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Ett Land, Två Folk Sören Wibeck Ett land, två folk israel–palestina- konfliktens historia historiska media Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 3 09-07-27 12.38.22 Historiska Media Box 1206 221 05 Lund www.historiskamedia.se [email protected] © Historiska Media och Sören Wibeck 2009 Omslag: Jacob Wiberg Faktagranskning: Rickard Lagervall Omslagsbild fram: Säkerhetskontroll i Gamla staden, Jerusalem 1997. (Foto: Carl De Keyzer/Magnum Photos/IBL Bildbyrå) Omslagsbild bak: Den israeliska säkerhetsmuren, Ramallah, Västbanken. (Foto: Sören Wibeck/IBL Bildbyrå) Kartor: Anders Enquist Sättning: Gyllene Snittet Tryck: ScandBook, Falun 2009 Tryckning: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ISBN: 978-91-85873-29-6 Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 4 09-07-27 12.38.22 Israels land var födelseplatsen för det judiska folket. Här formades dess andliga, religiösa och nationella identitet. Här uppnådde det den första statsbildningen, skapade kulturella värden av nationell och universell betydelse och gav världen den eviga böckernas bok. Inledningen till Israels självständighetsförklaring 1948 I Palestina, de tre monoteistiska religionernas land, föddes de pale stinska araberna, där växte, utvecklades och utmärkte de sig. Det palestinska folket har aldrig varit skilt från eller förminskat sina band med Palestina. Följaktligen har det palestinska arabiska folket försäkrat sig om en evig förening mellan sig självt, landet och dess historia. Inledningen till den palestinska självständighetsförklaringen 1988 Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 7 09-07-27 12.38.22 Innehåll . Om denna bok Världen är skapad av berättelser Är detta en opartisk skildring? . Triumf och katastrof Staten Israel bildas Massakern i Deir Yasin Självständighetsförklaringen Uppladdning i Kairo Självständighetskriget och al-Nakba Den amerikanske generalen Bernadotte misslyckas Flyktingar Ingen fred . Det utvalda folket och det förlovade landet Kanaan Eretz Yisrael Det utvalda folket Gamla Testamentet och historien Köpenhamnsskolan Palestina under romarna . Palestina under arabiskt styre Arabernas ursprung Araberna erövrar Jerusalem Muslimernas förhållande till judar och kristna Det kristna korstågsriket Korstågens mentala arv . Palestina under osmanskt styre Palestina på -talet Organisation och ägande Judisk invandring Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 9 09-07-27 12.38.22 . Sionismens ursprung Judehat i Europa Utfall mot judisk lärdom Judarna i Östeuropa Den första aliya Th eodor Herzl och sionismen Den första sionistkongressen Den andra aliya Arabisk reaktion på sionismen Pressens betydelse . Första världskriget Den arabiska revolten Lawrence av Arabien McMahon–Hussein-korrespondensen Sykes-Picot-fördraget Balfourdeklarationen Araberna och Balfourdeklarationen Jerusalem faller Krigets slut Palestina som mandat . Palestina under mellankrigstiden – Kungariket Syriens misslyckande Den tredje aliya Winston Churchill blir ansvarig Var konfl ikter oundvikliga? Israeliska arbetarpartiet Vladimir Jabotinsky och revisionistpartiet Ben-Gurion och arabiska ledare Konfl ikten om västra muren Vitboken Hitler blir kansler . Det arabiska upproret – Peelkommissionen Vitboken Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 10 09-07-27 12.38.23 . Andra världskriget Andra världskriget och Mellanöstern Biltmoreprogrammet Muftin och nazismen Vitboken ifrågasätts i London Judisk terrorism . Det brittiska mandatet upphör Arabförbundet bildas Mandatet upphör King David Hotel bombas FN beslutar om delning Inbördeskrig bryter ut . Efter staten Israels bildande Transjordanien De palestinska fl yktingarna En plan för utvisning? Judisk fl ykt från arabländer Israel utan konstitution Arabisk bojkott Ingen fred . Suezkrisen Kalla kriget påverkar Mellanöstern Suezkriget Kommunistskräck . Sexdagarskriget Kennedy säljer vapen till Israel PLO föds Kriget bryter ut Israel ockuperar arabiskt territorium . Efter sexdagarskriget Utnötningskriget FN:s resolution PLO ökar aktiviteterna Sadat blir president i Egypten Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 11 09-07-27 12.38.23 . Oktoberkriget Israel och omvärlden tas på sängen Yom kippur Sharon mot Kairo PLO – palestiniernas enda representant . Nationalismens väsen Judisk nationalism Palestinsk nationalism Är en gemensam berättelse möjlig? . Fred mellan Israel och Egypten Jimmy Carter söker fred Menachem Begin blir premiärminister Sadat besöker Jerusalem Genombrott i Camp David Camp David-avtalen Israel drar sig ur Sinai Ronald Reagans politiska spel Sadat mördas Israel går in i Libanon Reaganplanen . Massakrer och uppror Massakrer i Sabra och Shatila Första intifadan Islamiska jihad och Hamas bildas Våldsamt uppror PLO erkänner Israel Kuwaitkriget Kuwaitkrigets eff ekter . Madrid och Oslo Madridkonferensens eff ekter Fler etiopiska judar Osloavtalet . Utvecklingen av fredssamtalen Kritik mot Osloavtalet – terrorn ökar Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 12 09-07-27 12.38.23 Fred mellan Israel och Jordanien Oslo II-avtalet . En jude mördar en jude Rabin mördas Palestinskt val och samtal i Stockholm Israel går åt höger – Netanyahu blir premiärminister Tunnel leder till strider En förhandlares refl ektioner Toppmötet i Wye Regeringen Netanyahu kollapsar För och emot en palestinsk stat . Terrorismens förövare och off er Muren Vem är terrorist? Terrorn i Palestina Massakern vid OS i München Räddningen i Entebbe Achille Lauro Med livet som vapen al-Qaida Palestinsk befrielseteologi . Camp David – ”Ett misstag av historiska dimensioner” Clinton samlar Arafat och Barak Sharon besöker Tempelberget och al-Aqsaintifadan Clinton hoppas på triumf Sharon blir premiärminster ”Arafat är irrelevant” Operation Försvarssköld Bushs färdplan för fred . Livet på ockuperat område Kontrollstationer och hinder Säkerhetsvägar Bosättningar Befolkningsbomben Bosättningar på Gaza utryms Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 13 09-07-27 12.38.23 Israeliska araber Arafat dör Israel och Hizbullah i krig Israel invaderar Gaza Israel går in i Gaza igen Är Gaza fortfarande ockuperat? . Färdvägar för fred Annapolis Huvuddilemman Israel och Syrien förhandlar Alternativ till en tvåstatslösning Konfederation En regional lösning Kronologi 372 Litteratur 376 Register 379 Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 14 09-07-27 12.38.23 kapitel 2 Triumf och katastrof Staten Israel bildas 1948 Fredagen den 14 maj 1948 utropades staten Israel. Ceremonin hölls hemlig in i det sista. Inbjudningarna sändes ut med budbärare samma morgon. Arran- görerna fruktade att britterna skulle förbjuda samlingen. Inbördeskrig pågick i Palestina och hotet om en invasion från de arabiska grannländerna var över- hängande. Tel Avivs museum på Rothschild Boulevard, en lummig gata i centrum, betraktades som en någorlunda säker plats. Museets stora sal rymde ett par hundra personer. Stolar för 300 gäster lånades i all hast ihop från caféerna i grannskapet. Några passande målningar hängdes upp – Marc Chagalls En jude håller en Torarulle, Maurycy Mikowskis Pogromer och Shmuel Hirshenbergs Exil. Bakom podiet hängdes ett porträtt av sionismens grundare, den österrikis- ke journalisten Th eodor Herzl. Porträttet ankeradesfl av blå-vita standar prydda med davidsstjärnor. Fotografernas bågljus och blixtlampor skapade intensitet och hetta i lokalen. Männen svettades i sina mörka kostymer. Palestinas fi lhar- moniska orkester trängdes ihop på andra våningen för att spela nationalhym- nen ”Hatikva” (Hoppet). Utanför museet drog några män sladdar och satte upp högtalare. Människor samlades. Ryktet hade spridit sig att något var på gång. Landet var i kaos. Inbördeskriget hade brutit ut ett halvår tidigare, efter FN:s beslut om att dela Palestina i två stater. Palestinier fl ydde, massakrer skedde och engelsmännen var på väg att lämna landet. Men de judiska natio- nalisterna, sionisterna, vädrade morgonluft: ”Vi utförde våra plikter […] som i en dröm […] Messias dagar hade kommit, det var slutet på slaveriet under främmande härskare”, skrev den ansvarige för ceremonin, Ze’eve Sharef, i sin bok Th ree Days. Ett_land_tva_folk_8.indd 21 09-07-27 12.38.24 · Ett land, två folk En limousine körde fram. Ut steg en kortväxt man, 1,57 lång. Det var sionist- ledaren David Ben-Gurion. Med energiska steg gick han in mellan hedersvakter- na, som bestod av en utkommenderad skara från Haganah, den judiska försvars- organisationen, dagen till ära uppsträckta i vita bälten som blänkte i solen. Ben-Gurion var från ryska Polen. Han hade kommit till Palestina 1906. Sista biten av färden bar en arabisk hamnarbetare honom från skeppet till stran- den på sin rygg. Nu var han 62 år, hade fl int och vitt yvigt hår vid tinningar- na. Han hade vigt sitt liv åt att skapa en egen maktposition och en självständig judisk nation. Fram till första världskriget hade Palestina varit ett distrikt i Osmanska riket, en del av provinsen Syrien, bebott av araber och ett fåtal judar. Araberna betrak- tade sig som just araber, delaktiga i den större arabiska gemenskapen. De iden- tifi erade sig inte som palestinier. Det var den framväxande judiska nationalis- men, sionismen, som förändrade deras syn på sig själva – och den palestinska identiteten blev viktig. Under 1900-talet anslöt sig allt fl er judar till idén om en judisk stat – fl era årtionden före förintelsen. Men långt ifrån alla världens judar trodde att det var möjligt att återupprätta en nation som hade krossats 1 800 år tidigare. Den judiska invandringen ökade dock, och det internationella samfundet, det vill säga Nationernas förbund, stödde tanken på ”ett judiskt nationalhem”. Pales- tina blev 1922,
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