GPS for Humanity © Bradford W

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 1 GPS for Humanity (1962 – 2012)

Many Applications for Worldwide Benefit – some Anticipated and Others Surprising A Tribute to the many Aerospace Engineers and supporters who labored and sacrificed to make it happen!

Professor Bradford Parkinson Stanford University

GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 2 Parkinson GPtS – the Stealth Utility

•The GPS Design Meeting • The Three Key Innovations and four Engineering Challenges • Applications for Humanity

Surprises and Innovations • Future and Threats

Global Positioning and timing Service “Success has a thousand Fathers, failure is an orphan.“ -- Unknown Author

GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 3 Parkinson 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 4 Defining GPS -The Lonely Halls Meeting – GPS “Architected” - “Labor Day” Weekend (Saturday, 1 Sept. 1973 – Monday, 3 Sept. 1973)

Satellite: Gaylord Green JPO Director: USAF Brad Parkinson USAF

JPO Deputy: Steve Gilbert Systems Engineering: USAF Mel Birnbaum USAF

1960 1965 1970 1975 GPS for1980 Humanity 1985 © Bradford 1990 W. 1995 2000 2005 2010 4/2/2015│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 5 Parkinson System Approved in Dec. „73 4 Satellites in view Space Hardened Atomic Clocks (4 Ranging Measurements)

Passive Ranging Signals Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Upload twice daily A Ground Control User • 3 Dimensional • Cheap XTAL Clock

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 6 Foundation Innovations of GPS Enabled 3D 1. Concept Position plus – 4D, Precision, worldwide,time 24 /7 System 2. Passive RangingDr. Ivan Getting Technique President Aerospace – CDMA –all satellitesCorporation on sameEnabled frequency Accuracy to a Pencil Lead – enabled time-locked reception and accuracy 3. Space – hardened Atomic Clocks – 1 Second in 300,000 years – Enabled Precision OrbitEnabled Determination extended (4D) Jim Spilker – Assured AutonomousStanford Autonomous Satellite Satellite Operation Telecom Operation Selecting the Signal Type was not enough… The Additional Frontiers: Four Major Engineering Challenges (For GPS Success)

1. Details of GPS CDMA signal structure ( coherence, acquisition, spreading, com. structure, error correction, message structure, etc.) Dick Schwartz Jim Spilker Led Phase I Satellite Stanford Development - Rockwell Telecom 2. Orbit prediction - a few meters (URE) after 150,000 kilometers of travel 3. Spacecraft lifetimes approaching ten Ed Lassiter Walt Melton Led Development of Ground Led Aerospace Control and User Equipment years (GPS affordability) General Dynamics Support 4. User equipment that could eventually be miniaturized and produced at low cost.

Sherm Brock Strom Francisco Chief Engineer for Program Control Software Office IBM 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 8 Essential Political and Mentoring Support

The GPS “Godfather” Mal Currie Undersecretary of Research and Engineering for the Office of Defense 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 9 Sequel: GPS Launch History – 60 Successes

Block IIA Block IIRM Block IIIA Lockheed Lockheed Rockwell Martin 19 Launches Martin (1ST Launch (8 Launches) 2014) Block II Rockwell Block IIR Block IIF 9 Launches Lockheed Boeing/Rockwell Martin (2 Launches + (12 Launches) 10 Planned) Block I Rockwell 10 Launches

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ D

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 10 Two Defining Events (United States Assured Worldwide Availability and Accuracy)

• President Reagan Commits GPS to the World

– A KAL 007 civilian airliner shot down by Soviet Interceptors on 1 September 1983, over the Sea of Japan (Navigation Error?) – US President Ronald Reagan announced on 16 September 1983 that GPS would be freely available for civilian use to avert such a future incident – While the civil signal had been known and available since 1978, this was the first guarantee of world wide availability • President Bill Clinton ordered Deliberate Errors (SA) turned off at midnight May 1, 2000 (UTC).

– Civilian GPS users around the world would no longer experience the up to 100 meter random errors that SA added

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 11 “GPS for Humanity” Applications (At least 10 major application categories)

• Aviation (Area Navigation, Approach, Landing up to Cat III, NextGen)

• Emergency Services (911, Ambulance, Fire, Police, Rescue Helicopters)

• Timing (Cell Phone Towers, Banking, Power Grid) • Agriculture (AutoFarming, Crop spraying, Precision Cultivating, Yield Assessment) • Rescue (Emergency Beacons, Airplane and Ship Locaters, OnStar)

• Recreational /Automotive (GeoCaching, Turn by Turn Auto Guidance)

• Tracking (Fleets, Children, Animals, Alzheimer's victims, Cargo, Parolees, Criminals)

• Scientific (Earth Movement, Atmospheric, Ionospheric, Earth‟s shape)

• Military ( Rescue, Precision Weapon Delivery, Unit and individual location)

• Robotics/Machine Control (Many)

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 12 GPS Accuracies Today

“Raw” GPS Typical Differential GPS (Uses GPS “Reference” RecieverSurvey(s)) 95th Percentile All are 95th Percentile Class General Aviation Median Wide National Real-Time User Worst Case of All Differential Kinematic Geodetic Area (Plate Techtonics) Location (Ships and (AutoFarming and Locations (FAA) Farming) Bulldozers)

2.7 10.1 2.5 0.1-1.0 Horizontal 10 cm 2 cm Meters Meters Meters mm

5.0 10.3 4.5 Machine 0.2-2.0 Vertical 20 cm 4 cm Meters Meters Meters Control mm

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 13 Why would Professor Last want to track sheep with GPS?

?????????????????????????????

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 14

737 Clark CohenClark

Landings Landings with

110 Off Off to Touchdown! –

a Commercial Boeing a Commercial Demo: (With Dave Lawrence, Stu Cobb, Pervan) Boris Lawrence, (With Dave Parkinson : Aircraft Navigation : Aircraft : Hands GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. W. © BradfordGPSHumanity for 1974 1992

One Meter

2015

/ The Expected in Expected The The Surprise 2 /

4 • • “GPS for Humanity” Applications

Aviation  Area Navigation  Non-Precision & Precision Approach  Pathway in the Sky  Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS-B) (tracking)  Landing up to Cat III  Runway Incursion Warning &Tracking  NextGen

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 16 Aviation Example: Pathway in the Sky (Enabled by Precision 3-D GPS -Pioneered by Dr. Andy Barrows)

• Pathway calculated as series of Pentagons • Own Plane predicted position shown in center • Intuitive projection of 3-D • Especially suited for curving and dog-leg approaches • Real data show errors reduced to 1/3 of best conventional technique

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 17 GPS/FANS based Tailored Arrivals – UAL HNL-SFO NextGen True 4-D procedure “tailored” for flight • FAA Air Traffic Control using continuous descent for the Future Average Fuel Saved (Boeing 747) = 1600 lbs! Payoffs: • Better Safety (There are ~28,500 • Less Delays Commercial flights in the • More Airways Capacity US per Day!!!) • Smaller Fuel and Carbon Footprint

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 18 “GPS for Humanity” Applications

Emergency Services (Land)  911  Ambulance  Fire  Police Over 150,000 users in US –  Rescue Helicopters GPS used to:  Response Tracking • Pinpoint situation location (e.g. 911) • Vector police/ambulance responder • Allow dispatcher to precisely track progress 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 19 Coordinated International Time (UTC)USNO Clock Vault, Washington, DC – 44 Atomic Clocks

Timing and Frequency  Cell Phone Towers  Banking  Power Grid  Coordinated GPS Time Transfer Capability far better than Spec– International Time • Specified Time transfer Capability – 100 Nanoseconds • "A man with a watch knows what time it is. A man with two watches is never sure." -- Segal's Law • Current capability 10 Nanoseconds

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 20 The Expected in 1974: Land Navigation The Surprise 1996: Automatic Steering to an inch 3 Axis attitude to 1.0 degrees

Note four antennas to provide GPS Attitude 1.0o

Tracking Test @ 5 m/s – worst error ~ 3 inches!

Now a >$800M/ year Market

Stanford Robot Tractor –Mike O’Connor, Tom Bell, Andy Rekow

GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 21 Parkinson “GPS for Humanity” Applications

• Agriculture,Agriculture and AutoAuto-Farming-Farming  PrecisionPrecision Cultivating Cultivating  PrecisionPrecision PlantingPlanting

 CropCrop Spraying Spraying (Herbicide, (Herbicide, Fertilizer, Fertilizer, Pesticide)  Aircraft Pesticide) . TractorAircraft/Helicopter  Yield. Tractor Assessment  Yield Assessment  4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 22 Compelling Need to Reduce Fertilizer Use

Oxygen depletion

Fertilizer is expensive Fertilizer runoff is • >$18B/year U.S. damaging the • 30-50% of operating costs for environment corn & wheat • Oxygen depletion • Nitrogen use is outpacing triggered by excessive 4/2/increases2015 in populationGPS for Humanity / land © Bradford W. ParkinsonN/P levels 23

Hands-free Steering = 8-10% Reduction Potential savings per year: Without With GPS GPS $18B x (8% to 10%) =

$1.4B to $1.8B

Typical overlap 8-10% (US only) • Automated steering provides clear benefits to growers – Runs day, night or in fog – Less overlap = lower fuel/labor costs – More rows = greater yields • Results are visible, and economic value is compelling

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 24 Further Improvements are Possible

Different areas of field require different amounts of fertilizer • Currently Growers over-apply fertilizers to ensure high yields (Driven by worst-case need!) • Industry developing GPS-tagged soil nutrient measurement techniques. • Will lead to more substantial savings

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 25 “GPS for Humanity” Applications

Search and Rescue  Emergency Beacons  Airplane and Ship Locaters  OnStar  Tracking Rescue efforts

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 26 Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs)

• Activate EPIRB by flipping a switch • Beacon then transmits on 406 MHz frequency • Distress signal detected by COSPAS-SARSAT Satellite Distress Alerting System • Search and rescue authorities are notified • Receive exact GPS coordinates.

Over 955 People Rescued September 2009 • The ferry was carrying 847 passengers and 117 crew. • Ferry distress signal allowed rapid rescue efforts

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 27 “GPS for Humanity” Applications

Recreational and Automotive  Turn by Turn Auto Guidance  Waypoint Hiking  GeoCaching

• Finding “Treasure” at GPS locations • Good family recreation • Worldwide • Over 5 Million Participants • Over 1 Million Geocaches

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 29 “GPS for Humanity” Applications

Tracking  Vehicle Fleets (Concrete Truck example)  Children  Animals  Alzheimer's victims  Cargo Recent Supreme Court Ruling:  Parolees GPS “Bugs” require a Warrant (9 to 0!)  Criminals

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 30 Monitoring Concrete Trucks ( about 75,000 in the US!)

Productivity Increased by:  Immediate notification of availability for dispatch  Sensor records of critical events  Accurate measurement of time on job  Driver compliance and safety GPS is the key

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 31 Where is your Child?

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 32 The Expected in 1974: Survey to 1 Meter The Surprise: Survey to 1 millimeter! Juan de Fuca Instabilities GPS is Vastly Increasing our Understanding of One Inch Crustal Motion and per Year Earthquakes

Slow “earthquakes” are observed

OneInch In Canada, these events occur about every 16-18 months. Early Heroes: Phil Ward (TI), JPL, Charlie Trimble (TNL) GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 33 Parkinson “GPS for Humanity” Applications Survey – The first viable GPS market

Survey and Geographic Information Systems  Tectonic Plate Motion  Dam Deformation  Stakeout  Paperless to the Field (with MachineControl)  Geodetic Reference

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 34 “GPS for Humanity” Applications Scientific - a few of Many  Crustal Movement (See survey applications)  Earth’s mass shape and center  Vertical Atmosphere Profiling  Ionospheric electron density  Earth’s “wobble” (Chandler Motion)  Migratory Tracking (Coupled with tracking)  Disease Tracking

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 35 Endangered Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Tracking Paths with GPS)

“Scientists and conservationists disappointed by rejection of proposals to ban trade in eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), World Record: 1496 Pounds! --- Despite evidence stocks have fallen below 15% of historic levels.” (March 2010 – Nature)

Atlantic Population is comingled – Must be managed as a whole… 2010

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 36 GPS for Humanity: H.P. Tests Mobile GPS Technology in Fight Against Malaria

• The data collected through a smartphone app  Stores pictures, video, audio and GPS information • Goal to help officials and doctors deter a huge malaria outbreak

A nurse in Botswana using the new app on a Palm A special app houses Pre 2 smartphone to detect and track malaria outbreaks database of photos, video, (HP picture and Product) audio, and GPS coordinates GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 37 Parkinson Military: A Fundamental Change in Warfare

Military  Precision Weapon Delivery  Unit and Individual Location  Precision Air Carrier Landings

 Rescue

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 38

Military Rescue using GPS (8 June 1995) Capt. Scott O’Grady F-16 Pilot, shot down in Bosnia, Shown in Aviano, Italy after being rescued following six days of escape and evading in the Bosnian countryside.

He attributes the rescue’s success to: • His faith in God, • The courage of his Marine and Navy rescuers, • and his GPS unit which he referred to as his “Guiding Light.”

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 39 “GPS for Humanity” Applications

• Robotics and Direct from Digital Design Machine Control to Graphic Cabin Display: (Also see Ag.) Green Means Dig Red means Fill  Bull Dozers

 Mining Excavators  Mining Trucks Savings:  Grade Control • No Surveyor needed  Snowplows • Fewer Mistakes • Quicker Completion GPS Measures 3 Dimensional Blade Position to Automatic Blade Control Centimeter AccuracyGCS 900 system controls machine hydraulics. Using 3D GPS position, cross-slope and design information, the blade is automatically moved to the exact elevation and cross slope. 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 40 GPS Guided Trucks - Wheels 3 meters high

• Productivity Savings

• But…

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 41 GPS can guide, but don‟t select the wrong path…

When it's ok to say the "F" word

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 42 Another Very Important GPS Application

PhD Thesis Subjects

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 43 Pioneering Robotic Applications of GPS At Stanford

Autonomous Model Helicopter GPS Position, Velocity and Attitude The Robotic GPS Sailboat Bob Cannon and students Professor Gabe Elkaim UCSC

Stanford Robotic Car Competing in the DARPA Challenge The Robotic GPS SnoCat Guttorm Upshaug and Per Enge 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 44 Why has GPS become a System for Humanity? (It is effectively a worldwide utility)

• Signals are free and guaranteed by USG

– Accuracies down to Millimeters (with differential operation) – Availability close to 100% Worldwide • GPS Receiver Cost is no longer the driver: Chips for ~$3 – Cost and Advantage in GUIs and Software • And… Applications Generally : – Provide or enhance Safety – Substantially improve Productivity – Are convenient or Fun 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 45 Why would anyone want to track sheep with GPS?

Tracking?????????????????????????????????? the Chernobyl Radioactivity Paths (Professor David Last of University of Wales)

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 46 What‟s Next?

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 47 PNT to Explode with Opportunities

Galileo (European)

GLONASS – (Russia)

• Next generation 4 new • Next generation 4 new Civil signals at two new GP(t)S Civil signals at two new frequencies (USA) frequencies

• Only Current Operational • 10 New Civil Signals - IncludedCivil isSignal a new International Signal called L1C • Next generation 4 new signals at two new • It will provide Interchangeabilityfrequencies for All Navigation Satellite Signals •And there will be over 60 satellites on orbit!

ResultCompass: Even Better Accuracy, Availability andQZSS Integrity (Beidou China) (Japan)

US Traffic Fatalities in the Last 10 Years: 387,000 - 213 People Died on our Roads for Every Soldier who died in Afghanistan in the same period

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 49 Implementing “Brilliant Autos”: Auto-guided Automobiles and Freeway Automatic Traffic Control

• Use all international satellite Position Signals – Vector Kinematic Receivers (10 cm or better) • MEMS/IMU • 360o Radars • Cooperative Tracking of other vehicles

“ODIN” from Virginia Tech

“Junior” from Stanford

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 51 Google Driverless Car Led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co- inventor of Google Street View, whose team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense

Look Ma! No Hands (Don’t Try this at Home!)

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 53 “Brilliant Autos” – GNSS can play a part - Needs Phased Introduction

• Phase I: Alerts and Warnings (especially for low-vis) – Lane Drifting – Adjacent Vehicle Hazards – Traction – Curves – Vehicles – Road Hazards • Phase II: Auto Steering/Throttle/Braking with manual over-ride

Lockheed Martin Orlando © September 2011 54 Bradford W. Parkinson Driverless/Automatic Cars Current auto-features already show trend to semi- or fully- driverless cars

Including :

• Electronic stability control - capable of detecting a slide or potential roll, and apply specific brakes to regain control. • Laser- or radar-based collision warning systems -automatically apply the brakes to help prevent rear-end crashes. • Camera-based, lane-keeping systems watch the road lines and take over steering to gently regain the proper lane.

Spectrum Interference –

(Illegal jamming or Licensed Intrusion )

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 56 y_newsprweb/201/article/y_narticle1orion66dfeRGnszm60en-USus Is the Illegal Interference Problem Significant?

Portable GPS supplier says people who value their privacy need GPS Jammers.

Handheld GPS Jammer Unit Price: $33.00 GJ02 GPS L1 - 1575.42MHz Output power: 0.5 Watt

Situation before proposed LightSquared FCC ruling

Alien Signal 40 W at 22,400 miles 1525 Potential 1559 1575 1610 Leakage into existing GPS receivers Alien signal one Situation with proposed Billion Times Greater Broadband FCC ruling at ½ mile (Actual effect is probably much worse) Trespass

1525 1559 1575 1610 Page4/2/2015 58 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson “What was the driving Philosophy behind the GPS Program office in those early, perilous times?”

Lines chiseled in granite – (Sun Dial in front of the Los Angeles Train Station)

• Vision to See • Faith to believe • Courage to Do - Christine Mabry during the Great Depression

Actually -The Foundation of Many Engineering Achievements

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 59 On behalf of all of us who had that “Faith to Believe”, 39 years ago,

Thank You

GPS Success is a tribute to the whole team of developers, innovators, manufacturers, supporters- and also… to you, the users.

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 61 Dr. Ivan Getting Originally Classified Secret and First “GPS” System Had the Visioncould In 1960 not for be discussedStudy in Public- USAF 621B an improved Satellite – Not declassified untilPreliminary 1964 – Final Released in Navigation System 19791966 6 years after GPS Definition

Jim Woodford Aerospace Corp

Hiryoshi Nakamura Dr. IvanAerospace Getting Corp President Aerospace Corporation

4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 62 Defining GPS -The Lonely Halls Meeting – GPS “Architected” - “Labor Day” Weekend (Saturday, 1 Sept. 1973 – Monday, 3 Sept. 1973)

MS Aero/Astro Gaylord Frank Green Brad Stanford USAF Parkinson Butterfield Bill Huston USAF Aerospace Corp. USN

Steve Mel Gilbert Birnbaum USAF USAF GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. 4/2/2015 63 Parkinson USAF/621B Woodford Study – 14 Alternative Passive Ranging Techniques (1964-1966) The most challenging alternative:

Gave 3D (4D) positioning and the user only needed a crystal clock: - 4 satellites in view - Passive Ranging - User Performed calculation

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 │ │ │ │ GPS│ for Humanity│ © Bradford│ W. │ │ │ │ 4/2/2015 64 Parkinson Essential Political and Mentoring Support

The GPS “Godfather” Mal Currie Undersecretary of Research and Engineering for the Office of Defense 4/2/2015 GPS for Humanity © Bradford W. Parkinson 65 621B Analyses and Tests of Prototype Receivers and CDMA Signal Structure 1966 -1973 • Gold Codes Invented in 1967 • Two versions of Receiver Built • Tested with CDMA passive ranging • Transmitters in an “Inverted” Satellite configuration –the Inverted Range • Verified the effectiveness of the signal structure and the ability to navigate (~5 Meters) • Results available for the “Lonely Halls” Meeting in September 1973.

4/2/2015 GPS World Dinner 66 GPS-Aided Auto- Guided Automobiles –”Brilliant Autos” • 30 Satellite/ 100 signal vector-kinematic GPS receiver – Accuracy 10cm or better – Integrity better than 10-7 per hour – Availability – virtually continuous with unobstructed sky – Digital beam-steering antennas • Supplemented with: – Low Phase noise Miniature atomic clocks

– Miniature inertial platforms (continuity under bridges etc.) – Radars ahead, sides, and rear – Wheel counters

– ADS-B for vehicles (cooperative tracking of nearby vehicles) Lockheed Martin Orlando © September 2011 67 Bradford W. Parkinson Taken for Granted: Carrying the Torch for GPS • Current • Current Operators Developers LGen Susan Helms • LGen Ellen General14th AF Cmdr William M. Shelton Pawlikowski MS Aero/Astro SMC CommanderStanford 1984 !! Air Force Commander Space Command • LCol Jennifer Grant • Col Bernie “Chief 2 ndSteward SOPS Cmdr of GPS Gruber for the World” GPS Program Director

1: The Revolutionary System Concept Selected from 14 Alternatives Highlighted in USAF-Sponsored Studies of Alternatives Had the Vision In 1960 for First “GPS” System an improved Satellite Study- USAF 621B

Navigation System Preliminary 1964 – Final Released in 1966

Hiryoshi Nakamura Jim Woodford Aerospace Corp Aerospace Corp

Originally Classified Secret and Dr. Ivan Getting could not be discussed in Public – Not declassified until 1979 President Aerospace 6 years after GPS Definition Corporation 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 4/2/2015│ │ │ │GPS for Humanity│ © Bradford│ W. Parkinson│ │ │ │ │69 Alternative Studies 2: Key New Technology - The Unique GPS Signal (CDMA) – now the Worldwide Standard

Tests run by Air Force/Aerospace prior The “new” to “Lonely Halls” meeting GPS signal (1972)

• Advocated in 1964-66 by USAF/621B • Actively pursued by NRL/Timation: – Launch of NTS-II in October of 1977 – Atomic clocks lasted ~ 1 Year • First Space qualified (Radiation Resistant) Rb clocks – Developed by JPO/Rockwell (Only clocks on first 3 GPS satellites) • Heroes – Ernst Jechert and Gerhard Huebner (Efratom) – Hugo Fruehof, Dale Ringer (Rockwell/Autonetics) – Bob Kern (Kernco), Roger Easton, Ron Beard (NRL)

4/2/2015 GPS World Dinner 71