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Larinus Affinis Fremuth @ Boiss Echinops Aucheri >

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Larinus Affinis Fremuth @ Boiss Echinops Aucheri > 65 ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ( ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي) ، ﺟﻠﺪ 36 ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺑﻬﺎر 92 زﻳ ﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ Larinus affinis Fremuth روي ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز Echinops aucheri Boiss در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ1* و ﺳﻌﻴﺪه ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎري ﻧﮋاد 2 1* - ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺆول: داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﻴﻠﻲ، اردﺑﻴﻞ، اﻳﺮان ( [email protected]) -2 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﻴﻠﻲ، اردﺑﻴﻞ، اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 11/2/ 91 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 91/8/24 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ .Larinus spp از داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻴﺮه Asteraceae ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺬر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺮﺧﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ Larinus affinis Fremuth روي ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز Echinops aucheri Boiss در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1389 و 1390 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺸﺮا ت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در زﻳﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺬر اﻧﻲ ﻛﺮد . ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺎده ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را درون ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻗﺮار داد و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻳﻚ ﺗﺨﻢ در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻻروﻫﺎ از داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ درون ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ /6 95 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺬور ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه در ﻃ ﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ 3/8 ± /9 45 ﺗﺎ 0/7 ± /6 48 روز زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻧﺪ . ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﺣﺸﺮ ات ﻣﺎده 4/9 ± /3 40 ﺗﺎ /8 10± /6 60 ﺗﺨﻢ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺑﻮد . ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ 3/0±6 ﺗﺎ 3/0± 8/3 روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎي ﻻروي و ﺷﻔﻴﺮ ﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 0/4 ± /4 51 ﺗﺎ 0/5 ± /6 53 روز و 0/3 ± 6/7 ﺗﺎ 0/2 ± 7/6 روز زﻣﺎن ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﻞ روي ﻃﺒﻖ E. aucheri اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﺮد . ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ L. affinis ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻖ E. aucheri ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨ ﺪ در ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ ز در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژهﻫﺎ: ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ، ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ، Echinops aucheri ، Larinus affinis ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ ( ﮔــﻮﻟﺘﻜﻴﻦ1 ، 2006 .) ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎن ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﺪاد 120 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ Echinops Echinops ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺮﺗﻴﻐﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧـﻮدرو در از ﺗﻴﺮه Asteraceae در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن وﺟـﻮد دارد ، ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻧﻘﺎط اﻳﺮان از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ، ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ و از اﻳــﻦ ﺗﻌــﺪاد 54 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ آ ن در اﻳــﺮان ﭘــﺮاﻛﻨ ﺶ دارﻧــﺪ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻛﻨـﺎر ﺟـﺎده ﻫـﺎ، ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ، ﭼﺮاﮔـﺎه ﻫـﺎ و اراﺿـﻲ ( ﻣﻴﺮﺣﻴﺪر، 1373 ). ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﺟـﻨﺲ Echinops ﻋﻠﻔـﻲ و ﻛﺸــﺎورزي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﺑــﻪ وﻳــﮋه ﻣــﺰارع ﻏــﻼت ﻣــﻲ روﻳﻨــﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻮده و در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻣﺰارع و ﻛﻮﻫﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣـﻲ روﻳﻨـﺪ ( ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن، 1373؛ دوي2 ، 1991؛ ﮔﻮﻟﺘﻜﻴﻦ، 2006 ). ﻋﻠﻒ- ( ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن، 1373 ) . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن داراي ﺑﺮگ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﺸـﻴﺪه و ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ Echinops در ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ دار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﮔﻞ ﻫـﺎ در اﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪ رﻧـﮓ ﺗﻨــﻮع ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ اي ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد در ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﮔﻴــﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻳﺎ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮده و داراي ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻛـﺮوي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺬر ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و 1 - Gultekin 2 - Dewey 66 ﻓﺘﺤﻲ و ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎري ﻧﮋاد : زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺮﺧﻮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ... ... ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﺬر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ( درون ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎردار ) ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران، 2008 ). ﺳــﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﻫــﺎي ﺟــﻨﺲ Larinus ﮔﻴﺎه زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ ( ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن، 1373 ). ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از 189 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 140 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ Echinops ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ را در آن در ﻣﻨــﺎ ﻃﻖ ﭘﺎﻻآرﻛﺘﻴــﻚ5 ﭘــﺮاﻛﻨﺶ دارﻧــﺪ . در ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ زﻳﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺬر و ﻧﻴﺰ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ در ﺣﺪود 100 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از اﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﺷـﺪه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ دارﻧـﺪ اﺳــﺖ ( ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺳــﻴﻦ6 ، 1967 ). ﺳــﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ Larinus ( راو1 ، 2000 ) ﺑﻨ. ﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ، در ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﺣﻔﻆ و ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ affinis Fremuth اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻣـﻮس 7 در ﺳـﺎل از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ اﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻒ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﺮز ﻃـﻲ 1987 ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺗـﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺳـﺮﺟﺎز ﺟﻴﺮﻓـﺖ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﺮز در ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪ . وﻟﻲ، ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ از ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ و ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺎط اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ، از ﮔﻴـﺎه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺧﻮرد ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ در اﻳﺮان و ( دوي، 1991 ؛ ﻛــــﻮﻣﺒﺰ و ﻫﻤﻜــــﺎران2 ، 2004 ). اﮔﺮﭼــــﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ در دﺳـﺘﺮس ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ( ﻟﮕـﺎﻟﻮ و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران8 ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻋﻠﻒ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻣﻮﺛﺮي در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ 2010 ). در ﻃﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻـﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ اﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫـﺮز دارﻧـﺪ، وﻟـﻲ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﺳـﻄﻮح ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ L. affinis از از وﺳﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد . ﻟـﺬا ، ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن Echinops aucheri Boiss ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣـﻲ - ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز در ﺳﻄﺢ وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﻟﺬا در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻫـﺪاف ( اﻟـﻒ ) ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴـﻮﻛﻨﺘﺮل در ﻫـﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪه و از آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ زﻳﺴــﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺳــﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ L. affinis روي ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد ( ﺳـﻴﻨﺪل 3 ، 1991 ؛ ﺳـﻮﺑﺤﻴﻦ و ﻓﻮرﻧﺎﺻـﺮي4 ، ﮔﻴـﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑــﺎن E. aucheri (و ب ) ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻧــﺮخ ﺗﻐﺬﻳــﻪ 1994 ) . ﺣﺸــﺮات ﺗﻐﺬﻳــﻪ ﻛﻨﻨــﺪه از ﻋﻠــﻒ ﻫــﺎي ﻫــﺮز در ﻻروي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ در ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي آﻟـﻮده ﮔﻴـﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺗﻌـﺎ دل ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺗﻨـﻮع ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮان از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﻪ در ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﮔﻴــﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻧﻘــﺶ ﻣﻬﻤــﻲ دارﻧــﺪ ( ﻛــﻮﻣﺒﺰ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد . ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 2004 ). ﻛـﺎراﻳﻲ ﺣﺸـﺮات ﺑـﺬرﺧﻮار در ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻚ ﺧﻮار ﺑﻮدن ﺣﺸـﺮه، ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ و ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎروري ﺣﺸﺮه، رﻓﺘـﺎر ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ اي ﺣﺸـﺮه و ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺮﺧﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ L. affinis ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد ( راو، 2000 ). ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﻫﺴﺮد از ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ .Larinus spp ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ روي ﺗﻮاﺑــﻊ اﺳــﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣــﺎن روي ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﮔﻴــﺎﻫﻲ E. aucheri ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﺗﻴــﺮه آﻓﺘـﺎب ﮔــﺮدان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ دارﻧــﺪ ( ﻧﺼــﻴﺮزاده و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﻜـــﺎران ، 1384 ؛ ﻛـــﻮﻣﺒﺰ و ﻫﻤﻜـــﺎران، 2004 ). اﻳـــﻦ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از داﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي در ﺣـﺎل رﺷـﺪ و ﻧﻤـﻮ و ﻣــﺎده ﺧــﺎرج ﺷــﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕــﺎه زﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻧﻲ، ﺗﻌــﺪاد ﺗﺨــﻢ درون ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺟﻨﺲ Echinops ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺎده ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه از ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ آﻧﻬــﺎ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ( ﻧﺼــﻴﺮزاده و ﻫﻤﻜــﺎ ،ران 1384 ؛ زﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻧﻲ و ﻃـﻮل دوره ﺗﺨﻤﮕـﺬاري اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﺪ ، از روش ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﭘﻮر، 1387 ؛ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﺰ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 2004 ؛ ﮔـﻮﻟﺘﻜﻴﻦ و 5 - Palearctic 1 - Rao 6 - Ter-minassian 2 - Coombs et al. 7 - Fremuth 3 - Sindle 8 - Legalove et al. 4 - Sobhian & Fornasari 67 ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ( ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي) ، ﺟﻠﺪ 36 ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺑﻬﺎر 92 92 ﭘﺘﻴﺖ و ﺑﺮاﻳﺲ1 ( 2000 ) و ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻴﻮاﻧﻲ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ . ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷـﺪي ﻇﻬـﻮر ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺑـﻪ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻔـﺲ ﻫـﺎي ﻟﻴـﻮاﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . داﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻟﻴﻮاﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔـﺖ ﺣﺸـﺮه ﻋﻠــﻒ ﻫــﺮز E. aucheri زﻣﺴــﺘﺎن ﮔــﺬراﻧﻲ ﻣــﻲ ﻛﻨــﺪ . ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده L. affinis ﺗﺎزه ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺬران در اواﺧﺮ ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ ﻣﺎه ﺳـﺎل ﺑــﻪ ﻣــﺪت ﻳــﻚ روز رﻫﺎﺳــﺎزي ﺷــﺪ . ﭘــﺲ از ﻳــﻚ روز ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻃﺒﻖ روي ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫـﺮز E. aucheri ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ از ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺬف ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ . ﻫـﺮ از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه و روي ﻃﺒﻖ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﮔـﺮد و ﺑـﻪ رﻧـﮓ زرد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ، در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﻫﺴﺮد ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫـﺎي روﺷــﻦ ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ وﻟــﻲ از آﻧﺠــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻣــﺎده ﭘــﺲ از روزاﻧﻪ در ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ ﻣﺎه، اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺸـﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺧـﺎرج ﺗﺨﻤﮕﺬاري روي ﺗﺨﻢ را ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻟـﺰج و ﺳـﻴﺎه رﻧـﮓ ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﺪه روي ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎزه ﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺨﻤﮕـﺬاري اﻳـﻦ ﺳـﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ﻇﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز E. aucheri ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻠـﻢ ﻣـﻮ ﺑــﻪ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻳــﻚ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﻓﺮورﻓﺘــﻪ و ﺳــﻴﺎه رﻧــﮓ روي ﻃﺒــﻖ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . در ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و آﺷﻜﺎر اﺳﺖ . روي ﻫـﺮ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﺨـﻢ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ، از ﻟﻴﻮان ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ دﻫﺎﻧﻪ 10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮك ﺳﻮزن ﻟـﻪ و ﻣﺘﻼﺷـﻲ 20 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ دور ﺗـﺎ دور دﻫﺎﻧـﻪ آن ﺗـﻮر اﺑﺮﻳﺸـﻤﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣـﺎوي ﺗﺨـﻢ ﻳﻜـﺮوزه اﻳـﻦ ﺳـﺮﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع 10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪه ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻮد، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ د. ر ﻣﺠــﺪدا ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻗﻔــﺲ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮر ﺷــﺪ ﻧﺪ ﺑــﻪ ﻃــﻮري ،ﻛــﻪ ،ﻛــﻪ اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن داﺧـﻞ ﻗﻔـﺲ ﻟﻴـﻮاﻧﻲ ﻗـﺮار ﺳﺮﺧﺮﻃ ﻮﻣﻲ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ وارد ﻗﻔﺲ ﺷـﻮد . ﺑـﺮاي داده ﺷﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧـﺮ و ﻣـﺎده ﺗـﺎزه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻃﻮل دوره ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎي ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ روز ﺗﻌﺪاد 4 ﻋﺪد ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه زﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻧﻲ از ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺖ ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري و از اﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ از ﻗﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﺮون آورده ﺷـﺪه داﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻟﻴـﻮاﻧﻲ رﻫﺎﺳـﺎزي ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ . ﺳـﭙﺲ ﻗﻔـﺲ از و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻴﻎ ﺗﻴﺰ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ و وﺟـﻮد ﺗﺨـﻢ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻔـﺮﻳﺦ آن و ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗـﻮر اﺑﺮﻳﺸـﻤﻲ دور ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪ . ﻇﻬــﻮ ر ﻻرو ﺳــﻦ اول در ﻫــﺮ ﻃﺒــﻖ ﺑــﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ذره ﺑــﻴﻦ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ روزاﻧﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷـ ﺪه و ﺣﺸـﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻧـﺮ و ﻣـﺎده ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ . ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روزاﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت 10 10 داﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺧﻮد ﻗﻔـﺲ ﺑـﻪ روي ﻃﺒـﻖ دﻳﮕـﺮ روز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻃﻮل دوره ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎي ﺟﻨﻴﻨ ﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷـﺪ . ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻣﺠﺪدا ﻗﻔﺲ ﻫﺎ از ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺗـﻮر ﭘﺲ از 10 روز ( ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻻرو ﺳـﻦ اول در اﻛﺜـﺮ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﻫـﺎ ) ﻫـﺎ اﺑﺮﻳﺸﻤﻲ دور ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻃﺒـﻖ ﻗﺒﻠـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎي ﻻروي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫـﺮ 3 3 ﻛﻤﻚ ﻗﻴﭽﻲ از ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻴﻎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ روز ﻳﻜﺒﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ و در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد 4 ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه د ر ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺗﺸ ﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و زﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻻرو و از ذره ﺑﻴﻦ دﺳﺘﻲ (X )30 ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺷﺪ .
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    J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 14(2): 71-85, 2012 ISSN:1302-0250 New Faunistic Data on Selected Palaearctic Species of the Genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae) Levent GÜLTEKİN1 Attila PODLUSSÁNY2 1Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 25240 Erzurum, TURKEY. e-mail: [email protected] 2Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest, Baross utca 13, HUNGARY. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Faunistic data regarding 50 species of the weevil genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Curculionidae: Lixinae) from the Palaearctic region are registered. New country records are: Larinus elegans Desbrochers, 1897 and L. puncticollis Capiomont, 1874 for Iran; L. filiformis Petri, 1907 for Georgia; L. fucatus Faust, 1891 and L. rectinasus Petri, 1907 for Syria; L. hedenborgi Boheman, 1845 for Cyprus; L. idoneus Gyllenhal, 1835 and L. darsi Capiomont, 1874 for Turkey; L. carinirostris Gyllenhal, 1835 for Bulgaria; L. curtus Hochhuth, 1851 and L. minutus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Croatia; L. leuzeae Fabre, 1870 for Spain; L. modestus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Syria and Israel; L. nubeculosus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Greece, Hungary, Slovenia; L. gravidus Olivier, 1807 and L. rectinasus Petri, 1907 for Greece; L. serratulae Becker, 1864 for Turkmenistan; L. sibiricus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Macedonia; L. sulphurifer Boheman, 1843 and L. ochreatus (Olivier, 1807) for Tunisia; L. syriacus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Croatia and Macedonia; L. vitellinus Gyllenhal, 1835 for Israel; L. vulpes (Olivier, 1807) for Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia and Turkey. Keywords: Curculionidae, Larinus, new records, faunistic data. INTRODUCTION The weevil genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) contains many species which are closely associated with thistles, knapweeds or other noxious weeds belonging to the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae) in the Palaearctic (Ter-Minassian, 1967; Zwölfer et al., 1971).
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  • Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle
    Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle Lincoln Smith, USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan St, Albany CA 94710 Joe Balciunas, USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan St, Albany CA 94710 Michael J. Pitcairn, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, 3288 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832 Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is an alien plant that probably originated from the eastern Mediterranean. It was first collected in California in 1869, and now infests 42% of the state’s townships. It interferes with land use such as grazing and recreation, displaces native species, and is toxic to horses (Sheley, et al. 1999 and papers cited therein). This weed is much less invasive in its land of origin. This is presumably because natural enemies, such as insects, plant diseases, animals or competing plants help to keep it under natural control. We are exploring for insects and pathogens that attack this plant. They are tested for host specificity to make sure they do not attack other plants. After evaluation and approval by state and federal agencies, these agents will be released to try to reestablish the natural control that occurs in the land of origin. So far, six species of insect biological control agents have been introduced to control yellow starthistle (Turner et al. 1995; Rees et al. 1996; Jette, et al. 1999). All six attack the seedheads. The most promising agent is the hairy weevil (Eustenopus villosus), which is well established in California and occurs in high densities, attacking 25 to 80% of seedheads. Adults damage young flower buds by feeding on them, and lay eggs on later-developing flower buds.
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  • Том 4. Вып. 2 Vol. 4. No. 2
    РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК Южный Научный Центр RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Southern Scientific Centre CAUCASIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL BULLETIN Том 4. Вып. 2 Vol. 4. No. 2 Ростов-на-Дону 2008 Кавказский энтомол. бюллетень 4(2): 209—213 © CAUCASIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL BULL. 2008 Hibernation places and behavior of the some weevil species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Места зимовки и поведение некоторых видов жуков- долоносиков(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) L. Gültekin Л. Гюльтекин Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Erzurum 25240 Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]; lgultekin@ gmail.com Университет им. Ататюрка, сельскохозяйственный факультет, кафедра защиты растений, Эрзерум 25240 Турция Key words: hibernation places, behavior, Curculionidae, Eastern Turkey. Ключевые слова: локализация диапаузы, поведение, Curculionidae, Восточная Турция. Abstract. Hibernation places and behavior of перед зимовкой. Cleonis pigra (Scopoli), Larinus onopordi the 40 species of weevil from subfamilies Lixinae, (Fabricius), L. inaequalicollis Capiomont, L. ochroleucus Ceutorhynchinae, Baridinae, Gymnetrinae and Entiminae Capiomont, L. sibiricus Gyllenhal, L. sp. n. pr. leuzeae Fabre, (Curculionidae) were determined in Eastern Turkey during L. filiformis Petri, Herpes porcellus Lacordaire и Mononychus 1997–2007. Larinus latus (Herbst), L. fucatus Faust, punctumalbum (Herbst) часто образуют скопления под Lixus ochraceus Boheman, L. furcatus Olivier, L. obesus камнями, корой растений или в почве. Conorhynchus Petri, L. siculus Boheman, L. korbi Petri, and Mononychus hololeucus (Pallas), Mecaspis incisuratus Gyllenhal, schoenherri Kolenati prefer to migrate by flight before Leucophyes pedesteris (Poda), Otiorhynchus brunneus hibernation. Cleonis pigra (Scopoli), Larinus onopordi Steven, O. latinasus Reitter зимуют под растительными (Fabricius), L. inaequalicollis Capiomont, L. ochroleucus остатками и под камнями. Gymnetron netum (Germar) Capiomont, L. sibiricus Gyllenhal, L. sp. n. pr. leuzeae и Larinus puncticollis Capiomont заселяют на зимовку Fabre, L.
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  • Population Buildup and Combined Impact of Introduced Insects on Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea Solstitialis L.) in California
    Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 747 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 747-751 (2000) Population Buildup and Combined Impact of Introduced Insects on Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in California MICHAEL J. PITCAIRN1, DALE. M. WOODS1, DONALD. B. JOLEY1, CHARLES E. TURNER2, and JOSEPH K. BALCIUNAS2 1California Department of Food and Agriculture, Biological Control Program, 3288 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832, USA 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA Abstract Seven exotic seed head insects have been introduced into the western United States for control of yellow starthistle. Six are established; three are widespread. Preliminary evaluations suggest that no one insect species will be able to reduce yellow starthistle abundance in California. Rather, a combination of the current, and possibly, future natu- ral enemies may be necessary. Studies were initiated in 1993 to evaluate the population buildup, combined impact, and interaction of all available biological control insects on yellow starthistle. Three field sites were established in different climatic regions where yellow starthistle is abundant. Four insects, Bangasternus orientalis, Urophora sirunase- va, Eustenopus villosus, and Larinus curtus, were released at each site in 1993 and 1994 and long-term monitoring was initiated. The accidentally-introduced insect, Chaetorellia succinea, was recovered in 1996-98 at these sites. Four years after the first releases, we have evidence that these biological control agents are having an impact on yellow starthistle seed production that may translate into a decline in mature plant populations.
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  • Biological Control of Noxious Weeds in Oregon
    Biological Control of What is Biological Weed Control? DALMATIAN TOADFLAX GORSE Linaria dalmatica Ulex europaeus Invasive noxious weeds in Oregon cost millions of dollars It is important to make sure the correct species of biocontrol Key to Biocontrol Agent Status Noxious Weeds in Oregon in economic and environmental damage. Biological agents are released, to use the most effective species, and to Gorse seed weevil control is a tool vegetation managers employ to help The following general information is provided for each document the release and establishment of weed biocontrol Exapion ulicis naturally suppress weed infestations. This pamphlet agents. biocontrol agent. shows many of the common biological agents you may Year: 1956 Distribution: Widespread A guide to common biological Since 1947, 77 species of biocontrol agents have been released Year: Year of introduction. encounter in Oregon. Attack rate: Heavy Control: Good control agents found in Oregon in Oregon against 32 species of targeted weeds. A total of Distribution: Distribution of agent in host infested counties. Collectability: Mass Release No. 100 Classical biological control is the use of selected natural Dalmatian toadflax stem weevil 67 species are established. The majority of the bioagents Widespread >50% Limited <50% Timing: Apr–May Method: Sweep net/ enemies to control targeted weeds. Most of our worst are insects (71), plus three mites, one nematode, and two Mecinus janthiniformis racquet Stage: Adult Comment: No need for Attack rate: noxious weeds originated from other continents. pathogens. Successful projects can generate 15:1 benefit to Percent of plants attacked. Year: 2001 Distribution: Widespread redistribution. Prospective biocontrol agents are thoroughly tested to cost ratios.
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  • Host-Plant Genotype and Other Herbivores Influence Goldenrod Stem Galler Preference and Performance
    Oecologia (1999) 121:392–404 © Springer-Verlag 1999 James T. Cronin · Warren G. Abrahamson Host-plant genotype and other herbivores influence goldenrod stem galler preference and performance Received: 26 January 1999 / Accepted: 2 June 1999 Abstract Ecologists have labored to find an explanation suitability as a host to the stem gallers. One possible ex- for the lack of a positive correlation between host prefer- planation for why spittlebugs caused a significant reduc- ence and offspring performance in herbivorous insects. tion in preference, but not in performance, was that spit- This study focuses on how one herbivore species can in- tlebugs had very few long-term effects on the host plant. fluence another herbivore species’ ability to accurately Flower number, flowering phenology, and the allocation assess the suitability of different host-plant genotypes for of the ramet’s biomass to different structures (below- larval development. In particular, we examined the role ground organs, stems, leaves, and flowers) were un- that an early season xylem-feeding homopteran (meadow changed with respect to spittlebug density. The only ef- spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius) has on the preference- fect of spittlebugs was a 3–4% decrease in ramet height performance correlation of a late-season dipteran stem at the end of the growing season. We argue that the lack galler (Eurosta solidaginis) among different goldenrod of a positive correlation between host-plant preference genotypes. In a greenhouse, we released adult stem gall- and larval performance may reflect a constraint on the ers into replicate cages that contained ramets from four discriminatory ability of female stem gallers.
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  • Preliminary Results on the Phytophagous Insect Fauna on Onopordum Acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria
    Pestic. Phytomed. (Belgrade), 25(4), 2010, 301-309 UDC: 591.617:632.51 Pestic. fitomed. (Beograd), 25(4), 2010, 301-309 Scientific paper * Naučni rad DOI: 10.2298/PIF1004301H Preliminary Results on the Phytophagous Insect Fauna on Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria Vili Harizanova1, Atanaska Stoeva1, Massimo Cristofaro2, Allesandra Paolini2, Francesca Lecce2 and Franca Di Cristina2 1UAgricultural University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Mendeleev 12, Bulgaria ([email protected]) 2ANEA C.R. Cassacia UTAGRI-ECO Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy Received: August 5, 2010 Accepted: November 3, 2010 SUMMARY The Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) has the Eurasian origin and represents an invasive weed in the USA and Australia. It is a serious problem in pastures, along roadsides, rangeland, etc. The weed is very common in Bulgaria and in 2009-2010 several sites with large populations of O. acanthium have been located. The weekly sur- veys of some of the sites, mainly in the region of Plovdiv, revealed a significant diver- sity of phytophagous insect species, some of which had very high population density. More than 30 species have already been identified and observations on the phenolo- gy and biology of some of them have been conducted. For some of the species, such as endophagous Larinus latus, Lixus cardui, Eublemma amoena, Trichosirocalus briesei, or ectophagous Cassida rubiginosa etc. found during our surveys, there are reports in the lit- erature describing them as having been already introduced as successful biocontrol agents in Australia. Endophagous species like lepidopteran Myelois circumvoluta and Pyroderces argyrogrammos which feed on the stems and the head, and the tephritid flies Tephritis pos- tica and Chaetostomella cylindrica which feed on the capitula, seem quite destructive for the weed, but need to be further studied regarding host specificity.
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  • OBCL Newsletter, December, 2020 (Pdf)
    December 2020 OBCL Newsletter Overseas Biological Control Laboratories Edited by Michael Grodowitz U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Previous newsletter editions are available at: In This Issue www.ars-ebcl.org Introduction ...............................................................................................1 ABCL - Australia ......................................................................................1 Australian Biological Control Aquatic Weed Biological Control and COVID................................. 1 Trichilogaster Bud Gall Wasp: A Priority Biocontrol Agent for Laboratory - ABCL Earleaf Acacia.................................................................................... 2 Aquatic Weed Biological Control and COVID Sino-ABCL - China.................................................................................... 4 Matthew Purcell, Nathan Harms and Bradley Salivary Gland Secretome Analysis Reveals A Novel Mechanism of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ...... 4 Brown FuEDEI - Argentina................................................................................... 5 Little Fire Ant ...................................................................................5 Much of the exploration for biological control of Improving the Success and Perception of Biological Control Through aquatic weeds conducted by ABCL has been performed Community Engagement and Awareness.......................................... 6 in the Asian native range of several invasive
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  • Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae
    © Entomologica Fennica. 6 June 2007 Oviposition niches and behavior of the genus Lixus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae) Levent Giiltekin Gultekin, L. 2007: Oviposition niches and behavior ofthe genus Lixus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae). — Entomol. Fennica 18: 74—8 1. Oviposition places in the host plants of23 Lixus Fabricius species in eastern Tur- key were identified. Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth, L. subtilis Boheman, L. in— canescens Boheman, L. brevipes Brisout, L. sp. n. pr. brevipes Brisout, L. ochra— ceuS Boheman, L. furcatus Olivier, L. rubicundus Zoubkoff, L. angustatus (Fabricius), L. punctiventris Boheman, L. fasciculatus Boheman, L. bardanae (Fabricius), L. sp. n. pr. korbi Petri, and L. scolopax Boheman deposited eggs in the main stem. Lixusfiliformis (Fabricius), L. cardui Olivier, and L. korbi Petri oviposited in the main stem and lateral branch of their host plants. L. circum— cinctus Boheman laid eggs on both stem and petiole, whereas L. siculus Boheman, L. farinifer Reitter, L. cylindrus (Fabricius), and L. sp. n. pr. furcatus Olivier used the petioles, a new ecological niche for the genus Lixus. The unique species L. obesus Petri selected the seed capsule for laying eggs and completing its generation. Levent Giiltekin, Ataturk University, Faculty ofAgriculture, Plant Protection Department, 25240, Erzurum—Turkey; E—mail: lgul@atauni. edu. tr Received 24 March 2005, accepted 29 August 2006 1. Introduction cies, size constraint could play an important role in oviposition and larval development (Eber et al. The superfamily Curculionoidea, which contains 1999). A study of the different species of endo- more than 50,000 described species, is the richest phagous stem borers on thistles showed niche organisms known (O’Brien & Wibmer 1978).
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  • Field Guidecontrol of Weeds
    US Department of Agriculture FOR THE BIOLOGICALFIELD GUIDECONTROL OF WEEDS IN THE NORTHWEST Rachel Winston, Carol Bell Randall, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, Alec McClay, Jennifer Andreas and Mark Schwarzländer Forest Health Technology FHTET-2014-08 Enterprise Team May 2014 he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in T1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos: Aphthona nigriscutis (R. Richard, USDA APHIS), Mecinus spp. (Bob Richard, USDA APHIS PPQ), Chrysolina hypericic quadrigemina, Eustenopus villosus (Laura Parsons & Mark Schwarzländer, University of Idaho), Cyphocleonus achates (Jennifer Andreas, Washington State University Extension) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader.
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  • An Investigation to the Subfamily of Lixinae from Khorasan Junoubi and Razavi Provinces of Iran (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
    _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2010__________ 559 AN INVESTIGATION TO THE SUBFAMILY OF LIXINAE FROM KHORASAN JUNOUBI AND RAZAVI PROVINCES OF IRAN (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) Mehdi Modarres Awal* and Fahimeh Hossein Pour* * Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN. Email: [email protected] [Moderres Awal, M. & Hossein Pour, F. 2010. An investigation to the subfamily Lixinae from Khorasan Junoubi and Razavi provinces of Iran (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5 (2): 559-562] ABSTRACT: During 2006-2008 subfamily of Lixinae was surveyed in North eastern and east provinces of Iran. In total, 27 species belonging to 15 genera were determined. Among them three species including of Larinus sericatus (Boheman, 1834), Bangasternus provincialis (Fairmaire, 1863) and Conorhynchus verucundus (Faust, 1883) are new record for Iran fauna. KEY WORDS: Curculionidae, Lixinae, Khorasan, Iran, new records. Khorasan is the widest region in Iran (with total area 315686 Km²) that is divided in three provinces concern Khorasan Junoubi, Razavi and Shomali. This area surrounded by Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, also linked with four provinces include Kerman, Balouchestan, Yazd and Semnan. Curculionidae is currently the largest family of insects in the world with at least 3600 genera and 41000 species. Lixinae is a subfamily of true weevils, included three tribes Cleonini, Lixini and Rhinocyllini. Main characteristic of this subfamily include tarsal claws are fused at the base, and labial palps are short and telescoping. In addition, their body is elongated shape as for some other weevils, tibiae bear and uncus on its distal end and the rostrum is forwardly directed (Boothe et al., 1990).
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  • Biological Control
    California Exotic Pest Plant Council 1996 Symposium Proceedings Yellow Starthistle Control Methods: Biological Control Michael Pitcairn California Department of Food and Agriculture Biological Control Program 3288 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832 Introduction Classical biological control of weeds works by reuniting an exotic weed species with its natural invertebrate or microbial enemies. This involves searching for and identifying the natural enemies that attack the weed in its area of origin, followed by extensive safety and host specificity testing of those natural enemies, and finally the release of those deemed safe on sites here in the United States. For yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis, the area of origin is believed to be 'southern Europe (France, Italy, and Greece) and Central Asia (Turkey, Armenia, and Iran) (Maddox 1981). Before a natural enemy is released in the United States, its host specificity is examined in quarantine for safety. Only those natural enemies that have a high degree of host specificity will be introduced into California. Thus, not all of the 42 or more species of insects and diseases that attack yellow starthistle in Europe (Clement 1990) will be released in North America, only those that attack yellow starthistle and possibly one or two other species in the genus Centaurea. Safety is evaluated through host specificity testing in which a series of plants are exposed to potential biological control agents and examined for feeding, oviposition, larval development and adult emergence. Host specificity testing follows standard protocols that assume that a plant's natural enemy is most likely to feed on close relatives to the target host, less likely to feed on distant relatives, and unlikely to feed on unrelated hosts.
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