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Noah Wardrip Fruin NOAH WARDRIPFRUIN EXPRESSIVE PROCESSING Digital Fictions, Computer Games, and Software Studies ! The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England + !"#$%" %! $"% % $ $& % ! $ ' $ ! $ " $ "% $ ($! ) %!(* $ ! $" + % $ , -$ $ ("#". $ / "% 0 $ 1 " 23!$ " %!0 0 1 " 4 56 7 787 7`:$ 7$77! 7 ; $ "" ! 6 *3<=>?)@A@=& 8 # ' ) * $ $S3 0$ $S3 @ 4 $ A 4 $ $ * ( C=? =? )D @= ? =S )AA )>=?DA@) *6 Acid-Free Bits (Montfort and Wardrip-Fruin), 165n3 # ACM Forum, 96 ACM SIGGRAPH Sandbox Symposium, 104–105 - Active Surface Design, 385 Aarseth, Espen Adams, Scott, 308 computer game fictions and, 77n1 Adobe Flash software, 43 playable language and, 366, 384 Adventure (Crowther and Woods), 45, 343 Tale-Spin effect and, 152–155, 158, 166n13 Aesop’s fables, 120, 123n5, 166n5, 182, 236, 207n10 traversal functions and, 159–161, 417 Agency, 303 Abandoned Village, 70 action resources and, 344 Abelson, Robert concept of, 344 AI theories of, 83, 86–87, 169, 174, 186, 291–292 Façade and, 330, 342–345 delta acts and, 127 goal determination and, 344 Gilson and, 95–96 Agent metaphors for services, 357 “motivated to dismiss” sequence and, 91, 99–100 Agnostics (Sack), 400–402 natural language processing and, 117 Agre, Philip, 82, 101–102, 182–183, 220, 227n7, 344 possible worlds theory and, 142 AIML, 420 Schank and, 97–98 AI winter, 196 scruffy AI and, 97–99 Akalabeth (Garriott), 45 Tale Spin effect and, 117, 147, 151 Akst, Daniel, 246 Abelson’s ideology machine Aldus PageMaker, 355 authoring process and, 102n9, 103, 112n9 Algorithms, 17 calling sequence and, 90–91 Alloy blending, 406 concepts and, 87–88, 92, 96 Amazon’s recommendation system and, 198–200 credibility and, 87–90 decomposition rules and, 29–30 data and, 87–90 Eliza effect and, 28–32 demonstrational system of, 87 PageRank and, 197–198 denial and, 90–92 parallel, 350n7 Eliza effect and, 92–97, 100–101, 102n9, 112n9 simulation systems and, 308–311 expressive AI and, 109 Allio, Kirstin, 356 as failed media, 94 Alloy blending algorithm, 406 goal of, 95 Altair, 211 horizontal/vertical structuring and, 88 Amazon, 108 model evaluation and, 92–97 false positives and, 201 politics and, 83, 86–103, 107, 109, 112n9, 263, recommendation system of, 198–200 305, 423 American Civil Liberties Union, 216n18, 229n18 predicates and, 87–88, 92, 96 Amy and Klara (Böhlen), 419–420 process intensity and, 103, 107 Anderson, Timothy, 231, 309 rationalization and, 90–92 Andrews, Jim, 381–382 sources and, 87 Animation, 7, 157, 378, 415 system operations and, 87–92, 99–100 authoring and, 172–173, 179, 226n2, 233 Weizenbaum and, 92–97 computer game fictions and, 43, 71n19, 74, 80n19 ABL language, 332, 334 models and, 104, 113n14 About.com, 357 SimCity effect and, 315, 321–322, 326, 328, 340, Achituv, Romy, 361 350n11, 351n14 455 56 1 Anthropomorphic intelligence learning from, 101 artificial intelligence (AI) and, 219–225 legible examples of, 215–217 symbolic processing and, 219–220 linguistic competence and, 276–278 web-based service metaphors and, 357 loss of funding for, 196 Apartheid, 291 McCarthy and, 97–98 Apple Computer, 231 mathematics and, 98, 247–249 Arneson, Dave, 44–45 memory organization points and, 236–237 ARPANET, 27 microworlds and, 120 Arsenault, Dominic, 52, 78n8 models and, 82–83, 118 Art. See also Design “motivated to dismiss” sequence and, 91, 99–100 creative distance and, 255–258 neat, 97–99, 102, 150, 219–220 Dada, 18–19 n-grams and, 203–205, 209, 212, 222, 383–398 design shift in, 104–105 NLP and, 276–281 (see also Natural language opaque processes and, 353–356 processing (NLP)) possible worlds theory and, 138–143 persuasive speech and, 217–218 process intensity and, 104–105 possibilities of, 2 spatial logic and, 379–383 procedural rhetoric and, 217–218 Arteroids (Andrews), 381–382 psychological processes and, 118 Arthur, King of England. See Minstrel (Turner) Representational Promiscuity and, 223 Artificial intelligence (AI), xi, 2, 154, 164, 234 research projects in, 5–6 Abelson’s ideology machine and, 83, 86–103, 107, The Restaurant Game and, 205–210, 225 109, 112n9, 263, 305, 423 robotics and, 220–221, 419–420 Amazon recommendation system and, 198–199 Schank and, 147, 150–151, 165n2, 169, 174, 186, anthropomorphic intelligence and, 219–225 188, 291–292 Association for the Advancement of Artificial scruffy, 97–99, 102, 118, 150, 174, 182, 187, 195, Intelligence and, 328–329, 351n13 205–210, 219–220, 291–292 authoring processes and, 101–110 Shakey (SRI) and, 174–175 behaviorist definition and, 11n1, 84n1 simple, embodied mechanisms and, 220–221 blocks world and, 120 statistical, 170, 196–210, 383–398 Brutus and, 245–259 subjective ideas and, 108 canonical representation of knowledge and, 118 symbolic processing and, 219–220 Carroll and, 86–100 systems development and, 82 classical, 220 Tale-Spin effect and, 117, 119 conceptual dependency and, 33–34, 98–99, 117, task orientation and, 118 123–124 Terminal Time and, 259–276, 281–285 context and, 5 theorem-proving and, 248 Eliza effect and, 24–40 Turing test and, 84–86 expressive, 83, 107–110, 271 Universe and, 235–245 Façade and, 328–347 watch list generation and, 214–216, 229n18 Goldwater machine and, 99–100, 423 as way of knowing, 82–83 Good Old-Fashioned AI (GOFAI) and, 220, 223 winter of, 196 hyper-media and, 108–109 Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital independent parallel setting description (INDPSD) Entertainment conference, 287, 351n13 and, 286–291 Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity interactive characters and, 332–335 (Bringsford and Ferrucci), 245, 290 456 *6 Artificial Intelligence Center (SRI), 174–175 role-playing games (RPGs) and, 48–54 Art of Code, The (Black), 163n17, 168n17 Authoring, 18 ASCII, 20n5 Adobe Flash software and, 43 Ask Jeeves, 357 agency and, 330 Association for Computing Machinery, 28, 39n4, 96, audience experience and, 10–12 104–105, 200–201 Aurora toolset and, 48–54, 78n7 Association for the Advancement of Artificial automatic novel writer and, 116, 147 Intelligence, 328–329, 351n13 Basic programming language and, 231–232 Asteroids (game), 382 beat concept and, 330–332, 334, 342–345 Atari, 20n5, 231, 317, 344, 351n12 behavioral landscapes and, 106, 170–185 (see also Atkins, Barry, 74n21, 80nn18,21, 103n11, 112n1, 438 Behavior) Audience experience, 20n5 blogs and, 176n4, 178n5, 197, 207n16, 224, agency and, 342–345 226nn4,5, 229n16, 237n7, 296n7 Aurora toolset and, 48–54 breakdowns and, 15, 25, 36–38, 76, 148, 170, 173, authoring and, 10–12 178n5, 226n5, 339, 345, 419, 421 behavioral landscapes and, 106 Brutus and, 245–259 Brutus and, 245–259 case-based reasoning (CBR) and, 187–188 character behavior and, 170–185 (see also collaboration and, 1 Behavior) compilers and, 232–233 consoles and, 11n4, 20n4 content determination and, 279–280 dialogue trees and, 50–59 delta acts and, 127–135, 147–148 Eliza effect and, 24–40 digital media and, 7–12, 41–42 illusion and, 15, 24–40, 56–57, 122, 146, 236, discourse planning and, 279–281 418–420, 423–424 Eliza and, 24–25 Implementation and, 41–42 expressive processing and, 411–416 interaction and, 11–12 (see also Interaction) failed software genres and, 103–104 models and, 82 finite state machines (FSMs) and, 73–74, 82, 169, online peer review and, 427–441 170–185, 226n1 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and, 69–74 Game Developers Choice Awards and, 59 process intensity and, 103–107 game fiction dilemma and, 74–76 quest flags and, 46–51, 58–59 hybrid works and, 42–43 role-playing games (RPGs) and, 44–59 hyper-media and, 108–109 SimCity effect and, 300–302, 310–311 incoherence and, 314–315 Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and, 59–69 independent parallel setting description (INDPSD) Tale-Spin effect and, 123–137, 146–147 and, 286–291 Terminal Time and, 259–276, 281–285 individual fictions in shared worlds and, 70 Turing test and, 84–86 information organizing and, 7–8 unimplemented valley and, 414–415 interaction and, 11–12 (see also Interaction) Universe and, 235–245 interpreting processes and, 151–164, 233 virtual reality and, 373–379 joint dialogue behaviors (JDBs) and, 335–337 Augmentation Research Center, 174 legible data and, 356–365 Aurora toolset, 78n7 lexicalization and, 280–281 Conversation Editor and, 52–54 linguistic competence and, 276–281 dialogue trees and, 52–54 mathematical literary themes and, 247–249, quest flags and, 48–51 257–259 457 56 1 media machines and, 1–3 8 metanovel concept and, 115–122 Babble! (software toy), 384 Minstrel and, 186–196 Babel (Goldman), 156, 277 models and, 101–110, 221–225 Babyz (Stern, Frank, and Resner), 329, 333 natural language processing (NLP) and, 276–285 Badler, Norm, 321n14, 351n14 new processes for, 7–12 Balance of Power (Crawford), 105 opaque processes and, 353–356 Bandai, 333 operational logics and, xi–xii, 13–14 (see also Barnes, Jonty, 222–223 Operational logics) Barton, Matt, 6, 45 Pauline and, 291–292 Basic programming language, 23, 231–232 peer review and, 427–441 Basiques, Les: La Littérature numérique (Bootz), 6 planning advice themes (PATs) and, 189–190, 193, Bass, Len, 244 224 Bateman, Chris, 6, 55–56, 71 platform studies and, 244 Bates, Joe, 317, 319, 324 poetry generators and, 353–354 Battegazzore, Sofia, 304 possible worlds theory and, 138–143 BBS: The Documentary (Scott), 23n1 procedural rhetoric and, 217–218 Beall Center for Art and Technology, 378 process intensity and, 103–107 Bear, Arthur. See Tale-Spin effect process terms and, 17
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