were implemented by the Institute of Social Sci- ences, Belgrade. - Ministrythe by supported was work This Tech and Science Education, of On 17 November 2019, it was two years that the European 2019, it was two years that the European On 17 November

1 Pillar of Social Rights was proclaimed by EU institutions and institutions and by EU Pillar of Social Rights was proclaimed Commission, 2019, leaders in Gothenburg, Sweden (European 15 November). Delivering on the Pillar was a shared political Introduction Abstract nequalities and Social Inequalities Neoliberalism, Union European in the Movements , the European Parliament Parliament , the European 2 On the other side, statistics and data report on rising in- On the other side, statistics and data combating inequalities as a lever to boost job creation and growth (2016/2269(INI)) European European Parliament resolution resolution of 16 November 2017 on 2 considered combating inequalities as a lever to boost job cre- inequalities as a lever to boost considered combating the and affirmed that inequalities threaten ation and growth as trust the EU project and can damage future of the European of progress. In response to the demands an engine of social movements, the discus- leftist parties, trade unions and social became the part of the sion on the social dimension of Europe on the White Paper broader debated around the Commission’s Pillar of Social Rights has been The European of Europe. Future - Parliament, the Council and the Eu proclaimed by the European Jobs Social Summit for Fair ropean Commission in 2017, at the and Growth. - and between them (Eu equalities within the member states rostat, January 2019). The economic and social situation, and are unequal. Several prospects for economic development well, and other coun- counties, mainly at the North, develop economic difficulties, tries, mainly at the South, are countering unemployment, debts and weak outlooks for economic and sta- trend of mass migration ble growth. In addition, the current have to deal with. The brings a lot of issues that the countries - the future of the Euro Brexit has fuelled a wide debate about pean Union. As a consequence of all these tendencies, a general the people (Villain-Gandossentiment of insecurity is shared by - discontent, si, 2017: 74). Recent years witness rising citizens’ member the radical right and populism in many Euroscepticism, commitment reiterated by EU Heads of State and Government Government Heads of State and EU reiterated by commitment - her political guide 2019-2024. In Strategic Agenda in their New den Ley- Ursula von President-elect new Commission lines, the to putting forwarden committed fully imple- an action plan to a part of the Pillar on Social Rights as ment the European people. for an economy that works for the broader initiatives three areas of the Semester focuses on the The 2019 European fair and access to the labour market, Pillar: equal opportunities In its and social protection and inclusion. working conditions, 2017 resolution of 16 November

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 106 107 edited volumes - - Over the last decade, inequality within member states has member states has Over the last decade, inequality within This paper examines two hypotheses. The first one is that is that The first one two hypotheses. This paper examines become much researched issue (Dauderstäd, 2017, 17 May). Its 2017, 17 May). Its become much researched issue (Dauderstäd, - Union has set itself in its trea reducing is a target the European - Com reports (European ties and monitors through its cohesion net income varied consid- In 2017, median equivalized mission). member states, ranging from purchasing erably across the EU power standards (PPS) 5.239 in Romania to PPS 28.820 in Lux- average was PPS 16.748 (Eurostat, January embourg. The EU-28 net income fell, in real terms, in 2 out 2019). Median equivalized states. The analysis of the result of the recent elections to the elections to the result of the recent analysis of the states. The large part of 2019 indicates that in May Parliament European concerns who have strong those in society, the vulnerable about the and feel uncomfortable deprivation, about relative “are cast state and increased inequality, erosion of the welfare inequalities European ing their votes in favour of Populist on the left (with their eco- of Populist ing their votes in favour the right (with their and in particular on nomic perspective) (Jun, 2019: 55). The causes of perspective” more socio-cultural right may be populism and the radical the rising Euroscepticism, policies, with the EU discontent of the many found in increasing coun- mobilization in the rise in different which also fuels social tries. caused by the Union, in the European the increasing inequalities to the growth of social prevailing neoliberal policy, contributed examined is The second hypothesis movements across Europe. by the rising discontent of that these social movements, fuelled - and the radi contributed to increasing Euroscepticism citizens, cal right. The applied methodology is based on the desk re- statistics, surveys,search, review of the collected data, research, analysis of the collect literature and reports, and the qualitative is considered as a neoliberalism ed information. In this paper, in order to distinguish this term as an ide- state strategy / policy, of this paper is to point ology and as a process. The objective out the main findings of the analysis. - Official statistics show that no substantial worsening no substantial worsening show that Official statistics growing income in- Statistics on living conditions show ter taking account of these transfers (Eurostat, January 2019). ter taking account of these transfers (Eurostat, January 2019). of the 28 EU member states in 2017 — they were Sweden and Sweden and in 2017 — they were member states EU of the 28 Belgium. relative in- applies only to this observed;have been however, the income of richer people, regions which indicates equality, multiple of that of poorer ones (Dauderstädt and countries as a in In their comprehensive study on inequality 2017). & Keltek, it (2017: 2) have concluded that & Keltek Dauderstädt Europe, looks at and absolutely alarming: “If one was relatively stable, lowest in- between the higher and the the absolute differences increase in inequality is to be observedcomes, an alarming in inequality is the trend of the European This increasing Europe”. in income distribution within and between result of changes than between member states is higher the countries; inequality 2017: 3). Even and Keltek, inequality within them (Dauderstädt Den- – such as Germany, in traditionally egalitarian countries between rich and poor is mark and Sweden – the income gap to 6 to 1 today (OECD, expanding – from 5 to 1 in the 1980s - further explains that Eu 2011: 1). Dauderstädt (2017, 19 April) three dimensions: within ropean inequality has not two, but and in the European member states, between member states, Union altogether. the top 20 % of the Member States, Across all 28 EU equality. net disposable incomes population with the highest national for at least one third of total in- accounted (the top quintile) in Bulgaria in 2017. come, a share that rose highest to 46.0 % By contrast, the bottom 20 % of the population with the lowest than one tenth of all in- incomes together accounted for less - and Finland (10.0 %). Luxem (10.3 %) in Czechia come, except - share (-1.4 %) (Eu bourg recorded the biggest fall in income rostat, January 2019). Statistics indicate that social transfers, of welfare policies, the main instrument for the realization played a major role by helping to reduce income inequalities. In 2017, social transfers reduced income inequality among the EU- 28 population: the Gini coefficient for income (including pen- was 51.7 % before social transfers and fell to 30.7 % af sions)

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 108 109 edited volumes - - - The comprehensive study of Blanchet, study of The comprehensive and Geth- Chancel Social networks (ATTAC) claim that the European ‘debt’ ‘debt’ claim that the European Social networks (ATTAC) grows faster than The figures indicate that private wealth Intra-country by welfare cuts, la- inequality is increased in (2019: 58) also shows that as a result of a limited conver in (2019: 58) also - on income in other social transfers of pensions and The impact Greece, Germany and in Portugal, particularly large equality was Sweden. gence process and rising inequality within countries, Europeans rising inequality within countries, Europeans gence process and 1980 today than four decades ago. Between are more unequal was average annual pre-tax income growth and 2017, per adult grew at a 50% earners, while the top 0.1% below 1% for bottom The top 1% captured about as per year. rate higher than 2% bottom 50% of the population. much growth as the inef the result of government spendthrifts, crisis is basically not ficient bureaucracy produced as an explana- or whatever else is disparity of existing wealth, tion but is the result of an extreme these disparities. and of a system that continuously intensifies the private wealth con- While public indebtedness is increasing, tinues to grow in value. ATTAC income. According to the data of the European workers’ - in 2011 the private wealth in the Eu Network (2013, 22 March), euros. The private ropean Union amounted to 69.5 trillion - soci 1% of European wealth is highly concentrated. The richest ety hold more than 30% of it, soci- while the poorer half of the (out 142 million Europeans ety has more or less nothing. Almost are at risk of poverty (Dauderstädt, 2019, of around 500 million) 15 January). vary National poverty rates between over 25% in Republic.Romania and less than 10% in the Czech The official if a a whole is 17.3%. However, as figure for the EU Eurostat the figure comes out sig- proper poverty threshold is calculated, at 28.2 %. nificantly higher, and globalization. Inter-country in- deregulation bour market equality is rooted in complex causes with historical, social, political and economic dimensions. And inter-country inequality is higher than inequality within them. Compared at exchange rates, the average per capita income of the richest countries is 10 times as high as in the poorest. And even more dramatic pic - - Inequality is particularly present in the peasant agricul- Inequality is particularly present in age per capita income of the richest national quintile and the quintile and the richest national income of the age per capita As quintile. poorest national nation- the richest data indicates, al- annual income of with an is that of Luxembourg, al quintile quintile is rates. The poorest at exchange most 74.000 euros The an annual income of only 685 euros. that of Romania with the rates. Probably 1 to 100 at exchange ration is more than from the is the high emigration most important consequence richer ones. Countries such as member states to the poorer EU of their and Latvia have lost about 10 % Romania, Lithuania bol- receiving countries, immigration has population. In the researchers warn tendencies. Many stered national- populist of reduc of inequality gives little prospect that the dynamics - in Eu in the future. The recent drop ing absolute inequality and inequality rates is a welcome break from poverty rope’s But,the stagnation of the preceding years. given the vast scale in official figures, of the problem, which is underestimated (2018: 4) estimates that it represents Dauderstädt and Keltek and that “more deci- far too small a step in the right direction, is to of Europe sive policies will be needed if the disintegration be prevented”. Only are the majority. ture. In agricultural work small farmers of more than 100 ha. 2.7% of the total farms are large ones land in the European They control 50% of the total agricultural data show that they produce only 11% of Union, but Eurostat half amount of land is total agricultural outputs. The remaining - (Euro 12 million farms) shared among 97% of farmers (almost 19 July). Data show in- pean Coordination Via Campesina, 2017, of the aid, as the main bene- equality regarding the distribution are large Policyficiaries of the Common Agricultural (CAP) 80% of the CAPfarms and big agrobusinesses. About aid goes farmers, those with the largest holdings to about 20% of EU Coordination Via Campesina, 2017, 19 July). As(European a consequence, small farmers’ income decreases, and one third of small farms have disappeared in the last decade because un- able to survive. Meanwhile, land in the hands of large farms is women, migrants and youth increasing. Rural waged workers, ture of absolute inequality emerges if ones compares the aver emerges if ones inequality ture of absolute

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 110 111 edited volumes says GINI project says GINI project The comprehensive study published in 2013 (Franco and and (Franco in 2013 study published The comprehensive GINI project also say The researchers for the EU-funded Despite the number of projects and papers relevant to di- Borras, 2013) shows that Europe is experiencing tremendous tremendous is experiencing shows that Europe Borras, 2013) livelihoods adversely affecting the and rapid land concentration, farmers and agricultural workers. of millions of small-scale and in favour of alternatives, cross-class Against these trends On the basis of the case studies movement is growing. people’s that the authors of the study conclude in the Member States, as well as to re- an agrarian reform in Europe, there is a need for CAPvise and reform the fostering land due to the role it plays in (Franco an unsustainable agricultural model concentration and to 233). Civil society calls for real alternatives and Borras, 2013: food based on sustainable production of the current model access to land, with a through peasant agriculture, equitable and the sustainable use particular focus on marginalised groups, of natural resources. Com- is a problem (European that growing inequality in Europe The researchers have also found that in mission, 2014, 2 June). the poor tend to be countries with higher income inequality, interests are not well less politically involved – meaning their making. “Therepresented in democratic decision research rich countries in terms shows that the best performers among of employment, economic and social cohesion have in common people,” a large welfare state that invests in - current adverse ag affected by the most negatively are among policies. ricultural coordinator Wiemer Salverda (European Commission, 2014, 2 Commission, 2014, 2 coordinator Wiemer Salverda (European the other hand, increasing income for a few and On June). hands means more po- greater concentration of wealth in their danger to democracylitical influence for the rich. This is a and a GINI project is that as in- major concern. The conclusion of the tends to fall among equality increases, political participation of earnings, while the rich those who are at the bottom in terms tend to have a bigger influence on policy. and despite eco- versifying Commission), inequality (European nomic recovery and decreasing unemployment, this issue is still At the thematic plenary- Parlia at stake. debate in the European - - The trend of increasing inequalities has not emerged acci- Many scholars (Milanovic, scholars Many 2016; Milanovic, 1 De- 2017, the global eco- The inequalities accelerated aftermath works (ATTAC, 2013, 22 March) indicate that it is completely un- 2013, 22 March) works (ATTAC, to be imposed mainly on acceptable for the costs of the crisis it.those who had nothing to do with creating While banks are private wealth remains being saved with trillions of euros, and are confronted with untouched, large sections of the population The policymassive decreases of living standards. of cuts and warned that no- matters even worse. ATTAC austerities makes of a debt crisis by cutting body ever succeeded in getting out the spending since either, spending. It will not work this time, intensifyingcuts are causing a deep recession and the crisis. The and Spain have both shrunk by 6.5% economies of Portugal shrunk by more than 20%, since 2007. The Greek economy has study on the national re- and the outlook is even worse. The in the Central European sponses to the financial crisis in 2008 Countries (Dokmanovic, 2017: 89) shows that they were “focused on saving the banking system and the big capital, socializ- while privatizing the risks for the ing the risks for the wealthy, majority”. ‘but is the result of deliberately policydentally, choices’ (Donald ment about socio-economic inequalities on 6 February inequalities on 6 socio-economic ment about 2018, it of trick the neoliberal myth that “clearly, was highlighted Union policy European and the Neoliberal 2017; Don- and Keltek, 2016; Dauderstädt cember; Varoufakis, of argue that the accelerated accumulation ald & Martens, 2018) is a the associated rise in wealth inequality private assets and crisis, and it is also con- EU major determinant of the global and tinuing in the midst of the crisis. movements and net nomic and financial crisis in 2008. Social le-down economics is not going to sort out the situation, […] situation, […] to sort out the is not going le-down economics is undermining the rich and the poor gap between The growing high time fabric of our societies. It is the social and democratic to act now” (EAPN, 7 February). 2018,

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 112 113 edited volumes - The key pillars of the neoliberal agenda are free trade and are free trade and pillars of the neoliberal agenda The key Her Union”, In his paper “Neoliberalism in the European mann (2007) demonstrates that the European integration pro- European mann (2007) demonstrates that the neoliberal policies. The cess was used to adopt mainstream Coal and the European Schuman Plan and the foundation of of were initially inspired by the notion Steel Community (ECSC) than market-mediated coordination and cooperation, rather has been created by the interest of the big competition. The EU businesses, and in fact, it is still managed by the interest of the of Rome created an institutional big businesses. The Treaty for the establishment of the framework and laid the foundation - adoption of the Single Europe and the Market Single European was a response to market an Act in 1986. The single European had largely failed. the economic crisis after national therapies - demand from the Eu was a markets The unification of European of Industrialists (ERT) — an organization ropean Round Table most powerful corpora- that assembles and represents Europe’s has thus become a neoliberal market tions. The common market by weak regulations or even deregulation. With characterized of national regulations, barriers to entry the weakening for free unrestricted capital mobility, monetary mobility, free unrestricted capital restraint, and bud- the free getary of labour markets, ‘flexibilization’ austerity; the the and the repression of wage demands; movement of labour companies and services,privatization of public as the re- as well quite states. These principles have been structuring of welfare major policy Union. The of the European central to the idea is- competition European Strategy, Market sues, such as the Single policy, Economic and Monetary- and even the Euro Integration, have enhanced free trade and free pean Employment Strategy, monetary capital mobility, restraint and budgetary the austerity, and the erosion of employment flexibilization of labour markets, security. & Martens, 2018: 41). The policy choices that have produced 2018: 41). The policy& Martens, have produced choices that have produced the same that are in the EU these inequalities con- market global scale; namely, inequalities at the emerging capital con- and financial corporate concentration, centration, choices have been rooted in and these centration. Moreover, neoliberal policy. bolstered by the prevailing - - Besides, the most important factor in driving the con- Besides, the most important factor The liberalization of public services gained momentum in There was a fundamental belief running through all these

Hermann explains that the creation of the Single Market that the creation of the Single Market Hermann explains centration of wealth has been the adoption of more regressive of more regressive centration of wealth has been the adoption declining on indirect taxes, tax policies, with increased reliance on the highest earners. corporate and personal income rates servicesMeanwhile, expenditures on public and social protec have always fallen dis- tion have been cut back. These policies The gen- afford to pay. proportionately on those who can least is well-documented der impact of the austerity measures Con- 2017; (Karamessini & Rubery, & Walby, 2014; Durbin, Page 2012; Dokmanovic, 81-88; Dokmanovic, 2017: ley, 2017a: 48-57). of telecommunica- the early 1990s, demanding the liberalization postal services Member States tions, electricity, and gas. The EU years to the post-war have created large public sectors in beyond monetaryachieve a broader influence in the economy The expansion of public and tax policies (Hermann, 2007: 74). - expansion of Euro servicespost-war played a special role in the employment opportuni- pean welfare states. It created not only ties for women, but also aided them to combine paid work with care duties and family responsibilities. provisions that the liberalisation of these sectors will create competition, and that that would benefit consumers. However, alization advocates, would strengthen European businesses and businesses and would strengthen European alization advocates, because monopolistic firms or oligopolistic benefit consumers, distort use their economic dominance to cartels can no longer of the period of good time, until the fall pricing. In the market distributed less the wealth and the profit have been Berlin Wall, the ma- basis, securing social welfare for or more on the fairer imposed the costs of the 2008 crisis have been However, jority. implemented policies delivered austerity The on the majority. and socialism for the few. for many - Since 1990, ‘in minimized. were also corporations non-European over six- unilaterally abolished member states have dividual EU imports from restrictions against quantitative ty-three hundred 2007: 72). Hermann, (Hanson, according third countries’ according to liber competition, which, advanced intra-European

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 114 115 edited volumes - The employment has become a major policy issue with become a major policyThe employment has issue with de- Neoliberalism Macartney (2011) in his book Variegated the Treaty of Amsterdam. The first set of employment policies policies of Amsterdam. The first set of employment the Treaty entrepreneurship, employability, adopted in 1997 specified of opportunity as the four main pillars and equal adaptability, the part It now constitutes employment strategy. the European Em- European While the 2020 Growth Strategy. of the Europe sufficient is of great importance to maintain ployment Strategy and monetary support for market integration, job outcomes at best.have been moderate guidelines have been Employment and standards, and to used to decrease employment protection 2007: (Hermann, regulation labour and markets labour flexibilize by backed policymakers, 83). The integration process allowed capital, to erode the social the leading players of European The integra- decades. rights that were achieved in the post-war and monetarytion has given the priority to competition issues structural imbalance has at the expense of social demands. The economic over social and been created, which gives priority to other issues. - focusing on the Euro mystifies the process of neoliberalisation in the integration financial market pean case study and on EU a new de- era. He noticed that that period witnessed post-2000 with over forty directives gree of impetus in neoliberal reform, as it is based on a fi- aimed at integrating financial markets, in- explains the EU nance-led mode of accumulation. Macartney accumulation imperative. The tegration as driven by capitalism’s the financial crisis was an neoliberal shift which occurred after of sections of the capitalist attempt to restore the class power working classes (Harvey,class over European according Macart - presented a lucra action that this consumer-oriented it showed Whereas the EU private capital. opportunity for tive business now they owned monopolies, previously had publicly countries oligopolies.” (Hall, private created multinational have “politically 2007: 76). according Hermann, ney, 2011: 11). The neoliberal policy is based on economic 2011: 11). The neoliberal policy is based on economic ney, growth as an ultimate goal. Economic development is measured monetary but by the level of the economic growth and the GDP, incomes do not constitute the wholeness of the human liveli- - - Rising inequalities and decreasing the social welfare state social welfare state Rising inequalities and decreasing the Despite extensive academic scholarship about the neolib- Despite extensive academic scholarship - in contrast to the widespread percep Notwithstanding, Social Movements: Eurosceptics or Alter-Europeanists or Eurosceptics Social Movements: as well as their fall of citizens, have fuelled discontent of many such as support for austerity and the mi- Factors trust in the EU. mistrust to- gration issue have caused growing Euroscepticism, institutions, and thinking about alternative, visions wards the EU “from below”.of Europe space, this paper Due to the lack of analysis the activities and policy solely those social demands turing has been put into effect: “there has been a major into effect: “there has been a major turing has been put to owner from work contingent income redistribution of wealth 2007: 86). (Hermann, ship-contingent income” integration, there is eral nature of the process of the European neoliberalism. European still a debate about the nature of the do not assume that neoliberal inte- (2009) Birch and Mykhnenko They rather argue that neo- gration has homogenization effects. varieties of neoliberal- liberalisation as a process has produced regions and not one hegemonic form ism across the European (2010) argues of capitalism. On the other hand, Abrahamson con- so-called Washington that neoliberalism in the form of the the perspective of the late sensus is no longer promoted from neoliberalism. This author 2000s, and that we are now beyond longer regarded as a burden considers that social policies are no in human capital. on economies, but rather as an investment hood. The real purpose of economic development, improving development, real purpose of economic hood. The improving is neglected. As of the people, the livelihoods a result, many “in into human has not been translated economic growth countries, (Dokmanovic,development” these circum- 2017a: 24). Under in deci- are losing opportunity to participate stances, many that control their own space and resources, sion-making and to economic,contributes to rising social and political insecurities cit., 26). : (Op. re- shares with other distinctiveness, Europe tion of European restruc the same outcome where neoliberal gions of the world

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 116 117 edited volumes ------, the So- 4 , the European Network Network , the European , the European Coordina- , the European 6 7 , the Tax Justice Europe , the Tax 5 , the European Anti-Poverty Network (EAPN) Anti-Poverty , the European 3 l’Aide aux Citoyens’ (Association for the Taxation of financial Transac aux Citoyens’ (Association for the Taxation l’Aide af in December 1998 in France was founded tions and Aid to Citizens) entitled editorial an of Diplomatique in the Monde publication the ter notion the launched that markets) the (Disarm marchés’ les ‘Désarmer tax. The organization Tobin of creating an association to promote the and the rest of the world with an expanded rapidly into the Europe with numer network that is today active in some 40 countries ATTAC Europe, IN network. the supporting organizations and groups local ous Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, network is active in Austria, ATTAC Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and UK. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland See: ATTAC, Portugal, Poland, way, Nor https://www.attac.org/en/attac-europe(accessed 20 in Europe, ATTAC May 2019). involving anti-poverty NGOs and grassroot groups as well as European It the fight against poverty and social exclusion. organizations, active in was established in 1990. EAPN status with the Council has consultative https://www.eapn.euof Europe. (Accessed 19 May 2019). The largest European network of national, regional and local networks, network of national, regional and local networks, The largest European ATTAC, the ‘Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financière et financière et Transactions des pour la Taxation the ‘Association ATTAC, cessed 19 May 2019). European network, part of the Global Alliance and activists, including trade ing movement of civil society organizations for Tax Justice, a grow- over democratic unions, united in campaigning for greater transparency, and global tax systems. sight and redistribution of wealth in national https://www.globaltaxjustice.org (Accessed 20 May 2019). A network of 50 civil society organizations changes specific from yet transformative for works Eurodad 1990. since existing 20 European countries to ensure rules and structures institutions, policies, European to global and eco- and financial sustainable environmentally controlled, democratically a for rights human ensure and poverty eradicate to works that system nomic all. https://eurodad.org (Accessed 20 May 2019). The largest network of European rights- and value-based civil society orga- The largest network of European So- building include focus of areas Its sector. social the in working nization’s and advocating for a comprehensive implementation approach cial Europe Pillar of Social Rights. https://www.socialplatform.orgto the European (Ac

6 7 3 5 4 movements which are grass-rooted, have established network network have established which are grass-rooted, movements member states, EU in at least ten associated members based on - active in the de structure and are institutional have established lev- and European at regional policies and future EU bate on the networks atti- the following European el. Under these criteria, examined: Union have been European tudes towards the ATTAC on Debt and Development (Eurodad) on Debt and Development cial Platform - - . 11 - , Alter Sum 9 , Friends of the Earth Europe of the , Friends 8 All these networks share similar mission in opposing neo- All these networks share similar mission liberal policy. · The hypothesis that these social movements contributed contributed social movements that these The hypothesis include the labour movement,The social movements re- of the research is that, finding despite differenc The key A European network of associations and activists that fights for women’s rights, as part of a larger struggle for social justice, sustainable livelihoods and human rights. https://wideplus.org (Accessed 10 May 2019). A network made up of feminist, movements as well antiracist and citizens’ coun- as trade unions and campaign groups from over twenty European Institutions. http:// tries, opposing austerity policies implemented by EU www.altersummit.eu (Accessed 20 May 2019). and Women in Development Europe+ (WIDE+) Europe+ in Development and Women The largest grassroots environmental network in Europe, uniting more in Europe, The largest grassroots environmental network of local groups. http://www.than 30 national organisations with thousands foeeurope.org (Accessed 20 May 2019). The network is a part of the international peasants’ movement La Via Cam- The network is a part of the international peasants’ dignity agroecology, rights, peasants’ sovereignty, food for fighting pesina justice and in rural areas, environmental for migrants and waged workers (Accessed 10 May https://viacampesina.org/en/ international solidarity. 2019).

10 11 9 10 8 es regarding the main topic they are dealing with (labour rights, dealing with (labour rights, es regarding the main topic they are gender in development, peasants’ rights, eradica- social security, economic development, environmental protec tion of poverty, etc.), characteris- same they share many tion, food sovereignty, tics, such as: tion Via Campesina mit to increasing Euroscepticism and radical right is examined by the by the right is examined and radical Euroscepticism to increasing informa- desk research and collecting data, following methods: web- reports and research available on their tion, publications, The analysis of the collected information. sites, and a qualitative on identifyingresearch was focused their mission, core values, and ad- in the focus of work and research, areas of work, themes vocacy Union. at the level of the European activities the environmental movement,gional movements, feminist movement, the anti-nuclear movement. and of are many There national and local level in bring- at European, them being active voices at the public and political fora. ing citizens’

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 118 119 edited volumes Their demands are focusing on social and economic on social and economic are focusing Their demands changes. proposing formulating and active in searching, They are policysocial and interventions desired that may produce changes. social and economic that are in the core of their work They share same values and advocacy and fulfil- efforts, and they are: protection ment of economic,social, political, civil and cultural protection of gender equality, equality, rights, equity, - labour rights, fair distribution of in vulnerable groups, North-South solidarity, come and profit, social security, democrati- sovereignty, people’s international solidarity, processes at all level, just zation of decision-making - fair wages, protection of environ trade, fair production, livelihoods, reg- ment and natural resources, sustainable corporate responsibility. and supply, ulated markets Their approach to the current economic, financial, social demanding justice and environmental crisis is based on tax justice (social justice, food justice, gender justice, and environmental justice). to develop further They have developed and are working policies that would alternative models to the neoliberal the centre of the put people and the environment at and sustainable economy and contribute social justice livelihoods. They are active in advocacy for their demands before the institutions. EU vast source of They have developed a valuable and participatory, knowledge through research, including multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. They address the EU’s democratic deficit demanding civil dialogue. - future of the Euro They are active in the debate on the pean Union and Europe. · · · · · · · · · movements are members of a Majority of these European global network and/or have taken active role in the global al- global network and/or have taken - Social Forum and the Eu movement, the World ter-globalization - - - - - Similarly, the Alter the Alter Similarly, 12 These above-mentioned findings support the conclusions findings support the conclusions These above-mentioned Social movement advocacy for transformative policies of sation on to ‘what kind of Europe do we want?’. sation on to ‘what kind of Europe On this occasion, Jagoda Munic, director of Friends of the Earth Europe, of the Earth Europe, On this occasion, Jagoda Munic, director of Friends the moment too much of the debate about the future of Europe said: “At conver the move to need We EU?’. less or ‘more of question the in stuck is

12 works in coutries outside the European Union. A number of their of their Union. A number European coutries outside the works in European has received the support of the projects and activities Commission. that contemporary Porta of the Donatella Della social European - Europe are to be defining as “critical movement organisations 2006). They are dis- (Della Porta, Eurosceptics anists” instead of current economic policysatisfied with the neoliber and criticise but they seek for and and privatization, alisation, marketization based on research and empirical information. offer alternatives such as based on transformative economies, Their solutions are and economy, feminist solidarity economy, social economy, agroecology, sovereignty, transformative practices, such as food regulation of financial mar fair trade, financial transaction tax, entitlement of communities and trade policy, gender just kets, redistributive land reform. local producers, debts cancelling, and rights promoted from These models are based on new collective right to food sovereignty, grassroots such as right to seed, right to maintain, control and to culturally appropriate food, and right protect traditional knowledge. Commission that would enhance economies and the European have been introduced to eliminate inequalities. These demands elections in May 2019 as a Parliament the forthcoming European of (Friends for its Citizens’ ‘Manifesto for a Sustainable Europe 2018, 25 September). the Earth Europe, - other and sup colaborate with each Forum. They ropean Social advocacy other in campaigning, port each and research. They and net civil society organizations with similar also cooperate Summit network has called for establishing a political, social and a political, social and Summit network has called for establishing solidarity building on the basis of equality, democratic Europe, and genuine democracy (Alter Summit, 2019). For example, af elections in May 2019, 37 social movement orga- termath the EU food policy Commission and European nizations called for EU

Dokmanović / Cvetićanin 120 121 edited volumes Social Platform Flagship Conference in Helsinki, Conference in Helsinki, Social Platform Flagship nd Social Platform Flagship Conference has called has called Social Platform Flagship Conference nd The findings of this paper confirm the first hypothesis ex- first hypothesis The findings of this paper confirm the - of civil society organisa They also call for involvement - of the Eu ensuring the sustainability for Food for Vice-President 2019, 17 the Earth Europe, of systems (Friends ropean food - the implemen united in insisting networks are also July). These Rights and the Agenda Pillar of Social the European tation of 2030. At the 2 amined, that the increasing inequalities in the European Union, Union, in the European amined, that the increasing inequalities policy, contributed to the caused by the prevailing neoliberal that The hypothesis rise of social movements across Europe. - to increasing Euroscepti these social movements contributed The demands of these cism and radical right has been refuted. advocacycivil society networks, as well as their efforts, are ori- into ‘social Europe’. Europe’ ented to transform current ‘market They use social pressure for system change. They insist in having a permanent dialogue and a structured relationship with the EU institutions, but they do not tend to transform themselves insti- They stay focused on ex- tutionally in a form of a political party. amining and proposing alternatives to counter current economic Conclusions the future Executive Vice-President of the European Commis- the European Vice-President of the future Executive to go beyond en- for People’ Economy that Works sion for ‘An establish a structured rela- gaging only in social dialogue and to Platform, 2019, (Social tionship with civil society organisations 24 September). in September 2019, the recommendations have been developed developed the recommendations have been in September 2019, one be- wellbeing approach that leaves no for an economy of ap- of wellbeing encompasses a long-term hind. The economy on at the impact of decisions and policies proach ‘that looks a participatory lives, is based on people’s governance structure, for all’ and environmental justice and ensures socioeconomic Platform, 2019, 24 September). (Social ensure decision-making process to of the EU tions in all stages lives. Re- have on people’s decision are based on the impact they the 2 cently, - Thus, their posi for social justice. difficulties, calling and social Instead of being than the ‘right’. on the ‘left’ side tion is more - Eurocriti are rather of social movements members Eurosceptics, for a more sustainable, demanding cals and Alter-Europeanists is still a schol- Although there Europe. inclusive and democratic these movements dimension of the European arly debate about contemporaryand the nature of collective action (Mathers, - may constitute corrective to strengthen they 2016), apparently, ing democracy.

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