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Conversion of Gravitational Energy Directly Into Electrical Energy

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Conversion of Gravitational Energy Directly Into Electrical Energy The Gravelectric Generator Conversion of Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy Fran De Aquino Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil. Copyright © 2016 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved. The electrical current arises in a conductor when an outside force acts upon the free electrons of the conductor. This force is called, in a generic way, of electromotive force (EMF). Usually, it has electrical nature. Here, we show that it can have gravitational nature (Gravitational Electromotive Force). This fact led us to propose an unprecedented system to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy. This system, here called of Gravelectric Generator, can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW or more. It is easy to be built, and can easily be transported from one place to another, on the contrary of the hydroelectric plants, which convert Gravitational Energy into Hydroelectric energy. Key words: Gravitational Electromotive Force, Gravitational Energy, Electrical Energy, Generation of Electrical Energy. 1. Introduction The research for generate Gravitational there is a magnetic field through the iron core. If Electromotive Force (Gravelectric Effect) began the system is subject to a gravity acceleration g with Faraday [1]. He had a strong conviction that (See Fig.1), then the gravitational forces acting there was a correlation between gravity and on electrons (Fe ), protons (F ) and neutrons electricity, and carried out several experiments p trying to detect this Gravelectric Effect (Fp ) of the Iron core, are respectively expressed experimentally. Although he had failed several by the following relations [4] times, he was still convinced that gravity must be F= m a= χ m g (1) related to electricity. Faraday felt he was on the e ge e Be e0 brink of an extremely important discovery. His Fp= m gp a p= χ Bp m p0 g (2) Diary on August 25, 1849 shows his enthusiastic F= m a= χ m g (3) expectations: n gn n Bn n0 “It was almost with a feeling of awe that I went to mge , mgp and mgn are respectively the work, for if the hope should prove well founded, how gravitational masses of the electrons, protons and great and mighty and sublime in its hitherto unchangeable character is the force I am trying to neutrons; me0 , me0 and me0 are respectively the deal with, and how large may be the new domain of inertial masses at rest of the electrons, protons knowledge that may be opened up to the mind of and neutrons. man.” Here we show how to generate Gravitational Electromotive Force, converting Gravitational Energy directly into electricity. r This theoretical discovery is very important B because leads to the possibility to build the Iron core Gravelectric Generator, which can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW. r g 2. Theory Fig. 1 – An iron core of a coil subjected to a r In a previous paper, we have proposed a gravity acceleration gr and magnetic field B system to convert Gravitational Energy directly with frequency f . into Electrical Energy [2]. This system uses Gravity Control Cells (GCCs). These GCCs can be replaced by the recently discovered Quantum The expressions of the correlation Controllers of Gravity (QCGs) [3], which can factors χ , χ and χ are deduced in the produce similar effect. In this paper, we propose Be Bp Bn a simplification for this system, without using previously mentioned paper, and are given by GCCs or QCGs. ⎧ ⎡ 2 4 4 ⎤⎫ ⎪ 45.56π re B rms ⎪ Under these conditions, the system shown χBe =⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + −1⎥⎬ () 4 μ2m 2 c 2 f 2 in the previously mentioned paper reduces to a ⎩⎪ ⎣⎢ 0 e ⎦⎥⎭⎪ coil with iron core. Through the coil passes a electrical current i , with frequency f . Thus, 2 2 4 4 ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫ momentum: ΔxΔp ≳ , making Δp= me v e , ⎪ 45.56π rp B rms ⎪ h χ =1 − 2⎢ 1 + −1⎥ 5 Bp ⎨ 2 2 2 2 ⎬ () where v is the group velocity of the electrons, ⎢ μ m c f ⎥ e ⎩⎪ ⎣ 0 p ⎦⎭⎪ which is given by ve= h k F m e . Then, the ⎪⎧ ⎡ 45.56π 2r 4 B 4 ⎤⎪⎫ result is χ =1 − 2⎢ 1 + n rms −1⎥ () 6 Bn ⎨ 2 2 2 2 ⎬ 1 1 ⎢ μ0 mn c f ⎥ h ⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦⎭⎪ Δx≳ = = 1 ()8 m v k 2 According to the free-electron model, e e F ()3π NV 3 the electric current is an electrons gas In the case of Iron, propagating through the conductor (free ( NV ≅8.4 × 1028 electrons/ m3 ), Eq.(8) gives electrons Fermi gas). If the conductor is Δx −10 made of Iron, then the free-electrons density re = ≳1× 10 m (9) 28 3 * 2 is NV ≅8.4 × 10 electrons/ m . Comparing with the value given by Eq. (7), we The theory tells us that the total energy of −10 can conclude that re ≅1.4 × 10 m is a highly the electrons gas is given by where 3NEF 5 , plausible value for the electrons radii, when the 1 E= 2 k 2 2 m ;k=(3π2 NV)3(The Fermi sphere). electrons are inside the mentioned free electrons Fh F e F Fermi gas. On the other hand, the radius of Consequently, the electrons gas is subjected to a protons inside the atoms (nuclei) is pressure −3N 5 dE dV=2 NE 5 V . This −15 ()()F F r =1.2 × 10 m, . Then, considering these † p rn≅ r p gives a pressure of about 37GPa . This −10 enormous pressure puts the free-electrons very values and assuming re ≅1.4 × 10 m, we obtain close among them, in such way that if there are from Eqs. (4) (5) and (6) the following expressions: 28 3 8.4× 10 electrons inside 1m , then we can 4 ⎪⎧ ⎡ B ⎤⎪⎫ =1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.46 × 1018 rms − 1⎥ 10 conclude that the each electron occupies a χBe ⎨ 2 ⎬ () −29 3 4 3 ⎪ ⎢ f ⎥⎪ volume:Ve =1.2 × 10 m . AssumingVe = 3 π re , ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ for the electron’s volume, then we get ⎪⎧ ⎡ B4 ⎤⎪⎫ −10 χ≅ χ =1 − 2⎢ 1 + 2.35 × 10−9 rms − 1⎥ 11 r ≅1.4 × 10 m (7) Bn Bp ⎨ 2 ⎬ () e ⎪ ⎢ f ⎥⎪ It is known that the electron size depends ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ of the place where the electron is, and that it can where Brms is the rms intensity of the magnetic vary from the Planck length field through the iron core and f is its oscillating 10 −35 m (l= G c3~10− 35m) up to10 −10 m , planck h frequency. Note that χBn and χ Bp are negligible which is the value of the spatial extent of the in respect to χ Be . electron wavefunction, Δx , in the free electrons It is known that, in some materials, called Fermi gas (the electron size in the Fermi gas is conductors, the free electrons are so loosely held Δx ≡ 2 re ). The value of Δx can be obtained by the atom and so close to the neighboring from the Uncertainty Principle for position and atoms that they tend to drift randomly from one atom to its neighboring atoms. This means that the electrons move in all directions by the same * NVNA= ρ ,; N =6.02 × 1026atoms /kmole 0 iron iron 0 amount. However, if some outside force acts is the Avogadro’s number; ρiron is the matter density of upon the free electrons their movement becomes 3 not random, and they move from atom to atom at the Iron (7,800 kg/m ) and A is the molar mass of the iron the same direction of the applied force. This flow Iron ( 55.845kg/kmole). † of electrons (their electric charge) through the The artificial production of diamond was first achieved by conductor produces the electrical current, which H.T Hall in 1955. He used a press capable of producing pressures above 10 GPa and temperatures above 2,000 °C is defined as a flow of electric charge through a [5]. Today, there are several methods to produce synthetic medium [6]. This charge is typically carried by diamond. The more widely utilized method uses high moving electrons in a conductor, but it can also pressure and high temperature (HPHT) of the order of be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both 10 GPa and 2500°C during many hours in order to produce a single diamond. ions and electrons in a plasma [7]. Thus, the electrical current arises in a conductor when an outside force acts upon its 3 free electrons. This force is called, in a generic amount of Gravitational Energy directly into way, of electromotive force (EMF). Usually, it is electrical energy. Basically, it consists in a Helmholtz coil placed into the core of a Toroidal of electrical nature (Fe = eE). However, if the nature of the electromotive force is gravitational coil. The current iH through the Helmholtz coil (Fe= m ge g) then, as the corresponding force of has frequency f H . The wire of the toroidal coil is made of pure iron (μ ≅ 4000 ) with electrical nature is Fe = eE , we can write that r m g= eE (12) insulation paint. Thus, the nucleus of the ge Helmholtz coil is filled with iron wires, which According to Eq. (1) we can rewrite Eq. (12) as are subjected to a uniform magnetic field BH follows with frequency f H , produced by the Helmholtz χ Bem e0 g= eE (13) coil. Then, according to Eq. (10), we have that Now consider a wire with length l ; cross-section ⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫ area S and electrical conductivity σ . When a ⎪ 18 BH() rms ⎪ χBe =⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.46 × 10 −1⎥⎬ () 18 voltage V is applied on its ends, the electrical ⎢ f 2 ⎥ current through the wire is i .
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