DOCSLIB.ORG

TM Covers 390S.Cdr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TM Covers 390S.Cdr NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS T O F C E N O M M T M R E A R P C E E D SEPEMBER 2006 U N A I C T I E R D E M ST A AT E S OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON, PARALARVAL CEPHALOPOD, AND STATION DATA FOR OBLIQUE (BONGO) PLANKTON TOWS FROM THE OREGON, CALIFORNIA, AND WASHINGTON LINE-TRANSECT EXPEDITION (ORCAWALE) IN 2001 Sharon R. Charter Barbara S. MacCall Richard L. Charter Susan M. Manion William Watson Lisa T. Ballance NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-393 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), organized in 1970, has evolved into an agency which establishes national policies and manages and conserves our oceanic, coastal, and atmospheric resources. An organizational element within NOAA, the Office of Fisheries is responsible for fisheries policy and the direction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). In addition to its formal publications, the NMFS uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series, however, reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS ATMOSPH ND E This TM series is used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim reports, or special A RI C C I A N D purpose information. The TMs have not received complete formal review, editorial control, or detailed editing. A E M I C N O I S L T A R N A T O I I O T A N N U . E S C . R D E EP M AR OM TMENT OF C SEPEMBER 2006 ICHTHYOPLANKTON, PARALARVAL CEPHALOPOD, AND STATION DATA FOR OBLIQUE (BONGO) PLANKTON TOWS FROM THE OREGON, CALIFORNIA, AND WASHINGTON LINE-TRANSECT EXPEDITION (ORCAWALE) IN 2001 Sharon R. Charter, Barbara S. MacCall, Richard L. Charter, Susan M. Manion, William Watson, and Lisa T. Ballance National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla, California, USA 92037 NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-393 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration VADM Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., Undersecretary for Oceans and Atmosphere National Marine Fisheries Service William T. Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries CONTENTS Page List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................iii List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................iii Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sampling Area and Pattern ........................................................................................................................... 3 Zooplankton Sampling Gear and Methods ................................................................................................... 3 Laboratory Procedures.................................................................................................................................. 4 Identification................................................................................................................................................. 4 Species Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Explanation of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................... 8 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Figures ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Tables.......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Phylogenetic Index to Table 6 .................................................................................................................... 39 Alphabetical Index to Table 6..................................................................................................................... 41 ii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Nominal tracklines for the ORCAWALE 2001 survey............................................................... 13 Figure 2. Actual tracklines during the ORCAWALE 2001 survey............................................................. 14 Figure 3. Bongo net tow stations for the ORCAWALE 2001 survey......................................................... 15 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Station and Bongo net tow data for ORCAWALE survey in 2001 .............................................. 16 Table 2. Pooled occurrences of paralarval cephalopods taken in Bongo net tows on ORCAWALE survey in 2001.......................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 3. Pooled counts of paralarval cephalopods taken in Bongo net tows on ORCAWALE survey in 2001 .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Table 4. Pooled occurrences of fish larvae taken in Bongo net tows on ORCAWALE survey in 2001 .... 21 Table 5. Pooled counts of fish larvae taken in Bongo net tows on ORCAWALE survey in 2001............. 23 Table 6. Standardized counts of paralarval cephalopods and fish larvae taken in Bongo net tows at stations on ORCAWALE survey in 2001, listed by taxon, tow number, and month ................... 25 Table 7. Summary of oceanographic and ecosystem samples collected during the 2001 ORCAWALE survey aboard the NOAA ships Jordan (Legs 1-5) and McArthur (Leg 6) ................................ 38 iii ABSTRACT This report provides ichthyoplankton and paralarval/juvenile cephalopod data from oblique (Bongo) net tows, and associated station and tow data collected during the Oregon, California, and Washington Line-Transect Expedition (ORCAWALE) survey in 2001. This survey was the second comprehensive survey of marine mammals and ecosystem measurements fully encompassing the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and adjacent international waters out to 300 nautical miles (nmi) along the West Coast of the contiguous United States. In total, 71 Bongo net tow samples were collected between 31 July and 7 December in 2001 aboard the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessels David Starr Jordan and McArthur, during which the two ships surveyed the area extending from the Canada/Washington border south to the California/Mexico border, and westward to about 130° W. The data are presented in a series of six tables; the background, methodology, and information necessary for interpretation of the data are presented in the accompanying text. INTRODUCTION Under the 1994 amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) are required to produce Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) for all stocks of marine mammals within the waters of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (U.S. EEZ), to review new information every year for strategic stocks and every three years for non-strategic stocks, and to update the stock assessment reports when significant new information becomes available (Barlow 1997; Barlow et al. 1995, 1997, 1998; Carretta et al. 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006; Forney et al. 1999, 2000). The Protected Resources Division (PRD, formerly the Marine Mammal Division) of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC, La Jolla, California), along with the National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML, Seattle, Washington) produce the SARs guided by the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act. Individually, and sometimes jointly, the two laboratories conduct research on the marine mammals, seabirds, and sea turtles of the eastern Pacific Ocean, primarily in the EEZ and the greater Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Their research is designed to aid in the management and conservation of these protected species. Often the PRD participates in projects directed toward individual species, taxa, or other geographic areas. The first marine mammal stock assessment was compiled from published sources, with additional unpublished data included where it contributed to the assessment (Barlow et al. 1995). The first major revision of the NMFS marine mammal stock assessment reports for the eastern Pacific region occurred in 1996. SWFSC and the Office of Protected Resources planned and executed a survey where transects were mapped in a grid to uniformly encompass the whole area. To date, it was the largest and most comprehensive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Weddell
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OceanRep Antarctic Science 6 (2):235-239 (1994) Distribution and lipid composition of early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun) in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica UWE PIATKOWSKIl and WILHELM HAGEN2 'Institut fiir Meereskunde, Universitat Kiel, Diisternbrooker Weg 20,D-24105Kiel, Germany 'Institut fir Polarohdogie, Universitat Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3,Gebuude 12,D-24148Kiel, Germany Abstract: The relatively small numbers of pelagic cephalopods caught in the RMT-8 samples (0-300 m) in FebruaryMarch 1983 in the Weddell Sea were dominated by early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis. A total of 48 specimens were caught with dorsal mantle length (ML) ranging from 4-36 mm. They occurred with amean density of 0.15 ind. x 1000 mJ and were present in 38% of 33 RMT-8 samples. G. glacialis was the only cranchiid squid found in the Weddell Sea between 66" and 74"s. Its early life stageswere concentrated in the layers below the summer thermocline (>50 m) and body sizes appeared to increase towards deeper water layers. For biochemical analyses, nine specimens of G. glacialis (ML 6-18 mm) were sampled in the eastern Weddell Seabetween 185-520mwater depth in JanuaryFebruaIy 1985. Totallipidcontentsrangedfrom8%-11% dry weight (DW) with phospholipids being the main lipid component (43-56% of total lipid). Storage lipids (triacylglycerols) made up 18-26% of total lipid. The relatively low lipid contents may reflect the early developmental stage of the specimens examined. The data presented give the first information on geographical and vertical distribution patterns of early life stages of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Bulletin 152. Food Habits of Albacore, Bluefin Tuna, and Bonito in California Waters
    UC San Diego Fish Bulletin Title Fish Bulletin 152. Food Habits of Albacore, Bluefin Tuna, and Bonito In California Waters Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t5868rd Authors Pinkas, Leo Oliphant, Malcolm S Iverson, Ingrid L.K. Publication Date 1970-06-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 152 Food Habits of Albacore, Bluefin Tuna, and Bonito In California Waters By Leo Pinkas , Malcolm S. Oliphant, and Ingrid L. K. Iverson 1971 1 2 ABSTRACT The authors investigated food habits of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, and bonito, Sarda chiliensis, in the eastern North Pacific Ocean during 1968 and 1969. While most stomach samples came from fish caught commercially off southern California and Baja California, some came from fish taken in central Califor- nia, Oregon, and Washington waters. Standard procedures included enumeration of food items, volumetric analysis, and measure of frequency of occur- rence. The authors identified the majority of forage organisms to the specific level through usual taxonomic methods for whole animals. Identification of partially digested animals was accomplished through the use of otoliths for fish, beaks for cephalopods, and the exoskeleton for invertebrates. A pictorial guide to beaks of certain eastern Pacific cephalopods was prepared and proved helpful in identifying stomach contents. This guide is presented in this publication. The study indicates the prominent forage for bluefin tuna, bonito, and albacore in California waters is the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Food Habits Study of Organisms of the California Current System, (Project 6–7-R), was an investigation estab- lished under contract between the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultra Max Electric Airless Sprayer
    Electric Sprayers Latin America Graco’s Complete Line of Professional Electric Airless Sprayers 390/ Ultra® The Ultra395 395’s reliability and performance has made it Graco’s most popular small electric sprayer. It features SmartContol™ 390S 1.0 pressure control that delivers If you need a solid workhorse a consistent spray fan without of a sprayer that is built for the pressure fluctuation at all spraying professional who is just “starting pressures. Proven technology out” then the 390 is for you. This and design make it perfect for is Graco’s lightest professional professionals who spray daily with sprayer ideal for residential jobs a wide range of coatings. because it is lightweight and portable, and delivers a quality spray pattern. Hands down, the 390 is the best value compared to any small electric sprayer. CONFIGURATION AVAILABLE IN STAND 110V and 230V Stand model Stand model HI-BOY 110V and 230V SPECIFICATIONS MAX TIP SIZE: 0.021 MAX LPM: 1.8 Hi-Boy model MAX PSI (BAR): 3300 (227) Features Found Only On A Graco Small Electric Sprayer All the features of the 390, PLUS: MOTOR HP: 5/8 DC CONFIGURATION AVAILABLE IN Lightweight, Ergonomic Design STAND 110V and 230V 15% higher output flow and 40% higher hp TEFC motor INCLUDES Graco’s lightest professional sprayer—weighs only 13.6 kg HI-BOY 110V and 230V • FTx™ Gun than the 390 Offset handle with rubber comfort grip positions sprayer at a ™ ™ • RAC X 515 SwitchTip and Guard comfortable carrying angle SPECIFICATIONS • 1/4 in x 50 ft (6.4 mm x 15 m) MAX TIP SIZE: 0.023 SmartControl 1.0
    [Show full text]
  • OF ROMAN SENATORIAL PAGANISM David M. Gwynn Abstract
    THE ‘END’ OF ROMAN SENATORIAL PAGANISM David M. Gwynn Abstract The last decades of the 20th c. witnessed a seismic shift in how scholars approached the study of paganism in the increasingly Christian Roman Empire of the 4th and early 5th centuries. Older models which empha- sised decline and conflict were challenged by a new awareness of the vitality and diversity of Late Roman paganism and its religious and social interaction with Christianity. The purpose of this short paper is to reassess the impact of this new scholarly approach, particularly upon our understanding of the paganism of the western senatorial elite, and the role that material culture has played and will continue to play in revealing the complex religious world of late antique Rome.1 Introduction That Roman paganism did in some sense ‘decline’ in the 4th and 5th centuries is impossible to dispute. The great State cults of the Roman Republic and the Early Roman Empire continued to receive State support from Constantine and his immediate Christian successors, but this support ceased under Gratian and Theodosius I at the end of the 4th c. In the same period, the Christian Church increased dramati- cally in numbers and in status, changing the urban landscape and rais- ing to prominence a new elite of clerics and ascetics. By the death of Theodosius I in 395 Christianity had become the official religion of the State. Pagans and pagan beliefs survived, and remained a concern for Emperors down to Justinian in the 6th c. and beyond. But the Roman empire was now a Christian empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation 3204
    4 of 6 I' rÉ:1°.r - - - Ï''.ec.n::::,- - — TRANSLATION 3204 and Van, else--- de ,-0,- SERIES NO(S) ^4p €'`°°'°^^`m`^' TRANSLATION 3204 5 of 6 serceaesoe^nee SERIES NO.(S) serv,- i°- I' ann., Canada ° '° TRANSLATION 3204 6 of 6 SERIES NO(S) • =,-""r I FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE ARCHIVE:3 Translation Series No. 3204 Multidisciplinary investigations of the continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska area by Z.A. Filatova (ed.) Original title: Kompleksnyye issledovaniya materikovogo sklona v raione Zaliva Alyaska From: Trudy Instituta okeanologii im. P.P. ShirshoV (Publications of the P.P. Shirshov Oceanpgraphy Institute), 91 : 1-260, 1973 Translated by the Translation Bureau(HGC) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. 1974 ; 494 pages typescriPt "DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES ceÔ 'TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Russian English Ain HOR - AUTEUR Z. A. Filatova (ed.) ri TL E IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Multidisciplinary investigations of the continental slope in the Gulf of Aâaska ares TI TLE IN FORE I GN LANGuAGE (TRANS LI TERA TE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS) Kompleksnyye issledovaniya materikovogo sklona v raione Zaliva Alyaska. REFERENCE IN FOREI GN LANGUAGE (NAME: OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLI TERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS, RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS. Trudy Instituta okeanologii im. P.P.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Approved Courses
    Portfolio Program in Arts and Cultural Management and Entrepreneurship List of Approved Courses Portfolio students are required to complete four classes (12 credit hours) from this list, including a minimum of one “core class.” At least two of the classes must be from outside the student’s home department. Courses that are cross-listed will be counted as outside of the home department. Core Classes FA 381 Arts Administration and Community Service FA 381 The Business of Entertainment FA 381 Career Goals and Management FA 383 Foundations of Arts Management PA 388L/TD 387D Nonprofit Management and Strategy (provided grant and final assignments are about cultural institutions) Other Classes* ADV 385 Media Management ADV 391K Integrated Communications for Nonprofits ADV 391K Audience Development and Engagement AED 381G Foundations of Art Education AED 381K Contemporary Issues in Art Education AED 383J Museum Education: History and Theory AMS 390 Latinidades ARC 386M/CRP 381 Preservation Law ARC 386M US Cultural Landscapes ARH 394 Issues in Museum Studies CMS 390S Contemporary Issues in Organizational Communication CMS 390S Narrative Communication in Organizations FA 381 Philanthropy and the Arts FA 381 Cultural Policy and Participation FA 381 Fundraising in the Arts INF 385T Care of Indigenous Cultural Knowledge INF 387 Administration: Managing Projects and Leading Change INF 387C Managing Information Organizations INF 388E Historical Museums: Context and Practice INF 388K.1 Public Libraries INF 392G Management of Preservation Programs ITD
    [Show full text]
  • French (08/31/21)
    Bulletin 2021-22 French (08/31/21) evolved over time by interpreting related forms of cultural French representation and expression in order to develop an informed critical perspective on a matter of current debate. Contact: Tili Boon Cuillé Prerequisite: In-Perspective course. Phone: 314-935-5175 • In-Depth Courses (L34 French 370s-390s) Email: [email protected] These courses build upon the strong foundation students Website: http://rll.wustl.edu have acquired in In-Perspective courses. Students have the opportunity to take the plunge and explore a topic in the Courses professor’s area of expertise, learning to situate the subject Visit online course listings to view semester offerings for in its historical and cultural context and to moderate their L34 French (https://courses.wustl.edu/CourseInfo.aspx? own views with respect to those of other cultural critics. sch=L&dept=L34&crslvl=1:4). Prerequisite: In-Perspective course. Undergraduate French courses include the following categories: L34 French 1011 Essential French I Workshop Application of the curriculum presented in French 101D. Pass/ • Cultural Expression (French 307D) Fail only. Grade dependent on attendance and participation. Limited to 12 students. Students must be enrolled concurrently in This course enables students to reinforce and refine French 101D. their French written and oral expression while exploring Credit 1 unit. EN: H culturally rich contexts and addressing socially relevant questions. Emphasis is placed on concrete and creative L34 French 101D French Level I: Essential French I description and narration. Prerequisite: L34 French 204 or This course immerses students in the French language and equivalent. Francophone culture from around the world, focusing on rapid acquisition of spoken and written French as well as listening Current topic: Les Banlieues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Generic Revision of the Cranchiidae (Cephalopoda; Oegopsida)
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 30(2): 365-412, 1980 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE CRANCHIIDAE (CEPHALOPODA; OEGOPSIDA) Nancy A. Voss ABSTRACT This paper is the first in a monographic study of the cephalopod family Cranchiidae. Thirteen of the 41 nominal genera are recognized as valid for the family: Cranchia, Lio- cmnchia, Leachia, He/icocranchia, Bathothauma, Sanda/ops, Ligllriella, Taonius, Ga/iteu- this, Mesonychoteuthis, Egea, Megalocmllchia and Teuthowenia. A full definition is given for the family and each valid genus; diagnoses are given for the two subfamilies Cranchiinae and Taoniinae. A generic key is accompanied by illustrations of a representative species of each genus. A comprehensive historical resume for the family is given and generic interre- lationships are discussed. The subfamily Taoniinae comprises roughly three groups of genera based primarily on the development and relationships of the posterior end of the gladius (Ianceola and conus) and the fins and on the photophore pattern on the eye. He/icocrallchia, Bathothauma, Sandalops and Liguriella form a loose group of the more primitive genera that possess a short conus (lost in Bathothallma) and small subterminal or terminal fins. Taollills, Galitellthis and Me- sOllychoteuthis form a group of specialized genera in which the conus and associated terminal fins are elongate and the large suckers of the club are modified into hooks or suckers with one or two large, central, hook-like teeth. Of these, Ga/itellthis and Mesollychoteuthi.\· are closely related. In the third group formed of Egea, Megalocranchia and Teuthowenia, the fins elongate and simultaneously extend up the lateral margins of the mantle as the conus elongates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Election of Primian and Its Consequences, Mid 390S
    chapter 3 The Election of Primian and Its Consequences, Mid 390s Whilst Augustine, as a young bishop in the mid-390s, was briskly acquiring sta- tus as a veteran anti-Donatist campaigner, history was presenting the Catholic side with an event that would define the internal dynamics of the Donatist Church in the 390s and early 400s, and this largely in a negative sense. This event was the ascension of Primian of Carthage,1 successor to the famed Dona- tist bishop, Parmenian. Primian would go on to serve as Donatist primate in a period of transition perhaps unmatched in the history of that Church. Under his tenure, he would oversee a decade (the 390s) in which Donatism would consolidate its hegemony, ecclesiastically and politically, almost making it the undisputed Church in Roman North Africa,2 much to the displeasure of Augus- tine and other nascent Catholic insurgents. But by the first decade of the fifth century, the Donatist Church had suf- fered a number of setbacks at the hands of Roman imperial authorities and also because of the proselytising efforts of the Catholics, essentially putting the Donatist Church in a defensive posture concerning its own existence. One therefore cannot help asking how this series of events transpired so quickly and how the Donatist fortunes reversed so rapidly. Was there a link between the leadership of Primian and the gradual eradication of Donatism as a struc- tured organisation distinguishable from the Catholics? To answer these questions, in this chapter I examine contemporary evi- dence that might shed light on the reception of Primian’s election as bishop of Carthage within the context of Augustine’s anti-Donatist campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Key to the Families of the Order
    CLYDE F. E. ROP An Illustrated RICHARD E. YOl and GILBERT L. VC Key to the Families of the Order Teuthoidea Cephalopoda) SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 13 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 13 Clyde F. E. Roper, An Illustrated Key 5K?Z" to the Families of the Order Teuthoidea (Cephalopoda) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1969 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
    Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalopoda: Cranchiidae) from New Zealand Waters Aaron B
    Journal of Natural History, 2015 Vol. 49, Nos. 21–24, 1327–1349, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.840747 Ontogeny of the deep-sea cranchiid squid Teuthowenia pellucida (Cephalopoda: Cranchiidae) from New Zealand waters Aaron B. Evans* and Kathrin S.R. Bolstad Earth & Oceanic Sciences Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Received 14 December 2012; accepted 19 July 2013; first published online 18 February 2014) Teuthowenia pellucida is a cosmopolitan southern sub-tropical species, and is abundantly represented in local New Zealand collections. However, because of the morphological similarities between this and other cranchiid genera at early ontogenetic stages, accurate identification of small specimens can be difficult. Herein, the morphological changes characterizing six pre-adult developmental stages (termed A–F) are reported in detail, as well as adult morphology; new information is provided on fecundity. These findings comprise a small contribution toward eventual resolution of the systematically unstable Cranchiidae. Keywords: Cranchiidae; ontogeny; New Zealand; squid Introduction Teuthowenia is a squid genus of the family Cranchiidae, whose largely transparent tissues have resulted in the common name “glass” squids; their crypsis is also aided by eye photophores (Herring et al. 2002), which counter-shade down-welling light from the surface (Young and Roper 1976; Voss 1985). Cranchiids have been reported from all oceans except the Arctic (Norman and Lu 2000), and are found primarily between the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones; however, some species, including those of the genus Teuthowenia, migrate vertically within the water column depending on maturity and seasonality (Voss 1985; Moreno et al. 2009). Teuthowenia contains three species (Voss 1980, 1985): Teuthowenia maculata and Teuthowenia megalops are found in the central and northern Atlantic, and Teuthowenia pellucida lives circum-globally in the southern sub-tropical belt (Voss 1985).
    [Show full text]