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Life in Ancient Athens, the Social and Public Life of a Classical Athenian • • :00 ft HANDBOOKS- * «i • ' ARCHAEOLOGY • • AND- • • • CO ANT1QVITIES • • • t. ,.• *i ljCZS '•-.•" k*» Edm Hg»a* in ;xv^, IsSj RiSi SflB I ££$ EEL HM «1 ISP 275 T83 WW 1 IS 3 mm cop. Ran §kHh& Wmm HANDBOOKS OF ARCH/EOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES Professor Litt. D. of the Edited by Percy Gardner, , University of Oxford, and Professor Francis W. Kelsey, of the University of Michigan. Extra Crown 8vo. Greek Sculpture. By Ernest A. Gardner, M.A. New Edition with Appendix. Part I., 5s. Part II., 5s. Com- plete in one vol. 10s. Appendix separately, is. net. Greek and Roman Coins. By G. F. Hill, of the Coins Department of the British Museum. 9s. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A. 6s. A Handbook of Greek Constitutional History. By A. H. J. Greenidge, M.A. With Map. 5s. The Destruction of Ancient Rome. A Sketch of the History of the Monuments. By Professor Rodolfo Lanciani. 6s. Roman Public Life. By A. H. J. Greenidge, M.A. 1 os. 6d. Christian Art and Archaeology. A Handbook to the Monuments of the Early Church. By W. Lowrie, M.A. 10s. 6d. Grammar of Greek Art. By Professor Percy Gardner. 7s. 6d. Life in Ancient Athens. The Social and Public Life of a Classical Athenian from Day to Day. By Professor T. G. Tucker, Litt.D. 5s. MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd., LONDON. w'//'// LIFE IN ANCIENT ATHENS THE SOCIAL AND PUBLIC LIFE OF A CLASSICAL ATHENIAN FROM DAY TO DAY BY T. G. TUCKER LITT.D. (CAMB.), HON. LITT.D. (DUBLIN) PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE \ UN" ^ „ Li ^UpoMM MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1912 COPYRIGHT 1906 By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY First Edition 1906 Reprinted 1912 DP 4*75" PKEFACE The aims which have been chiefly borne in mind during the writing of this unpretentious volume are those of clearness true and accuracy. I have sought to leave an impression and sound, so far as it goes, and also vivid and distinct. The the style adopted has therefore been the opposite of pedantic, are consistent with utilising any vivacities of method which truth of fact. It is perhaps a platitude to urge that there can be little lucidity among an accumulation of relatively unimportant, if erudite, detail. The experience of every teacher or listener will establish that point. One cannot see the wood for the trees. It has therefore seemed good to select from the avail- able material—which is sufficiently extensive—those matters which count for most. No attempt has been made to elaborate or refine, or otherwise to emulate the dictionaries of antiquities. On the other hand, it is claimed that there are incorporated unobtrusively in the following simple chapters the results of all due study of the latest research, as well as the conclusions of many years of professional intimacy with Athenian antiquity. Had I been aware of the existence of any book covering the same ground as the present, I should scarcely have sought publication. There are, indeed, a number of works, and some of conspicuous excellence, dealing with Greek life, or with phases of Greek life, in general. But I am aware of none which treats solely of the one most interesting and important period of the one most interesting and important community. Nor am I aware of any which has in view precisely the same vi LIFE IN ANCIENT ATHENS class of readers for whom this is primarily intended. The admirable little work of Professor Gulick, The Life of the Ancient Greeks, though necessarily containing a good deal of the same detail, is written on different lines and with a different scope. Obligation has been inevitable to the following standard works : — Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des AntiquiUs Grecqucs et Romaines. Baumeister, Denkmdler des klassischen Alterturns. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Becker-Goll, Charikles. P. Gardner and Jevons, Manual of Greek Antiquities. Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans. Gilbert, Greek Constitutional Antiquities (English translation). Haigh, The Attic Theatre. E. A. Gardner, Ancient Athens. E. A. Gardner, Handbook of Greek Sculpture. Grote, History of Greece. I am also indebted for some pregnant hints to— Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece. J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to Greek Religion. Mahaffy, Social Life in Greece. I have felt no difficulty in accepting Professor E. A. Gardner's view of the harbours of the Peiraeus and of the Long Walls. I am very greatly indebted to Professor Percy Gardner, the General Editor of this Series. To his special and intimate knowledge of the most recent discoveries in this field I owe a number of valuable corrections. His familiarity with the whole store of ancient illustrations has also enabled him to modify and improve my own selection to such an extent that, in this particular, the book may be said to owe more to him than to me. How highly such a service must be estimated by a writer so far removed from the centre needs no elaborate statement. T. G. T. July 1906. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGES Introductory . 1-7 of the term 1 Differences of Greek 2 Meaning Greece, ; races, ; Athens of the classical period, 4. CHAPTER II General Features of Athens and its Environment . 8-17 of ancient on their 8 Dependence peoples environment, ; soil, of 10 situation and products, and climate Attica, ; topo- graphy of Athens, 11. CHAPTER III Public Buildings, Streets, etc. .... 18-32 18 26 roofed 28 houses and Acropolis, ; colonnades, ; buildings. ; 29 30 of 32. streets, ; water-supply, ; naming streets, CHAPTER IV Citizens, Outlanders, Slaves : Women . 33-53 33 nature of 36 Classes of Athenian society, ; citizenship, ; quali- fications for 40 treatment of citizenship, 37 ; Outlanders, ; 42 sources of 45 and numbers slaves, ; slaves, ; employment of 46 48 social of slaves, ; public slaves, ; inequality citizens, 48 attitude towards manual 49 of ; work, ; position women, 51. Vlll LIFE IN ANCIENT ATHENS CHAPTER V PAGES House and Furniture 54-66 Smallness of 54 of private houses, ; plan typical house, vestibule and 58 main 60 62 porter, ; court, ; upper story, chimneys and decoration, 63 ; chairs and couches, 64 tables, chests, braziers, etc., 65. CHAPTER VI The Social Day of a Typical Citizen (till Dinner) . 67-89 Hour of 67 69 foot 75 rising, ; dress, ; covering, ; rings and 77 visits to the to the sticks, ; market, 78 ; banker, 81 ; to the 82 methods of the barber, ; telling time, 84; luncheon, 85 visit to the 85 the 88. ; gymnasia, ; bath, CHAPTER VII Citizen's Social Day : Dinner, etc. .... 90-100 at 90 moderation in 91 uninvited Company dinner, ; eating, ; 92 93 95 guests, ; dinner, ; symposium, ; poor men's diet, 98 ; fast life, 99. CHAPTER VIII Woman's Life and Fashions .... 101-116 Seclusion of 101 education and 102 women, ; early life, ; marriage, 104 ceremonies of the 105 duties ; wedding, ; and amuse- ments of married women, 107 ; woman's dress, 111. CHAPTER IX — Boyhood Education and Training .... 117-126 of 117 Exposure children, ; early childhood, 118 ; schools and 120 education, ; military training, 124. CONTENTS ix CHAPTER X PAGES Army and Navy .... ... 127-133 to 127 Liability military service, ; infantry armour, 127 ; light- armed infantry and cavalry, 129 ; war-ships, 130. CHAPTER XI Religion ........ 134-145 Confusion of Greek 134 beliefs mythology, ; of the average 136 moral conduct Athenian, ; uninfluenced by religion, 138 State and 139 141 ; religion priests, ; sacrifices, ; super- 143 144. stitions, ; religious toleration, CHAPTER XII Festivals and the Theatre ..... 146-161 146 147 feast of 148 the Festivals, ; Panatbenaea, ; Dionysus, ; 149 and of 152 theatres, ; choosing staging plays, ; audiences, 154 of and 154 156 ; reception plays actors, ; scenery, ; 156 159 actors' dress and masks, ; chorus, 158 ; comedies, ; prizes, 160. CHAPTER XIII Council and Assembly . .... 162-168 of 162 162 Principle equality among citizens, ; public offices, ; 164 165 and 166. Council, ; Assembly, ; parties speakers, CHAPTER XIV An Athenian Trial ...... 169-174 and classes of 169 171. Frequency trials, ; juries, 170 ; procedure, LIFE IN ANCIENT ATHENS CHAPTER XV 175-180 Burial . ... burial out of the 175 funeral 176 ; Laying corpse, ; procession, to the 179. and cremation, 177 ; tombs, 177 ; offerings dead, CHAPTER XVI Athenian Art ....... 181-204 of Attic 181 Greek 181 ; Pre-eminence sculpture, ; architecture, 182 183 of Greek painting, ; music, ; qualities sculpture, reasons in architecture and literature, 189 ; 183 ; simplicity in 192 abundance of works of for Greek pre-eminence art, ; of art on 199 of art, 197 ; influence life, ; painting statuary, 203. CHAPTER XVII MODERNNESS OF THE ATHENIAN ..... 205-208 205 mental Resemblances between Athenian and modern life, ; with other 207. and moral virtues, 206 ; comparison races, Index 209-212 ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. Map of Ancient Athens (adapted from plan in E. A. Gardner's Ancient Athens) ...... Frontispiece 1. Comparative map. Attica and Yorkshire .... 6 2. Plan of Athens and Peiraeus (Hill, Illustrations of ScJiool Classics, p. 406) 12 3. View of the from S.E. Acropolis (Hill, p. 407) . .15 4. View of the oema of the A. Pnyx (E. Gardner, p. 105) . 16 5. Restored Acropolis (Schreiber and Anderson, Atlas of Antiquities, 3 pi. 13, ; Thiersch) ...... 19 6. Detailed of summit . plan (Hill, p. 408) . .20 7. Parthenon A. (present state) (E. Gardner, p. 25) . 22 8. : form i. Temple simple (Olumpia, pi. 36) . .24 9. of Zeus at : Temple Olympia facade and interior (Olympia, i. pl- 11) 25 10. Section of Parthenon showing frieze and metopes (E. A. Gardner, P- 280) 26 11. Erechtheum restored and (Guhl Koner, p. 47 ; Inwood) . 27 12. So-called Theseum (Hill, p. 411) ..... 28 13. View of public fountain, Callirrhoe, from a vase (Gerhard, Auser- lesene Vasenbilder, pl.
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