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A TIMELINE of AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY in BUFFALO, NY 1790-PRESENT Ince Our Inception, Buffalo Bike Tours Has Sought to Amplify Buffalo’S Lesser Known Histories

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A TIMELINE of AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY in BUFFALO, NY 1790-PRESENT Ince Our Inception, Buffalo Bike Tours Has Sought to Amplify Buffalo’S Lesser Known Histories CELEBRATE BUFFALO BLACK HISTORY A TIMELINE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN BUFFALO, NY 1790-PRESENT ince our inception, Buffalo Bike Tours has sought to amplify Buffalo’s lesser known histories. This February (2021), in light Sof Black History Month and our commitment to the Black Lives Matter movement, we present a series of 4 articles on our city’s black history of resistance and resilience. Want to learn more? Buffalo Bike Tours can provide private tours themed around black history. We are also developing tours for younger audiences. For school field trips on Buffalo black history by bike, bus, or foot, see our website or contact us for more information on hosting your class. BUFFALO BIKE TOURS BUFFALOBIKETOURS.COM [email protected] (716) 328-8432 1790-1900 EARLY HISTORY OF BUFFALO’S BLACK COMMUNITY rior to the war of 1812, Buffalo was a pioneer town with a population of just under 1,500. PBuffalo’s first black citizens lived alongside early settlers and largely resided in the Fourth Ward. Buffalo’s black population faced many adversities but experienced more freedom than many other parts of the country. New York State was one of the more liberal states and enacted policies, such as abolishing slavery in 1827. Still, life in Buffalo was far from perfect for black families in the 1800s. Due to its proximity to the Canadian border, Professor Wilbur H. Siebert’s underground railroad of WNY map Buffalo soon became a key part of the underground railroad: it was the last stop before reaching freedom. The city became known to conductors around the country as a network of “stations” were established. Underground Railroad sites in Buffalo, NY - interactive Google Map This became even more critical in 1850, when President Millard Fillmore (from Buffalo), passed the Fugitive Slave Act, imposing hefty fines and jail time on those assisting freedom seekers. Buffalo’s defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act reflected currents happening around our region. In Rochester, Austin Steward was a business owner, abolitionist author, and underground railroad conductor. In 1847, Martin R. Delany and Frederick Douglass also moved to Rochester, where they published North Star, which became the leading newspaper of the abolitionist movement. In 1825, with the opening of the Erie Canal, Buffalo became a boom town. As European immigrants from around the world sought opportunity in Western New York’s industries, the city’s population ballooned. Buffalo’s black population remained As the 20th Century approached, Buffalo was fast small however and tightly knit, concentrated along becoming an economic powerhouse, and Buffalo’s Michigan Street. As the Circle Association writes: black community was finding its voice. These are a few key moments in the timeline of Buffalo black In 1855 the seven hundred-odd black people history pioneers, 1790-1900. living in Buffalo have two churches and a separate, segregated public school for their children. And while many black men worked as common laborers and most black women as domestics, there is a considerable large number of skilled workmen in the city’s East Side black community. Indeed, the job descriptions of many of them that are noted in the censuses of the mid-nineteenth century read like a handbook of trades. ”Black Joe” Hodge, thought to be an escaped slave, lives in Buffalo with the Seneca Indians. He is the first non-Native person to live in WNY and operates a trading post. JOSEPH HODGE Fluent in both Native and English languages, he is an interpreter LIVES IN and is known for serving alcohol BUFFALO out of his home (making him 1790 Buffalo’s first bartender). A number of black owned businesses establish at a 3-story building known as the Union Block at Canalside. The area is well known as a magnet for vice, UNION BLOCK with as many as 60% of buildings ESTABLISHED serving as brothels. One of the more colorful establishments is AT CANALSIDE Dug’s Dive, operated by William Douglas, an escaped slave from 1830s Tennessee. Located below sea level, the bar is a literal “dive” one could not stand upright in. The “Colored Methodist Society” of Buffalo is founded, otherwise known as the Vine Street Church. Its first pastor, Rev. George Weir, serves for 10 years and remains BETHEL AME active in improving the economic, social, and political conditions of FOUNDED his people for several decades. While the street and building are 1831 no longer extant, the congregation is still active. After escaping slavery and working on steam ships in Cleveland, William Wells Brown moves to Buffalo. He helps more than WILLIAM 70 blacks escape on boats he WELLS BROWN navigates across the Niagara River at Black Rock Ferry. He becomes MOVES TO the first African American BUFFALO to publish a book, Clotell; or, 1836 The President’s Daughter, and travels the world speaking on abolitionism. His homesite is Shilo Baptist Church today. Elisha Tucker establishes a second Baptist Church in Buffalo to serve primary a black congregation. In 1838, several of the church’s leaders pass a resolution opposing slavery and the church MICHIGAN ST becomes a regular stopping ground for black thought leaders, including BAPTIST Frederick Douglass, Booker T Washington, and W. E. B. Du Bois. In 1842, the church CHURCH established its home at 511 Michigan. FOUNDED 1836 The building is rumored to have been an underground railroad station. It is still in operation today. Leader of the Vine Street Church choir, “Peg Leg” Harrison befriends Edwin “Ned” Christy. They begin practicing together as Christy’s Minstrels and revolutionize theater with their bawdy performances, PEG LEG including the hit song, “Buffalo Gals,” about prostitution in Buffalo’s Canal HARRISON district. While steeped in racist MEETS NED stereotypes, minstrel shows allow early black entertainers an outlet to challenge CHRISTY 1843 perceptions and audiences, and purse new careers. Vine Street AME Church hosts a national convention with the purpose of discussing how to end slavery. Speakers include Samuel H. Davis, George Weir, NATIONAL Frederick Douglass, and Henry Highland Garnet. Garnet’s calls for Southern CONVENTION slaves to refuse to work and resist their oppressors by any means necessary. OF COLORED The gatherings exceed the church’s MEN capacity and are moved outdoors, 1843 where 5,000 attend. Newspapers detail a dramatic, failed attempt by bounty hunters to arrest Christopher Webb, a waiter at the Gothic Hall Saloon. When their warrant is discovered illegitimate, a group of FUGITIVE Buffalonians, including the Deputy Sheriff, chase the bounty hunters out of SLAVE ACT town. RIOT 1847 Buffalo hosts a major convention for a new political party: The Free Soil Party. It is founded on an abolitionist platform, summarized FREE SOIL by a large banner that reads, “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free PARTY Men”. 40,000 attend speeches FOUNDED IN at Lafayette Square. Poet Walt Whitman is in attendance. 1848 BUFFALO During the 1800s, blacks are regularly employed to break up union organizing efforts. As a fight breaks out between laborers and scabs, a mob coalesces. Hundreds of Irish dock workers attack blacks at random. One black is 1891 DOCK shot, at least two are murdered, and dozens are beaten. Rioters WORKER RIOT turn their attention to the Union 1891 Block, where a mob surrounds the building. Police rescue a large number of black men at Dug’s Dive, who are taken to jail for their own protection. Mary Talbert moves with her husband William, from Oberlin, OH to Buffalo. She becomes a leading voice in the women’s suffrage and abolitionists movements. She MARY TALBERT becomes founder of the Niagara Movement and is instrumental in MOVES TO anti-lynching legislation. She is the first black woman to earn a 1891 BUFFALO Ph.D. from University at Buffalo. After studying at a Virginia seminary, Rev. Jesse Nash moves to Buffalo at the age of 24 to be pastor of the Michigan Street Baptist Church. Nash co-founds the Buffalo Urban League and REV. JESSE Colored YMCA in Buffalo and serves his congregation for 61 NASH MOVES years. His house is a museum and TO BUFFALO education center today. 1892 1900-1950 BUFFALO BLACK HISTORY IN THE 1900S t the turn of the Century, Buffalo’s black population was sparse and intermixed. But Aas the 1900s progressed, a more highly concentrated neighborhood emerged with black owned businesses, including nightclubs, drug stores, restaurants, and churches along Michigan Street. Buffalo’s black population expanded with the onset of World War I. Many Southern blacks moved to Buffalo to pursue better paying jobs in our wartime industries, such as Bell Aircraft and Bethlehem Steel. This became known as the first wave of the Great Migration. The Great Migration saw a large increase in Buffalo’s black population Buffalo was an appealing destination. The city was the second busiest rail hub, second only to Chicago. The interconnectivity between rail and waterways provided new opportunity for black families. The waitresses at Dan Montgomery’s (2008) Map of Buffalo’s Fouth Ward, G. M. Hopkins & Co., 1872 Racism was pervasive. Beginning in the 1930s, banks employed racist housing practices, including redlining. This meant blacks had difficulty obtaining loans for housing outside of a predetermined area. Redlining created in a highly segregated city, one in which race tensions sometimes flared. It also created a cycle of poverty, with black families struggling to make ends meet. Still, Buffalo’s black community persevered and organized. Building on its activist past, Buffalo became a central part for the formation of the modern civil rights movement, including the foundation of the Niagara Movement. The arts flourished in an entertainment district known as the “jazz triangle”, consisting of Map showing redlined areas of Buffalo that discriminated against black Club Moonglo, Vendome, and Colored Musicians families seeking loans.
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