Historic Context Statement and Thematic Framework Summary Donald Luxton and Associates Inc
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PLANNING, URBAN DESIGN AND SUSTAINABILITY Urban Design Division Heritage DRAFT CONSULTANT REP ORT June 9, 2017 Historic Context Statement and Thematic Framework Summary Donald Luxton and Associates Inc. Dated June 2017 Notice to Reader: The attached report was prepared as part of the Heritage Action Plan to inform the update of the Vancouver Heritage Register. This work includes broadening the understanding of heritage values and identification of potential sites to add to the Heritage Register that reflect greater diversity. Review of this report is underway by staff, stakeholders and the public. Feedback received will inform staff recommendations to City Council on the Heritage Action Plan. To keep updated on this work please join the email list by visiting the project website at vancouver.ca/heritage-action-plan or call 3-1-1. City of Vancouver, Planning, Urban Design and Sustainability Urban Design Division, Heritage 453 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia V5Y 1V4 Canada tel: 3-1-1, Outside Vancouver 604.873.7000 fax: 604.873.7100 website: vancouver.ca/heritage HERITAGE ACTION PLAN VANCOUVER HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT AND THEMATIC FRAMEWORK SUMMARY JUNE 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 THEME 2: ECONOMIES 82 Subtheme 2.A: Port City 84 PART A: HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT 8 2.A.1: The Working Harbour 86 2.A.2: The Working River 87 1. Where the River and the Mountains Meet the Ocean 10 Subtheme 2.B: Transportation & Infrastructure 88 2. First Nations 14 2.B.1: Railways 90 3. Contact 16 2.B.2: Roads 91 4. Early Burrard Inlet Settlements 20 2.B.3: Bridges 92 5. Terminal City 24 2.B.4: Aviation 93 2.B.5: Public Transit 94 6. The Edwardian Era Boom 32 2.B.6: Power Generation & Distribution 95 7. Conflict and Turmoil 36 2.B.7: Water & Sanitation 96 8. Modern Vancouver 42 Subtheme 2.C: Communication 98 2.C.1: Postal System 100 2.C.2: Telecommunications 101 PART B: THEMATIC FRAMEWORK 46 Subtheme 2.D: Extraction, Production & Distribution 102 2.D.1: First Nations Economies 104 THEME 1: HABITATION 48 2.D.2: Food & Agriculture 105 Subtheme 1.A: Enduring First Nations Presence 50 2.D.3: Breweries & Distilleries 106 2.D.4: Fishing Industry 107 Subtheme 1.B: Multicultural Communities 52 2.D.5: Lumber Industry 108 1.B.1: Anglo-Canadian Community 54 2.D.6: Mining & Minerals 109 1.B.2: Chinese-Canadian Community 55 2.D.7: Shipbuilding & Repair 110 1.B.3: Japanese-Canadian Community 56 2.D.8: Manufacturing 111 1.B.4: Francophone Community 57 2.D.9: Warehousing 112 1.B.5: South Asian-Canadian Community 58 2.D.10: Science, Technology & Innovation 114 1.B.6: Black Canadian Community 59 2.D.11: Digital Economy 115 1.B.7: Jewish-Canadian Community 60 Subtheme 2.E: Trade, Commerce & Service Industries 116 1.B.8: Italian-Canadian Community 61 1.B.9: Greek-Canadian Community 62 2.E.1: Banking, Finance & Investment 118 1.B.10: German-Canadian Community 63 2.E.2: Business Offices 119 1.B.11: Other Multicultural Communities 64 2.E.3: Shopping & Retail 120 2.E.4: Service Industries 121 Subtheme 1.C: Urban Planning 66 2.E.5: Restaurants & Bars 122 1.C.1: Transforming the Environment 68 2.E.6: Personal Care 123 1.C.2: Mapping & Surveying 69 2.E.7: Hotels 124 1.C.3: Early Civic Planning 70 2.E.8: Tourism 125 1.C.4: The Bartholomew Plan 71 Subtheme 2.F: Labour 126 1.C.5: Modern Urban Planning 72 2.F.1: Seasonal Labour 128 Subtheme 1.D: Neighbourhood Development 74 2.F.2: Labour Unrest & Organization 129 Subtheme 1.E: Cultural Landscapes 76 1.E.1: Stanley Park 78 THEME 3: GOVERNANCE 130 1.E.2: Development of a Civic Park System 79 Subtheme 3.A: Governance 132 1.E.3: Public & Private Gardens 80 1.E.4: The Urban Forest 81 3.A.1: Coast Salish Governing Structures 134 4.F.3: Suffrage & Women’s Rights 184 3.A.2: Civic Administration & Politics 135 4.F.4: Gay Liberation & the LGBTQ2+ 185 3.A.3: Foreign Consuls 136 Community 4.F.5: The Counterculture 186 Subtheme 3.B: Law, Order & Security 138 4.F.6: The Environmental Movement 187 3.B.1: Vancouver Police Department 140 188 3.B.2: Vancouver Fire Department 141 THEME 5: ARTS 3.B.3: Royal Canadian Mounted Police 142 3.B.4: Administration of Justice 143 Subtheme 5.A: Coast Salish Artistic Expression 190 3.B.5: Vice: Cycles of Tolerance & 144 Subtheme 5.B: Architecture & Design 192 Suppression 3.B.6: Juvenile Detention Homes & 145 5.B.1: Coast Salish Architecture 194 Reformatories 5.B.2: Frontier Architecture 195 5.B.3: Late Victorian-Era Architecture 196 Subtheme 3.C: Defending Vancouver 146 5.B.4: Edwardian-Era Architecture 197 3.C.1: Defence Initiatives & Military 148 5.B.5: Interwar Period Revival Architecture 198 Buildings 5.B.6: Modernistic Architecture 199 3.C.2: Vancouver at War 149 5.B.7: Postwar Architecture 200 3.C.3: Cenotaphs & War Memorials 150 5.B.8: Housing Typologies 201 5.B.9: Industrial & Functional Design 202 5.B.10: Construction Technology 203 THEME 4: SOCIETY 152 5.B.11: Architects 204 Subtheme 4.A: Spiritual Life 154 5.B.12: Builders & Craftspeople 205 4.A.1: First Nations Spirituality 156 Subtheme 5.C: Visual Arts 206 4.A.2: Religion 157 Subtheme 5.D: Theatre 208 4.A.3: Burial Grounds & Cemeteries 158 Subtheme 5.E: Music 210 Subtheme 4.B: Education 160 Subtheme 5.F: Dance 212 4.B.1: First Nations Education 162 4.B.2: Public Education 163 Subtheme 5.G: Literature 214 4.B.3: Private Education 164 Subtheme 5.H: Cinema 216 4.B.4: Post-Secondary Education 165 5.H.1: The Movies 218 Subtheme 4.C: Health Care, Social Services & Public 166 5.H.2: Hollywood North 219 Housing Subtheme 5.I: Community Collections 220 4.C.1: Hospitals & Health Care Facilities 168 4.C.2: Social Services 169 Subtheme 5.J: Popular Entertainment 222 4.C.3: Public & Social Housing Policies 170 5.J.1: Vaudeville 224 Subtheme 4.D: Sports & Recreation 172 5.J.2: Dance Halls, Night Clubs & Jazz 225 Subtheme 4.E: Community Associations 174 Subtheme 5.K: Exhibitions, Fairs & Cultural Festivals 226 4.E.1: Community, Cultural & Service 176 Subtheme 5.L: Media 228 Organizations 5.L.1: Newspapers 230 4.E.2: Secret & Benevolent Societies 177 5.L.2: Radio 231 4.E.3: Private Clubs 178 5.L.3: Television 232 Subtheme 4.F: Social & Reform Movements 180 5.L.4: Digital Media 233 4.F.1: Temperance & Prohibition 182 4.F.2: Equal Rights 183 ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS 234 INTRODUCTION The development of Vancouver was shaped by major urban metropolis. Vancouver’s development over time geographical, political and socio-economic factors, was influenced by war and recession; the cultural and which drove the establishment of the most important religious diversity of its people; the development of city in Western Canada. Located on the south side of industries; works of engineering, infrastructure, and Burrard Inlet, on unceded Musqueam, Squamish and transportation; the formation of a complex governance Tsleil-Waututh territory, this location was chosen as the structure; the provision of education and health care; western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, a link and a unique social and cultural life that encompasses to the east that was completed on May 23, 1887. The entertainment, leisure, a global tourism destination and a connection of the railway to a superb natural harbour ‘west coast’ lifestyle based on an appreciation of nature turned Vancouver into a bustling transshipment point for and a mix of social activism. goods and people, enabling trade and commerce from Britain to Asia. As a strategic crossroads between east Despite its explosive growth, Vancouver retains many and west, Vancouver developed a rich, diverse culture significant heritage resources that provide a legacy of based on a resource-based economy, fuelled by vast development from all eras of the city’s history. Through a natural resources and some of the largest lumber, salmon program of long-term stewardship, the City has retained a canning and mining operations in the world. considerable amount of its heritage character. This legacy recalls and celebrates the pivotal role that Vancouver The city grew in waves of economic booms and busts has played in the development of western Canada as a that resulted in a legacy of built form that demonstrates governmental, commercial, residential and industrial the evolution of a frontier settlement into a major centre and as a major transportation hub. The story of Top: Aerial view of Downtown Vancouver, 1979, City of Vancouver Archives (CVA) 515-22 4 DONALD LUXTON & ASSOCIATES INC. I CITY OF VANCOUVER Vancouver includes a rich and varied legacy of many diverse cultures and activities, including: First Nations’ The City of Vancouver has also been a leader in embracing habitation and enduring legacy; the arrival of the railway; the new programs being developed since 2001 as part of the development of a thriving Pacific port; ongoing the federal Historic Places Initiative. The City has adopted multicultural settlement; the establishment of a regional the Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of economy; and development as an international city. Historic Places in Canada as the basis for the review and treatment of heritage properties. Since 2003, the City As a result of its rapid and dynamic growth, Vancouver has been documenting heritage sites through the use of retains the largest representation of heritage resources in Statements of Significance and through inclusion of these Western Canada.