ISSN 2278-3199 Volume - 09, Issue - 02, July - December, 2020
A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities...
National Journal on ...
Gondia Education Society's
TUMSAR, DIST. BHANDARA - 441912. Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
ISSN 2278-3199 Volume - 09, Issue - 02, July - December, 2020.
A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
National Journal on……
Chief Editor Dr. C. B. Masram Principal S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.
Editor Dr. Rahul Bhagat Professor & Head, Department of Sociology, S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara - 441912
Published By DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY S. N. MOR ART, COMMERCE & SMT. G. D. SARAF SCIENCE COLLEGE, TUMSAR, DIST. BHANDARA - 441912. [email protected] / [email protected] Website - www.snmorcollege.org.in Phone No. - 07183-233300 / 07183-233301 Mobile - 09422113067 / 09420359657
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.... 'Social Issues and Problems'
EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor: Dr. C. B. Masram, Principal, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara. Editor: Dr. Rahul Bhagat, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara.
Editorial Advisory Board - Dr. Pradeep Aglave, Ex. Head, P. G. Dept. Dr. Ambedkar Thought, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur. Dr. Suresh Waghmare, Ex. Head Dept. of Soci., Rajshree Shahu Maharaj College, Latur (MS) Dr. Jagan Karade, Head Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS) Dr. Sanjay Salunkhe, Department of Sociology, D. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad (MS) Dr. R.N. Salve, Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur.(M.S.) Dr. Sujata Gokhale, Head Dept. of Sociology, S. N. D. T. University, Mumbai (MS) Dr. Shivcharan Meshram, Principal, Kamla Nehru Govt. Girls College, Balaghat (MP) Dr. B. K. Swain, Head Department of Sociology, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur. Dr. Smita Awchar, Professor, D. B. A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad (MS) Dr. Prakash Bobde, Ex. Professor and Head, Dept. of Sociology, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur. Dr. Ramesh Makwana, Department of Sociology, Sardar Patel University, Gujrat. Dr. M. B. Bute, Principal, Santaji Mahavidhyalaya, Nagpur. Dr. Ashok Kale, Ex. Principal, M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia (MS) Dr. Anil Surya, President, S. M. S. New Delhi. Dr. Kalyan Sakharkar, Ex. Head Dept. of Sociology, P. N. College, Pusad Dist. Yeotmal (MS) Dr. Arun Chavhan, Head Dept. of Sociology, Vidhyabharti Mahavidhyalaya, Amrawati (MS Dr. Mahendrakumar Jadhao, Head Dept. of Sociology,Night College of Arts & Commerce, Kolhapur.
Editorial Board Member - Dr. R. K. Dipte, Dept. of English, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar. Prof. R. U. Ubale, Dept. of Marathi, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar. Prof. R. O. Belokar, Head Dept. of Pol. Science, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.
Associate Editors - Dr. Saroj Aglave, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Mahila Mahavidhyalya, Nandanvan, Nagpur. Dr. Dipak Pawar, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Women's College, Nandanvan, Nagpur. Dr. M. V. Kolhe, Principal, Br. Sheshrao. Wankhede College, Mohapa, Disi. Nagpur. Dr. Nalini I. Borkar, Dept. of Sociology, Arts & Commerce Degree College, Petrolpump, (Bhandara) Dr. P. H. Gajbhiye, Head, Dept. of Sociology,N.P. Shivaji College, Mowad Dist.Nagpur Prof. Priyadarshan Bhaware, Head, Dept. of Sociology.,Badrinarayan Barwale College, Jalna Dr. Rajendra Kamble, Head, Dept. of Sociology., Indira Gandhi College, Kalmeshwar, Nagpur Prof. Jayendra Pendse, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Sevadal Mahila College, Nagpur. Dr. Prakash Sonak, Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Yeshoda Girls College, Nagpur.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
PEER REVIEW COMMITTEE Dr. Sai Chandrmouli T. (English), Railway Degree College, Secundrabad (AP) Dr. Balvindarsing Ghotra (English), Govt. P. G. College, Jind (Haryana) Prof. Amol M. Khandve, (English) S. N. Mor College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara. Dr. Bhushan Ramteke (Marathi), Suwalal Patni Mahavidhyalaya, Pulgaon, Dist. Wardha. Dr. Shailendra Lendhe (Marathi), R. T. M. Nagpur University., Nagpur. Dr. Guruprasad Pakhmode, (Marathi) Ex. Principal, Pragati Mahila College, Bhandara. Dr. Hariprasad Chourasiya (Hindi) Ex. Principal, M. B. Patel College, Salekasa. Prof. Gajanan Polenwar, (Hindi) Arts, Commerce College, Koradi. Prof. Mastan Shaha, (Hindi), Department of Hindi,N. M. D. college, Gondia. Dr. R. R. Sinha (Sociology) Head Dept. of Sociology, Hislop College, Nagpur. Dr. Pradeep K. Meshram (Sociology), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara. Dr. Ashok T. Borkar (Sociology), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur. Dr. S. S. Bahekar (Geography), Principal, S. S. Girls College, Gondia. Dr. Deva Bisen (Geography), M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia Dr. Tarachand Gedam (History) Ex. Professor, Sant Gadge Maharaj College, Hingna. Dr. Mubarak Qureshi (History), G. B. Mahila College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara. Dr. D. D. Kapse (History), Samarth College, Lakhani Dist. Bhandara. Dr. Madhuri Nasre (Home Economics), S. S. Girls College, Gondia. Dr. Vidhya Thawakar (Home Economics), Ashok Moharkar College, Adyal. Prof. Bharti D. Katekhaye, (Home Economics), S. N. Mor College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara Prof. Vikas Jambhulkar (Political Science), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur. Prof. Atul Kadu (Political Science), Bhiwapur Mahavidhyalaya, Bhiwapur. Dr. Sharda Mahajan (Political Science), N. M. D. College, Gondia. Dr. S. S. Meshram (Economics), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara. Dr. Manoj Sonkusre (Economics), M. B. Patel College, Sakoli. Dr. Anuradha Patil (Social Work), Manavlok Social Work College, Ambejogai. Dr. B. R. Deshmukh (Social Work), G. N. Aazad Social Work College, Pusad. Dr. Sanjay Aagashe (Physical Education) S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.
The Editors or Publisher do not assume responsibility for the opinions expressed by the authors of the papers.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
'Social Issues and Problems'
- CONTENTS –
Title of Paper Author Name Page 1. Annihilation of caste, Modernity, and changing trend Varsha Bhujbal …1 2. The Mill on the Floss: An Autobiographical Novel Kaneezbanoo Quraishi …5 3. M istry’s Women: Microcosm of Indian Society Radheshyam Dipte …8 4. Customer Problems in Insurances Scheme and Companies Amritanjali Singh …12 5. The Problems of Water Management and Possible Strategies Siddharth Nisargandha …14 6. Mass Communication in Ancient and Medieval India Mubaraque Quraishi …16 7. Covid-19 and Social Development Kedarsingh Rotele …18 8. Academic Content on Internet and Access to It! Hemangi Kulkarni …21 9. Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence M. Dharmapurikar …24 10. Anti-Human Trafficking Laws in India: Challenges and Strategies S. Vijay Kumar …28
11. Awareness and Level of Utilization of Agritourism Centre’s y Prachiti Bagaday …32 12. Cashless Economy – Challenges and Opportunities in India e P. W. Ramteke …36 13. Covid-19, Muslim Community and Indian Media Shivaji Jadhav …40 14. Use of ICT in the Teaching of English Language at UG Level Ganesh M. Pathode …44
15. Amendment and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Devendra Sontakke …47 16. The Contribution of ‘Swadhar’ in Childhood Development Vidya Avachat …50
17. Hegemonic Masculinity in Indian Media and Films Amol M. Khandwe …54 18. Domestic Violence against Women Vinayak Sakharkar …56 19. Reading Revolution, Vision & Mission Prashant S. Pagade …60 20. [ksy dk egRo vkSj laLFkkxr izeq[k dh Hkwfedk eksgEen ,stkt ‘ks[k …62 21. ngst izFkk ,d xaHkhj leL;k vfuydqekj xqIrk …66 22. orZeku lkekthd leL;k vkSj dchj dh izklafxdrk osfndk cuksBs …69 23. tSofofo/krspk ifjfLFkrhdh e/khy lgHkkx vYdk nq/kcqjs …71 24. ^cykRdkj* xqUg;kaps lekt’kkL=h; fo’ys"k.k izfeyk HkqtkM …75 25. fonHkkZrhy yksdla[;sps iz{ksi.k & 2021 v:.kk ckoudj …78 26. doh xksfaoanlqrkaph ^xq#th* ,d vkdyu t;Jh lkrksdj …80 27. e
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199
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'National Journal on Social Issues and Problems' ps vkRrki;Zarps loZ vad vkeP;k egkfo|ky;kps ladsrLFkG www.snmorcollege.org.in o tuZyph Lora= osclkbZV www.journalsnmcsip.org.in ;k osclkbZVoj vkWuykbZu miyC/k vkgsr- okpd o lnL;kauk rs MkmuyksM d:u ?ksrk ;sbZy- ;kuarjpk vad tqyS]&2021 e/;s izdkf'kr gksr vkgs- rsaOgk ;k vadklkBh lq/nk vki.k vlsp lgdk;Z djky gh vis{kk- vadkfo"k;hP;k loZ izfrfdz;kaps Lokxr vkgs- /kU;okn !
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Annihilation of caste, Modernity, and changing trend Dr. Varsha R. Bhujbal, L. A. D. & Smt. R. P. College for Women, Nagpur [email protected]
Abstract: The caste system has been over-studied in sociology. There has been debate on the origin, development, functioning, and structure of the caste system. Caste hierarchy has been one of the central themes for sociologists. Sociologist of all origins and shades has studied caste in an adequate way. K. S. Singh has enumerated more than 4,000 communities. Communities, for him, are castes. Muller made it clear that caste as a social formation was little different from the racial, ethnic religious and class differences and prejudices that were accepted in most arenas off European social life. Risley observed that caste was the cement that held Indian society together. Yogendra Singh (modernization of Indian tradition, 1973) explains Caste is not static. It has also a cyclical order, which brings some changes. Thus caste is an order. M N Srinivas is the chief architect of the studies on the status of caste in modern India. He combines both Sanskritization and westernization (or modernization) in his analysis of caste. He is quite hopeful off the survival of caste. In one of his statements he says that caste has appeared in its new avatar-incarnation. Due to modernization changes in the caste system has resulted in annihilation of caste, the idea of Pollution and purity as qualifying values of caste differentiation are no more in vogue; traditional occupations have become the thing of the past inter-caste marriages are increasing and food taboos are no more applicable. Much has changed in the caste system, such as dress pattern, food ways and housing pattern. Yogendra Singh castes are communal groups structurally persist. Changes are, however, taking place at other levels of their functional differentiation, such as their articulation as interest group, as political microstructures and as communication networks for modernization. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar strongly argued that the caste system was antithetical to the development of a healthy human social relationship. He explains the origin of the caste system and why as well as how it has sustained. He then pleads that it is not possible to annihilate the caste system without annihilating the religious notions on which the system is founded. Ambedkar not only criticizes the caste system for its inhuman social order but he also presents an alternative social order based on liberty, equality, and fraternity-democracy. Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar framer of the constitution gave equality and liberty, fraternity to all. Hence there was caste annihilation. The present paper would like to know the sociological purview toward caste annihilation. Key words: Caste Annihilation, modernity,
Introduction: India had several social institutions. ethnic group.” Ethnicity defines individuals who We had the practice of animal sacrifice; sati system consider themselves, or are considered by others, as and inhuman treatment meld out to widows. These sharing common characteristics which differentiate institutions received scant attention from sociologist. them from the other collectivities in society, within They did not study these stratifications as caste which they develop with distinct cultural behavior. fulfilled all the conditions of functionalism. And Each caste has its traditions, customs, rituals and ways therefore, it was obligatory for sociologist to study the of life and living. There are thousands of castes. K S caste system as it has existed, its nature and need. The Singh has enumerated more than 4,000 communities. American and European sociologists either joined Communities, for him, are castes. Indian sociologist in this venture or themselves There are some reasons which need to be initiated such studies at micro level. Some foreign explored. The flood of caste studies came soon after sociologists, notably Louis Dumont, have proved to the independence. Before that we did not have any be icons for Indian sociologists who have studied problem with caste. There were some abuses with caste stratification. lower caste; untouchability, drunkenness, eating the Objective: To know changing trends in caste flesh of dead animals and illiteracy were the problems annihilation and modernity with the lower castes. Since our national leaders were Research Methodology: The present paper based conscious of all these evils of the caste system, they on secondary data, discussion with experts. had an important task for reforming the castes low and Discussion: Need to study caste system: high. Sociologist of all origins and shades has studied caste The lower castes were backward but they in an adequate way. It is, in all its meanings,” an participated in large numbers in our struggle for
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 independence. During this period, we did not have Yogendra Singh (modernization of Indian any problem with the caste. Bipan Chandra and other tradition, 1973) explains great traditions in terms of (India‟s struggle for independence, 1988) argue that cultural renaissance and change in Indian society. He the movement for freedom was not a movement led says that the Indian society revolves round the by elites of the country. It was a mass movement. All concept of caste. Caste is not static. It has also a the castes without distinction of higher or lower, cyclical order which brings some changes. Thus caste participated in the movement. is an order (of hierarchy) and also social phenomena It was in the second half of the nineteenth century of change. But the change does not interpret or that the British colonial rule declared itself as an transform the order. ethnographic state. H Risely, who entered Indian civil M N Srinivas is the chief architect of the studies service in 1873, became the director of ethnography on the status of caste in modern India. He combines for India. Risley observed that caste was the cement both Sanskritaization and westernization (or that held Indian society together. He effectively modernization) in his analysis of caste. He is quite denied the capacity of Indians for the formation of an hopeful off the survival of caste. In one of his India of a single unifies nationality. In 1903 the statements he says that caste has appeared in its new partition of Bengal was made on the basis of caste avatar-incarnation. The Indian constitution says that knowledge of Risley. I it has thus become colonial for the purpose of state there is no caste. knowledge that ethnicity including caste can be Modernity and caste: The caste system has effectively used for divisiveness and politics. The witnessed several changes, due to modernization there whole country is rocked by competing caste rivalries is change in the caste system. The idea of pollution and the demand for minority reservation is increasing. and purity as qualifying values of caste differentiation Caste and religion: Caste has its origin in religion are no more in vogue; traditional occupations have that is Hinduism. : The normative principle off become the thing of the past inter-caste marriages are Hinduism has been as meticulously systematic and increasing and food taboos are no more applicable. closed as its empirical structure has been varied and Much has changed in the caste system, such as dress amorphous. Often this latter attribute (eclecticism of pattern, food ways and housing pattern. Hence caste is amorphousness) of Hinduism is emphasized without not given importance. any regard for the former, which gives an imperfect Yogendra Singh’s final analysis on changes in and incomplete picture of the Hindu culture, behind caste runs as below: The castes as communal groups the extreme degree permissiveness and liberalism in structurally persist. Changes are, however, taking beliefs and variety in ritual practices as admittedly place at other levels of their functional differentiation, canonical system, there exists a strictly logical view of such as their articulation as interest group, as political phenomena in terms of which the principle of order microstructures and as communication networks for and change being and becoming, creation and modernization. These functions caste largely performs destruction, hedonistic-utilitarianism and spiritual either owing to the structural constraints or because transcendence can be meaningfully explained caste alone in India provides an immediate and pre- Rigidity of caste: The differentiation of caste, its existing structural framework for diffusions and structure and change, one could apply the principal of mobilization of new role structure, but these in the Hinduism and say that the changes in caste, whether absence of other fully differentiated voluntary political or economic, are merely outwardly. The caste associations, not only carry the imprint of caste but system maintains its Oder and change. Order means also articulate new activities through its social the hierarchy of system. Modernization, technology, structure. In this form the social structure of caste education and politics have not been able to change undergoes changes which are meaningful to the the position of a caste in the system. A member of an process of modernization in India. untouchable caste may become a cabinet minister (for M N Srinivas argues that India has become instance, Jag Jeevan Ram) but he is not allowed to modern. It has many of the characteristics of change his position in the caste hierarchy. Similarly, a modernity. Similar are the views of Andre Beteile and Kshatriya despite his being a learned person cannot Yogendra Singh. The availability of a huge mass of obtain the status of a Brahmin. Order or hierarchy of ethnicities brings out the fact that people at the the caste system must be maintained. This kind of grassroots levels are increasingly becoming modern. change is irrelevant for hierarchy. There are caste associations, coalitions and
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 federations which try to get as much share in the Authoritarianism of social institutions whether joint power politics as possible. In this game of power family or caste, is out rightly rejected by post sharing the true meaning of democracy has been lost. modernity. It is regarded as a rejection of many Modernity believes in rationality and the castes which centuries. are equipped with education, technology, and From the viewpoint of modernity, caste has resources avail of all the benefits of modernity. undergone major changes. Even the traditional Caste has taken to political activities. Both hierarchy has experienced and witnessed change. The Srinivas and Yogendra Singh have come to the perspectives of modernity and postmodernity look at conclusion that the caste studies very clearly show castes as democratic, secularist, capitalistic and that changes have come in the system. They agree modernistic. Description of caste as assimilative and with Lloyd I Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph (the adaptive is only a sociological gimmick. As any other political role of India‟s caste associations) on the group, each caste has its ethnicity. Hierarchy in this aspect of change in caste system and take the similar respect is part of ethnicity. Caste is economic, position. political secular and ethnicity is its mark of identity. Due to change modernity there is and hence caste Dr. B. R. Ambedkar strongly argued that the caste annihilation according to M N Srinivas, D N system was antithetical to the development of a Majumdar, Mc Kim Marriet and A. C. Mayer the healthy human social relationship. As early as in 1916 characteristics of caste are traditional. These have he presented his thesis on the caste system, entitles” largely become oblivious to change that is castes in India: their mechanism, genesis and fundamental. Rules of community have become development.” The thesis was presented in the irrelevant. Even marriage fests are participated anthropology seminar in his speech annihilation of without any caste bar. Caste occupation has been caste. replaced with secular occupations. Much of the He explains the origin of the caste system and why polluted occupations have now been mechanical. as well as how it has sustained. He then pleads that it Even non-lower castes have made their entry into is not possible to annihilate the caste system without municipal scavenging. Ascribed status has gone in annihilating the religious notions on which the system favor of achievement status. Reservations have is founded. Ambedkar not only criticizes the caste upgraded lower castes to status occupations. system for its inhuman social order but he also Education is now no more the monopoly of the higher presents an alternative social order based on liberty, castes. The only pillar which could give identity to equality, and fraternity-democracy. caste is endogamy. But this is also crumbling. There There are various questions likes can it be are also instances of inter caste marriages. All these annihilated by annihilating the religion (Hinduism) in caste characteristics have been weakened. The biggest philosophical terms, and is sacred texts as Dr. contribution of modernity is the remarkable Ambedkar pleaded? Is the religion confined merely to achievement stated above. Modernity gives identity to scares texts? Would the social system wither away by a person. It is the achievement or merit which counts. de-recognition of the sacred texts on the part of the Secularism has replaced caste belongingness. state and the elite? Be it noted that Indian constitution The lower castes and tribes were initially put into does not recognize Hindu sacred text books as scheduled category for ten years. The government did authority to maintain and govern social relationship. not find improvement in their status. And therefore We also now have some evidences, at least from some the period of scheduled list has been further extended parts of the country that during the pre-colonial many times. Whenever rescheduling begins the period. Political domain was not encompassed by Chamars the Bhangis and other social group might religions domain” and folk Hindu religion was not the change their caste name but their position in the caste, same everywhere as codified by the texts. In a given as untouchables, would remain the same. The situation the nature of the system as it is functioning functionalists must be told. What is there is a name? needs to be critically interrogated. We also need to There are Brahmins who serve as waterman in address, what kind of cultural, political and economic officers though they occupy top position in caste intervention might accelerate the process of hierarchy, there are Thakurs who once ruled over the weakening the present day caste structure if not a village, now working as menials. The perspectives of complete annihilation of the system. postmodernity look at cast in an untraditional way.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Efficiently caste cannot and has not improved the Identity of individual is considered by the state, race, caste has however done one thing it is the institutions, and the democratic associations. At completely disorganized and demoralized the Hindu, best, a caste is identified at the local level or in some he said the Hindu often complain of the isolation and cases at territorial level. Beyond that caste system is exclusiveness of a gang or a clique and blame them dead. In a democratic and modern society, the for anti-social spirit. But they conveniently forget that changing structure of caste is irrelevant. Most of the this anti-social spirit is the worst feature of their own caste studies talk about the changing structure of caste system. The caste system fundamental caste. This has never been the problem of the Indian characteristic of fixed civil cultural religious and society nor of the caste itself. It is not the dominant economic rights for each caste by birth, with caste which runs the village. Village is run by the restrictions for change implies force exclusion of one groups who wield power. If we look at the caste caste from the rights of caste. Exclusion in economic system from the perspective of modernity, it will sphere such as occupation education and labor immediately bring out the secular nature of our employment is therefore internal to the system and a society. Sometimes modernity and post modernity are necessary outcome of its underlying principal. In the used interchangeably. In the caste of caste studies, market economy framework, the caste related modernity and postmodernist go together. Post occupational immobility would operate through modernity is against any kind of authoritarianism. restrictions in various markets such as land labor Caste, as we find today, does not wield any authority. credit inputs and services necessary for any economic Its members openly violate the caste norms. Caste activity. Therefore in our country all major assets of commensality, endogamy, traditional occupations, and production are down and concentrated in the hands of rules of food choices are never taken seriously. For all upper castes Hindu and lower strata of society purposes, the caste today exists only as an ethnic particularly depressed classes (SC/ST) are assets less group. Its identity is through ethnicity. However, the people. The unnatural distribution of national wealth caste ethnicity too exists only in its formal form. forced depressed classes to depend on for their Modernity, in this way underlines birth as the survival on upper castes Hindu at large extent; this is membership criterion of caste. The perspectives of the main reason for their socio-economic exploitation modernity and post modernity, caste in contemporary in India. (Doshi, 205) India is not a biological concept, nor is it hierarchical Conclusion: The sociologist took to the study of and religious. It is secular, democratic, capitalistic, caste village level. They came out with the finding working excellently as a pressure group. Slowing we that caste system is very much in vogue, it still has are stepping towards caste annihilation. stronghold on the conservative society, and of course, caste considerations fetch votes handsomely. Modern References: 1. Doshi S L, Postmodern Perspectives on Indian Society, 2010, perspective would look at this data in a different way Rawat Publication. that caste is a social group organized on the principle 2. Doshi S L, Modernity Post Modernity and New Sociological of rationality and bureaucracy. It has its own Theories, 2006, Rawat Publication constitution, sanctions and norms. The caste members 3. Lokhande G S, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, 1982, Intellectual Publishing House, New Delhi. are expected to observe its norms and values. Customs 4. Dumont's Perspective on Caste System, Dumont‟s Perspective of castes are for achieving solidarity and cohesion. on Caste System Sociology, Sociology Guide, Indian Thinker. The caste members share a common pattern of life, 5. M N Srinivas Wikipedia dietary habits, and festivals. There are elections to 6. Identity Politics and the Annihilation of Castes, Anand Teltumbde, IIAS. caste associations. In all respects the caste is modern and it maintains its social order.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 The Mill on the Floss: An Autobiographical Novel Dr. Kaneez banoo Quraishi, Assistant Professor, S.G.B. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Tumsar (M.S.)
Abstract: The Mill on the Floss is an autobiographical novel of George Eliot. Significantly most of her memorable characters occur in her novels. This is so because they are the author‟s own relations or friends and acquaintances, her father Robert Evans, Brother Issac, her artist friend d‟Albert Durade, her cousin and her aunts etc. George Elio has used with some adaptions the surroundings of her own home, visitors to her house, at Griff, the Red Deeps. She creates herself as the heroine of the novel as Maggie. The whole gallery of portraits gains in freshness to the novel. The present paper is an evaluation of the autobiographical element in her novel. Keywords: Autobiographical novel, portraits, memories.
The Mill on the Floss in its earlier parts is largely The second half of The Mill on the Floss is less autobiographical. The strained relations between closely autobiographical and much weaker. Maggie, Maggie and Tom correspond to George Eliot‟s like her creator, is avid for love. Lucy had been held relations with her brother Issac. It is significant that up to her as a model in her childhood as Chrissey had most of her memorable characters occur in her novels. to Mary And Maggie is all remorse about Lucy, Lucy This is so because they are the author‟s own relations all gentle forgiveness. Lucy is an idealized portrait, or friends and acquaintances. Maggie Tulliver and but as with Dinah Morris, George Eliot succeeds in Tom Tulliver are George Eliot and her brother Issac; giving to what might have been simply an intolerable her father Robert Evans may be discerned in a prig a sweetness that makes her bearable. Mrs. combination of Mr. Tulliver and Philip Wakem is the Tulliver is a woman in herself of little personality, but artist friend d‟Albert Durade she had met in Geneva, as the representative of the Dodson family. Aunt and who later painted her portrait. Glegg is the embodiment of these always right Her second long novel, The Mill on the Floss, was Dodsons. The central religion of the Dodson family is published only a year after Adam Bede. It was the that blood is thicker than water. The Dodsons are the book in which she drew most directly on her own very marrow of English middle class of the last early life. Maggie Tulliver, the sensitive, passionate century, a tradition that still survives. child in a stolid family, craving for her brother‟s love, Maggie Tulliver beavs a much closer relationship the ardent girl growing up in a narrow world with a to George Eliot than any character in the earlier novel thirst for life, beauty, knowledge, is the young Mary does indeed. It is not going too far to say that Maggie Evans herself, transmuted into fiction. Maggie repeats is the essential Marry Ann Evans that George Eliot her author‟s childish troubles for she is often in was born and this close relationship between the disgrace, considered plain and tiresome compared author and her heroine gives the novel a warmth and unfavourably with her pretty, docile cousin, Lucy, as immediacy her other novel lacks. It is from the Mary Ann had been with Chrissey. With Maggie, as identification that The Mill on the Floss gets its power with her creator the strongest need is the need of and its charm. As a detailed rendering of the growth being loved, the second of more scope than her of a girl to young womanhood, a girl marked by surroundings provide. intellectual distinction, a generously ardent nature, The Mill on the Floss has both the strength and the and a strong capacity for feeling, Maggie has never weakness of an autobiographical novel. There is no been surpassed like her mentor, George Eliot. We do more vivid picture in English fiction of the sorrows not, for one moment question the intellectual ability of and sufferings of a child. the spiritual quality of this girl, her craving for a George Eliot used, of course, with some adaption, larger world of the mind and the emotions or what the surroundings of her own home, and visitors to the exists almost by reflex action her dedication to self house at Griff can still see the mill, and the Red Deeps sacrifice. She is set perfectly in her yeoman where Maggie had the stolen interviews with Philip. background on the edge of the country town, set Her very life as a writer had depended on her being perfectly in her relations to her parents, her adored able to abandon it, but in her portrait of the young brother, and circle of aunts and uncles. In a sense, it is Maggie she allows no mature or objective judgment to a more real one and never has the conservatism the qualify the identification. The portraits gains in self-complacency, the lack of imagination of a long freshness and intensity what it loses in proportion? established provincial society been better rendered.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 In the novel George Eliot is identified with elder Tullivers do not represent her parents; and the Maggie Tulliver in a different way and to a different brother Tom, it is to be hoped, was at most vaguely degree from that in which she is identified with any suggested by the real Issac Evans. But Maggie character in Adom Bede. In the early part of the book Tulliver, spite of certain modifications - the George Eliot had drawn freely on her own self- remarkable personal beauty, for example, which has knowledge and memories in creating Maggie. for good reasons to be bestowed upon her – evidently Consequently, the invention of a suitable moral represents as clearly as possible what George Eliot dilemma was perplexed by her own private life. The would have been had she been transplanted in her Mill on the Floss is among the major English novels, infancy to some slightly different family in the same but it holds that position in spite of grave defects. It district. Although many of the best novels in the owes it to the invention and the masterly presentation language are autobiographical there is hardly one of the Tulliver family and the Dodson aunts to the which gives so vivid and direct representation of the story of Maggie‟s childhood and compassion with writer‟s most intimate characteristic. The first part of which the author conceives and presents that world. the novel is the culmination of George Eliot‟s power. Although some childhood incidents are treated with Maggie is one example of the feminine type which comic irony (for example the death of the rabbits of occurs with important modifications in most of the Maggie‟s omission to share the jam puff), the inner other stories. But George Eliot throws herself so life of brother and sister is conveyed with a poetic frankly into Maggie‟s position, gives her “double” intensity and wealth of symbolic reference in marked such reality by the wayward foibles associated with contract to the satirical realism used to describe the her nobler impulses, and dwells so lovingly upon all world they live in, the world of Mrs. Pullet with his her joys and sorrows, that the character grows with a Lozenges and musical box, the St Ogg‟s ladies bazaar more tender and poetic charm then any of her other and Mr. Deane behind his mohogany desk at the bank. heroines. Most of us, like de Beauvoir, leap from heroine to The Mill on the floss, so far, is a singularly author. Indeed Eliot was, as she told Barbara powerful presentation, by help of her personal Bodichon, mining „the remotest areas‟ of her past. memories, of the theme of Anderson‟s „uglg The autobiographical element undoubtedly heightens duckling‟, the said of genius cast upon barren ground the sense of pain because the exercise forced her to and yet managing to find sufficient nurture from the admit that her closeness to her own brother and to her most unpromising materials. The Dodsons were “a father was not only irrevocably past but that even very proud race”; no one should be able to tax them during childhood, life had not consisted, solely in with a breach of traditional duty. So, even when Mrs. wandering hand-in-hand through fields of daisies. Glegg, the most nagging and contradictory of them Philip, Maggie and Lucy like George Eliot herself are all, quarrels with her sister, she feels bound to have part of the first generation of trades people and their fair share of her property to her sister‟s children. artisans to have access to culture. George Eliot‟s fondness for the old memories The title originally suggested, “Sister Maggie”, is betrayed her into some disproportionate length, no really the most appropriate. The external one can deny the extra-ordinary skill and force with circumstances have, of course, been altered. The which the situation is prepared. scenery is supposed to be in Lincolnshire, and the All her works, in some sense, autobiographical, in town of St. Ogg‟s is said to represent Gainsborough. that they contain imaginatively wrought creations But her native still supplies the details. The “round which exemplify her beliefs, often in settings pool,” to which she had gone on fishing expeditions borrowed from her experience of life in Warwickshire with her brother and the “Red Deeps,” which had earlier in the century. The Mill on the Floss, too, is set been a favourite haunt, are transported from Griff to among the farming and trading families of the Dorlcote Mill. The attic to which Maggie retires in the Midlands. But the most particular autobiographical mill is the attic to which George Eliot had retired in component of the Mill on the Floss – the her father‟s house. Her brother, we are told had transmutation of Marian Evan‟s broken off already detected her in her first story. She was now relationship with her brother Issac and George Eliot‟s revealed, not only to him, but to her old neighbours, continuing partnership with Leves have a present by the closeness of her descriptions. The important painfulness for the writer. They are not examples of point, however, is her identity with the heroine, the emotion recollected in tranquility though George Eliot
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 tries to adopt a Wordsworth and serenity in parts of sited near a flooding river on which to base St.Oggs. The the novel. story covers some eleven or twelve years of the period of Marian Evans sacrificed her reputation in the eyes of George Eliot‟s own childhood, and takes Maggie from the society at large and, more painfully in those of her brother age of about nine to her death at around twenty, and well and sister when she took her decision to live with Lewes. over half of it is devoted to the detailed presentation of the The complete loss of contact with her older brother Issac Tulliver‟s childhood and their family life. whom she had adored „puppy like‟ as a child but who was George Eliot‟s earliest memories were of her brother already distant and disapproving because of her denial of Issac, whom she followed everywhere, worshipping him for Christian faith was the most painful result of her action. The his strength & his decisiveness, and terrified lest she should plot of the Mill on the Floss, written six years later, and in fall out of his favour; he on the other hand, was responsible particular the presentation of the brother-sister relationship for seeing that she didn‟t fall into „our brown canal‟ for in that novel, reveal her sorrow. evidence of this period of her life we have to rely on the The Mill on the Floss has been George Eliot‟s best „Brother and Sister‟ sonnets, published in 1874 and the known novel until recent years, and largely because of the anecdotes related in the early chapters of the Mill on the famous and extended portroyal of the childhood of Tom & Floss‟. Tom and Maggie are born in the same years as Issac Maggie Tulliver, most of which is recounted from their and Mary Ann, and it is usually assumed that the neat and viewpoint and also because Maggie Tulliver has been tidy Lucy resembles her sister Chrissey. In 1935-36 when identified with Marian Evans. The title, “The Mill on the first Robert and then his wife became ill are reflected in the Floss”, is one of the perfect titles in fiction, despite the illness and recovery of Mr. Tulliver in „The Mill on the slight inaccuracy-the Mill being not on the Floss but on its Floss‟. Issac seems to have temporarily taken over the work tributary the Ripple. It was not decided upon without of the estate, which is echoed in the way in which Tom considerable debate the first suggestion was “Sister Tulliver, in spite of his expensive education, resolves to Maggie”, which Oscar Browning thought, strangely enough, buckle down and assist his father. Later Issac was sent to “would have been a far better title”. Lewes preferred “The Mr. Docker, a private tutor in Birmingham; there is a short Tullivers; or Life on the Floss”, which George Eliot thought essay about the luck of the draw in education in the novel had the advantage-which it certainly had not of “slipping off which rings true. When the game of identifications was the lazy English tongue”. To Blackwood is due, it appears, inevitably played, she made few denials. She was Maggie or the credit of suggesting the title finally adopted. rather, the young Maggie was the young Mary Ann. Issac The novel has ample space for identification with was Tom, Chrissey was Lucy. The Dodson sisters were the Marian Evans. This identification is no more fruitful than pearson aunts, right down to Aunt Glegg‟s „fuzzy front‟. looking for Jane Austen behind all of her most sympathetic The gardens, the pond, the Red Deeps, are all from heroines. It is not reasonable to suppose that a great writer memories of childhood at Griff‟s. creating a character who possesses some similar qualities to In short, „the Mill on the Floss‟ is a great him-or herself will be able thoroughly to disentangle that autobiographical novel, at least in the earlier books. She has character from his own. One night just as well see Marian poured more of herself into this novel, so that none of her Evans in Dinah Marris of Dorothea Brooke, and yet a closer other works appeals with the same directness to the personal identification than any of these might be Mary Garth, whose sympathies of her readers. father at least is much more obviously a portrait of Robert References:- Evans. Maggie Tulliver is like George Eliot in her 1. R.D. Trivedi, A Compendious History of English Literature, sensibility, but her family is quite different from the Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1994. Evanses, unless the author was being utterly disrespectful to 2. Cooper Lettice, George Eliot, the British Council, National both her parents, which is impossible to suppose. Maggie‟s Book League by Longmans, Green & Co. London, 1951. 3. Allen Walter, The English Novel, A short Critical History, education is somewhat different, and unlike George Eliot Pheonix House Ltd., London, 1954. she is quite incapable of making the necessary breach with 4. Uglow Gennifer, George Eliot, Virago Press Limited, London, her part which would have been her only means if salvation. 1987. 5. Ashton Rosemary, George Eliot, Oxford University Press, Of course, she like Marian Evans, but we do the writer no London, 1983. credit if we suppose that her vision of the character is 6. Pearce T. S., George Eliot, Evans Brother Limited, London, blinkered by her preoccupation with a self-portrait. 1973. Although George Eliot had determined to conclude it with 7. Purkis John, A Preface to George Eliot, Longman Group, Limited, England, 1985. the flood, and did a good deal of work to discover a town
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 MISTRY'S WOMEN: MICROCOSM OF INDIAN SOCIETY Dr. Radheshyam Dipte, Head, Deptt. of English, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar Dist- Bhandara (M.S.) 441912
Abstract: Rohinton Mistry is an Indian writer of diaspora. In search of lucrative opportunities, he emigrated to Canada, settled there and began his career as a writer. Nevertheless, he never severed the umbilical cord with his motherland- India. His Indian background supplied fodder for Mistry to muse and reflect with almost nostalgic urge. His delineation of characters and milieu appears authentic; true to Indian background so much so that it never appears that the writer has a forlorn or distant view. His women are from all strata of Indian society. Although Mistry prefers to choose characters from his family lineage, Parsi, he is at home in depicting characters from a variegated base. One envisions a true India, wherein unity lies in diversity. Really, his description and depiction is truly microcosm of Indian society. Key Words: Parsi, diaspora, double diaspora, archetype
Introduction: Rohinton Mistry is a glowing star character through his/her activities and through the in the galaxy that contains luminaries such as V. S. conversation in which the character takes part. This Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, Shashi method is integrated with elements of interior Tharoor, Vikaram Seth and Bharati Mukherjee, to monologue which help the creation of life like mention a few. He has drawn the attention of the characters. His three novels Such a Long Journey, A world as an absorbing writer of human experiences. Fine Balance and Family Matters project a good He is a Parsi by birth and has recorded the complex number of characters most of who belong to the Parsi tradition of Parsi history and culture in his writings. community. Many writers emigrated to other countries in The novel, Such a Long Journey, like other novels, search of better opportunities of employment and contains scattered remarks usually uttered by the future. Rohinton Mistry has emigrated to Canada and minorities or thrown at them by the majority group settled there. Like many of the writers of diaspora, which together give the novel a look of Parsi fiction. Rohinton Mistry chose English as the medium of For example, Dinshawji describes how the 'goondas' writing and India as the milieu for his novels, owing shouted while breaking the thick glass of the windows to his bringing up in India. Rohinton Mustry finds in the bank: "They were shouting “Parsi crow-eaters, India, its culture and people close to his heart while we'll show you who is the boss” (39). Gustad's wife writing novels He experienced double diaspora when Dilnavaz was always amused by the sight of a short he emigrated to Canada. First, Parsis immigrated to tail of hair growing from the centre of the milkman's India from Persia, and later, as it happened with head otherwise perfectly shaven: "She knew it was a Rohinton Mistry, he emigrated to Canada, thereby, Hindu custom in some particular caste, she was not experiencing double diaspora presently. Though he exactly sure, but couldn't help thinking that it was an ardent lover of music, the necessity for resembled a grey rat's tail” (3). survival and his employment in bank forced him to Mistry's novels are male dominating, that is action find another expression in a different form to earn of the novels most of the time revolves around the money. The creative urge was at the core of his heart male characters, and the women characters are as a lover of art and its beginning started from his subordinate to them. This is true of his major women writing of the short stories. At present, he has characters like Dilnavaz of Such a Long Journey and established himself as a writer of high calibre and Roxana and Coomy of Family Matters. It does not sensitivity. mean that they have no role to play. Their voice is Mistry’s Women: A good novelist possesses the important and heard but from behind the curtain, power to blow life into his characters and make his within the family. Though Rohinton Mistry‟s women men and women real to our imagination. He must uphold, succour and fortify community, and his make the reader take interest in the men and women novels certainly polarize around women-power, it is and in what happens to them or within them. not denying the fact that their reign works in the Rohinton Mistry is a skilful artist, who has family circle only. Outside activities, decision making developed the art of character-sketch and has raised it and earning bread for the family are performed by to a height that is hardly surpassed. In most cases he male folks. Women are happy with the responsibility follows the dramatic method of introducing the of taking care of the family - of husband, children and Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 8
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 relatives, and that is all. For them comes family continuous harassment by her brother, Nusswan. His concern first. Although these women are well paternal and patronizing attitude irritates the freedom- educated, they have no personal ambition which may loving Dina who is blessed with irrepressible sense of come in the progress of the family or husband. They humour. Nusswan‟s sole concern seems to be to get consider themselves blessed and are happy that their his sister married to a rich and respectable young man. husbands love them, earn bread for the family and But, Dina, the rebel, defies her actually class children are happy. Their selfish ambition has no conscious brother by marrying Rustom Dalal, a mere place in their lives, as it were. Hence, in these novels compounder. Unfortunately, her happy married life the conflict that arises due to ambitious nature of with Rustom comes to a tragic end when Rustom is female characters or their tendency to assert their killed in a cycle accident on the day of their third rights of demand for equal status or awareness of their marriage anniversary. For Dina, the memories of her subordinate and subaltern position in the family and married life with Rustom are so precious that she society is found to be totally lacking. cannot ever think of marrying again. And she Dina Dalal of A Fine Balance struggles for her courageously decides to lead a free and independent rights and challenges male domination, brunt of which life. However, circumstances compel her to seek she has to bear in the form of her brother- Nusswan‟s refuge at her brother‟s house. She reconciles to the scolding and thrashing. However, before her husband fate. Nevertheless, she tries to lead her life on her own Rustom died, she was happy with her role of a terms. Her whole struggle is for her own wishes to traditional wife. Her whole concern was aimed and spend on the earth as an independent entity. She intended at her husband‟s satisfaction and happiness. wishes to have her own dictates in her life. Therefore, like other women in Rohinton Mistry‟s Roxana of Family Matters fits exactly in the novels, she also would think of ways to please her mould of Dilnavaz of Such a Long Journey. Like husband. Dilnavaz‟s, Roxana‟s whole concern and devotion are Rohinton Mistry‟s women enjoy the glory of for the family. Roxana is Cinderella as far as her hard conjugal life. What least they expect is that their working without complaining or raising any demand husbands should be loyal to them, truthful to them, is concerned. Her uncomplaining nature, her slogging should feel for the family, lead life in the respected for the family and her patience at her husband‟s manner and keep away from the evil habits, and thus, playing Matka command our respect for her. She for these women the life will offer the bliss of heaven. appears an ideal woman; everyone would wish to They are female stereotype, much liked by traditional have as a wife, sister or daughter. She is not greedy. Indian writers. She is satisfied with what she has. She is divine by Dilnavaz, Gustad Noble‟s wife in Such a Long nature and likes to lead life fulfilling the role the God Journey, is sketched as a housewife, who hardly decides for her, without complaining and with malice bothers about anything except the well-being of her towards none attitude. family. Santwana Haldar remarks: “She is like the Women in Such a Long Journey and Family wise sparrow retold in Shashi Deshpande‟s That Long Matters can be explicitly categorized into two kinds, Silence” (141). good-bad, benign- wicked, or paragon that everyone Mindless drudgery is the destiny of Dilnavaz. As will like to have- reprehensible women that everyone Nilufer E. Bharucha observes: will like to keep at distance. Dilnavaz – Miss Kutpitia, In British India, unhampered by the taboos of the Roxana – Coomy are such pairs. In the novels, not so Hindu caste system and the isolation of the Muslims, good women act as foils to good women and highlight the Parsis surged ahead and became the most their virtues. Reverse is also true. Good qualities of westernized. But it was mainly confined to men. Even the said good women in these novels point out the though some rich Parsis educated their daughters, who vices of bad women. These bad women are spinsters became doctors, lawyers and teachers, the majority of contrary to the good women who are happily married. Parsi women received little education and was They are a bit crack or eccentric by applying the subjected to the taboos and repressions of a strict standard of society, it seems. patriarchy. (Qted. Dodiya, Fiction of RM 53) Miss Kutpitia is the archetype spinster, who is Dina Shroff of A Fine Balance has a happy much reviled by the neighbours. In Gujarati, the name childhood but the untimely death of her parents in 'Kutpitia' means quarrelsome. She is introduced as a quick succession makes her life miserable, with her lonely person, who did not allow others to enter her
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 flat. There is a rumour in the neighbourhood that she deriving information from them that the author wants had embalmed and preserved the bodies of his them to do in the scheme of the novel. Only relatives in her flat, instead of handing them over for Nusswan's wife, Ruby can stand as a character proper disposal at the Tower of Silence. She lives like contrasting the personality of the main character- Dina a miser, a typical loose- screw eccentric, with dust and Dalal vis-à-vis her docility and cunningness in cobwebs everywhere. treating her sister-in-law Dina Dalal. Mistry sketches her character both from external Other minor women characters in three novels are and internal perspectives. Externally, she is miser, cannon fodder if not exactly space carrier. In the maze superstitious and believer in black magic. Though she of the novels their role is to highlight the facets and is rendered as silly superstitious woman, she is streaks of the main characters. They also provide internally a pathetic figure. Her irrational female momentum to the action in the novels and make turns nature has been rendered as a matter of fun and the of events and proceedings possible and probable. writer informs that she was the ubiquitous witch of A female character, child Roshan in Such a Long fairy stories come to life to the children. Journey is a doll like creature. Her illness brings Miss Her imaginative nature, her capacity to persuade Kutpitia on the scene to help Dilnavaz. Mrs. Dinshaw others towards her line of thinking and her knowledge is a nagging woman whom her husband calls 'vulture'. of the surroundings could make her a wise lady if she In A Fine Balance Roopa, Dukhi's mother were provided with proper modern education. She is illustrates the plight of the low caste people at the an example to what extent one can go if one is led by hands of the high caste people. Radha, the wife of superstitious thoughts. Narayan in her opposition to do the work the In Family Matters, Coomy, the stepdaughter of traditional social system imposed on them shows Nariman, is a blend of variety of characteristics. The aspirations of women and their will to soar high bond of love and trust could never develop between above. Mrs. Gupta is an archetype of well-to-do- her and Nariman as she holds Nariman's continuation people who have never suffered in their lives and of liaison with Lucy the cause of her mother's torment therefore, have a myopic view about the poor. and death. She does have a feeling of gratitude for Mumtaz offers Rohinton Mistry opportunity to what Nariman has benignly done for them. But from preach that humanity is well nigh above the religious the sense of duty to nurse geriatric Nariman, and creed. Miriam is a sufferer at the hands of the revenge of her mother's death and suffering, she husband. Mrs. Kohlah reminds us of Dilnavaz and chooses the latter. Roxana in her devotion to the husband and children. Coomy has attachment for Roxana, but her The adage 'A friend in need is friend indeed' proves reluctance to do menial tasks as a part of nursing true in case of Zenobia. She goes all the way to help Nariman overpowers that feeling, and she does not Dina amid vicissitudes in her life. Shirin aunty, bother about the problems that Roxana would face though a distant relative from in-law's side helps Dina when Nariman is shifted to her small flat. She is a and enables her to stand on her own. She provides complex character. She admonishes and shows at the contrast to Ruby, who only shows off care for Dina. veneer despise for Jehangir and Murad, however, as is In Family Matters Yasmin and Lucy act in the finally revealed, she has left for them as a token of backdrop in dream or flashback. They represent love the most precious thing she had inherited from predicament of women caused by marriage system her real father. She dislodges Nariman, at the same and rigid mores and culture of religions. time, she weeps and sympathises for his pain. Daisy, playing the swansong for Nariman proves Another characteristic feature of her personality is to be a caring woman. Her ambition, high regard for she is endowed with the gift of lying. Her talks or music and accomplishments in playing the violin are demeanour never betray her true feelings of hating commendable. Miss. Alvarez commands respect for someone or attempts of postponing Nariman's arrival. tackling bribes issue admirably. She teaches children A Fine Balance has no character that is a foil to that the classroom is a miniature model of society and the main character. Excluding the main woman the nation. Manizeh, a poor woman doubts her character- Dina Dalal, the author does not take pains husband's fidelity, and thinks that Coomy flirts with to draw other women characters comprehensively, him. Mrs. Kapoor is hardened by nature. She does not albeit they are well-drawn and are sufficient in it that cherish memory of the past. they behave and interact with other characters,
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Regarding Rohinton Mistry's art of sometimes, he fails. But what we derive from reading characterisation it can be surmised that he does not his novels is aesthetic pleasure and insight into human pick up characters from all walks of life, nor from all psyche that struggle and reconciliation are destiny of strata of society. He is primarily confined to the Parsi the human race. characters. These Parsi personae offer him Conclusion: Canada-based, Indian Parsi writer, authenticity in character sketching. Being born Parsi Rohinton Mistry‟s literary voyage continues to bring and brought up in that ambience that is somewhat him to India. In his novels, Such A Long Journey, A secluded from other streams in India he has firsthand Fine Balance and Family Matters, he tries to revise knowledge of this milieu. He is well versed with the the history of his homeland, his community and psychological peculiarities, mannerism, problems, family, and reveals his diasporic consciousness. His feeling of insecurity, merits as well as whims of the novels reflect the reality of India - the predatory Parsi community by virtue of being a member of this politics of corruption, tyranny, exploitation, violence minority ethnic group. As an honest writer, he prefers and bloodshed. They also give an insight into rural to apply his expertise as a novelist in portraying these India, illustrate the injustice, the cruelty, and the people. Mistry picks up his characters from the Parsi horror of deprivation and portray the trauma of India community and his milieu is India. His characters are along communal, religious and linguistic lines. affected by political turmoil around them. His Rohinton Mistry has established himself not only characters are derived from contemporary Indian as a prominent writer of the Indian diaspora, but as a history. Haldar finds: writer of the Indian English Literature. His In Midnight's Children Rushdie made an elaborate contribution to the Indian English Literature is study of contemporary Indian history, relating his indelible as his works provide a rich flavour to it. characters to the major historical events of their time. Though his novels reflect the Indian life, political Rohinton Mistry's characters are not however related turmoil and corrupt ways, the spirit underlying in his to political incidents in the same way. But there are work is family ties and tussles and conflict among attempts to relate some political events to personal relations and among men and women and society as a ones. (120) whole. He glorifies Indian ethos and family bonds. As it is universal truth that the underlying nature Truly, Mistry's women represent India, embracing its of all human beings is identical, the characters of multiple aspects and hues! Rohinton Mistry symbolize the whole mankind. C. Bharathi observes: Works Cited: Mistry's Such a Long Journey marks the beginning The Works of Rohinton Mistry Tales from Firozsha Baag, Faber and Faber: London, 1987, Rupa of this detachment and dismemberment, while A Fine & Co.: New Delhi, 1993. Balance deals with characters who are displaced, Such a Long Journey, Faber and Faber: London, 1991. (In isolated and estranged, framed against the background association with Penguin Books India). of the anonymous, impersonal and terrifying A Fine Balance, Faber and Faber: London, 1995. Family Matters, Faber and Faber: London, 2002. metropolis. Family Matters places the microcosm of Other Works Referred and Cited: individual's lives within macrocosmic events. (qtd. in Dodiya, Jaydipsingh. ed. The Fiction of Rohinton Mistry. Delhi: Haldar 233) Prestige Books, 1998. Rohinton Mistry has tried to create a microcosm of Haldar, Santwana. Rohinton Mistry's Such a Long Journey, A critical Study. Delhi: Asia Book Club, 2006. society in his novels. Sometimes, he succeeds,
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 CUSTOMER PROBLEMS IN INSURANCES SCHEME AND COMPANIES Dr. R. P. Agrawal, Assistant Professor (Commerce) Kalyan P. G. College, Bhilainagar, Durg (C.G.) Mrs. Amritanjali Singh, Research Scholar, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)
Abstract: The journey of new India Insurances scheme has stated 17th century England. Insurances are the co – operative device who distribute the loss caused by a particular risk. When any insurances company face any types of mismanagement, they should look for a market for that policy instead of constantly lying to the public or with their clients. Market competition brings decrease in price of the insurances company and increases in the quality but customer play their part according to their views. In the unpredictable society insurances paly a secure part but customers face many other problems. In this paper we will discussed about the problems faced by the customers and also their reasons why many people don‟t have faith in the insurances company. The paper is focused on the problems faces by the customer in insurances sector. Keyword: Insurances, customer.
Introduction: To go deep in the insurances the has just started the business of insurance selling, then important is to understand the scheme of insurances. that particular person must understand that having Insurance firms are summarizing viewed as formation thick skin is an important thing for a person to survive meant to cancel or we can say as to minimize the in the insurances industry. consequences in adverse of future misfortunes. In fact, In 21 era‟s each business changes in some or the insurance companies are risk outcomes underwriters. other ways and the changes may either be negative or As we all know we live in the world of positive. For any industry, there are many problems to unpredictable societies that have an extensive variety be faced. Below Figure – 1 is some of the biggest of risk trajectories, well we commonly expected that challenges faced by insurance companies any person at a particular level or point in time can met into unfriendly situations that will enter in I.Trust endanger any person‟s life or property, education level, and class. Due to insurances in developed Feeble I.Competitio nation many companies and industries do not liquidate manpower Figure: 1 n Challenges faced or “go under” in such societies. by insurances Normally, most people expect that insurance firms company will be popular in societies. However, this is not the Economic Mismangem inconstancy ent case, as many insurance businesses face difficult or instability challenges that actually threaten their existences and survivals. This is mostly seen in less developed Trust: Trust is id the most important factor in any societies where political and socio – economic business existences. In fact accounting to the research systems are yet to form. in Balod, 85% people trust some on existing insurance Objectives of study: 1. To find the customer firms in comparison 15% may trust on the new problem in Insurances companies. 2. To examine the insurances businesses, because first reason is new customer trust on already exist insurances firm and insurances companies are operated on a very thin line new insurances firm. between failure and success of business. The second Research Methodology: The research is based on reason is no customer wants to take such risks with both the data collection i.e. primary data was collected the little among of money that they have. for customer views on insurances firms and secondary Table: 1 data was collected to study the theoretical part of the Question Yes No study. According to which hypothesis are: 1. Do you trust on already existence insurances 85% 15% Hypothesis: To analysis Customer problem in firm more than the new insurances firm? Insurances companies. 2. To examine the customer Due to lack of trust on insurances companies many trust on already exist insurances firm and new individuals don`t bother with insurance schemes insurances firm. because many insurance firms fail to pay insurances Data Analysis, Customers views and Problem claims, and they don`t own up to offering some faced by Customer: Talking about, if an individual benefits. Thus, most end up seeing insurance as one of Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 12
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 their unnecessary expenses. Many of the insurance Table: 4 firms shut down because of financial challenges. Question Yes No Competition: Today, there are many insurance Do you believe „Economic instability play a very 86% 14% important role in insurances‟? firms on the market and therefore there is an intensive It is clear with the Table – 4 that 86% customer challenge for insurers. Each and every company looks believe that economics instability plays important role for the best way of selling their insurance products in in insurances company but 14% said no that the best possible way by targeting a particular group economics instability do not affect in insurances of individuals. In most insurance businesses, company. especially the new ones are in the hit list doubts. Just Feeble manpower: Professionalism play a viral because of the cheating or quality compromise of role in today world where non – professionals may insurances companies are on hit list. May be because run many of the insurance business today. In fact, in of this reason the 45% customers have answered yes present there are many people who think that what it and 55% have no. takes to be an insurance professional is not just some Table: 2 knowledge regarding monetary studies with no Question Yes No Do you believe „competition reduces the quality of 45% 55% specialized training. Which also mean this has insurances‟? majorly affected the reputation of insurance firms in Mismanagement: Being the owner of any this century? insurance business, one is individual responsible for Table: 5 all issues that their clients may have regarding the Question Yes No management of the insurance business. Any insurance Do you believe „Knowledge and professionalism 92.5% 7.5% both affect in company market reputation‟? firms that are mismanaged cannot hide their faults for Finding, Conclusions & Suggestions: It has been very long time without the clients noticing. found that economic stability of any insurances firm is
very important in the market and in the customer Table: 3 Question Yes No view. In any insurances sector, customer do not see Will you participate in any insurances policy 15% 85% the company background and take the decision of when you come to know that a company has buying insurances policies as it is important to search a bad market image? before buying anything. Professional companies have The constant increase in clients and their complain considerable knowledge regarding marketing issues. are seen as time passes‟ but when any insurances In any mismanagement firm customer or client loss company or business do not maintain the transparency their faith and do not want a reinvest in their policies. then business may face loss in customers as in the The companies should maintain their relationship with table 3 we can see the 15% people believe in the customer and earn their trust. It has and sand company but 85% have no faith in company and in following are the suggestions: addition incompetent management may cost the 1. The customer should first look the company company for a long, particularly when insurances background. company have poor communication with their regular 2. The companies should keep their promises with clients. the customer to gain trust. Economic inconstancy or instability: Economy 3. The companies keep affordable price to make plays a very important role in any country. If any customer attention. country`s economy is down, all insurance companies in that country will be get affected. This may result References fluctuation in rates of insurance companies or might 1. https://cleartax.in/s/insurance 2. https://www.scribd.com/doc/10487143/Project-On-The-New- be forced to increase their rates, it may be fluctuation India-Assurance-Com-By-Sandeep-vaishnav. in interest rates, but such situations might create a bad 3. https://trendlyne.com/research- image of company in customer minds or may spread reports/stock/65182/NIACL/the-new-india-assurance- this information about company service or product. company-ltd/
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 THE PROBLEMS OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND POSSIBLE STRATEGIES Dr. Siddharth Nisargandha, Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Sir Sayyed College, Aurangabad (M.S.)
Introduction: Human bodies depend on water. been used for this research paper. This research article Water is needed for food, for energy, for human and focuses on various dimensions of displacement of environmental health, and for the products that society marginalized women in India. produces. Water has always been important for the Water: Problems and Management: Drinking survival and well-being of the community, over time water is our basic need. Unfortunately, about 76.7676 the dimensions of water are cultural, social, spiritual lakh villages are facing water scarcity. In Rajasthan, and political as well as economic and public health. some pockets of people have to wait for hours to get a Organizations directly and indirectly depend on the bucket of water from the water tankers brought by cars, quantity, quality, reliability, and affordability of their trucks, and tractors. The situation is similar in most water supplies. When there is too much or too little mountainous areas. In most tribal and backward areas, water or when it is too polluted or too expensive, lakes, tanks etc. in the monsoon. Clean and unsafe society suffers. These problems seem to be occurring water stored in is the only source of drinking water. more frequently and more frequently for longer periods Due to the changing nature and uneven distribution of time. Such problems are not easy to understand and of rainfall, different parts of our country are facing manage, in part because social responses to any frequent floods and droughts simultaneously. Apart decision taken to solve the problem often lead to other from this, rivers are flooded due to large amount of problems, such as random and unexpected. Moreover, deforestation and soil erosion. The most important people suffering from water management problems resources for sustainable and sustainable agricultural often do not agree on how to solve them. It is not production, industrial development and economic impossible to say how different stakeholders or liberation of the country are soil and water, which must sections of society will respond, especially if there is be conserved, developed and managed efficiently. disagreement over which decisions are best. Floods, irrigation, soil erosion, drought and salt water Nevertheless, in order to be sustainable, that is, to in India are some of the major problems of water maintain a decent half-life, water management management in agriculture and other needs. strategies must be based on sound science, are Here are the major issues in water management and affordable, and must be consistent with people's values possible strategies to overcome them: and beliefs (Montanari et al. 2013). 1. Flood: Floods drain large quantities of land with Meaning of Water Management: Water resource water and remain dry for some time. Floods have management is the activity of planning, developing, caused major damage to agriculture, livestock and distributing and managing the optimum use of water property. Flooding, forestry, overgrazing, mining, resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. industrialization, global warming, etc. have a major The water cycle, through evaporation and precipitation, role in flooding. The best way to overcome such maintains hydrological systems which form rivers and damage is to irrigate large-scale irrigation projects, lakes and support in a variety of aquatic ecosystems. which also protect against other environmental threats. Wetlands are intermediate forms between terrestrial These hazards can be in the form of increased water and aquatic ecosystems and contain species of plants storage, landslides in the reservoirs, damage to forest and animals that are highly moisture dependent. areas, large increase of aquatic weeds in infestation Objectives of the Study: 1. To understand the value, displacement of wildlife and decomposition of concept of water management. 2. To analyze the valuable landscapes.Planting can reduce the impact of problems of water management. 3. To explain the water flow on the ground floor. Land Use State Board major issues in water management and possible was established in 1980 to protect the soil and water strategies to overcome them. for water management, proper production, and proper Research Methodology: The present paper entitled utilization of land and water. “Impact of Displacement on Marginalized Women in 2. Water Resources: When the soil is full of water, India” is based on secondary data. Secondary data has it is said to be full of water, which is due to the been collected from government and non government accumulation of water on flat ground and solid areas. publications. Books, reports and research articles on Excessive rainfall, floods, seepage high water table, impact of displacement on marginalized women have obstruction of natural drainage, excess of irrigation etc.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 In most tillage areas, wet conditions last longer and human society will be obliged to use various methods sowing is delayed or crop production decreases. of adaptation. Another effect is that when the water is dry, the salts Conclusions: Our water resources are distributed accumulate on the surface of the soil, leading to irregularly in space and time, under pressure due to salinity. Since water scarcity is the second biggest large population changes and increasing demand. hazard to the soil, it is important to study the drainage Access and reliability of reliable data on water of water table fluctuations, groundwater recharge, availability, quality, and quantity make it an essential canals, tanks, etc. foundation for sound management of water resources. 3. Saline groundwater: The percentage of sodium Different options for growth extend the boundaries of salts is high in most of the arid and semi-arid regions. water resources in the traditional sense, helping to Such water is dangerous for agriculture. Continuous match demand and supply. Understanding all the use of such water adds sodium salt to the formation of components of the hydroelectric cycle, and the impact alkali or alkali soil. The following are some of the of human activity on it, is essential to efficiently and possible remedies for saline removal i.e.Use of sustainable development and protection of our water Gypsum (CASO4), Use of sugar, ash and sugarcane resources. sugar extracts, Cultivation of salt resistant varieties. Climate change is having a significant impact on 4. Watershed Management: Rain is the main climate patterns, rainfall and hydrological cycles, source of water on Earth. When rainwater reaches the surface water availability as well as soil moisture and surface of the earth, part of it is evaporated, and part of groundwater recharge. Due to increasing uncertainty it is taken up by plants, a portion of groundwater is over surface water availability and increasing levels of retained, one part is infiltrated, and the remaining water pollution and water reproduction, many areas water flows from the drainage system to the sea. fear the disruption of social and economic development General Chat Chat Lounge Each river system has and environmental health. Groundwater sources separate sections of drainage, which depends on the can, in many cases, supplement surface water, terrain, geology, climate, and land use patterns. especially as a source of drinking water. However, in To solve the problem of water resources and many cases, these aquifers are being tapped at a various types of decomposition, and to develop these volatile rate or are affected by pollution. More resources in order to increase the productivity of the attention should be paid to the sustainable management region continuously, we need to focus on the natural of renewable groundwater. Many traditional methods drainage element called water shed (Fig. 3.2.2). are being refined (e.g., rain water harvesting), while Watershed is called 'terrain' which distributes water, recent advances (e.g. artificial recharge, separation and sewage and dissolved substances from a small stream recycling of water) are being developed. Policy options to a large stream (river). The management of a single need to be further supported, such as demand unit of land with its water drainage system is called management, with an emphasis on more efficient use watershed management. This technique has several of water resources, as well as technical solutions for components which include soil, water and vegetation supply side. covers. The natural drainage pattern of a watershed unit, if managed properly, can bring about a year-round References: 1. Abbast S.A. (2001): Water resource Projects and their supply of water. environment impact”. Himalaya publishing house, New Delhi. 5. Rainwater Harvesting: The old people said, 2. Biswas Asit K. (1993): “Water for sustainable development in 21st century – A Global perspective Oxford publisher, Delhi. 'Get water when it rains'. This is true even in the face 3. Chaturvedi M.C. (1987): “Water resources systems planning and of a water crisis. There is a severe water shortage in the management”, Tata McGraw Publishing Co. Delhi. Pp 43-48 4. Grigg Nell‟s (1985): “Water Resources Planning”, McGraw Hill world today. Every drop of water is valuable because Book Company, Washington. 'where there is water, there is life'. In the last few 5. Rao K.S. (1992): “Fresh Water Ecology”, Anmol Publication, New Delhi. Pp 65-70 decades, India's peace has grown. India is likely to 6. Sen & Das P.K. (1986): “Water utilization of Form level”, increase water scarcity due to increasing population. In National Institute of Rural development, Hydrabad. Pp 168-173 extreme situations in the future, due to climate change, 7. Sharma V.K. (1989): “Water Resources & Water management”, Himalaya Publishing Bombay.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 MASS COMMUNICATION IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA Dr. Mubaraque Quraishi, H. O. D. History, S.G.B. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Tumsar (M.S.) M: 9890491326.
Introduction: Taking the functions of the press to from aggression and, secondly, in evolving a sound be those of conveying Government policies to the foreign policy with the aid of which successful public, keeping Government informed of public needs conquests can be made of neighbouring lands. and reactions to Government policies, and keeping The nation of political communication was not Government and the public informed of events, the alien to ancient policy makers as it is an integral part takes back his story to primitive times and to meetings of administration. A close examination of Kautilyas of the tribal society which developed the method of ‘Arthshastra’ reveals the intertwining of modifying or amplifying policies and of making the communication and politics from the dawn of early “will of the chief known to the tribe as well as statecraft. ascertaining the will of the tribe as a whole”. In a highly centralized administrative system as In a later era historical evidence shows the ruler that of the Mouryas, it was essential that making his will known to the people through edicts communication can be maintained with all parts of the and proclamations. Another Edicts and proclamations subcontinents and with every level of the society. were an early former communication from the rulers Apart from land and sea communication, contact with to their subjects. Another concurrent development was populace was maintained through agents and the agency whereby the ruler acquainted himself with informants. They broadcast the ideas of the kind and activities which threatened in time to develop into a brought him reports of public opinion. challenge to his authority. News Letters from Remarking on general communication, Kautilya ministers, news writers and secret service men were describes it as behavior other than normal. Kautilya also an early institution which kept the ruler regularly also mentions proclamations which could be made in informed of developments in various parts of the the form of divine instruction during religious rites. country and among different classes of people. King Asoka, the third monarch of Indian Mouryan The tax collecting and other agencies were also dynasty, has come to be regarded as one of the most used for gathering and disseminating information. exemplary rulers in world history not only for There were also reports from the departments, and administration but also for mass communication accounts from the monasteries. The kings‟ writs were through his edicts. The British historian H.G. Wells important and so were the writ writers. The news has written, “Amidst the tens of thousands of names letters was an early institution. of monarchs that crowd the columns of history… the Ancient Period: Ancient monarchs had various name of Asoka shines, and shines almost alone, a means of political communication which helped in the star”. Although Buddhist literature preserved the administration of their vast territories. It was essential legend of this ruler - the story of cruel and ruthless to establish and maintain effective lines of king who converted to Buddhism and thereafter communication in order to administer the Kingdom established a reign of virtue-definitive historical and protect it from internal and external aggression records of his reign were lacking. Then in the and intrigue which were common in those days. All nineteenth century there came to light a large number great rulers used political communication to their of edicts, in India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. advantage. These edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, proclaim Political developments over the years led to the Asoka‟s reforms and policies and promulgate his first great empire of India, that of Mouryas, when for advice to his subjects. Which are described in the first time most of the subcontinent was united Divyavadana, the Asokavadana, the Mahavamsa and under single government. This period (c. 320-185 several other works of that time? Asoka‟s edicts are to BCE) produced a Machiavellian system of state craft be found scattered in more than thirty places associated with Kautilya or Chanakya was the chief throughout India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. minister of Chandragupta Mourya, founder of the Most of them are written in Brahmi script from which dynasty in 321 BC. Kautilyas ‘Arthshastra’ covers all Indian scripts and many of those used in Southeast the entire covers the entire gamut of statecraft with the Asia later Bodh Gaya, sent teaching monks to various statement of goals, firstly, is to guide the ruler in regions in India and beyond its borders, and he was efficient administration of his land and its protection Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 16
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 familiar enough with the sacred texts to recommend the princes are doing, and this duty they perform through some of them to the monastic community. written statements. The King sits up till midnight, and is Moghul Period: In India these forms of communication unceasingly occupied with the above sort of business. were improved under the Moghuls. The news-writers in Some hundreds of original manuscript newspapers of particular became an institution. The manuscript reports the Moghul Court were sent by Col. James Todd in 1828 to were meant exclusively for official use, but later they were the Royal Asiatic Society in London; the papers, 8 inches by copied for wider use. 4½ inches inside on an average, written in various hands, The establishment of the Moghul rule in India saw the record notices of promotions, visits by the Emperor, hunting organization of communication along more advanced lines. expeditions, bestowal of presents and news of similar Instead of oral tradition of the announcements by towncriers interest. According to John Fryer, a doctor who served in return reports were in circulation. Rulers needed India from 1672 to 1681, Aurangzeb‟s failure in the Deccan, information from all quarters of vast territories under their in spite of the formidable armies he had, was partly due to administration to frame policies, determine the welfare of the false reports sent by his news-writers. About a hundred the subjects, to gauge public opinion, and the most and fifty years later, Sir William Sleeman says that Ghulam important, to detect cries such as internal uprisings and Husain of the Kingdom of Oude was so ashamed of his treachery which were eminent threats to the Kingdom. An defeat that “he bribed all the news-writers within twenty emperor like Aurangzeb allowed great freedom in news miles of the place to say nothing about it in their reports to reporting; the reports sent by the news-writers were court, and he never made any report of it himself”. Sleeman unreliable and led to his failure in the Deccan. The Moghul also records that the King of Oude employed six hundred Emperor Aurangzeb established an efficient systems of and sixty news-writers and that they were paid between four information offices. New writers were appointed at the and five rupees each per month-“….such are the reporters of bureau of intelligence maintained in every provisional the circumstances in all the cases on which the sovereign capital. These new writers known as ‘Waquia Navis’ were and his ministers have to pass orders every day in Oude”. In responsible for recording the occurrence of important events the first half of the eighteenth century, the factors of the in the districts. They were sent to the capital (Delhi) where East India Company availed themselves often of the the more important pieces of information were read out to services of news-writers to acquaint the Indian courts of the emperor Aurangzeb‟s army was also a good source of items of news. The Company‟s representatives also had information. their complaints published in the news-letters and thereby Francois Bernier, a French doctor who served in India, sought to get them redressed. writing in 1656-1668, said : Conclusion: Sources of communication between The provincial governors, as before observed, are so Monarchs Emperors and their subjects during ancient and many petty tyrants, possessing a boundless authority; and as Medieval Indian period seems to be different varied in there is no one to whom the oppressed subject may appeal, nature. In ancient Indian history Kautilya‟s Arthshastra is he cannot hope for redress, let his injuries be ever so undoubtedly one of the oldest works on statecraft and it is grievous and ever so frequently repeated. It is true that the classic example of political communication. It he who put Great Mogul sends a Vakea-Nevis (Wakiahnawis, a news- forth the potential of communication to its fullest use in all writer) to the various provinees, that is, persons whose its presuasibility in the administration of a state even before business it is to communicate every event that takes place; the west could follow such concepts. So as with Asokas but there is generally a disgraceful collusion between these edicts, which are excellent sources of communication officers and the Governor, so that their presence seldom between Monarch and the society. In Medieval period the restains the tyranny exercised over the unhappy people. source of communication were vaquia-navis and An interesting account is given by Niccola Manucci, a departments associated with. Through which we get plenty Venetian traveler, who lived at the court of Aurangzeb, of information about the political as well as social condition. wrote: It is a fixed rule of the Moghuls that the vaquia-navis References:- and the confianavis or the public and secret news-writers of 1. 1. Bashan, A.L.(Ed.), A Culture History of India, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975. the empire must once a week enter what is passing in a 2. Kangle, R.P., The Kautilya Arthshastra - A Study, Part I, II & vaquia-that is to say, a sort of gazette or mercury, III, 1960. containing the events of most importance. These news- 3. Nadig, Krishnamurthy, Indian Journalism, University of letters are commonly read in the King‟s presence by women Mysore, 1966. of the mahal at about nine o‟clock in the evening, so that by 4. Thapar, Romila, Ashoka and the Decline of the Mouryas, this means he knows what is going on in his Kingdom. Oxford University Press, Oxford. There are, in addition, spies who are also obliged to send in 5. Rau, Chalapathi, M., The Press, National Book Trust, 1974, reports weekly about other important business, chiefly what New Delhi.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 COVID-19 AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Mr. Kedarsingh C. Rotele, Research Scholar, RTMNU Ms. Kajol C. Rotele, Research Scholar, Mumbai University
Abstract: Social development has been described as a process of change from the traditional way of living of rural communities to progressive ways of living. As a method by which people can be assisted to develop themselves on their own capacity and resources. Social development is a programme for accomplishing certain activities in the fields concerning the welfare of the rural people. And last but not the least the Social development is a movement for progress with a certain ideological content. The two essential elements in Social development are: „participation by the people themselves in efforts to improve their level of living with as much reliance as possible on their own initiatives. But now the realistic situation becomes very vulnerable for the social development due to Covid-19 pandemic which are affecting the elements of social development. So, the present paper focused on the Covid-19 impact and the social development as well. Key Word: Covid-19, Social Development.
Introduction: Social development is seen as a promotion of peace, and the attainment of the fullest process and a product. As a process, it stands for the possible human development. conscious and deliberate intervention with the Models of Development: Nehru Model of instruments of policy and planning in order to bring Development: The development of the Indian about changes that lead towards desired goals. economy till 1977, when the Janta Party came to Social development implies a macro strategy of power, was based on Nehru‟s investment strategy and planned intervention to improve the capacity of the hence popularity referred to as the “Nehru Model of existing social systems to cope with the demands of Development”. This model made heavy industry the change and growth. Thus, Social development means foundation of the economy is able to reduce its transforming institutions to empower people. dependence on foreign aid. A strong foundation is Social development is about social cohesion, also important from the point of view of defense, networks of reciprocity, structures of mediation, without which the question of economy development equity, recognizing the needs and rights of the ultra- becomes irrelevant. The Nehru strategy of poor, promoting cultural identity and institutional development has made India the tenth most development, and promoting civil society. industrialized nation in the world. Goals of Social development: The Gandhian Model of Development: Mahathma 1. The realization of more balanced approaches to Gandhi was not a professional economist and had not social and economic development. developed a formal model of economic growth. But 2. The assignment of the highest priority to the he advocated certain policies with regard to fullest possible human development. development of Indian agriculture, industries, etc. 3. The fullest possible participation of people Acharya S. N. Agarwal broyght out the „Gandhian everywhere in determining both the means and Plan‟ in 1944 and reaffirmed it in 1948. These outcomes of development. publications from the basis of Gandhian planning or 4. The elimination of absolute poverty everywhere „Gandhian Model of Development.‟ in the world. The basis objectives of the Gandhian model is to 5. The elimination of barriers to development raise the material as well as the cultural level of the which, in every society, have been used to oppress Indian masses so as to provide a basic standard of life, historically disadvantaged population groups, but it lays the great emphasis on the scientific especially women, the aged, the poor, children and development of agriculture and rapid growth of youth, disabled persons, political and economic cottage and village industries. refugees, the mentally ill as well as persons who have Contents of Development: 1. Access to Health, been disadvantaged on the basis of race, religion, Education, and Welfare. 2. Change plus Growth. 3. ethnicity, social class, caste and sexual orientation. Transformation of Society. 4. Poverty Reduction. 5. 6. The transformation of societies towards more Rapid Growth. 6. Employment Opportunities. 7. humanistic values based on social justice, the Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 18
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Sustainable Growth. 8. Improved Quality of life of tolerant, and participatory. The Human Development people. 9. Peace and Prosperity. Report 2014 notes that democracy is providing more Models of Social Development: political space for protest; and therefore, people are 1. Enabling model: Social development as a goal mobilizing a new along ethnic, religious, social, and can be achieved through enabling approach. Enabling cultural lines demanding that their identities be model carries through the tools of education, acknowledged, appreciated and accommodated by enlightenment, information, awareness, and constant wider society. Suffering discrimination and communication between different stakeholders. In a marginalization from social economic and political country like India Total Literacy Campaign has been opportunities, they are also demanding social justice. used as a major tool of enabling model. 7. Economic model: Poverty and unemployment 2. Conscientization model: Paulo Freire are two development concerns which are linked with advocated pedagogy to conscientise the people while economics. In the current times there are two andragogy is equally important tool. While enabling associated but pressing concerns of social approach creates the base to acquire knowledge, development i.e. conversion and migration which information, and skills etc., Conscientization breaks have been responsible to the loss of purity of the one free from the clutches of pre- conceived attitudes cultural identities and allow more cross cultural and turns to an enlightened and liberal personality. exposure and intercourse. This has hampered the The tools of conscientization are a positive and liberal social harmony at places and virtue of established environment, proper socialization, secular social conventions. This has further added to social tension policy and of course, positive education. and communal violence. Conscientization represents a process of emancipation Covid-19 pandemic: As the Covid-19 pandemic of the personality from all forms of psychic barriers. has put companies out of work, and transitioned the 3. Empowerment model: Empowerment means workforce online, employment trends have rapidly an intervention which gives a sense of being powerful shifted, as well, according to a new report from to the people. Indian Constitution, social legislations, Monster. The novel coronavirus has made remote social policies, human development programmes, work the new normal, especially as global health independent, impartial, and accessible judiciary, concerns are mandating stay-at-home policies in many enlightened effective policy system, vigilant media states. and mechanisms through which empowerment will Job security: According to data from job seekers realize its full potential. and recruiters, most employers (58%) report fears 4. Participation model: Participation of people in about the job security, and even more (67%) of decision making is important ingredient of social employers report these concerns. Active job seekers development. India tried participation of people represent 34% of the workforce, but express concern through reservations in Government jobs. It also about success. And about half (46%) of workers reserved seats for Parliamentary and Assembly expect their employment to alter in the wake of elections on order to ensure the presentation of certain Covid-19, whether by switching to remote work, categories of people like Schedule Castes, Scheduled “increased health and safety protocols (either formally Tribes. Thus greater participation of people into or personally enforced), residual emotional impact”, administration and governance have been able to the report states. mend the social barriers, have allowed more space for Stress is impacting workers: Of nearly 7,000 US various categories of people and brought social employees, 73% have reported mental stress development in the true sense of the term. symptoms such as nightmares, loss of focus, 5. Social Legislation model: Social Legislation is depression, anger, according to the report. Physical an important tool to reform various social ailments. It symptoms have also been reported for nearly a third also covers systemic failures and adds new value (27%) of workers, such as weight fluctuations, back system. It is also the important tool of social pain, and sleeplessness. engineering. Social Legislation has been used by The analysis has been updated based on the social activists to sensitize media, judiciary, growing spread of the pandemic to low-and middle- administration, and society as a whole. income countries. Covid-19 is taking its toll on the 6. Democratic model: Democracy accommodates world, causing deaths, illnesses, and economic the aspirations of the people and is more inclusive, despair. It may pushing about 40-60 million people
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 into extreme poverty, with our best estimate being 49 even harder time meeting the demand if they million. Global poverty will increase because of experience an outbreak. Covid-19 is challenging and comes with a lot of People living in marginalized communities lack uncertainty. Covid-19 is likely to cause the first protection: accessing health care and preventative increase in global poverty since 1998, when Asian services like proper hand washing and sanitation Financial Crisis hit. Covid-19 is driving a change in facilities are especially difficult for refugees, our 2020 estimate of the global poverty rate of 0.7 migrants, or internally displaced communities around percentage points- (8.6%-8.2%)-(7.8%-8.1%). Another the world. Covid-19 could potentially spread rapidly way to put this is that the estimates suggest that in refugee camps, shelters, or in slums and people Covid-19 will push 49 million people into extreme living in these conditions would be less likely to have poverty in 2020. The place where the virus is taking its the resources to fight off the disease. highest toll depends primarily on two factors: 1) the Job instability perpetuates poverty: the world‟s impact of the virus on economic activity and 2) the poorest people hold insecure jobs, with little number of people living close to the international protection, in unsafe condition and lack access to poverty line. health care. People living in poverty who survive Lower-income people are more at risk of Covid-19-but miss work due to quarantines or other disease: preventative care and health education are measurements-are also likely to lose health acre less accessible to low-income people who are more employment benefits. likely to have pre-existing conditions, catch Covid-19, Conclusion: The present paper revealed that the and die from it. People living in poverty are also more social development leads towards the holistic likely to hold insecure jobs and cannot afford to stay development by implementing above models of social home sick from work. Countries are enforcing development. Besides, people participation made it lockdowns to promote social distancing and contain more welfare activity for the weaker sections of the the virus, but such precautions are more challenging society. But now the situation becomes very critical in developing countries, like India, with crowded for social development due to the impact of Covid-19. cities and slums. People living in small, confined References: spaces with multiple people are not able to isolate 1. Bhattacharya, S. (2008) Social Work An Integrated Approach, New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications. themselves as easily to help contain the virus. 2. Gore, M. (2003) Social Development, Jaipur: Rawat Vulnerable communities have unequal access to Publications. health care: Around 4 billion people- half the world‟s 3. Goel, S. (2010) Social Welfare Administration, New Delhi: Deep population- lack access to health care. Illness is & Deep Publications. 4. Singh, S. (Ed.) (2012) Encyclopedia of Social Work in India especially expensive for poor people. Health care (Vol.04), Lucknow: New Royal Book Company. costs push nearly100 million people into extreme 5. https://www.globalization.org/en/content poverty. Developing countries are expected to have an 6. https://blogs.worlbank.org/opendata 7. www.ncsl.org/labour-and-employment
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ACADEMIC CONTENT ON INTERNET AND ACCESS TO IT! Hemangi Kulkarni, Research Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, RTMNU, Nagpur. Research Supervisor – Dr Ashok Borkar, Department of Sociology, RTMNU, Nagpur
Introduction: - We live in an era wherein the sea interesting to know that 2.5 quintillions bytes is of information is at tip of our fingers. The current output of data roughly. (Hale, 2017). proliferation of internet as the cheap, affordable and While talking of validity of content we should user friendly medium for exchange of information has check a few things that include 1) do the website opened the doors of easy access to almost all kinds of serve the intended audiences? 2) Is the author subject, in various languages, though English being identified and is there enough information of author to the dominant one. Academic institutes and Libraries, establish the credibility of author? 3) Is the author open forum have also made good use of this medium affiliated to some recognised organization or by making various general and subject oriented institution? Has the content gone through peer contents available for students, researchers , reviews or editing process, is it grammatically scientist‟s etc. KEY WORDS – Internet access, correct? Does the website intend putting biased content, availability, accessibility, authenticity of opinion or specific agenda? Check the url like .ac.uk content, privacy issue, academics, impact, search means UK university. Such important factors validate engine, open forum, e-libraray. the content on various parameters making it hassle Research Objective: - The objective of this paper free and credible enough to be used or referred. is to know the various angles that are related to (Edinburgh, 2017). surfing for an academic content on internet including Reliability of content depends upon the origin of availability, accessibility, authenticity of content, the source.(Watson, 2013) If one is unable to privacy issue etc. determine that from where the piece of information Literature Review: - When we say Academic was generated or received then the question of Content it refers to the authentic and valid content authenticity and reliability arises. The tips for made available by various renowned academic checking the reliability of online sources could be institutions, forums, educational institutions, checking whether website is reputable. Seeing if it universities, libraries. We need to first see that in what includes .gov, .edu; secondly the author name and its condition the Academic Content is available and also verification and lastly the mention of sources for data the Amount of Data, it‟s Validity and Reliability on website. needs to be checked. Similarly when we talk about Now that we are discussing about the content the access, the term gets divided into more detail terms of most important aspect that is, kind of access available Open Access and Closed Access. to it. The access is either open or closed. Open access Let us peep into the details of condition of refers to the practice of making peer reviewed academic content available on internet. The academic scholarly research and literature freely available content is available in various forms on internet like online to anyone interested in reading it. Open access the text‟s, pdf‟s, audios, audio-visual, webcast, has two versions first is Gratis and Second is Libre. webinars, video conferences, educational channels on (opensource.com) YouTube & websites, pictorial presentations, slide Gratis open access is making research available shows, diagrams, flowcharts, images, books etc. We for others to read without having to pay for it. can look for our desired content by visiting concerned However, it does not grant the user the right to make websites of institutions, libraries, forums, search the copies, distribute, or modify the work in any way engines etc. The content that we are looking for may beyond fair use. Libre open access is gratis, it means be available in more or less amount that depends upon the research is available free of charge, but it goes the data available regarding content on internet. The further by granting users additional rights, usually via data is generated about any topic on internet by the a Creative Commons license, so that people are free to information that is feed via websites, e-books, links, reuse and remix the research. Wikipedia‟s, papers, presentations, and all the While in case of closed access, it indicates that the contributions that are made for particular topic. The publication is not available under the open access. It search engine will produce all the results that are needs the prior permission or it is chargeable to use concerned to your key word of search. It would be the content available on that particular platform. It Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 21
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 means that the particular content is protected and all There are many notable non-profit and commercial rights of use or reproducing it are safe with the institutions providing MOOC. original creator. Also the closed access is kept for National repository of open educational resources heavily accessed books that are inadequately available is an initiative of govt of India for educational text in numbers. books, e library and courses made available online. In the middle of discussion one can understand As per the All India Survey on Higher Education that everything we are talking about is a technology 2015-16 done by HRD Ministry states that Total based. Better technology usually means greater cost- enrolment for Higher Education is 34.6million parted effectiveness as well .This must be the central purpose as 18.6 million boys and 16 million girls. Distance of academic renewal for 21st century. (Daniel, 1996). enrolment is 11.05% of total Higher Education Internet technology use for academic purposes enrolment having 46.3% female students. changed the entire scenario of traditional ways of Google as search engine is available for coverage learning and imparting the education. No one would and accessibility, whereas library systems are superior have believed that the books that were difficult to find for quality of results. Precision is Similar for both in libraries are just a click away in various formats on systems. Improving skills of searcher will filter result internet. The concept of E- libraries thus proved to be from library systems, but not from Google. (Jan very revolutionary in the world of making content Brophy) . When it comes to searching internet for accessible to many thousands. various academic faculties, there is constant increase E- Libraries – It is the best example of in it in science and agriculture as compared to authenticated academics and subject oriented content humanities or social sciences. (Susane S Lazinger, being made available online by renowned resources. 1997). Though there no specific data of academic National Digital Library of India makes available the searches on Google but the whooping figure 40K literature in 70plus languages by 1.5lakh authors. It search per second is definitely astonishing making us provides e-material from primary to post graduate believe that internet is being extensively accessed levels. It is sponsored by Ministry of Human Resource across the world for various searches. (Live internet Development. This could be one example; various e- Stats). In a Comparative Study of use of Library and libraries are available across the globe in co- internet as sources of information by graduate ordination with recognised educational institutes. students in the University of Ghana it indicates that They allow the access with certain log-in information. students do not bypass the library in satisfying need of National Digital library also provides a list of e- content/ information, although the use of internet is content and links for Engineering web and video more than library.(Kumah, December 2015). course, virtual labs for various disciplines, talk to While talking of the approaches in surfing, the teacher, robotics engineering, e-books, other most important element in the characterization of a interactive platforms and even ISLERS, a sign deep approach is the search for understanding (Leung, language program for hearing impaired etc. 2003). Deep learning represents student engagement Distance learning or Distance Education is the in approaches to learning that emphasizes integration, boon for those could not attend the college/ higher synthesis, and reflection. (Laird, (2008)) educational institutes by practically being present. As per the Australian School Library Association Indian HRD Ministry has identified institutes for Technology is ever changing and is being able to read distance education apart from the Autonomous and or even use a computer is not enough. Students must private universities which too provide distance be able to evaluate and apply information. education facilities to Indian students and those from As per the study under Title-„The curse of ease of abroad. It has actually connected academic world to access to internet, discuss the critical issues of – students. Ensuring continuity of services and security of data on The academic content become interactive in internet‟. It also stress on analysing the root cause of MOOC‟s that is Mass Online Open Classroom, attacks that are emerging on daily basis. (Kotagiri Especially a web based program wherein students and Ramamohanarao). teachers across the globe come together form a online It could be understood that the data on the internet pool of resource which are readily available to utilize. should be more secure and that the vast amount of There is option of listening to lectures, downloading data that is poured in every minute needs a better notes, contributing our own and sharing our views.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 management to continue the quality of result delivery to judge its accuracy and to establish that information by Internet. comes from a reliable source. (Edinburgh, How to As per the study named „‟Internet seen as positive, evaluate website content ) Influence on Education but Negative on Morality in There has been tremendous rise in online content emerging and developing Nations studies‟‟, studies consumption driven by the speedy digital adoptions. the technology use in 32emerging and developing This scenario is not just for the metro cities but also nations. The results say, overall, a median of 64% for the Tier I and II cities and rural regions. This kind across 32 emerging and developing nations say the of the democratised online access is due to the better internet is a good influence on education, with at least digital infra and improved literacy. The roll out of the half also seeing it as a good influence on personal 3G and 4G broadband services, cheaper smart phones relationships (53%) and the economy (52%). Publics and data tariffs have contributed to these changes. in emerging and developing nations are more (Dushyant Kohli). convinced that the internet is having a negative effect Methodology: – Secondary data collection on morality. The study includes sample from India methodology was used for the attaining the research which shows that internet has positive influence on objective. The researcher has studied Secondary data education is accepted by Indians as well. (Jacob means the data that are already available. The data is Poushter, 2015) . used from the authentic and verified sources like As per the Recommendation of the study- Truth, various publications of the central, state are local Lies, and The Internet, Digital Judgement must governments; various publications of foreign become a core part of National Curriculum and governments or of international bodies, journals, teachers training. It also says that, The Department for books, magazines and newspapers, reports and education should join forces with pvt sector and third publications, reports prepared by research scholars, sector to create a set of teacher resources. public records and statistical information. Additionally Parents too need to take an active role in Discussion: - *The surfer or searcher should have managing and guiding children‟s online consumption adequate knowledge of accessing the authentic and encourage critical thinking.(Jamie Bartlett, 2011). sources available on internet while looking for Going a bit further on the same lines, when a vast academic material. *Vast amount of academic data for amount of useful information is just at the fingertips, variety of subjects is available on websites of various an equally unprecedented amount of mistakes, half- government and educational institutions. They truths, mistruths, propaganda, misinformation, provide access to data with prior verification of user, disinformation, and general nonsense also claims the some login details or some nominal payment or net spaces. Thus making a choice between good and subscription. *The matter on internet may not always bad, reliable and trustworthy becomes important. be checked like that of newspaper of books. It is the Many young people are unable to find correct responsibility of user to crosscheck it. *Internet information and apply fact checks to it. Every time searches and right way of access can open doors to censorship or control over the internet content may sea of information promoting deeper knowledge over not be as useful as youths making careful, savvy just surface learning. judgements, about the internet content they will Conclusion & Suggestions: – Academic content inevitably encounter. (Jamie Bartlett, 2011) available on internet can be used with proper If we look at the regulation part on the information authentication. The surfer needs to have knowledge of it could be said that unlike Books or Newspapers the open and closed access and to use the content rightly information on internet is not regulated for quality or to serve his or her purpose. Strategic, specific, to the accuracy. Thus responsibility of used to evaluate the point approach of access with proper guidance can resource effectively is important. Some questions make the academic content accessibility an easy task. regarding Author, Purpose, Objectivity, Accuracy, - Concerned Government department in co-ordination Reliability links should be checked while looking for with academic institutions should make the academic reference content on internet. (library) repositories link public so that Students, Surfers, The new users can get guided and give direction to Researchers from the very beginning could look out their search by following some most trusted for required data in directional ways to avoid instructions. Before using information you find on spending of excess time. This will also create internet for assignments and research, it is important
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 awareness about institutional and government 12. Jan Brophy, D. B. (n.d.). "Is Google enough? Comparison of an internet search engine with academic library resources", Vol. 57 Issue: 6,. Aslib initiatives for students‟ progress. Proceedings , pp.498-512, . 13. Joshua Allen Holms, M. C. (n.d.). Opensource.com. Retrieved from https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-access References: 14. Kotagiri Ramamohanarao, K. K. (2007). The Curse of Ease of Access to the 1. Daniel, J. s. (1996). Mega Universities and Knowledge Media - Technology Internet. NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory, The University of Melbourne. strategies for Higher education. Oxon: Routlege, taylor ad Francis Group. 15. Kumah, C. H. (December 2015). A Comparative Study of use of the Library 2. Definations. (1996). Retrieved 2017, from http://www. yourdictionary. and theInternet as Sources of Information by GraduateStudents in the com/academic-institution University Of Ghana. Libraray Philosophya and Practice (e-journal) , 1-21. 3. Dushyant Kohli, H. G. (n.d.). INC 42 Resource News. 16. Laird, T. F. ( (2008)). The Effects of Discipline on Deep Approaches to 4. Edinburgh, T. U. (n.d.). How to evaluate website content . Retrieved from Student Learning and College Outcomes. Research in Higher Education 49(6) https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/ library-museum-gallery/finding- , 469-481. resources/library-databases/databases-overview/evaluating-websites 17. Leung, D. Y. (2003). The relationship between approaches to learning and 5. Edinburgh, T. U. (2017, July 4). How to evaluate website content. Retrieved reflection upon practice. Educational Psychology23(1) , 61-71. from https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/f 18. library, G. U. (n.d.). Evaluating Internet Resources. Retrieved Oct 2017, from inding-resources/library-databases/databases-overview/evaluating-websites https://www.library.georgetown.edu /tutorials /research-guides/evaluating- 6. ETL523, D. -L. (2011). Digital Fluency . internet-content 7. H. Juhling McClung, R. D. (1998). The Internet as a source for Current 19. Live internet Stats. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. Patient Information, American Academy of Pediatrics. internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics/ 8. Hale, T. (2017, July 26). www.iflscience.com. Retrieved from 20. Network, T. S. (2001). Definations and Translations. Retrieved from http://www.iflscience.com/technology/how-much-data-does-the-world- http://www.definitions.net/definition/content generate-every-minute/ 21. Susane S Lazinger, J. B.-L. (1997). Internet use by faculty members in various 9. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23885/web-content. (2017). Retrieved diciplines , A comparative case study . Journal of the American Society oct 10, 2017 information Science , 508-518. 10. Jacob Poushter, J. C. (2015, March 19). Internet Seen as Positive Internet 22. Watson, K.-A. (2013, September). Evaluating Primary and Secondary Seen as Positive but Negative on Morality in Emerging and Developing Sources- An Online Tutorial. National Libraray of Jamaica. Nations. 23. www.onlineuniversities.com. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 22, 2017, from 11. Jamie Bartlett, C. M. (2011, September ). Truth, Lies and the Internet . http://www.onlineuniversities.com London,UK. PROTECTION OF WOMEN AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Dr. Mahesh Laxmanrao Dharmapurikar, Assist. Professor In Law, Shri Shivaji Law College, Kandhar,
Abstract: - Violence against women and girls continued to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures and maims physically, psychologically, sexually, economically. It is one of the pervasive of human rights violations denying women and girl‟s equality, security dignity and self-worth and their right to enjoy fundamental freedoms. Violence against women is present in every country, cutting across the boundaries of culture, class, education, income ethnicity, and age; India is not free from scourge either. The Vienna Accord of 1994 and the Beijing Declaration and the platform for Action (1995) have acknowledged that domestic violence is undoubtedly a important human rights issue. The United Nations Committee on Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in its General Recommendations has recommended that state parties should act to protect women against violence of any kind, especially that occurring within the family. The phenomenon of domestic violence in India is widely prevalent but has remained invisible in the public domain. Hence to protect Indian women from domestic violence parliament passed, Domestic Violence Act, 2005. Keywords: - Domestic Violence, Legal Mechanism, Protection, Women.
Introduction: - Family is the foundation of under article 14,15(3), 21, 39(A), 51A(e), 32, 36 and civilized society. In fact, man and women are two preamble. Moreover, the earlier legislation in India halves of humanity none of the two can reach its have protected the women from torture, cruelty, highest creative excellence without cooperation of the harassment under sections 498A, 304, 305 of the other. But the most horrendous cruelties have I.P.C. and Dowry Prohibition Act. 1961. influenced her life. Even in the new millennium, the The main objective of the Act is to provide more status of women has not improved significantly. Due effective protection to the women‟s rights. These have to the traditional attitude and low mentality of male been guaranteed by the Constitution to women who dominated society, women are suffering from are victim of the violence of any kind occurring discrimination and domestic violence. Women‟s within the family and for matters connected there with issues have been a matter of great concern for long or incidental. time but these are taken seriously only in the past few The term domestic violence is often used decades. synonymously with domestic abuse. It may include As regards India, our constitution provides better physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, protection from domestic violence against women spousal abuse and psychological abuse.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Domestic violence covers physical aggression, or home would always be in a fear of being displaced. threats, neglecting, controlling, domineering, such women either suffers violence silently or would intimidation, stalking. In short, all forms of domestic be homeless if dares disclose and take legal action. violence have a common purpose to gain and maintain The act has filled this vacuum and provides many the total control over the women victim. other evolutionary provisions. Domestic violence Act A) Analysis & Purpose of the Act: The is of a nature of civil law, the object of which is not to protection of the women from domestic violence Act, punish the wrong doers, but to protect the women and 2005 has come to effect from 26th Oct. 2006 and it provide her with immediate remedies which are contains five chapters and 37 sections. Its main appropriate for her such as medical assistance, features are that the term domestic violence has been protection shelter, maintenance etc. made wide enough to encompass every possibility as B) Mechanism under the Act: The Act specifies it covers all forms of physical, sexual, verbal, a set of mechanism to help the victims of domestic emotional and economic abuse that can harm, cause violence. They are i) Magistrate ii) Protection Officer injury to endanger the health, safety, life, limb or and iii) Service Provider. well-being either mental or physical of the aggrieved Section 8 of the Act Provides for the setting up wife or female live in partner from violence at the and functions of Protection Officer. The Protection hands or male live- in partner or his relatives. The law Officer functions under the control and supervision of also extends its protection to woman who is sisters, the Magistrate and there can be more than one widows, or mothers. Domestic violence under the act Protection Officers in a district appointed by also includes harassment by way of unlawful dowry respective State Governments. He or She is the key demands to the woman or her relatives were also person entrusted with the responsibility to assist the covered under the definition. victim and get her justice. It is the primary duty of the It appears from the Act that the information Protection Officer to inform the aggrieved persons of regarding an act or act of domestic violence does not their rights under the Act and help them to prepare necessarily have to be lodged by the aggrieved parts and file a complaint about the domestic violence to but by any person who has reason to believe that such the Magistrate, visit home and prepare a Domestic an act has been or is being committed. Which means Incident Report and file it in the Court, inform the that neighbours, Social walkers, relatives, etc can all aggrieved person of her right to free legal aid, take initiative on behalf of the eviction? availability of counsellors, medical facilities and The definition or an aggrieved person is equally shelter homes, maintain a list of Service Providers, get wide and covers not just the wife but a women who is the victim medically examined if she has sustained the sexual partner of the male irrespective of whether injuries and forward a copy of medical report to the she is his legal wife or not. The Daughter, Mother, concerned police station and the Magistrate, ensure Sister, Child, widowed relative, in fact, any women compliance of protection orders obtained from the residing in the house hold who is related in some way Magistrate and assist the Magistrate in discharge of to the respondent, is also covered by the Act. his duty related to the under section 09 of Act. Section 2 (f) which defines domestic relationship, Service Providers are a vital tool in the makes it clear that, only women and not men are implementation of this Act. Service Providers are entitled to file a complaint and ask for remedy under private organizations recognized under the Companies this Act. Remedies for domestic violence are available Act / Societies Registration Act. They will have to only when aggrieved women are in a domestic register with the state Government as a Service relationship with respondent. provider, to record the Domestic Incident Report and To protect women from violence, there are various to get the aggrieved person medically examined. laws in India. No doubt, all laws do protect women C) Main causes of Domestic Violence: from violence and punishes the wrongdoer. Husband 1) Deep-rooted patriarchal system: Patriarchal and his relatives can be punished under the concerned system means dominance of male. A woman has laws but no law provides a complete justice to a either no status or secondary status. In India, woman. Even though these laws do punish culprits, patriarchal system is prevalent. It is something, which they lack in providing a woman actual remedy, and generally nobody condemns. The Indian patriarchal that is shelter and maintenance. A woman who no society that dominates the social, political and alternative place to live other than her husband‟s economic life of people in the country has never
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 encouraged its women in any field, except kitchen. emotional as well as economical abuse of an Indian women are relative disempowered and they aggrieved person, By this order, respondent can be enjoy lower status than that of men from times prohibited from doing, aiding or abetting any act immemorial. which will constitute domestic violence. He will also Even, mother teaches, their daughters to beer be prohibited from communicating and entering the mistreatment by husband or in laws. To worship the place where aggrieved person works and to protect the husband is considered as a part of culture. This is the child, prohibiting respondent from entering into his main reason, most of the time, women hesitates to school, Respondent by this order can be restricted disclose her pain, her sufferings caused by domestic while dealing with stridhan if any or bank accounts or violence. property while dealing with stridhan if any or bank 2) Dowry Demand: Dowry demand is a very accounts or property which is enjoyed either by the common practice in India. Practice of demanding aggrieved person alone or jointly with respondent. money from wife‟s parent and on dissatisfaction, 2. The main reason why women are silent sufferer abusing her physically, mentally by her husband and of domestic violence is the fear of being homeless. his relatives has a serious repercussion on women. In The act recognizes the right of a woman to live in short Dowry demand is also one of the main causes of shared household. To give effect to this of a woman to domestic violence. live in shared household. To give effect to this right of 3) Illiteracy, Unemployment, and Poverty: All a woman to live in shared household. To give effect to these factors, illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, lack this right Magistrate is empowered to pass a of awareness, are interlinked and one leads to another. „residence order‟ By this order respondent would be It has been observed that due to illiteracy and poverty restraint from dispossessing the aggrieved person women particularly in the country side suffer from from the shared household. It is immaterial whether domestic violence. They are not fully aware about respondent is owner of the shared household or not. their rights due to illiteracy and due to poverty, are Further, woman may be provided with separate room unable to approach to the court of law for justice. In or portion. If aggrieved woman entities stridhan or short, long list of enactments are passed in favour of any other property or valuable security which is in women; but their implementation is not up to possession of respondent, Magistrate may direct the satisfaction. Moreover, they remain away from the respondent to return it to her. protection provided under the different enactments. 3. The Act provides the facility of Shelter homes 4) Traditions, Attitude, and Mentality: It is also for women who either are dispossessed from their one of the major challenges of domestic violence matrimonial home or fears to live with husband or his because Indian society based on several traditions, relatives. beliefs, blind faith which considers the women and 4. Provisions of medical facility are made girls as secondary citizens. It has been observed that, available for the victim. All the government hospitals due to low mentality and negative attitude of the are recognized as medical facility. Any private people towards women and girls, the goal of socio nursing home may be notified as medical facility for equity will not be achieved because there is a huge this purpose. distinction between kith and kin. Even in the present 5. If aggrieved person and her child suffered any era & science and Technology of modern time, the monetary loss due to domestic violence. Magistrate mentality of the common man is still unchanged. may direct respondent to pay adequate, fair and 5) Female Foeticide: No, doubt, the Government reasonable „monetary relief‟. Magistrate is has totally bane about ultrasound in public medical empowered to order either an appropriate lump sum institutions as well as private clinics. But due to payment or monthly payments of maintenance. personal benefits and corruption female foetus are 6. Aggrieved woman is entitled to get apportioned every day. This is also one if the major compensation and damages for the injuries causes by cause of domestic violence. the respondent. D) Remedies for aggrieved Women provided by Suggestions: I would like to submit my following the Act. suggestions for the better working of this Act. 1. On hearing both the parties, Magistrate may 1. Amendment in the Act for making for the pass a „protection order. This is very useful and provisions for Separate court to handle Domestic effective provision to prevent further physical, Violence cases like consumer Protection Act 1986 has
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 provisions for three tier mechanism i.e. : District reform in India must be holistic. Here it is important Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum, State consumer to note that India has complex legal systems, derived Dispute Redressal Commission and National from many sources because its historical experience consumer commission. Similar arrangements can be spans many centuries. Religious customs and colonial adopted for efficient time bound disposal; and quick legal norms have combined to entrench discretionary relief can be granted to the victim. legal values, and these need to be removed to provide 2. Amendment is required for the appointment of a normative structure, and harmonies with women‟s protection officers; they shall be women with legal human rights as recognized in international law and knowledge interested for social reforms with national Constitution. In order to protect women from independent charge of protection officers. Approaches violence it is proposed that standards and norms in of Executive need change. Simply making a new law international human rights conventions and treaties without adequate provisions will defeat the intention that have been ratified should be made a part of of legislation. domestic law; law and law enforcement mechanism 3. Budgetary allocations will be made for publicity should be radically transformed to make them gender and creating the required infrastructure for effective sensitive; and women‟s right to life and protections implementation of these legislation (PWDVA, Dowry against violence and discrimination should be made Prohibition Act and others). an enforceable fundamental right. Conclusion: - The protection of women from Domestic Violence Act is a good effort and in fact it References: 1. A Critical Study on Domestic violence Act 2005 Dr. Sanjay is the beginning by Indian legislature to tackle the Bang- Vidhi Bharti violence against women within the four walls of Issue –II-2013-14 page no. 27. house. Domestic violence is not at all a private matter 2. Domestic Violence Against Women in India by A. K. Singh, S. which can be solved within the four walls of a house. P. Shingh & S. P. Pandey 2009 3. Indian Bar Review, vol XXIV(1 to 4) 2007 Pg. No. 239, 240 It is a very serious public issue and whole society has 4. Indian Bar Review, vol XXXI(1 & 2) 2004 Pg. No. 36, 37 to stand for this evil practice. The act recognizes the 5. Law Relating to women Dr. T. Padma & K. P.C. Rao, ALT place of woman in his family, her right to live in Publications, Hyderabad. house where her family is living. There are few new 6. Naya Deep Volume XII- Issue 4 Oct. 2011 Pg. No. 18, 19 7. Naya Deep Volume XII- Issue 4 Oct. 2011 Volume XIII- Issue- concepts introduced in the Act for advancement of the I-Jan 2012 Pg. No. 19 & 20 women and to secure her status. 8. Naya Deep Volume XII- Issue- I – Jan. 2011Pg. No. 32, 33 In sum, given the greater awareness about the 9. Protection of women from DMA2005: Panacea Riddle – Mr. issue of violence against women, recent years have Sudhir Tarote- Page 152. 10. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005 A oritical witnessed the formulation of laws and guidelines and Appraisal by Pravinay. Gagde, Criminal Law Journal, 2011, the setting up of other mechanism to deal with this Jully, Page 193, 194. phenomenon. International standards with regard to 11. Protection of Women from Domestic violence Act, 2005. violence against women are gradually being 12. Vidhi Bharati Research Journal Issue-II- year 02-2013-14 Pg. No. 34 to 36 introduced into the Indian legal framework, but the 13. Violence Against women Need to Awaken the conscience of mechanisms of implementation are very weak. Since Humanity Dayanand College of Law, Latur – Asia Law House the problem of violence against women is a complex Hyderabad 1st Edition- 2013. one, interfacing with many different social and 14. Women Laws –Universal Law Publishing co. pvt. Ltd., Delhi – Edition 2012. economic factors that entrench gender inequality, law
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Anti-Human Trafficking Laws in India: Challenges and Strategies Dr. S. Vijay Kumar, P. G. Department of Sociology, Hislop College, Nagpur [email protected]
Abstract: (The present study is a paper presented at the National Seminar on Law, Gender, and Social Transformation in India on 17th September 2012 held at Hyderabad Central University, Hyderabad. Human trafficking is the most inhuman form of danger which the society is facing in the contemporary times. It is multi- faceted menace where the victims are ravaged and demoralized robbing their right of freedom. The objective of the paper is to identify the loopholes which are existing in the present legislations in order to control the problem of trafficking and also to suggest rehabilitative and remedial measures to tackle human trafficking. The methodology adopted in the paper will be based on the data obtained by secondary sources.) Keywords: Human Trafficking, Exploitation, SITA
Introduction: Human trafficking is the most numbers are not known, it is one of the most lucrative inhuman form of danger which the society is facing in criminal trades, next to arms and drug smuggling the contemporary times. It is multi-faceted menace undertaken by highly organized criminals. The Indian where the victims are ravaged and demoralized Constitution specifically bans the traffic in persons. robbing their right of freedom. Trafficking in human Article 23, in the Fundamental Rights section of the beings, especially in women, and children has become constitution, prohibits "traffic in human beings and a matter of serious national and international concern. other similar forms of forced labor". There is a Women and children, boys and girls have been phenomenal increase in the trafficking in the wake of exposed to unprecedented vulnerabilities and globalization. Increasing profit with little or no risk, commercial exploitation of these vulnerabilities has organized activities, low priority in law enforcement become a massive organized crime and a multimillion etc., aggravate the situation. The income generated by dollar business. Nations are attempting to combat this trafficking is comparable to the money generated trade in human misery through legislative, executive, through trafficking in arms and drugs. Trafficking has judicial, and social action. India is emerging a source, been an area of concern since the early 20th century. transit as well as a destination for trafficker is a great It especially attracted attention during the 1980s. cause for concern. Available information indicates More recently, there has been a widening of its focus. that women and children are becoming vulnerable to However, this was not accompanied by an trafficking because of decreasing livelihood options. independent and sustained mass movement, against (SANKAR AND NAIR, 2005) trafficking in the country (D‟CUNHA, 1998). The Oxford English Dictionary defines traffic as Trafficking in human beings take place for the „trade, especially illegal (as in drugs). It has also been purpose of exploitation which in general could be described as „the transportation of goods, the coming, categorized as (a) Sex based and (b) Non Sex based. and going of people or goods by road, rail, air, sea, The former category includes trafficking for etc. The word trafficked or trafficking is described as prostitution, Commercial sexual abuse, Pedophilia, „dealing in something, especially illegally (as in the Pornography, Cyber sex, and different types of case of trafficking narcotics)‟. disguised sexual exploitation that take place in some The United Nations‟ definition of human of the massage parlors, beauty parlors, bars, and other trafficking is “The recruitment, transportation, manifestations like call girl racket, friends clubs, etc. transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of Non sex based trafficking could be for different types the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of servitude, like domestic labor, industrial labor, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of adoption, organ transplant, camel racing marriage power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving related rackets etc. But the growing traffic in women or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the is principally for the purpose of prostitution. consent of a person having control over another Prostitution is an international problem which can be person, for the purpose of exploitation". Put into found in both developing and industrialized nations. simpler words, human trafficking is modern-day Unfortunately, society remains tolerant of this slavery. (UNITED NATIONS, 2000:8) abominable crime against women. In India too, over the last decade, the volume of In the contemporary times trafficking is now been human trafficking has increased though the exact recognized as a sophisticated and well organized Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 28
Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 “industry” with political support and economic human trafficking in India is international while resources in countries of origin, transit and almost 90% is interstate. Dash in his study titled, destination. Nowadays it is seen as a major source of Immoral Trafficking: Blot on human civilization has income and high profits are gained out of it are identified few causes responsible for trafficking they laundered and fed into other illicit activities are attitudes towards women, lack of vision on (narcotics/arms trafficking).The reasons for the poverty alleviation, peer influence, lack of social increase in this phenomenon are multiple and norms, organized crime, illiteracy, mindset of modern complex. Trafficking in general seems to have taken society, attitudes of civil society, profitability and advantage of the globalization of the world economy politico-legal hurdles. (SWAIN, 2011) that has led to increased movement of people, money, Legal Provisions: To address the problems of goods and services to extend its own international trafficking in Indian society there are certain legal reach. It feeds on poverty, despair, war, crises, provisions for the victims of trafficking which are as ignorance, and women‟s unequal status in most follows: societies. Trafficking occurs for various purposes viz; The Constitution of India: Trafficking is bonded labour, domestic work, agricultural labour, prohibited by the Indian Constitution. The right construction work, carpet industry, garment industry, against exploitation is a Fundamental Right fish export as well as other sites of work in the formal guaranteed by the Constitution of India under Article and informal economy. Along with it illegal activities 23(1) which provides that “traffic in human beings are often associated like begging, organ trade, drug and other similar forms of forced labour are peddling, and smuggling. Trafficking is also done for prohibited and any contravention of this provision sexual exploitation whereby women are forced in shall be an offence punishable in accordance with prostitution, sex tourism, and pornography. The law”. This right is enforceable against the state and reasons for trafficking are poverty, female foeticide, private citizens. infanticide, child marriage, natural disasters, domestic The Indian Penal Code, 1860: The relevant violence, unemployment, lure of job, marriage with provisions under the Indian Penal Code are Section false promises, domestic servitude, religious 293, 294, 317, 339, 340, 341, 342, 354, 359, 361, 362, prostitution, and lack of employment opportunities. 363, 365, 366, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 496, 498, Trafficking most frequently occur in societies 506, 509 and 511. Of significance are section 366A, where women lack property rights, cannot inherit land which makes the procuration of a minor girl (below and do not enjoy equal protection under the law. In the age of 18 years) from one part of India to another, South Asia prostitution is caused by extreme punishable and section 366B, which makes the underdevelopment and caste discrimination in a importation of a girl below the age of 21 years strictly hierarchical society. (SHELLEY, 2010) punishable. Section 374 allows for punishment for In a recent survey in India, prostituted women compelling any person to labour against their will. cited the following reasons for their remaining in the The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women trade, reasons that have been echoed in all concerned and Girls Act, 1956 (SITA):This Act was enacted countries. In descending order of significance, they under Article 35 of the Constitution with the object of are poverty and unemployment; lack of proper inhibiting and abolishing trafficking in women and reintegration services, lack of options; stigma and girls. It was also in pursuance of the UN‟s Trafficking adverse social attitudes; family expectations and Convention, which India signed on 9 May 1950. The pressure; resignation and acclimatization to the Act aimed to rescue exploited women and girls, to lifestyle. prevent the deterioration of public morals and stamp According to NHRC Report on Trafficking in out the evil of prostitution that was rampant in various Women and Children, in India the population of parts of the country. women and children in sex work in India is stated to The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: In be between 70,000 and 1 million of these, 30% are 20 1956 SITA was drastically amended and renamed the years of age. Nearly 15% began sex work when they Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. It is a special were below 15 and 25% entered between 15 and 18 legislation that deals exclusively with trafficking. years (MUKHERJEE & DAS, 1996). Offences under the act are: a) Living on the earnings A study by Sakthi Vahini, 378 of 593 districts in of prostitution. b) Procuring, inducing, or taking India is affected by human trafficking and 10% of persons for the sale of prostitution. c) Detaining a
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 person in a premise where prostitution is carried on. purposes. b) To prevent commercial dealings in d) Prostitution in and around the vicinity of public human organs. places. e) Seducing or soliciting for the purpose of The Information Technology Act, 2000: This prostitution. f) Seduction of a person in custody. Act extends throughout India and also has extra- It also introduced several initiatives including territorial jurisdiction. Section 67 of this Act penalizes setting-up of Protective Homes to provide protection the publication or transmission of any material, in and services to victims and educational and vocational electronic form, which is lascivious or appeals to training to at-risk groups. The act also provides for the prurient interests or if its effect is such as to tend to appointment of special Police Officers assisted by deprave and corrupt persons who are likely to read, women police to investigate trafficking offences, and see or hear the matter contained or embodied therein. for setting up of Special Courts. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958: This Act Children) Act, 2000: This Act was passed in is aimed at the offenders. The important features of consonance with the Convention on the Rights of the the Act are: Child. The focus of this act is to provide for the 1. The Act empowers the court to release certain proper care, protection, and treatment of the child‟s offenders after admonition and place certain other developmental needs and adopts a child friendly offenders on probation for good conduct, and approach. Section 29 empowers state governments to 2. The Act puts a restriction on the court constitute Child Welfare Committees (CWC) for such forbidding the imprisonment of any offender below areas as they may deem fit and it also outlines the the age of 21 years, who has not committed an offence powers of the committee and the procedures to be punishable with imprisonment for life, unless the followed by it and section 31 gives these committees circumstances of the case or nature of the offence the ultimate authority to dispose of the cases. Under requires that the offender be punished. Section 34, a state government can establish and The Indecent Representation of Women maintain children‟s homes for the care and protection (Prohibition) Act, 1986: This act puts a restriction on of children independently and u/s 39, the primary the publishing or sending by post of books and objective of the children‟s home or shelter is the pamphlets containing indecent representation of restoration and protection of childhood. women and prohibits all persons from getting Goa Children’s Act, 2003: This Act addresses involved directly or indirectly in the publication or several child rights in an integrated manner. The exhibition of any advertisement containing indecent salient features of this act are: a) Trafficking was representations of women in any form given a legal definition for the first time in Indian The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929: This jurisprudence. b) The definition of sexual assault was Act sets down the legal age for marriage as 18 years expanded to incorporate every type of sexual for girls and 21 years for boy. The act empowers the exploitation. c) The responsibility of ensuring the court to issue injunctions prohibiting Child Marriage. safety of children on hotel premises was assigned to The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, the owner and the manager of the establishment. d) 1976: This Act defines terms such as „advance‟, Photo studios are now required to periodically report „agreement‟, „bonded debt‟, „and bonded labour‟, to the police that they have not shot any obscene „bonded labour system‟ and provides for initiating photographs of children. appropriate action. Irrespective of the above mentioned legal The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) safeguards prevention of human trafficking requires Act, 1976: The Act prohibits the employment of several types of interventions. Prevention as a strategy children in the specific occupations set forth in Part A to combat trafficking has to focus on areas of of the schedule of the Act. It lays down the conditions sensitization and awareness among the public, of work of the children, and as per the Act, no child especially those vulnerable pockets of trafficking at can work for more than three hours, after which an source areas as well as convergence of a development interval of rest for at least one hour is stipulated. services to forestall conditions responsible for it. The The Transplantation of Human Organ Act, state should play an effective role by enforcing the 1994: The two-fold objectives of this act are: a) To Government at local level and source areas should be provide for the regulation of removal, storage and responsible in creating compulsory high quality transplantation of human organs for therapeutic education, employment opportunities, and income
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 generation programme. Government should produce among the children, parents, and school teachers. The relevant IEC materials; promote sensitization government must launch media campaigns that programmes for teachers in government schools, promote children‟s right and elimination of parents, and community workers. Government should exploitation and other forms of child labour. Police include gender centered education curricula in schools advocacy is an important intervention that has to be and introduce subjects of child sexual abuse and fine-tuned. trafficking. The government of different nations must Conclusion: To conclude trafficking in human share the information with each other to evolve a beings, especially children, is a form of modern day programme that will help both the countries in slavery and requires a holistic, multi-sectoral preventing trafficking. NGOs should take active steps approach to address the complex dimension of the in sensitizing the community about trafficking and the problem. It is a problem that violates the rights and community members should be motivated to keep a dignity of the victims and therefore requires watch in the community for irregular movement of essentially a child rights perspective while working on child victims to and from area their possible its eradication. In the fight against trafficking traffickers and hideouts. NGOs working in the rural government organizations, non-governmental areas should ensure that parents are aware of safe organizations, civil society, pressure groups, migration practices. international bodies, all have to play an important Media attention reaches several hundred thousand role. Law cannot be the only instrument to address all viewers and should therefore serve the following emerging problems. important functions: The media should transmit appropriate message to ensure that the victims learn References: 1. D‟ Cunha, J. (1998) Prostitution and sex trafficking: A review that they are not alone. Victims can be made aware of of contemporary feminist perspectives and strategies, in places and institutions where they can seek help. Violence against women by Shirin Kudchedkar and Sabiha Al- Create awareness that human trafficking is Issa, Pencraft International, New Delhi inappropriate and illegal and has negative 2. Shankar, S. & Nair, P. M. (2005) Trafficking in Women and Children in India, Orient Blackswan consequences. Wide publicity should be given 3. Shelley, L. (2010) Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective, regarding the legal, penal provisions against Cambridge University Press trafficking and the modus operandi of the traffickers 4. Swain, S. (2011) Social Issues of India, Chapter 6 Written by through radio, television etc. Dash, Titled, Immoral Trafficking: Blot on Human Civilization, PP. 39 - 51 New Vishal Publications, New Delhi, Awareness and advocacy is required at the policy 5. Crime in India, 2004, NCRB, Ministry of Home Affairs, level i.e. National Planning Commission, bureaucrats, Government of India. politicians and the elite of the society. Awareness at 6. HAQ, Centre for Child Rights, 2001, Child Trafficking in India. the local level, in the community through workshops, 7. Sanlaap, 1997, A Study on Child Prostitution in West Bengal: The Velvet Blouse, Kolkatta. songs, drama, poems, meetings, leaflets, and posters 8. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is- especially in the rural areas is also required. The role human-trafficking.html (Last accessed on 18th August 2014) of gender in daily life and training programmes and 9. http://brownschool.wustl.edu/sites/DevPractice/Labor%20Righ activities for gender sensitization must be conducted ts%20Reports/Child%20Trafficking%20in%20India.pdf (Last accessed on 18th August 2014) by NGOs. The key to prevent trafficking in children and their exploitation in prostitution is awareness
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Awareness and Level of Utilization of Agritourism Centre’s Dr. Prachiti Bagaday, Department of Geography, L. A. D. & Smt. R. P. College for Women, Nagpur.
Abstract: Agritourism is a novel type of tourism. This new face of tourism is getting boost with the new Agritourism policy in Maharashtra state. Since past few years many Agritourism centers have been opened and operated in the Nagpur district. Discussions with the citizens of Nagpur about visiting such centers provoked me to undertake this study. This study focus light on the awareness of general public about this new tourism type. Also the level of utilization of established ATCs has been studied. This survey based study will be helpful to the ATC operators of the region and brings urban man more close to the rural life. Key Words: Respondents, Agritourism Potentiality, Agro-economy
Introduction: Tourism industry has a great With the increasing urban population, need of potential for generating employment for skilled as change in routine life, short duration and cheap well as unskilled people. Nowadays concept of tourism is demanded by common man. Agro-tourism traditional tourism has been changed and various fulfills all these demands of the people. Promotion innovative types of tourism are emerging including and marketing of Agro-tourism centres in Nagpur Agritourism. Agritourism is a way of sustainable district will definitely transform the agro based tourism development. It provides additional income economy of the region. source to the farmers in the vagaries of nature and Hypothesis: Awareness about agritourism and also provides opportunity for the urbanites to enjoy level of utilization agritourism sites is poor in Nagpur rural life. district inspite of having potential for tourism Agro-tourism is a way of sustainable tourist development. Promotion and Marketing of these development and multi activity in rural areas through agritourism sites may make people aware about which the visitors has the opportunity to get aware concept of agritourism, improve level of utilization with agricultural areas, agricultural occupations, local and make the sites popular as well as stimulate agro- products, traditional food, and the daily life of the economy of the district. rural people, as well as the cultural elements and Objectives: The main objectives of the present traditions. (Kumbhar V. 2010, pp3) research paper are- 1. To examine the tendency of As agro-tourism has the potential to change the local tourists about tourism. 2. To know awareness of economic face of traditional agriculture, Government tourists about the concept of agritourism. 3. To of Maharashtra has approved its agro-tourism policy identify the level of utilization of agritourism sites in on 6th September 2020.The main aim of this policy is Nagpur district. to revive the tourism sector and provide support to the Data Base and Methodology: The present study rural economy. Providing employment to the women is based mainly on primary data, involving on line of rural areas, exhibitions of folk art and traditions, questionnaire (Google form) survey using social providing pollution free atmosphere to the urbanites media. This was added by interviews on selected etc. are other objectives of this policy. Role of MTDC samples of Nagpur city. This has been supported by has also important in providing registrations to the discussions with tour operators, agritourism centre ATCs. owners, and MTDC officials. Information was also Owing to this Agritourism get momentum in the collected from other secondary sources. The collected Nagpur district. ATDC, VED, SMART are the primary level data has been compiled and statistically various organizations which promotes this novel treated for analysis. concept of tourism. Study Area: Nagpur district occupies distinct Though agro-tourism provides peaceful and green position in the East Vidarbha region of Maharashtra environment, convenient location (short distance) state. It has 14 tehsils having it‟s headquarter Secured atmosphere, local delicious cuisine „Nagpur‟ in the heart of India. Nagpur is a sub-capital ,involvement in farm activities and entertainment and of Maharashtra and is a major commercial and learning experiences, It seems that on the other side financial centre. The latitudinal and longitudinal this concept is not much popularized amongst the extent of the district is 20035‟to 21044‟N latitude and local tourists of Nagpur district. 78015‟ to 79040‟E longitude.
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Security 13% General elevation of the district ranges between Facilities available 16.9% 150-600 mts. above mean sea level. Nearly 90% of Others 5.2% All 60.4% the rainfall ranging between110-120 cm is received 11 Problems Pertaining To Tourism Bad condition of roads 35.1% during June to September. The region is dry sub- Absence of good food facility 16.2% Absence of cleanliness 20.1% humid type with hot summers and mild winters. Absence of accommodation facilities 7.8% Absence of Infrastructural facilities (Water, The geographical area of the district is 9892 sq. Electricity, Toilets etc.) 18.2% No Entertainment 2.6% km. Total population of the district is 4653171 (2011) with population density of 470 persons per sq. km. Source- Based on the response to the questionnaire of pilot survey of local Discussion: Survey of Local Tourists in Nagpur respondents. District: A sample survey of 154 local tourists was done using Google forms through social media. A Findings of the Survey: Investigation results close ended questionnaire was used for conducting from the above table revealed that more than 75% this pilot survey. This sought information about respondents are residing in Nagpur since 15 years and demographic characteristics and socio-economic above. Exactly 50% respondents have moderate status of the respondents. Moreover information about family size i.e. upto 4 members. Education wise 80.5 the annual expenditure on tourism, nature and % respondents were highly educated with graduate frequency of tourism, preferences for selecting tourist and post graduate education. destinations, problems pertaining to tourist facilities Out of total respondents 60% respondents have etc. was also collected. annual income up to 4 lakh. 93.5% respondents are The data classified on the basis of above interested in tourism. 48 % tourists spend only upto mentioned criteria is presented in the table below. 10000 per year on tourism while 15.6% of the (Table No. 1) respondents spend more than 30000 annually on Table No. 1 – Demographic, Socio-economic profile and tourism for their family. Nearly 67% respondents tourism pattern of local tourists in Nagpur district. (Total have a tendency of going out once or twice in the respondents-154) Sr. No. of year. Particulars No. Respondents Proportion of tourists who select places of natural 1 Local Residence Less than 5 years 4.5% beauty and religious places is more (43.75%) Only 5-15 years 18.8% 15-30years 32.5% 6.01% local tourists are interested to visit agricultural Above 30years 44.2% 2 Age sites.28.35% tourists are interested in visiting all types 20-30 33.8% 30-40 19.5% of tourist places. Security and available facilities are 40-50 31.2% 50+ 15.6% considered by more number of local tourists. Most of 3 No. of Persons in Household 0-4 50.0% the tourists complained about the problems about bad 4-6 36.4% 6+ 13.6% road condition (35.1%), Absence of cleanliness at 4 Education Upto SSC 7.8% tourist places (20.1%), Infrastructural facilities Upto HSSC 11.7% (18.2%) and availability of good food (16.2%) Upto Graduate 35.7% Post Graduate and + 44.8% All this indicates that maximum respondents are 5 Annual Income ( in lakhs) 2-3 55.2% interested in tourism and many of them are spending 3-4 5.2% 4-5 7.8% moderate amount on travelling. The problems 5+ 31.8% 6 Interest in Tourism pertaining to tourism are basically associated with Yes 93.5% No 6.5% infrastructural facilities. Thus there is need for the 7 Family’s Annual Expenditure on Tourism Below10000 48.1% improvement. 10000-20000 23.4% 20000-30000 13% Agro Tourism Potentiality of the Study Region: 30000+ 15.6% 8 Frequency of Visiting Tourist Places Nearly 66.53% of the area is under agriculture in Once a month Nagpur district. As per 2011 census the proportion of Once a year 7.1% Twice a year 39.6% urban population is 53.68% in the district which Once in two years 27.3% Other 13.6% indicates high level of economic growth in the region. 12.3% 9 Selection of Tourist Place Due to the central location of Nagpur it is well Religious 16.72% Natural 27.03% connected with remaining parts of the country. Also Forest 15.00% Agriculture 6.01% the number of outsiders show increasing trend in the Others 6.89% All 28.35% district. Basic infrastructure is in good condition for 10 Preferences Given While Travelling Distance of the tourist sites 4.5% the support of agritourism.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 The region is famous for Oranges and other citrus Shivtirt h Agri 8 Umri Savner 47 110 70 2011 fruits. Nagpur is situated in the transitional zone Tourism between Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal monsoonal Centre Meghdo branches, so variety of food crops and cash crops like ot Agri 9 and Shirpur Ramtek 60 10 06 2017 Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Soya bean, and Vegetables can Advent be seen. Cultivation of medicinal plants, Floriculture, ure Park Ayurva Honey bee rearing, Goat and Poultry farms can also n‟s- Kathalab 10 Katol 50 06 05 2015 be seen here. Aura odi park This implies that there is great potentiality for the *Winner of National Agro Tourism Award. Source- Compiled by author. development of agritourism in the district. Awareness about Concept of Agritourism: Out This is a plateau region surrounded by foothills of of total 154 respondents only 60% are aware about the Satpuda on the northern fringes. Such hilly areas are concept of agritourism while nearly 40 % of the covered by dry deciduous forests. Jungle safaris of respondents don‟t have any idea about this novel type Adegaon, Umred Karhandala, Khursapar (Pench) are of tourism. main attractions of urban people. Kanhan, Pench, When asked about the concept of agritourism, Kolar and Vena rivers flow through the undulating 15.6% people replied that they don‟t have any idea terrain of the study area. Dams and Lakes like Zilpi, about this concept. Nearly 12% respondents think that Madhuganga, Khindsi, Khekaranala etc.and Temples agritourism means going for picnic on anyone‟s farm at Adasa, Dhapewada, Koradi, Ramtek are all create or enjoyment on anyone‟s farm house. Remaining natural and cultural base for the growth of agritourism 72% respondents replied that agritourism may give industry in the region. information about agriculture and rural life. Total 10 ATCs of the district were considered for Level of Utilization of Agritourism Centre’s in this study. Location of these ATCs is shown in the Nagpur District: Total 10 agritourism centres in adjoining map. General information of these ATCs is Nagpur district have been identified and selected for tabulated below. (Table No.2) survey. These centres are located at 25-60 kms from Table No. 2 – Location of ATCs in Nagpur District district headquarter. Accommodation facilities are Distan Tota Sr ce Agricult Year of available at 5 of the selected ATCs. The owners of Name l . from ural Comme of the Village Tehsil Area these ATCs have invested huge amount in developing N Nagp Area nce- ATC (Acr o. ur (Acre) ment e) infrastructure at these centres. These centres also (Km) provide facilities for school and college students. Gramin Agri Bid 1 Hingna 25 04 2.5 2014 Educational tours, family functions, social gatherings Tourism Borgaon Centre of limited crowd are also allowed at some of the
Mahaja centres. Karli Kalmesh 2 n 25 18.5 17.5 2008 khapri war But the study reveals that level of utilization of Wavar* these centres is low to moderate. This can be seen Krushi Mitra 2019 from the following table. (Table No. 2) Gujarkh 3 Agri Katol 60 16 14 (under edi Table No.2- Level of utilization of Selected ATCs (From 2015 to Tourism devpt) Centre 2020) Sr. No. No. of Respondents visited selected ATCs Level of Utilization Raigad Chargao (Out of total 154 respondents) 4 Agro n Katol 39 7.5 5.5 2018 1 Below 50 (Below 33%) Low Tourism (Dorli) 2 50-100 (54) (34 to 65%) Moderate 3 Above 100 (Above 65%) High Palasba g Agro Source-Compiled from survey Tourism Sonkha 5 Katol 42 14 09 2018 and mb Advent ure Amazin Aamgao g Jungle n Nagpur 6 30 31 8.5 2016 Agri (Satnavr (Rural) Tourism i) Rukmin i Krushi Neri 7 Paryata Hingna 27 06 4.5 2017 Mankar n Kendra
Source- Compiled from survey
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Out of total 154 respondents, only 54 respondents concentrated on local tourists and concept of weekend have visited some of these centres. This clearly shows tourism can be inculcated amongst the urban people that the level of utilization of these sites is moderate. of the district. General public may be made aware and Gramin and Shivtirth agritourism centres are visited educated about the importance and benefits of by 83.33% while other ATCs are poorly utilized by agritourism. the respondents. Maximum respondents have heard ATCs nearby religious places, Jungle Safaris, and about Gramin and Shivtirth agritourism centres Water spots can develop accommodation facilities for followed by Krushi Mitr and Raigad agritourism overnight stay, so that tourists can be attracted. centres. Nearly 58% respondents replied that the main Infrastructure, Security, Quality food to be given source of information about these ATCs is relatives, priority while developing ATCs for attracting tourists. friends and social media.17% respondents know about Extensive marketing of these ATCs, on line booking these centres through newspapers. About 90% of the facilities should be urgently needed. respondents want to visit these centres in future. Special cell for agritourism need to be opened with Those who have visited some of the ATCs liked the the cooperation of MTDC, ATDC and district environment and experience of rural life here. agriculture department. Conclusion and Suggestions: The region has immense potential for the development and promotion References 1. Bagaday P. and Bhake A. (2019) A study of Agro-tourism centres in of agritourism, through which employment Nagpur district (Maharashtra) Unpublished research paper. opportunities for the rural youth can be generated. 2. Chandrashekhara Y.(2018) Agro-tourism and Employment This may stimulate the agro-economy of the district. Opportunities in Karnataka: An Economic Analysis, Epitome: International Journal of multidisciplinary research,Vol-4 ,issue-3 The study reveals that still many people (40%) are 3. Deshpande A. Maharashtra introduces agro-tourism policy, The not aware about the actual concept behind Hindu, www.thehindu.com 7 September 2020. agritourism. Level of utilization of the agritourism 4. Dr. Upadhye J. (2015) Problems of Agro-Tourism industry in Maharashtra: A Study. IJLLH, Volume-III, Issue-I, March 2015, centres in the study area is moderate to low. Only ISSN 2321-7065. 1/3rd of the respondents have visited selected ATCs in 5. Karma K. and Chand M. (2006) Basics of Tourism Theory, past few years. This implies that marketing of such Operation and Practice, Kunishka publishers, New Delhi. 6. Kumbhar V. (2010) Agro-Tourism: A Cash crop for farmers in ATCs is not up to the mark and thus half of the Maharashtra (India) MPRA, Paper No. 25187. (Online at created infrastructural development is going waste. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25187/) Tourists are not aware about many of these centres. 7. Kumbhar V. (2012) Tourists expectations regarding Agritourism: Emperical evidences from Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district of Mouth to mouth publicity and use of social media are Konkan (Maharashtra) www.oiirj.org ISSN 2249-9598, pp.82-91. the major sources of promoting these sites. There is Acknowledgement: I express my sincere thanks to all the urgent need of developing a strategy for increasing respondents from Nagpur city who spared their valuable time in responding to the questionnaire during the course of on line survey. arrivals of tourists. Initially attention may be
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Cashless Economy – Challenges and Opportunities in India Dr. P. W. Ramteke, Dept. of Sociology, Chishtiya College of Arts and Science, Khuldabad, Dist. Aurangabad
Introduction: - Transformation into a cashless schedule transactions and manage all the finances economy is an international issue and many of the using their laptops or Smartphone. countries already almost become cashless economy. A Literature Review: - Raja, Velmurgan, And cashless economy is where financial transactions are Seetharaman (2008) have explained in their research not being done in the terms of currency notes, coins, paper titled “E-payments: Problems and Prospects”. or physical cash money. It was in trend by barter age This paper discussed the evolution and the growth of of cashless transaction and other methods of exchange electronic technologies, which can provide more like food crops or other goods However, the new advanced technical supports for electronic payment concepts of cashless transactions in cashless economy systems. The focus of this paper is to identify and are made with the help of digital currencies where explain the different methods of e-payment. The legal tender (money) is exchanged and recorded only authors analysed the challenges of electronic in the electronic digital form. payments from different perspective and provided Cash may not be a king anymore, the adoption of preliminary security countermeasures for each of the digital payments is picking up at an extreme pace, and issues everyone from vegetable vendor to chai-wala is Sachin Kumar (2011), In the article “India riding adopting the digital payment system to move away the ATM wave” presented the reader with rising from the cash crunch. New technologies, players, and number of ATMs in the country by nearly one third consumer expectations are changing the payments while cash withdrawn through ATM rose three times marketplace more than ever. The opportunity of the between Jan 2010 and Jan 2011. The author pointed new digital payment ecosystem comes with risks. out correctly to the fact that the important reason for India is moving to cashless economy after the increasing popularity of ATMs in India is the demonization of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 currency notes. bouquet of services they offer. Present day ATMs Indian Government and RBI are trying continuously have turned into mini financial stores offering services cashless transaction by using digital or electronic like money transfer, mobile and electricity bill mediums like net banking, credit cards, debit cards, payment, income tax payment, cash deposit and even etc. It doesn‟t mean that government is trying to air ticket booking. remove the cash from the circulation but it enhances Chandra Gnanasambandam et al (2012) in his the habit of people settling transactions digitally. A technical report “Online and upcoming: The Internet‟s cashless transaction describes an economic state impact on India” which was published for the whereby financial transactions are not conducted with McKinsey and company, has explored and interpreted money in the form of physical banknotes or coins, but the role of internet in China, Brazil, Russia, and India rather through the transfer of digital information facilitating the cashless transactions in last five years. between the transacting parties. On November 8th, The study assesses the impact of the Internet on government withdrew Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes- two various groups of users which has classified them into highest currency from the circulation. Main objectives four broad types: individuals, entrepreneurs, were to fight against corruptions, convenience, enterprises, and the government. counterfeit money and black money. The whole Dhanajay, B. and Suresh Chandra B. (2015) They country is witnessing the effects of demonetization have explained in their article entitled on “The and with our Prime Minister hinting at a cashless Electronic Banking Revolution in India”. This article economy, many people are left in confusion. How reviews that electronic payment system has would a cashless economy be beneficial is the progressed in the recent year in so many countries and question of many. The cashless transfer is soon India also. The RBI was its vision statement has set becoming the most preferred option and there are a the objective to promote electronic payment and less number of benefits of going cashless. The digital or cash economy. electronic transaction of the capital by using net Karamjeet Kaur and Dr Ashutosh Pathak (2016) banking, credit cards etc. is called cashless transfer. have explained in their research paper titled “E- People can easily pay their bills online, shop and Payment System on E-Commerce in India” the
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 different types of cashless transactions methods transaction we are required to enter the pin and OTP including their functionality and processing. They i.e one time password that is send to the registered have revealed that it is quite difficult, but not mobile number. Banking cards offer consumers more impossible, to suggest that which payment system is security, convenience, and control than any other best. Some systems are quite similar, and differ only payment method. in some minor details. Thus there are number of Internet Banking Transfer: - Internet banking or factors that affect the usage of ecommerce payment e-banking is the latest series of technological wonders systems. in the recent past which involves use of internet for Objective of the Research: 1. To identify the delivery of banking products and services. It is the different modes of cashless transaction. 2. To examine service being utilized intensively by most of the the various challenges in cashless transaction consumers of the digital world. It enables customers Methods of Cashless Transaction: Clumsy and of a bank or other financial institution to conduct expensive to handle coins and notes are replaced by different financial transactions through the financial efficient electronic Payments initiated by various institution's website. Different financial transactions types of plastic cards that have a tantalizing prospect are. for the twenty-first century. There are various cashless Mobile Banking: - Mobile banking is a service transaction methods such as Credit cards, Debit cards, provided by a bank or other financial institution that Bank prepaid cards, Mobile/E Wallets, ATM money allows its customers to conduct financial transactions transfers, Internet banking transfers, AADHAR remotely using a mobile device such as a Smartphone Enabled Payment System (AEPS), Unified Payment or tablet. Mobile banking is usually available on a 24- Interface (UPI), Cheques, Demand drafts, NEFT & hour basis. Transactions through mobile banking may RTGS transfers and, E-cash coupons. include obtaining account balances and lists of latest Methods of Cashless Transactions in India transactions, electronic bill payments, and funds Paper Based Methods:- transfers between a customer's or another's accounts. Cheque: - Cheque is one of the popular modes of It allows you to use your banking services from any cashless payment. In this method one issue a cheque place across the country. for the specific amount to anyone else. The person Unified Payment Interface (UPI):- UPI is a deposits the cheque into the concern bank. Within two system that combines multiple bank accounts into a day bank get cleared the amount. The maximum single mobile application (of any participating bank), validity of a cheque is three month from the date of merging several banking features, seamless fund issue. The entire transaction done through cheque gets routing & merchant payments into one hood. A recorded and there is a proof of payment. Although Smartphone with internet facility and Bank Account there is a chance to get dishonor of cheque because of details, are required for registration. Virtual payment not sufficient balance, mismatch of signature, in order address and UPI pin enables transactions. Example: to avoid all these issue in cheque book people can Phone pay, Google Tez, and BHIM etc. goes through cashless transaction. National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT):- Demand Draft: - A demand draft is a negotiable National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a instrument issued by a certain bank. A demand draft is nation-wide payment system facilitating one-to-one a negotiable instrument similar to a bill of exchange. funds transfer. Under this System, individuals, firms A bank issues a demand draft to a client (drawer), and corporates can electronically transfer funds from directing another bank (drawee) or one of its own any bank branch to any individual, firm or corporate branches to pay a certain sum to the specified party having an account with any other bank branch in the (payee). It is used for transferring money from one country participating in the System. However, cash place to another with great convenience and safety. remittances will be restricted to a maximum of Rs. Electronic Based Method:- 50,000/- per transaction. Banking cards (debit / credit / cash / travel / Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) RTGS is the others): One of the basic and method for online continuous settlement of funds transfers individually payment is through cards issued by the bank which on an order by order basis. ‗Real Time' means the are used to withdraw money from ATM machine and processing of instructions at the time they are received to make online payments. Each card secured by a four rather than processing some time later; 'Gross digit pin and every time when we make online Settlement' means the settlement of funds transfer
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 instructions occurs individually. This system is the network. Connectivity issues must be resolved primarily meant for large value transactions. The before dreaming about a cashless society. minimum amount to be remitted through RTGS is 2 4. Internet Facility: Lack of internet facilities and lakhs and there is no upper ceiling for without it a country cannot think of becoming digital. thesetransactions. There are still many rural and urban areas where you Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS):- might difficulty in having access to 2G network, let AEPS is a bank led model which allows online alone 3G, 4G. Another issue is that sometimes it interoperable financial transaction at PoS (Point of becomes difficult to note whether your transaction Sale / Micro ATM) through the Business was successful or not. It may be due to the loss of net Correspondent (BC)/Bank Mitra of any bank using the connectivity in between, or due to a slow connection, Aadhaar authentication. or the bank‟s server is down. Challenges of Cashless Transaction in India: 5. Charges on Cards Online Transactions: However, in a country of 1.3 billion people, all are not Heard of convenience charges of course we would perfect. Going cashless must be an exponential curve, have it we do online transactions. These are additional slow initial buildup then fast paced in later stages, not charges that are levied by the vendors when they offer a digital step signal. That could be counterintuitive to an online payment facility but when the government is the whole process. India is a large country that needs a forcing us to go cashless should not this compulsory change that is systemic and systematic. Here is a list seen on online transaction be taken off. So charges of of challenges- cards are main problem of cashless transaction. 1. Unbanked population: - The government 6. High Cash Dependency: India has a high cash along with Reserve Bank of India (RBI) implemented penetration in almost all of its transactions that and initiated numerous schemes like Pradhan Mantri happen as B2C transactions. Total cash flow in the Jan Dhan Yojana, digital India payments limited etc., market accounts for 12.04% of the GDP, which is to promote financial inclusion, especially in rural among the highest in developing countries. This goes India. Despite all the efforts, about 19 percent of the to show our dependence on cash is acute and it Indian population still doesn„t have access to banks, requires time to tackle it. according to a study jointly conducted by 7. Lacking infrastructure: Lacking infrastructure ASSOCHAM and the consultancy firm, Ernest & is one of the main problems of cashless transaction Young. Recent data from the government and other retailers and consumers chose to deal in cash because sources refute a claim that declared 99% of swipe machines are not available on large scale ATMs households to be in possession of bank accounts but are available but those are not sufficient. Most of the the facts are stated above. All the popular methods of nationalised banks lacking behind in providing payment like E-wallets United Payment Interface and survive customers has to wait in queen for long time BHIM etc., are dependent on bank accounts, if not for depositing cash in banks. In rural area there are no also smartphones and internet access. banks branches. No Atm machines or e lobby facility. 2. Cyber Security: In October 2016 the details of Many of the villages where is no electricity and over 30 lakh debit cards was feared to have been telecom facility so far. The first and foremost exposed at ATMs. It was believed that the card and requirement of a digital economy is the penetration of PIN details might have been leaked due to which internet and smartphone. Not all Indians have customers were advised to challenge the PIN of their mobiles, leave alone net connections. The latest ATM-cum-debit cards. Stringent steps issuing new figures from the Indian telecom regulator TRAI, India cards were also taken so these are cyber-crimes is had a teledensity of 83%, with Bihar, Assam, Madhya very dangerous to use the cashless transaction. Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh with teledensity of less 3. Network Connectivity: Since the day than 70%. Although a billion mobile subscriptions demonetization was announced, people are trying to (not users), only 30% of subscribers use smart phones. use more of card transactions to save that dreaded trip With 370 million mobile internet users, over 70% of to the bank and to save the last penny of the hard cash them are in cities while 70% of Indian population in hand. So many people have faced trouble standing lives in villages. in line to pay for a transaction at a shop when the card 8. Lack of Digital Literacy: There are large machines have stopped working due to an overload on number of people is still illiterate in India and can be victim of fraud or other malpractices while using
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 digital payment options. This is due to lack of training to handle software; people do not know the way to References: 1. Chandra Gnanasambandam et al (2012), technical report “Online make digital payments and use of debit and credit and upcoming: The Internet‟s impact on India”, McKinsey and card. Many Street vendors, shopkeepers don't know company. http://www.mckinsey.com/~ india.ashx (date of access how to use Swipe machines. Also these are not 06/02/2017).] 2. Dhananjay. B. and Suresh Chandra B. (2014) “The Electronic available to them. People in rural still don't know Banking Revolution in India” Journal of internet banking and what actually Smartphone mean. For them mobile is commerce, volume -20, Issue-2, pp. 1-15.) still a mode of communication only. 3. Dr. Budheshwar Prasad Singhraul &Yogita Satish Garwal, (2018),“Cashless Economy – Challenges and Opportunities in Conclusion: - This paper was aimed to find the India” Pacific Business Review International Volume 10 Issue 9, challenges that are faced by Indian citizens in a move pp.54-63 towards cashless economy. To conclude an important 4. Kuldeep Joshi (2018), “Cashless Transaction Challenges and Remedies”, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts growth of cash less transactions has been the (IJCRT), pp. 167-172. inducement to digital economy. It has boost to 5. J. Raja, M. Senthil Velmurgan, and A. Seetharaman (2008), “E- financial Inclusion efforts. There has been a distinct payments: Problems and Prospects”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, April 2008, vol. 13, no.1] increase in proper saving flows. There has been a 6. Karamjeet Kaur et al (2016) “E-Payment System on E-Commerce in sharp increase in the number of accounts. As an India” Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, overall review, most of the major developed countries www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, and (Part 6) May 2015, pp. 63-73. ] in the world are moving in a very excellent way of 7. Sachin Kumar (2017), Online articles, India riding the ATM wave, cashless economy. A history of delayed in http: //www. Hindustantimes. Com / 25/02/2017). development in India is too long. Now the time, India 8. Srihari Kulkarni & Abdul Shahanaz Taj , “ Digital Payments: Challenges and Solutions” IOSR Journal Of Business And should progress in full steam ahead and create a new Management (IOSR-JBM, pp 50-55) legacy. This is time to embrace the cashless economy 9. http://www.inuth.com like other developed countries and we must make the 10. www.Economy.com 11. www.study.com most of it. 12. www.investoprdia.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Covid-19, Muslim Community and Indian Media Dr. Shivaji Jadhav, Dept. of Journalism & Mass Communication, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Abstract: The Covid-19 has caused a stir in the media around the globe, leading to a major disaster for the world. India is no exception; however the issue is how the media handles the situation. The role of media should be crystal clear in the wake of crisis, also positive to avert the present scenario of the nation. It is necessary to study whether the print, electronic and web media in India have fulfilled their national responsibility while airing the Covid-19. In this regard, the research paper sheds light on the method of journalism used by the Indian media in covering the Corona virus situation. This is a study of how the Muslim community in the country was covered through various media, especially after the Tablighi tribe's program during the lockdown in Nizamuddin, New Delhi. The role of print, electronic and web media in this period has been examined and the issue of credibility of media in India has been discussed. Key Words: Covid-19, Mass Media, Muslim Community, Credibility.
Introduction: The Covid-19 has spread around the context of Covid-19 and 2. Find out the medium the world. The virus has become a major obstacle to through which most fake news was disseminated the development and progress of human society. during Covid-19. Secondary sources have been used Humanitarian damage to advanced nations such as for this research paper. Research conducted in various Italy, United States, and Britain is certainly a cause countries around the world, Corona's impact on the for concern. In India, the graph of virus spread is media and the corresponding information exponential. The unexpected rise has affected the disseminated from various newspapers as well as nation on all fronts. The effect of this virus is visible official websites have been used as references. It is on all levels of society. The media is also being presented in the research paper by analyzing the affected and the impact will be far-reaching in coming information based on secondary sources. It is also days. In order to convey objective information to the based on some reference texts. society, the basis of information system must be Review of Literature: Covid-19 is having a strong in any situation. The free flow of information negative impact on the finances of media. Many was interrupted due to lockdown across the nation, sports competitions were postponed or abandoned to particularly with the discontinuation of print media. stop the spread of the Covid-19, which resulted in The readers were prevented from obtaining objective Lockdown situations. This has had an impact on the information. To find a way out of this, the print media media economy. On the other hand, people are carried information based on web versions. The flow increasingly using online media for information. of information through electronic and web media is (Stefan Hall, 2020) A survey conducted in Vietnam, continuous and faster than ever before, but the haste China, and India has revealed that the economic crisis of electronic media and the improper behavior of web is bigger than health due to Covid-19. (Laura Oliver, media is a picture of society being somewhat 2020) The World Health Organization (WHO) had to alienated from reliable information. In the post-Covid- intervene as the Covid-19 pandemic caused a 19 era, there is a likely situation where there could be worldwide outbreak. It is a fundamental right of every a huge disparity in the information universe. Web citizen to get accurate and objective information media will take over instead of traditional media through the media. Unfortunately during this period, giving rise to social complexity. Although web media there was an attempt to spread fake news through the is highly prevalent in India, its credibility is media. For this purpose, the World Health comparatively low. Instead of constructive work, the Organization issued guidelines on how to collect and media are more concerned about the social health transmit the news of this epidemic. (Robin Pomeroy, issues. Therefore, it is expected that after Covid-19, 2020) if rumors are spread through the media, a the information system in India will raise many fearful atmosphere is created in the society. This serious issues, both socially and economically. increases the risk of epidemics. If information is given Objectives & Data Collection: Two objectives objectively, then it helps to maintain proper law and have been put forward for the research paper order. Accurate distribution of information is a major presented. 1. To study the coverage of Indian media in challenge facing the media around the world. All the
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 media are facing many issues in compiling the atmosphere of suspicion about Muslims. The video information of Covid-19. Ground reporting and was picked up on news channels and went viral on diversity of information are also limited, especially in social media. This was an attempt to create a negative the Hotspot territories. Despite this the journalists atmosphere about Muslims in the nation. The lack of around the world are risking their lives to get as much proper management of information through electronic information as possible to the target group. media was the primary reason for situation. Print is reliable but the Electronic Media is From the very beginning, serious journalism has fictitious: India has a glorious tradition of media. been practiced in the print media in India. The same Equally important is the active contribution of the thing came to the fore during the airing of Covid-19. media to the emergence of India as the largest This is one of the reasons why people still have faith democracy in the world. Traditional, print, electronic in print media. Indeed, rumors have it on social media and web media in India are expanding at all levels and that newspapers could be a source of spread of Covid- even in the days of Covid-19, all these media outlets 19. Initially, no definite official information was are carrying information in their own way. The print available. The administration has not made any media in India has always been an active contributor official disclosure regarding the spread of pandemic to neutral and objective journalism since pre- through newspapers. This has resulted in confusion in independence times. After 1990, when India became a the minds of the readers. Meanwhile, newspaper part of globalization, electronic media expanded in the distributors also panicked. After the spread of false country. This medium has also captured the minds and news, the country's newspapers had to shut down imagination of the Indian people. However, in recent production for forcible time period. Regardless, times, some electronic media groups in India have various newspaper outlets were working tirelessly to come under great scrutiny for their religious coverage. convey objective information to the readers through e- Questions are being raised about the role of some papers and websites. Expert interviews conducted by electronic media in India in covering the Tablighi Mohana Basu (2020) revealed the possibility of the tribe in the context of Covid-19. A religious program virus spreading through newspapers. Newspaper of the Tablighi tribe was held in the Nizamuddin area headlines also surfaced in India after the World of New Delhi. The event was attended by thousands Health Organization expressed fears that the virus of people from home and abroad. Some of the could spread through paper currency. Newspapers Tablighi tribes in the nation who attended the event could also be a source of spread of Covid-19, were infected with Covid-19 due to immigrants. This therefore some guidelines have been issued by the resulted in a lot of commotion in the country. WHO which includes, use of hand sanitizers for According to a PTI report, authorities across states handling newspapers. As a result, newspapers in India have identified more than 6,000 people who attended gradually started re-publishing. Unfortunately the the Nizamuddin Tablighi Jamaat congregation. The extent of reading of newspapers has come down a lot venue has now emerged as the biggest Covid-19 during this period. Newspapers haven‟t been made hotspot in the country. According to news agency available at home; readers cannot buy newspapers due ANI, Delhi Police in a joint operation conducted by to lockdown guidelines. However, there is no doubt in Crime Branch and city government said 275 foreign the minds of the readers about the level information in nationalists who attended the Tablighi Jamaat the newspapers, which is the foundation stone of the congregation at Nizamuddin Markaz have been Indian print media. The TRP of news channels have identified and quarantined. The 275 foreign increased a lot during the period when newspapers nationalists include 172 from Indonesia, 36 from were shut down. The use of online media also Kyrgyzstan and 21 from Bangladesh. A study by increased rapidly. Newspaper readers prefer news Ritika Jain (2020) found that the coverage of the channels and web media to satisfy their hunger, but at Nizamuddin case in Delhi between April 29, 2020 and the same time, the media was busy with broadcasting May 4, 2020 was based on fake news and non-factual fake news and a special kind of religious agenda that coverage. It was also reported through various media could result in social harm. The Covid-19 era created outlets that the corona virus had spread through the skepticism about India's electronic and web media, Tablighi tribe's program at Nizamuddi. However after nevertheless the print media managed to maintain its this, it was reported that the corona virus was spread credibility. by Muslims in the country. This created an
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Digital media lost credibility: Digital media has notices to Tiktok, Facebook, and Helo. Tiktok is been known for negative publicity in India from the responsible for the major outbreak. This created very beginning. In the early days, with few resentment in Indian society. As a result, hashtags exceptions, digital media did not make much effort to such as 'Ban TikTok India', 'Jihad Failata TikTok ', increase its credibility. Largely used for political 'Data Leak by TikTok ' were used intensively on purposes, the media in India played a key role in Twitter. Several videos spreading misconceptions setting up the Jan Lokpal movement in Delhi under about Muslims about Corona also went viral. After the leadership of senior social activist Anna Hazare. analyzing over 30,000 such videos on social media, Ankit Lal (2018) has elaborated on the role of social hundreds of them contained misleading, hateful and media in this movement. After the message that blasphemous content about Muslims. These videos political interests can be achieved through this brought disrepute to Muslims throughout the nation. medium, social media started being used for political Misconceptions were spread and an atmosphere of gain. This has eroded the credibility of digital media. suspicion was created in the minds of the society Thus media was started to be used as a medium for about ordinary Muslims. The primary reason for the rumors, misunderstandings, misinformation, fake cause of disruption was the use of social media in news, defamation, etc. This led to media being part of improper manner. many kinds of conspiracies. Rumors spread through News of Nizamuddin incident in Delhi received social media‟s like Whatsapp that have led to some most coverage in the mainstream media. The incidents of people being crushed by mobs due to the electronic media held special coverage to induce the misconception that a gang of child abductors has public. The issues in this discussion were come to the country. According to a report from Alice communicated to maximum people as possible Samuels (2020), more than two dozen people were through social networking sites. This created a rift crushed to death by mobs in India due to rumors among the Muslim community. According to Bhupen spread by WhatsApp by mid-2018. The rumors were Singh (2020), although the Nizamuddin case is spread through WhatsApp that a gang was working to believed to be the cause, it does not seem to have been kidnap children. As a result, strangers were crushed to done in a planned manner. Corona‟s first case came to death by the accusers. Eventually the consequences of light in January 2020, but the central government did this resulted in some of these incidents have shaken not take immediate action. Questions in this regard people's confidence on social media. with this issue were not put forward by the TikTok, Facebook, Helo on the radar: During mainstream media towards the government. Even the COVID 19 period, lot of fake news was spread on during the lockdown, other religious practices social media. Many posts, especially against the occurred in various parts of the country. However, Muslim community, went viral on social media. none of those religious practices received any Numerous fake videos, fake posts, tampered criticism from the mainstream media as well as social photographs conveying the message that the Muslim media. Therefore, while covering the Nizamuddin community is responsible for the spread of corona in case in the context of Covid-19, it was clear that the India were deliberately spread using social media. media was targeting the Muslim community. Those Billy Perigo (2020) describes the fact that, being a responsible include some electronic media as well as Muslim in India was already dangerous, then arrived some social networking sites. Coronavirus. Hash tags like „Corona Jihad‟, „Pakistan Conclusion: During the Covid-19 period, both Connection‟, „Tablighi Jamaat Virus‟ were used to positive and negative coverage was reported in the defame the Muslim community as much as possible. Indian media. The study found that the print media is Even social media platforms could not control the doing relatively more responsible journalism measure of it. As a result, widespread Muslim hatred compared to Digital Media. Electronic media, spread throughout the country. „TikTok‟ disseminated however, made it clear that the Muslim community the most misleading information regarding Covid-19 was the primary target. Most of the Hindi news in India. Muslims in the country did not use corona channels as well as some English channels have been protection accessories. In fact, there was an attempt spreading misconceptions about Muslims that the by Muslims to spread the Corona, with several videos corona spread in India was due to the Tablighi Jamati circulating on the subject. According to Surabhi program organized by the Muslim community in New Agarwal (2020), the central government has issued Delhi. Inconvenient information went viral on social
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 media by collecting false news as well as news 4. Elyse Samuels (2020), How misinformation on WhatsApp led to analysis. The main three mediums Facebook, TikTok a mob killing in India, https://www.washingtonpost. com/politics/2020/02/21/how-misinformation-whatsapp-led- and Helo created lots of confusion about the Muslims. deathly-mob-lynching-india/ WhatsApp was also a major culprit in the process. 5. Laura Oliver (2020), Most people see Covid-19 as an economic India is known worldwide for its secularism and crisis first, health risk second, survey finds, religious harmony. Despite that attempts were made https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/Covid-19-public- perception-economic-health-crisis-coronavirus-pandemic-ipsos/ by some media platforms to tarnish this all- 6. Lal Ankit (2017), India Social: How social media is leading the encompassing image of India. It has also well charge and change the country, Hachette India undermined the tradition of neutral, objective, and 7. Ritika Jain (2020), Covid-19: How fake news and Modi fearless journalism. government messaging fuelled India‟s latest spiral of Islamophobia, https://scroll.in/article/959806/Covid-19-how-
fake-news-and-modi-government-messaging-fuelled-indias- References latest-spiral-of-islamophobia 1. Agarwal Surabhi (2020), Remove videos spreading Covid-19 8. Robin Pomeroy (2020), Facts, not fear, will stop Covid-19 - so lies: Govt to Social media platforms, https://economictimes how should we talk about it?, https://www.weforum. org .indiatimes.com/tech/internet/remove-videos-spreading-Covid- /agenda/2020/03/Covid-19-coronavirus-who-media-guidelines- lies-govt-to-cos/75016940 .cms stigma-language/ 2. Basu Mohana (2020), Transmission of coronavirus through 9. Stefan Hall (2020), Empty stadiums and online streaming: how newspapers, currency possible but unlikely: Experts, coronavirus is affecting the media industry, https://www. https://theprint.in/health/transmission-of-coronavirus-through- weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/Covid-19-coronavirus-media- newspapers-currency-possible-but-unlikely-experts/386194/ entertainment-sports/ 3. Billy Perrigo (2020), It Was Already Dangerous to Be Muslim in 10. Singh Bhupen (2020), Media in the Time of Covid-19, Economic India. Then Came the Coronavirus, https://time.com/ 5815264 and Political Weekly, Vol. 55, Issue No. 16, https://www.epw.in/ /coronavirus-india-islamophobia-coronajihad/ engage/article/media-time-Covid-19
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Use of ICT in the Teaching of English Language at UG Level Mr. Ganesh M. Pathode, Dept. of English, S. B. K. Arts College Sakoli Dist. Bhandara
Abstract: ICT plays a very important role in the 21st century. ICT is potentially powerful tool for extending education opportunities. The use of ICT in acquiring knowledge and skills has become an essential element in education. The proper use of ICT can bring significant changes in the whole teaching learning process by bringing improvement in content and methodology. It also provides the quality of instruction and encourages collaborative learning. It facilitates fast and accurate feedback to learners. Use of information and communication Technology in teaching of English language highlights importance of it in pedagogical practices in the English Classroom. The arise of ICT in the world scenario and UNESCO‟s emphasis on ensuring equity and access to education, quality learning and teaching, teacher‟s Professional development. The meaning of ICT and its tools in language context, benefits of ICT and use of it is English language teaching in classroom. Keywords: ICT, e-book, e-learning, equity, methodology
Introduction: The use of ICT at UG level ICT covers any product that will store. retrieve, enhances student‟s sense of belonging. It also manipulate, and transmit or receiving information enhances positive Faculty and peer interaction make electronically in a digital form. For example – institutional environment feel more academically and Personal Computers, Digital Television, Email, socially supportive. Robot. It is concerned with how these different users Students are connected online almost all the time. can work with each other. They interact, using different platforms in their daily In brief, ICT has become integral to the teaching- lives; text massages, social media posting, e-mails, learning, interaction, through such approaches as and other online media. The most primary way of replacing chalkboards, using students own interaction for college students is by using smartphones or other devices for learning during class smartphones and social media network sites such as times and the Flipped classroom model where Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. This large scale use of students watch lectures at home on the computer and technology by students instigates new ways of use classroom time for more interactive exercises interaction with peers and teachers in university when teachers are digitally literate and trained to use environment. ICT, these approaches can lead to higher order The present paper “Use of ICT in the Teaching of thinking skills, and provide creative and English Language at UG Level” deals with the use of individualized options for students to express their ICT technology into the contemporary classroom and understandings, and leave students better prepared to makes balance between traditional teachings of deal with ongoing technological change in society. Blackboard, Chalk with digital technology. It also ICT helps teachers to interact with students. It also focuses on ITC devices in general and selection of helps them in preparation their teaching. ICT enables some digital techniques to make daily teaching more self-paced learning through various tools such as effective and impressive to create interest in the mind assignments, computer etc. as a result of this the of students to attend classes regularly. There is huge teaching learning enterprise has become more gap between theoretical teaching in classroom and productive and meaningful. ICT helps facilitate the practical life. The use of ICT in English Language transactions between producers and users by keeping teaching is not challenge but an opportunity to make the students updated and enhancing teacher‟s capacity our teaching lively. and ability fostering a live contact between the teacher Use of ICT in teaching learning process: The and the students through e-mail, e-learning, web- term “Information and Communication Technology based learning. Thus, teachers can empower himself (ICT) is an extensional term for information and his students with the use of digital technologies. Technology (IT). The phrase ICT has been used by What is mean by ICT? academic researchers since the 1980. Because of The meaning of ICT can be as follows:- Dennis Stevenson the ICT became well known. He Information – According to Shore in Hartoyo used it in a report to the UK Govt. in 1997, and then it (2012:2) “It means the processed data in a meaningful was revised National Curriculum for English. and purposeful form.”
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Communication – According to Potts, structured digital computerized environment which “Communication is defined as a process by which we allows students to interact with the data for assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create appropriate purposes. It includes the internet, shared understanding.” The person Brown stated telecoms and interactive digital television (Finney, “Communication is transfer of information from one 2011:2) person to another, whether or not elicits confidence. Computer – It is an electronic device which is But the information transferred must be capable of receiving information (data) and understandable to the receiver.” performing a sequence of logical operations in Technology – The word technology is derived accordance with a predetermined program to produce from “techno” which means technique, art or skill, results in the form of information or signal based. It and „logos‟ which means sciences. Therefore includes CPU, Monitor, and Keyboard. technology can be defined as a scientific knowledge Audio Devices – It is used in the form of of art or skill. interactive multimedia with other media. It can be Based on the three components, the utilization of separately utilized as independent tool. Audio devices ICT in education has recently started to appeal the includes speaker, earphone, CD, etc. potential and significant progress in language Television – It is a system for converting visual learning. 1. It has become a major issue in education images (with sound) into electrical signals, world. 2. It has been popularized as potentially transmitting them by radio or other means, and powerful enabling for educational change and reform. displaying the electronically on a screen. 3. It improves classroom teaching and learning the Mobile Gadget – Cell phone and smartphone better lesson by using many kinds of application. 4. which are equipped with programs like computer, to ICT is the best method of teaching English Language perform as mini personal computer, because of than the traditional grammar translation method advancement of science & Technology, the size and (which pays more attention to grammatical rules and price are getting cheaper and reachable. vocabulary). Audio-lingual Method, Communicative Interactive Whiteboard– An interactive Approach, etc. 5. Some experts of education learning whiteboard or IWB, is a large interactive display language strongly support to use ICT to improve (such as a touch screen monitor) which is connected English language teaching efficiency and to a computer and projector. A projector projects the effectiveness of learning and acquire mastery in it. computer‟s desktop on to the board‟s surface, where The Benefits of ICT in General – According to users control the computer using a pen, finger or other Herington 2002, ICT is found to be beneficial as devices. follows – Review of Related literature – According to 1. Technology facilitates exposure to authentic Kent ICT in education point of view refers to ICT language. 2. Technology provides the access to wider such as computers, communications facilities and sources of information and varieties of language. 3. features that variously support teaching, learning and The technology gives an opportunity to people to arrange of activities in education (QCA schemes of communicate with the world outside. 4. It can be work for ICT in Kent country council 2004) ICT is applied in three different scopes such as: Curriculum, already practicing in the education of UG & PG topics and teaching eye. 5. The learning materials courses which provides online services as registration, have authenticity and original sources are recognized. test/exam forms, payment, exam time table, and 6. Technology allows a learner-centered approach. 7. declaration of results of exams. Technology develops learner‟s autonomy. 8. It is The development of ICT makes the process of aimed to introduce teacher and learner about the effect communication between the communicator/teacher of technology in language teaching and learning. and the communicator/student can be implemented in ICT tools in language context – There are some easy way by using telephone, internet, email, kinds of technologies classified into ICT commonly television, and video. ICT gives facility to conduct used in language teaching context which are as lectures in the classroom or teacher can manage follows:- his/her work by giving assignment or topic for group Interactive Multimedia: - It is the integration of discussion to students. This can be carried out by digital media including combinations of electronic forming groups of students. In other works, we create text, graphics, moving images, and sound into a platform for student‟s leadership development. It also
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 enables student to learn lessons with guidance, MCQ we make them familiar with instruction, information, or further explanation. ICT NET/SET/Entrance exams/competitive exams which develop broad mind thinking process of student by will be cleared after UG degree. providing reference books. Publishing – ICT tools helps English teacher to E-books: Electronic Book or E-book is one that prepare reading material like short stories, utilizes computer technology to deliver multimedia formal/informal letter writing formats/ report writing information in the form of compact and dynamic. It is filling various application forms format which is very integrated by impressions “sound, graphics, images, useful and necessary to UG students as well as animations, and movie”. The content presented in it is common people who uses English for Banking, Co- richer than conventional books. The content is stored operative sector in their daily life. Sometimes, English in a single piece of solid disc CD/DVD and flash. teacher can organize one-day workshop for common E-learning – Victoria L. Tinio states that “e- people‟s literacy in using English language. learning includes learning at all levels, formal and Publishing includes audio recording or Mock informal, which uses a computer network for the Interview, Model of group discussion, and digital delivery of teaching materials, interaction, and /or camera for role-play or One-Act play participation of facilitation. An educational television and radio students. This creates confidence and stage daring, broadcast is a form which provides complete facility leadership quality can be developed among students. by a special software called learning management Conclusion: There is no doubt digital technology System (LMS). It is managed in the absence of face- has enormous potential for improving self –direct to-face between teacher and learner (student) with learning. Information and communication technology LMS technique a higher achievement in the area of is playing a significant role in the field of education. education attains & creates platform or prepare for ICT can make teaching and learning process more professional career and social relationship. effective and easier. Teaching and Learning has Practice – Answer in 3 to 4 sentences, short become student centered due to ICT. Students are answer, long answer, appreciation of a poem, such performing better using ICT tools rather than using exercises types are possible to be provided with ICT, traditional methods. by sing combination of text, audio and video format. ICT in the teaching of English language at UG This technique also gives opportunity to English level is a bridge between teacher and student. The Teacher to analyze student‟s responses with change of pedagogical practices will never hamper the appropriate feedback. acquisition of language skills. At the same time Authoring – In applying ICT in English Language English teacher can upgrade themselves to engage learning Teacher can either purchase readymade with our multi-media student user. It also helps materials or create their own exercise materials for students acquiring technical or professional courses teaching English compulsory subject and optional for future career. Above all, English language learning also. When we want to teach well-known tragedies of is nota burden but opens new opportunities to venture Shakespeare, its audio-videos CD‟s available in in the world and not at our own place. market. The gap between students culture and English or foreign authors contemporary social culture can be References: 1. ICT – What is it?www.tutoru.net.Retrives2015-09-01 presented by it . This removes difficulty to understand 2. Advantages of Digital Technology is Education 2019: Prime the plot/content of drama/novel/poetry. Kreation India Computer-Aided Assessment (CAA)- This 3. Hartoyo (2008) Individual Differences in Computer Assisted device plays an important role in English language Language Learning, Semarang: PelitaInsani Semarang. 4. Victoria L. Tinio, (1999). Modification teaching through teaching and learning multiple choices questionaries‟ ICT.The American Journal.12,56-63 can be prepared by teacher to prepare students to read 5. Department of Education, “National Curriculum in England: original text which is available on internet. By giving Computing Programmes of Study.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Amendment and Awareness Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Dr. Devendra P. Sontakke, Asst. Prof. Athawale College of Social work, Bhandara. Mo. 8623913555
Abstract: Before passing of this act ,sexual offence were covered under different section of IPC and did not provide for all types of sexual offences against children .there was also no distinction between an adult and a child victim .for the first time ,a special law has been passes to address the issue of sexual offences against children .the offence have been clearly defined for the first time in law such as the offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography . In order to address the problem of CSA, Through less ambiguous and more stringent legal provision, the POCSO Act was formulated in June 2012 the POCSO Act defined a child as any person below18 years of age. It least all forms of sexual assaults, including touching and non touching behavior /gesture Key word: IPC, POCSO, Child, Protection. Introduction: The POCSO Act was enacted on 14 below 10 every 13th hours and at least one in every 10 November 2012 throughout India, except the state of children is sexually abused at any point in time. Jammu and Kashmir. The Act was enacted to protect Child Sexual Abuse (CSA): (CSA) is present in a children from offences of sexual assault, sexual number of forms, harassment, and pornography and to provide a child- Sexual molestation; usually not physically friendly system for the trial of these offences. Data stressful to the child, kissing, verbal sexual abuse, from a study undertaken by the Ministry of Women rape incest; incest is any sexual activity between and Child Development on „Child Abuse‟ in 2007 had close relative revealed that 53.22% of children had faced one or Commercial sex exploitation (CSE); essentially more forms of sexual abuse. The increasing incidence the prostitution of children, also including the of sexual offences against children had to be trafficking of children, Pornography; this is steadily addressed through a separate legislation, as the Indian on the increases, it involve the use of children to Penal Code, did not specifically provide for sexual produce pornographic material offences against children, particularly boys. It Sex Tourism; involves the use of children for recognized limited forms of sexual violence against sexual gratification very common along the southern girls, and considered all physical sexual acts other and south –western region of India than rape as amounting to “outraging the modest of Net Crimes; gives information on how to access women” and which was punishable with a maximum children who have been forced into sexual activity term of two years and/or fine. The controversially from around the world. Who are the key authorities worded Section 377, IPC which criminalized under The Act and what are their duties? voluntary acts of intercourse against the order of The key authorities and their duties are as follow: nature, was the only provision available to address Police/ Special Juvenile Police Unit: Record penetrative sexual assault against boys. Information, Preliminary assessment, Report case Article 19 of the CRC –Enjoin the state to protect within 24 hours, Produce before CWC within 24 the child from all form of maltreatment or exploitation hours, if required, Adhere to the medical needs of the including sexual abuse ,Principle 9 of declaration of child, Keeping parent/guardian informed. right of child provide that the child shall be protected CWC: Placement of child, if required, Provide against all form of neglect, cruelty and exploration support person. and shall not be the subject of traffic in any form District Child Protection Unit: Maintain register India has the largest number of sexually abused and make it available to authorities, Make payments children 6,00,000 to 7,00,000,children are sexually for services of interpreters/translators. abused every year a child below 16 is raped every Magistrate: Record Statement. 155th minute a child below 10 every 13th hours and at Special Court/Judge: Conduct in-camera trial, least one in every 10 children is sexually abused at Ensure child-friendly atmosphere, Respect dignity of any point in time child, Maintain anonymity of child, Record evidence Threat against child protection : India has the of child within 30 days, complete trial within 1 year. largest number of sexually abused children 6,00,000 Special Public Prosecutor: Prosecution of cases to 7,00,000,children are sexually abused every year a exclusively under the act, Support Person: Maintain child below 16 is raped every 155th minute a child confidentiality, keeping parent/guardian informed,
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 and Inform child of his /her role in the judicial leave them with intention of abandonment) section process. 317 IPC Central Government: Provide publicity to the Kidnapping and Abduction: Kidnapping for act] Impart training to authorities, Framing rules and exporting (Section 360 IPC, Kidnapping for lawful guidelines, Pass orders to remove difficulties that may Guardianship (section 361) IPC, Kidnapping for arise in giving effect to the provisions of the act, Camel Racing (Section 363 IPC, Kidnapping for whithin two years from the commencement of the Begging (Section 363 A IPC , Kidnapping for Slavery Act, i. e. 13 November 2014. (Section 367 IPC , Kidnapping for Stealing its person State Government: Designate a court as special under 10 year of age only (Section 369 IPC, court, Appoint special public prosecutor, Provide procurator of miner girl for inducement to force of publicity to the Act, Impart training to authorities, seduce to illicit intercourse 366 A IPC, Selling of Framing rules and guidelines. girls for prostitution section 372 IPC , buying of girls National Commission for Protection of Child for prostitution section 373 IPC, rape section 376 Rights / State Commission for Protection of Child IPC Unnatural offences section 377 IPC Rights: Monitor implementation of the Act, Calling Crime against children punishable under for reports from the CWC on specific cases, Reporting Special Laws: Immoral Traffic prevention Act 1956 on the implementation of the Act by way of separate (where minors are abused in prostitution). Child chapter in its annual report. Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act 1929. Child Discussion of POCSO Act: The POCSO Act was labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 enacted on 14 November 2012 throughout India, Suggestion of this act offence: The term „child‟ except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Act was has been defined to mean “any person below the age enacted to protect children from offences of sexual of eighteen years”. The Act offers several procedural assault, sexual harassment, and pornography and to and substantive reliefs to a child victim. They are as provide a child-friendly system for the trial of these follows: offences. Data from a study undertaken by the Child friendly processes: The Act requires Ministry of Women and Child Development on „Child respect for the dignity and autonomy of the child at Abuse‟ in 2007 had revealed that 53.22% of children every stage of the legal process. It provides for child- had faced one or more forms of sexual abuse. The friendly procedures for medical examination, increasing incidence of sexual offences against recording the statement of the child by the Police and children had to be addressed through a separate Magistrate, as well as during the examination of the legislation, as the Indian Penal Code, did not child in court. Cases reported by a child must be specifically provide for sexual offences against recorded by the police/Special Juvenile Police Unit children, particularly boys. It recognized limited (Here in after referred to as SPJU) in simple language forms of sexual violence against girls, and considered so that the child understands what is being recorded. all physical sexual acts other than rape as amounting A qualified translator/interpreter must be provided to to “outraging the modest of women” and which was the child if the statement is recorded other than the punishable with a maximum term of two years or fine. preferred language of the child. The child must be The controversially worded Section 377, IPC accompanied by a parent, guardian, or any other which criminalized voluntary acts of intercourse person whom the child trusts or has confidence in, against the order of nature, was the only provision during procedures involving medical examination, available to address penetrative sexual assault against recording statements, or giving testimonies in court. boys. Before any medical examination is conducted, consent Offence under IPC and Special Law: Crime by or on behalf of the child must be obtained. Medical against children under IPC, Murder section 302 IPC, examination can be conducted irrespective of whether Foeticides; (crime against fetus) SECTION 315 And a First Information Report/Complaint has been filed. 316 IPC, Infanticides crimes against newborn child Where the victim is a girl, examination must be done section 315 IPC. Abetment to suicide abetment by by a woman doctor. Also, the child must not be other person for commitment of suicide by children brought face to face with the accused while giving section 305 IPC, Exposure and Abandonment (crime his/her statement to the police or magistrate, or while against children by parent or other to expose or to testifying in court. If necessary, a support person must also be provided to a child to assist him/her during the
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 investigation and trial. Under no circumstances can child is working and is above 14 years of age Release the child be asked to remain in the police station at the child on probation of good conduct after executing night. a bond and place the child in the custody of parent or a) Emergency medical care: Child victims who guardian or fit person. are found to be in need of urgent medical attention are Release the child on probation of good conduct entitled to receive emergency medical care within 24 and place the child in the custody of a fit institution hours of the Police/ SPJU receiving information about for good behavior and wellbeing of a child for not the crime. more than three years. b) Care and protection: If the police/SPJU have 2. Who is under an obligation to report offences reasonable grounds to believe that the child is in need under This Act? All persons are under an obligation to of care and protection, they must immediately make report offences under The Act. According to Section arrangements to give the child such care and 19 (1), anyone who knows that an offence is protection and also alert the Child Welfare Committee committed or believes that it is likely to be committed ( Here in after referred to as CWC), the statutory or where there is an apprehension that a sexual authority vested with this responsibility. The CWC offence is likely to be committed against a child will can take steps to ensure that care and protection is have to inform the SJPU or the local police. Failure to extended to the child. For instance, it can provide the report the commission of an offence is punishable child with a support person to render assistance during under section 21 (1) with imprisonment for a the investigation and trial. It can also order that the maximum term of six months and/or fine. Children child be taken out of the custody of her/his family if too are under an obligation to report offences under she/he has been or likely to be sexually abused there. This Act. However they cannot be punished for failure c) Compensation: It is not essential that the to report an offence. accused needs to be convicted in order to receive 3. Do the personnel in media, studios, compensation, a child victim may receive interim photographic facilities, hotels, or hospitals have a compensation for immediate needs for relief of special duty to report sexual offences against rehabilitation and final compensation for the loss or children? Yes, a special duty has been imposed upon injury caused to her/him. The State Government must personnel working in the media hotels, clubs, studios, pay the compensation to the victim within 30 days photographic facilities, and hospitals to report cases. from the date of the order of the Special Court. If they find materials or objects that are sexually d) Punishment: The Act prescribes punishment exploitative of children, they must report it to the for offenders who commit sexual offences against police or the SPJU. For instance, if the housekeeping children. personnel come across pornographic pictures of Conclusion: 1. Can a child be charged with an children in a hotel room, they must notify the local offence under The Act? Yes, a child can be charged police or the SJPU about it. The failure to report will with a sexual offence under The Act. However, cases attract imprisonment for a maximum term of six against a child will lie before the Juvenile Justice months and/or fine. Board as per procedures laid down under the Juvenile Limitation: Children too are under an obligation Justice ( Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 to report offences under This Act. (JJ Act). The child cannot be tried by the Special Court and cannot be punished under The Act. If the References’ 1. Excerpts from the book, Frequently Asked Questions on the child is found to have committed an offence under Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012-Authors: The Act, the Juvenile Justice Board could pass any of Swagata Raha, Anuroopa Giliyal and Geeta Sajjanshetty; 2. Published by Centre for Child and the Law- (National Law the following orders as per provisions listed under the School of India University- A publication jointly supported by JJ Act: 1. Advice and admonish the child and send Child Rights and You (CRY) and Sir Dorabji Trust 3. Constitution fundamental Right and Judicial Activism in India her/him home with parents or guardian after Author raviprakash,premlata Sharma Mangaldeep publication counseling. 2. Direct the child to participate in group jaypur in India th counseling and similar activities. 4. Constitution in India, second edition up to 98 amendment Govt OF India Order the child to perform community service 5. Use of internet, www.google.com. Order the parent or the child to pay a fine, if such
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 The Contribution of SWADHAR in Childhood Development Dr. Vidya Mahesh Avachat, HOD, Sociology Department, S. P. College Pune, Maharashtra state in India
Abstract: Childhood is a very important factor for development of individual as well as nation. Children are the future assets of the country, society, and family. Their healthy and proper development is the only way for the progress and development of the nation. Development of the underprivileged children is a challenging issue in India. There are the below poverty level communities need to create awareness in the area of Child health, hygiene, nutrition ,physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of child and better parenting. Hence, the concept of childhood development has become a major need and challenge for the country especially in marginalized below poverty level group. Today, Government and Voluntary organizations are making efforts in various ways for the childhood development issues. The main aim of the study is to understand and analyse the role of Non-Governmental Organizations in childhood development issues. This paper is aimed at taking account of work done by the Swadhar was established in 1995 in Pune. Key Words: Marginalized group, Childhood, NGO.
Preamble: - Childhood is a very important factor Methodology: The data was collected from for development of individual as well as nation. secondary and primary sources. Primary data was Children are the future assets of the country, society, collected from the officers of the NGO. Secondary and family. Their healthy and proper development is data was obtained from various documents and the only way for the progress and development of the references available in libraries. In addition, the nation. Development of the underprivileged children annual reports, journals, press clippings, and website is a challenging issue in India. There are the below relating NGO were studied and the material was used poverty level communities for whom it is required for the study. to create awareness in the area of child health, The Paper opens with a discussion of fundamental hygiene, nutrition ,physical, intellectual, emotional concepts. In the next part after presenting briefly the and social development of a child and better nature of activities of this NGO, the researcher has parenting. Hence the concept of childhood attempted analysis of the impact of these activities on development has become a major need and challenge marginalized group. The paper will throw light on the for the country especially in marginalized or below qualitative and quantitative changes taken place poverty level group. Today Government and because of the activities of the NGO. Voluntary organizations are making efforts in various The concept:- Concept of NGO:- Today, ways for the childhood developmental issues. The according to the UN, any kind of private organization main aim of the study is to understand and analyse the that is independent from government control can be contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations in termed an „NGO‟, provided it is not–profit ,non- childhood developmental issues. criminal and not simply an opposition political party. This paper is aimed at taking account of work The term Non- Governmental organization (NGO) done by the Swadhar was established in 1995 in Pune. is very broad. Any organization, which functions in a Swadhar means self –reliance. It was registered as manner distinct from government, may be a termed as Swadhar IDWC (Institute for Development of Women a non-governmental organization ranging from a and children) in 2002. Akshadeep project started in global charity to a local self –help group. It may be 1998. This project focuses on education and overall research institute, a Co-coordinating agency, or a development of underprivileged children from birth lobby group. NGOs in India are known as voluntary up to 18 year in an urban slum community with the agencies, pressure groups, social action groups, self- collective participation of parents and community. help organizations non-party processes, alternative Some of the activities are conducted at construction development agencies. (Mathew, 1999::PP 529-534). sites and at temporary wastes of nomadic tribes in Childhood: The concept of childhood emerged addition to the community canter. during the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly through Objectives of the Study: 1. To study the the educational theories of the philosopher John philosophy and funding sources of Swadhar. 2. To Locke. Childhood is the age of span ranging from study the activities of swadhar in the field of birth to adolescence. According to Piaget‟s theory of marginalized group. 3. To study the impact of cognitive development ,childhood consists of two Swadhar„s activity on marginalized group. stages ;preoperational stage and concrete operational
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 stage .In developmental psychology, childhood is Children from marginalized Indian communities divided up into the developmental stages of who are not exposed to literacy materials like books toddlerhood (learning to walk),early childhood (play and stories, and formal access to language, reading age) and adolescence (puberty through post puberty). and writing development do not see brain Childhood development: “A nation‟s children are development at par with their more privileged peers. its supremely important asset and the nation‟s future If the child development is integral to overall lies in their proper development. An investment in socio, economic development of a nation. To meet children is indeed an investment in nation‟s future. A this challenge every citizen of India has to make some healthy and educated child of today is the active and contribution .Hence, there is a strong need for intelligent citizen of tomorrow. Bestow blessing on sustainable holistic approach to childhood those little innocent lives bloomed on earth, who have development which emphasizes the child‟s issues. brought the message of joy from heavenly garden.” Historical Development of Swdhar: Swadhar R.N Tagore. IDWC, Pune is a registered organization working in Child development focuses more on the process Pune since 1995 with a mission to provide services to itself. Child development puts more emphasis on the women and children in order to ensure protection of roles played by environment and experience than their rights, self –reliance and empowerment for child psychology does. leading a dignify life. Swadhar means self- reliance. Child development however has six objectives to It was observed that this NGO conducted their find out what are the characteristic age changes in activities on the basis of projects. SWADHAR has appearance, behaviour, interests and goals from one mentioned multi- dimensional objectives in developmental period to another, to find out when constitutions. A study of the objectives revealed that these changes occur, to find out under what conditions Swadhar wanted to improve the quality of life of these changes occur, to find out how these changes individuals and families through education, guidance, influence the child‟s behaviour, to find out whether or training, and counselling. Swadhar also want to not these changes can be predicted and finally to find address the issue of survival amongst children out whether these changes are individual or deprived of care, protection, and development. Hence characteristic of all children. Swadhar wants to work as a master, as a guide for the Marginalized group: The Encyclopaedia of other organizations. Public Health defines marginalized groups as,” To be About funding sources: The sources of income marginalized is to be placed in the margins and thus were both internal and external. Among the main excluded from the privilege and power found at the internal sources were membership fees and donations centre” Different groups of people within a given on the one hand and income earned from sale of culture, context and history at risk of being subjected produce, service charges from beneficiaries on the to multiple discrimination due to the interplay of other. The external sources of income mainly different personal characteristics or grounds, such as comprised grants-in-aid received from various sex, gender, age, ethnicity ,religion, or belief ,health- government departments and NGOs. This NGO status ,disability ,sexual orientation ,gender identity, having sufficient external funds as well as successes education or income ,or living in various geographic in create own funds. Financial study of Swadhar‟s localities.( source –Information provided by European shows the contribution of internal source (own funds) Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the is less than external funds. (Government grants office of the United Nations High Commissioner for +Sponsors grants). With the help of funding agencies Human Rights (UN OHCHR) https;//eige.europa.eu Give India, We care (Capgemini),Vitrag Foundation, Definition & meaning of marginalized- Reference Stock Holding corporation of India, Bajaj Auto and from Collins English Dictionary https// individual; donors, Save the children, Canada and www.collinsdictionary.com. To marginalize a group UK, Wipro cares, Emitec Emission control of people means to make them feel isolated and Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Give in India, unimportant Department of women and child development,Vibhuti High dropout rate, poverty, malnutrition, Physical investment and individual donors. Anijauja Bahubali and behavioural problem, lack of play and playground Charitable trust, Vitrag foundation, Shri Nemichand these are the main issues, challenges regarding the Munot charitable trust, ASMAE, vidyalaya org. child development. From marginalised Indian groups. Foundation Rotract club,Wipro carestrust,Yardi
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 software india pvt ltd,Bajaj Auto limited, Forbes exploitation through education and by creating Marshall group of companies, Softenger private choices. limited India, Stock holding corporation of India ltd, All our activities are focused largely with the Asha For Education , US. Swadhar completed their intention of achieving the following- Overall project work. It shows that Swadhar is economically grooming to be able to live a confident and a positive dependent on other sources but there is no problem for life. Holistic development of infants and toddlers from the funds. Names of funding agencies- ; Give India, birth up to three years. Providing a safe and secure We care (Cap Gemini) Vitrag Foundation, stock place of residence in the form of day care and night Holding Corporation of India, Bajaj Auto and shelter. Kindergarden for kids in the age group of Individual donors. three year to six years to facilitate preschool progress Activities of SWADHAR: Rays of Hope: For and introduction to language and mathematics. children coping with HIV/Aids. Akshardeep: Access Regular mainstream schooling for children from six to education for children out of school and guidance years to fifteen years. for under privileged children. Vikasdeep: Early Success story: Hamida Sheikh (name changed) an childhood care and Development program. Scope: uneducated women from west Bengal came to Pune Educational support and library facility for under due to domestic problems, found herself in the red privileged children. RCP: Reading class program light area and in desperation got prostitution .She (RCP) for children in municipal corporations schools. admitted her son Rehan (name changed) age three Songbird: Balwadi and Day- care centre for years, to this centre as she wished him to be an construction site worker families. Support classes: educated and responsible citizen of the society. This Tuition classes in Marathi and maths for the school NGO continued to counsel her in addition to going children so as to improve their academic providing complete care and education to rehan, she performance. Abhyasika /study class: This NGO saved the money she earned and bought a small house provide school going children with quite place, in her native place. She quit prostitution and along curricular and reference books to study on their own. with her son went to her native place. NGO referred Library: Storybooks, novels, magazines made her to an NGO in Kolkata. She is now settled there. available for home lending to develop the culture of Akshardeep: Program for overall development of reading. Earning centre has been opened under the underprivileged children. Akshardeep started in 1998, Akshardeep and Host projects to train the girls and with the SETU initiative. Over the period the project boys from the marginalized communities in computer has grown and now runs several other initiatives like skills .The centre aims at training them in basic reading class program, Abhyasika, full-fledged computer use and use of computer in learning school library, Balwadi, construction site ,Resource centre curricula. ,support classes, Vikasdeep (Early childhood Mohor: - This project started in Day care started Development program)right to education act in August 1997 and Night shelter in November 2007 awareness program and E –learning . for the children of sex workers. Mohar was started in Akshardeep project focuses on education of the 1997 as a small centre open for an hour every day. children in the community through the following More than 70 children in day care and night shelter. activities; Balwadi ,support class, Resource Center, This NGO focus on their holistic development Vikasdeep, E-learning, Abhyasika, Library and providing nutritious meals, schooling and medical reading class project. Some of the activities are care in order to ensure a joyous childhood.. We conducted at construction sites and at temporary strongly believe in providing both mental as well as wastis of nomadic tribes in addition to the community physical wellbeing to the children. Swadhar‟s r efforts centres. RTE act awareness program, support classes are focused on grooming and nurturing the children 6 to 14 age group, reading class project, full fledge with formal education and social skills to be able to library, community study centre, resource centre and live a confident and self-reliant life. Project objectives e-learning centre. CD awareness program 0 to 6 age to help children in need of survival care, protection group. and development. To understand the need of these Swadhar’s Publications: Swadhar has regularly children in order to create relevant and evidence based publishes an informative book, in local language In inter vention. It provides long term care, addition, following are some of the well-appreciated rehabilitation, repatriation to break the cycle of SWADHAR publications. Akash chi Goshta - A
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 book published as an outcome of working with This NGO create awareness regarding personal children living with HIV/AIDS. Law Books- Books hygiene in the early childhood stage among the slum on laws pertaining to women and children. Pintooche area. Swadhar also provide the relevant information Pustak – A pictorial workbook for pre-reading stage. about health, illness, and disability. NGO has help and My personal safety – An original book on child empower women in distress and marginalized sexual abuse by TULIR, a Chennai based organization children through education, guidance, training, and translated into Marathi by Swadhar IDWC. counselling along with health and nutrition. Swadhar Challenges for Swadhar: 1. Given the sensitive tries to improve the quality of life of families through nature of the area, it is difficult for us to get individuals. Swadhar prevent second generation volunteers and supporting staff, especially for night prostitution, by defending the rights and dignity of the shelter. 2. In spite of NGO efforts, mothers take away children, working towards providing the children with their children even during the exams as they do not a safe environment and supporting their education and realize the importance of education. 3. As NGO get health. Swadhar has undertaken initiatives for children from different states, language poses a changing the perspective of society towards the problem. children of commercial sex workers. Through the Impact of activity: Swadhar is recognized as Akahdeep project Swadhar has create a model for the well-known institution by various government education and overall development of underprivileged departments. Thus, study proves that role of Swadhar children from birth up to 18 years in an urban slum for childhood development is as mediator between community with the collective participation of parents government and non-government funding agencies and community. Thus NGO perform the role of and marginalize group. Swadhar works as facilitator, awareness among the masses which is very important educator, for the participant child groups and various for the health development as a starting point. participants of their programme. Swadhar is clear in Findings: The Paper identifies that NGO can the concept of development and committed about the effectively and efficiently work for the childhood vision and mission of the clear objectives and development of marginalized group in India appropriate strategies. Swadhar‟s work proves Conclusion: - I will conclude this paper by professional competence on one side and commitment arguing that the marginalized/ underprivileged group on the other. Swadhar‟s activities are children needs to support of NGOs .for the childhood centered, process oriented, and gender, class sensitive. development. Awareness generation activities of NGO prove that because of this activity participant gets knowledge Refrences: 1. Bava, Noorjahan; 1997; Non-Governmental Organisation in regarding health and education. They learn the new Development: Theory and Practice; New Delhi; Kaushik Publishers. techniques of learning. The lack of knowledge about 2. Mathew, G; 1999; „the centralized Institutions: Governmental and health is an obstacle for personality as well as national voluntary Sector‟; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 34(9). 3. Tikku, Normal. September 2004; „NGO s in three North Indian development. The study shows that this NGO engaged states –evaluation of NGO s working in the areas of nutritional and in disseminating knowledge through formal and health status of women and children‟ Social Change: vol 34 no 3. informal education to people through various 4. R Kumar 1988; „Child Development in India‟ Health welfare and Management; Ashish Publishing House; New Delhi. activities. The workshops, Seminars, demonstrations, 5. Jennifer Kipgen 2014; „The sociology of childhood‟; Pearl Books; publications, libraries and courses prove that NGOs New Delhi. become a good source of knowledge provider in 6. Reports: Swadhar annual reports. marginalized area for various age groups of people.
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY IN INDIAN MEDIA AND FILMS Amol M Khandwe, Department of English, S. N. Mor and Smt. G. D. Saraf College, Tumsar. Dist. Bhandara
Abstract: On a global scale, hegemonic masculinity is a representation of society‟s ideal of how male behaviour should be. In reality, its function is to legitimate the social ascendency of men over women in all aspect of life, which is evident in many societies all over the world. In addition hegemonic masculinity also emphasises the superiority of manly men. The medium of films representing social and historical practice regarding gender approach is a crucial phenomenon in sociological studies. It can be said that media are crucial in the construction of gender ideologies and in gender socialization. Film and cinema are the most commonly used mass media to communicate with the public. Mass Media, especially cinema and television are important devices that build and strengthen male and female roles in society Key Words: hegemony, masculinity, gender, mass media.
Introduction: The concept of hegemonic feminist discourse. Sex and gender are two pivotal masculinity was formulated two and half decades ago terms. The term sex is biologically determined and the by Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell (1987) to term gender is culturally constituted. Thus, the refer to those traits that various cultures ascribe to real feminist politics challenge the cultural construction of men and which not only set out such „real men‟ from masculinities and femininities without the questioning women and all other men, but also justify all men to of the biological sex. It is important to understand that generally be in a position of domination over women. while the difference between masculinity and On local and regional levels, hegemonic masculinity femininity is a crucial element for feminism of manifests itself in varying forms, and is constantly equality, the difference between each sexual being is evolving leading researchers to conceive the idea of important for feminism of difference. The historical multiple hegemonic masculinities. Women‟s position and geographical difference among women not only within media power structures and media addresses the difference between women across the representation of women is persistent concerns in culture but also within a single culture. Here every society because negative stereotyping and lack difference lies within political sameness. According to of female input both reflect and reinforce wider Elizabeth Grosz “difference resists the gender inequalities. Films, indeed in the most homogenisation of separate political struggles/ in so effective manner maintain the diffusion of traditional far as it implies not only women‟s differences from female gender roles, which women are depicted in men , and from each other oppressed culture and society. The study of the images of groups”(Grosz:2002,p94). Further she argues, women in cinema were a central concern of the “Struggles around the attainment of women‟s second wave feminism of the 1960s and 1970s, autonomy imply that men‟s struggles against criticizing women‟s image in film and women‟s roles patriarchy, while possibly allied with women‟s in in film industry. some circumstances, cannot be identified with them. What is Masculinity? : The term “masculinity” In acknowledging their sexual specificity, men‟s not only refers to the binary opposition to femininity challenge to patriarchy is necessarily different from but may also refer to the tropes of sexual difference. women‟s, which entails producing an identity and To understand the contemporary notions to sexual specificity for themselves”(Grosz:2002,p94). masculinity, one needs to understand the Following this tradition of understanding, my work on contemporary formations of gender relations. The masculinity would not only take account of the cultural construction of masculinity is considered as difference within each representation of masculinities the binary opposite of the term femininity. In the of but world would propose a distinct politics for men. dominant formulation of this binary relation, the term What is hegemonic masculinity? : A common masculinity enjoys a position of superiority over the misunderstanding of hegemonic masculinity is when term femininity. The binary between male/female the concept is used to refer to boys or men behaving follows the binary between knowledge and badly, or to refer to „alpha male‟. While in some experience, reason and emotion etc. To understand the contexts the concepts refers to men engaging in toxic dialogue between the feminist politics and the practices, including physical violence. Such practices representation of masculinity in Hindi cinema, one are not always the defining characteristics. Cultural needs to address the notion of masculinity within ideals of masculinity need not confirm to the
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 personalities of actual men or the realities of everyday nutritional supplements and services to enhance their achievements of men. muscles. These advertisements exploit men‟s feeling Trujilo (1991) expanded the definition of of not being big, strong, or violent enough by hegemonic masculinity by identifying five major promising to provide them with the products that will features that define when masculinity is hegemonic in enhance these qualities. The image of muscular male media culture. These are 1 „when power is defined in is hegemonised in Indian films where the place of terms of physical force and control‟ (particularly in women has always been a secondary and subordinate. representation o the body), 2) when it is defined Patriarchy in the society has been reflecting in the through occupational achievements in an industrial films and other media forms. Women have always and capitalistic society, 3) when it is represented in portrayed in the films as an object of lust and terms of familial patriarchy, 4) when it is symbolised beautification. Females are being represented as by daring, romantic frontiersmen, 5) when dependent on males and needs to be taken care of. heterosexually defined and centred on the Conclusion: Being a man in society is as difficult representation of the phallus. (Trujillo 1991 pp 291-2) as being a woman which is process that carries big Representation of Hegemonic Masculinity in responsibilities and burdens. Men have been Film and Media: Local or regional equivalents of the socialising with a numbers of codes in society since male icons created by Hollywood now dominates they were born. The socialization which started in the local or regional film and television industries in other family at first continues with other ideological parts of the world , from India‟s Bollywood to apparatus of the state. Mass media such as films, Nigeria‟s Nollywod. Adding to this inventory of television are effective on this process. Masculinity images are the music video industry and the does not exist on its own. Although their ideal widespread practice in advertising to stress gender masculinity characteristics change over time. Men can difference implicitly and even explicitly reaffirming appear in society with these qualities. Masculinity the natural dissimilarities of males and females. And which is developed with hegemony notion generated then there the inscapable military and sports by Gramsci refers to the hierarchical relations among symbolism proliferate in all forms of media including the different masculinities. Multiple masculinities by films and video games all enhancing the association connel tell that gender has been generated with of masculinity with „ideal masculinity‟. Gray and different ways in different cultures and different eras, Ginsberg states that, women‟s rise in power has particularly in culture such as at a school or a created a crisis in masculinity all over the world. workplace we may encounter with these masculinities. Particular in cultures in which the traditional role of As a result it has been found that male representation bread winner and protector has declined. The pursuit in films and television are produced with similar of masculinity has become one of the few ways to left myths, symbols, metaphor, and messages, similar for me to exhibit their masculine selves. gender languages are used in different media, and By helping to differentiate masculinity from fictional male characters in cinema and television femininity, images of masculine aggression and have common characteristics. violence- including violence against women- afford young males across class, race and geographical References: 1. Connel R. W. & Messerschmidt J. W.(2005). Hegemonic boundaries a degree of self-respect and „security‟ Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society19(6) within the more socially valued masculine role. In 2. Whannel Garry 2002. Media sport stars: Masculinities and many parts of the world, magazine and television Moralities. London Routledge advertisements aimed at men rife with advertisements 3. Butler Judith.(1999) Gender Trouble: feminism and the subversion of Identity, 2nd edition. United States: Routledge. featuring violent male icons such as cricket players, 4. Gabriel Karen.(2010) Melodrama and the Nation- Sexual big fisted boxers, and military figures. And the past 20 Economics of Bombay Cinema 1970-2000. years has seen a mushrooming of advertisements for 5. Raewyn C.(1987). Gender and Power: the person and sexual products designed to help men develop muscular politics, CA: Stanford University Press physiques- from weight training machines to
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Domestic Violence against Women Dr. Vinayak Sakharkar, Head of Dept. (Sociology), Kumbhalkar Social Work Eve, College, Nagpur
Introduction: Domestic violence can be described followed by Madhya Pradesh (45.8%), Rajasthan as the power misused by one adult in a relationship to (46.3%), Manipur (43.9%), Uttar Pradesh (42.4%), control another. It is the establishment of control and Tamil Nadu (41.9%), and West Bengal (40.3%). fear in a relationship through violence and other forms The trend of violence against women was recently of abuse. This violence can take the form of physical highlighted by the India‟s National Crime Records assault, psychological abuse, social abuse, financial Bureau (NCRB) which stated that while in 2000, an abuse, or sexual assault. The frequency of the average of 125 women faced domestic violence every violence can be on and off, occasional or chronic. day, the figure stood at 160 in 2005. The Protection of Women from Domestic A recent United Nation Population Fund report Violence Act, 2005 says that any act, conduct, also revealed that around two-thirds of married omission, or commission that harms or injures or has women in India were victims of domestic violence. the potential to harm or injure will be considered Violence in India kills and disables as many women domestic violence by the law. Even a single act of between the ages of 15 and 44 years as cancer and its omission or commission may constitute domestic toll on women‟s health surpasses that of traffic violence – in other words, women do not have to accidents and malaria combined. suffer a prolonged period of abuse before taking Even these alarming figures are likely to be recourse to law. The law covers children also. significantly under estimated given that violence Domestic violence is perpetrated by, and on, both within families continues to be a taboo subject in both men and women. However, most commonly, the industrialized and industrializing countries. victims are women, especially in our country. Even in Domestic violence: Domestic violence against the United States, it has been reported that 85% of all women is an age old phenomenon. Women were violent crime experienced by women are cases of always considered weak, vulnerable and in a position intimate partner violence, compared to 3% of violent to be exploited. Violence has long been accepted as crimes experienced by men. Thus, domestic violence something that happens to women. Cultural mores, in Indian context mostly refers to domestic violence religious practices, economic and political conditions against women. may set the precedence for initiating and perpetuating Domestic violence is the most common form of domestic violence, but ultimately committing an act violence against women. It affects women across the of violence is a choice that the individual makes out life span from sex selective abortion of female fetuses of a range of options. Although one cannot to forced suicide and abuse, and is evident, to some underestimate the importance of macro system-level degree, in every society in the world. forces (such as cultural and social norms) in the The World Health Organization reports that the etiology of gender-based violence within any country, proportion of women who had ever experienced including India, individual-level variables (such as physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate observing violence between one's parents while partner ranged from 15% to 71%, with the majority growing up, absent or rejecting father, delinquent peer between 29% and 62%. associations) also play important roles in the India‟s National Family Health Survey-III, carried development of such violence. The gender imbalance out in 29 states during 2005-06, has found that a in domestic violence is partly related to differences in substantial proportion of married women have been physical strength and size. Moreover, women are physically or sexually abused by their husbands at socialized into their gender roles in different societies some time in their lives. The survey indicated that, throughout the world. In societies with a patriarchal nationwide, 37.2% of women “experienced violence” power structure and with rigid gender roles, women after marriage. Bihar was found to be the most are often poorly equipped to protect themselves if violent, with the abuse rate against married women their partners become violent. However, much of the being as high as 59%. Strangely, 63% of these disparity relates to how men-dependence and incidents were reported from urban families rather fearfulness amount to a cultural disarmament. than the state‟s most backward villages. It was Husbands who batter wives typically feel that they are
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 exercising a right, maintaining good order in the North India have shown elevated odd's ratio of family and punishing their wives' delinquency - gynecological symptoms, while comparing women especially the wives' failure to keep their proper place. with husbands reporting no domestic violence and Domestic Violence and its Health Implications: women who experienced physical and sexual Violence not only causes physical injury, it also violence. It may be attributed to the fact that abusive undermines the social, economic, psychological, men were more likely to engage in extra marital sex spiritual and emotional well-being of the victim, the and acquire STDs, there by placing their wives at risk perpetrator and the society as a whole. Domestic of acquiring STDs. There was also lesser condom use violence is a major contributor to the ill health of reported among such men.These make women more women. susceptible to HIV infection, and the fear of violent It has serious consequences on women's mental male reactions, physical and psychological, prevents and physical health, including their reproductive and many women from trying to find out more about it, sexual health. These include injuries, gynecological discourages them from getting tested and stops them problems, temporary or permanent disabilities, from getting treatment. depression and suicide, amongst others. Studies in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh have “Many forms of verbal and psychological abuse also shown that unplanned pregnancies are appear relatively harmless at first, but expand and significantly more common among wives of abusive grow more menacing over time, sometimes gradually men . Besides this, research has shown that battered and subtly. As victims adapt to abusive behavior, the women are subject to twice the risk of miscarriage and verbal or psychological tactics can gain a strong four times the risk of having a baby that is below „foothold‟ in victims' minds, making it difficult for average weight. In some places, violence also them to recognize the severity of the abuse over accounts for a sizeable portion of maternal deaths. time.” (Witness Justice, MA, USA) Reproductive health care that incorporates These physical and mental health outcomes have domestic violence support services is needed to meet social and emotional squeal for the individual, the the special needs of abused women. family, the community, and the society at large. Psychological and emotional violence: Over both the short term and long term, women's Psychological and emotional violence covers physical injuries and mental trouble either interrupts, “repeated verbal abuse, harassment, confinement and or ends, their educational and career paths leading to deprivation of physical, financial and personal poverty and economic dependence. Family life gets resources”. disrupted which has a significant effect on children, Quantifying psychological abuse is extremely including poverty (if divorce or separation occurs) and difficult, and very few studies have been conducted to a loss of faith and trust in the institution of the family. establish prevalence rates of this type of violence. These squeals not only affect the quality of life of Qualitative studies that have been undertaken individuals and communities, but also have long-term conclude that it is just as damaging to one's health to effects on social order and cohesion. be continuously psychologically abused as it is to be In India, one incident of violence translates into physically abused. Undermining an individual's sense the women losing seven working days. In the United of self-esteem can have serious mental and physical States, total loss adds up to 12.6 billion dollars health consequences and has been identified as a annually and Australia loses 6.3 billion dollars per major reason for suicide. For some women, the year. incessant insults and tyrannies which constitute The physical health consequences of domestic emotional abuse may be more painful than the violence are often obscure, indirect and emerge over physical attacks because they effectively undermine the long term. For example, women who were subject women's security and self-confidence. to violent attacks during childhood are bothered by Violence against women has a far deeper impact menstrual problems and irritable bowel syndrome in than the immediate harm caused. It has devastating later life. consequences for the women who experience it and a Domestic violence and reproductive health: traumatic effect on those who witness it, particularly There is enough evidence to support that higher children. reproductive morbidity is seen among women Impact of Domestic Violence on Children: experiencing domestic violence. Studies conducted in Children who witness domestic violence may develop
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 serious emotional, behavioral, developmental, or The health sector can play a vital role in academic problems. preventing violence against women, helping to As they develop, children and teens that grows up identify abuse early, providing victims with the with domestic violence in the household are: more necessary treatment and referring women to likely to use violence at school or community in appropriate care. Health services must be places response to perceived threats. More likely to attempt where women feel safe, are treated with respect, are suicide. more likely to use drugs. More likely to not stigmatized, and where they can receive quality, commit crimes, especially sexual assault. More likely informed support. A comprehensive health sector to use violence to enhance their reputation and self- response to the problem is needed, in particular esteem. More likely to become abusers in later life. addressing the reluctance of abused women to seek Economic dependence has been found to be the help central reason. Without the ability to sustain them Role of Public health personnel: Domestic economically, women are forced to stay in abusive violence against women has been identified as a relationships and are not able to be free from violence. public health priority. Public health personnel can Due to deep-rooted values and culture, women do not play a vital role in addressing this issue. Since prefer to adopt the option of separation or divorce. violence against women is both a consequence and a They also fear the consequences of reporting violence cause of gender inequality, primary prevention and declare an unwillingness to subject themselves to programs that address gender inequality and tackle the the shame of being identified as battered women. root causes of violence are all essential. Public health Lack of information about alternatives also forces workers have a responsibility to build awareness by women to suffer silently within the four walls of their creating and disseminating materials and innovative homes. audio-visual messages, which project a positive image Some women may believe that they deserve the of girl child and women in the society. An integrated beatings because of some wrong action on their part. media campaign covering electronic, print and film Other women refrain from speaking about the abuse media that portrays domestic violence as unacceptable because they fear that their partner will further harm is the need of the hour. The role of increasing male them in reprisal for revealing family secrets. responsibility to end domestic violence needs to be Violence against women is a violation of basic emphasized Programs are required which intend to human rights. It is shameful for the states that fail to address battered women's needs, including those that prevent it and societies that tolerate and in fact focus on building self-efficacy and livelihood skills. perpetuate it. It must be eliminated through political The significance of informal and local community will, and by legal and civil action in all sectors of networks should be acknowledged in this regard. The society. survivors of domestic violence can be involved in Addressing Domestic Violence: An effective program planning and implementation in order to response to violence must be multi-sectorial; ensure accessibility and effectiveness. Rather than addressing the immediate practical needs of women spotlighting women as victims in non-negotiable experiencing abuse; providing long-term follow up situations, they should be portrayed as agents capable and assistance; and focusing on changing those of changing their own lives. The public health experts cultural norms, attitudes and legal provisions that have a vital role to play in networking with NGOs and promote the acceptance of and even encourage voluntary organizations and creation of social support violence against women, and undermine women's networks. The public health experts have a potential enjoyment of their full human rights and freedoms. to train personnel specialized to address the needs of The health sector has unique potential to deal with victims of domestic violence. In the field of research, violence against women, particularly through public health personnel can contribute by conducting reproductive health services, which most women will studies on the ideological and cultural aspects which access at some point in their lives. However, this give rise to and perpetuate the phenomenon of potential is far from being realized. Few doctors, domestic violence. Similarly, the execution and nurses or other health personnel have the awareness impact of programs must be assessed in order to and the training to identify violence as the underlying provide the necessary background for policy-making cause of women's health problems. and planning. However, the health sector must work with all other sectors including education, legal and
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 judicial, and social services. India implemented its recognition that health, development, and gender first law aimed at tackling domestic violence (The equality issues are closely interconnected. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, Hence the responses to the problem must be based 2005) to protect the rights of women who are victims on integrated approach. The effectiveness of measures of violence of any kind occurring within the family and initiatives will depend on coherence and and to provide for matters connected therewith or coordination associated with their design and incidental thereto. It also defines repeated insults, implementation. The issue of domestic violence must ridiculing or name-calling, and demonstrations of be brought into open and examined as any other obsessive possessiveness and jealousy of a partner as preventable health problem, and best remedies domestic violence. The big challenge in front now is available be applied. to enforce it in true sense.“A law is as good as its implement ability, despite the lofty aspirations. The References: 1. .Agnes F., Domestic violence act - A portal of hope. Combat responses to the enactment are polarized, with one Law. 2005. section fearing misuse by an elite class in metro cities 2. Burlon B, Justice, and Human Rights: Centre for Development and another segment predicting its futility for the and Population Activities. Washington DC: 2000. mass of rural women saddled with the yoke of 3. WHO, Multi country study on Women's health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health patriarchy to which courts are as yet alien”A bill alone Organization; 2007. will not help in preventing domestic abuse; what is 4. Martin S L, Sexual behaviors and Reproductive health needed is a change in mindsets. outcomes: Associations with wife abuse in India. JAMA. 1999. Concerted and co-ordinated multi-sectorial efforts 5. 5. National center Domestic violence: Older women can be victims too. On elder abuse. Washington DC:2005 are key methods of enacting change and responding to 6. 6. Stephenson R., Domestic violence and symptoms of domestic violence at local and national levels. The gynecological morbidity among women in North India. Plan Millennium Development Goal regarding girls' Perspex. 2006 education, gender equality and the empowerment of 7. 7. Zimmerman C. Plates in a basket will rattle: Domestic violence in Cambodia: The Asia Foundation; 1994. women reflects the international community's
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 Reading Revolution, Vision & Mission Dr. Prashant S. Pagade, Librarian, Vidarbha Arts & Com. College, Lakhani Dist. Bhandara M. 7588770820
Abstract: Reading is means of seeking knowledge, information, or entertainment through the written words. Reading is said to be a means of language acquisition. Communication and sharing information ideas. It is an activity that helps in the development of the brain and a building block for learning in any educational setting. Developing a good reading culture in central and bedrock to the attainment any success in education. In digital era reading of books is in hand just because of reading revolution. Key Words: Reading Revolution, Vision.
Introduction: - Reading is perfect interaction social activity took place in workshop, sheds and between ocular function and interpretive factors. One hostelry while children played, women sewed and interprets that he reads in the light of his background, men repaired tools. associate it with past experiences and projects beyond Leisure Reading Revolution: - In the 18th it in terms of ideas, judgments, application, and Century Gutenberg invention become commercialized conclusions. Reading is means for learning seeking and industrialized. Sociologist Wendy Griswold knowledge to illustrate Bacon it is the knowledge pointed out that during the height of the industrial gained through the study by means of reading and revolution reading became a extensive leisure activity understanding the world by other means makes the as the postindustrial information Society developed, man perfect. To him studies have three different reading became necessary for many occupations in the purposes one: for Pleasure; for ornament i.e. to get skilled labor force. Leisure reading also known as degrees etc.; for practice and profession. recreational reading Pleasure reading free voluntary Reading is not a natural act, there are no reading reading, and independent reading, is independent, genes, and rather it is a cultural activity that has. for self-selected reading of a continuous text for a wide the current demanding era of globalization the people range of personal and social purposes. It can take who like reading is the nation‟s most valuable asset as place in and out of school, at any time. Leisure their future life depends on what they are learning reading is a proportion of the amount of time that is today. It expands our minds and broadens our spends reading, as a part of the amount of time daily perspectives. It opens up new worlds. Reading is an devoted to leisure activities outside of work or school. art. It is more than just comprehending words on In terms of reading materials, books, magazines, and paper. Reading stimulates imagination encourages newspapers only were considered part of the total quick learning, and Present and future generation are a reading count. The reading students choose to do on risk of goings from expands horizons. It encourages their own, as opposed to reading that is assigned to imagination and curiosity. Reading enhances them, also referred to as voluntary reading. Spare time acquisition of life and creates a new ideas and opinion reading, recreational reading independent reading are introduced. Theories are proven or discovery in its outside of school, and self-selected reading, Leisure most basic element. reading, leisure reading involves personal choice, Reading Revolution: - Annotating puts actively choosing what one wants to read and reading widely and immediately in a “dialogue” with an author and from a variety of sources not just books. The term the issues and ideas that encounter in a written text. leisure reading as inclusive of fiction reading pleasure The first reading revolution that occurred as a result of reading and recreational reading, The definition the invention and spread of the press. Scholars who includes the selective reading of fiction, nonfiction, have claimed that printing led to the first reading and graphic novel, comic books, newspaper magazines, Walter Ong. Rolf Engelsing has argued of the and online reading done leisure time activity. It also existence of a reading revolution. Until 1750, people includes audio-books, just as it includes any sort of began to read “extensively” finding as many books as reading aloud, whether oral reading done by parents to they could, increasingly reading them alone. Reading children or one adult reading an audio-book to a was a solitary silent process only for the educated elite listener. Leisure reading includes silent reading and who could afford to purchase books. For the rest of aloud, as comprehension are important parts of leisure the population as Danton pointed out reading was a reading or have some level of responsibility in
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 choosing the text. Book group member also have the countries where there is a serious shortage of books choice to read the text and the choice to attend the but where cell phones are plentiful. We are hoping meeting and participate in the discussion. people will realize the potential of mobile reading and Digital Revolution: - The second revolution came that governments and partners will get behind not with the invention of e-books and e-readers. It is clear only us but other organization using mobile that the revolution in e-books is only just beginning. It technology to help provide learning and books, and is pretty clear that more e-books will be read in future help improve literacy skills. as out- of book in the past year. According to a new Conclusion: - The most important thing to study by the pew internet project. What‟s more, understand about digital technology is that is a tool readers of e-books read an average of 10 books more rather than an identity. It is not suited to every per year than readers of print books. Devices such as situation. The practice of reading helps to strengthen kindle and pad are changing the way we think about literacy proficiency. The more you read the better books. reader you become. A significant co-relation exists Mobile reading revolution: - Mobile phones are between the frequency of reading books and literacy causing a reading revolution UNESCO is pointing to a levels, similarly student. Who read of write a letter in “mobile reading revolution” in developing countries their leisure time at home score significantly better on after a year-long study found that adults and children literacy scores? There are two aspects of reading are increasingly reading multiple books and stories on books on paper. It doesn‟t take heat from the hands their phones. The study, says UNESCO in its report, and fingers as readily as does plastic. Books are found that “people read more when they read on simply warmer and consequently more comfortable to mobile devices, that they enjoy reading more, and that hold. Tablets demand a precise touch, sloppy people commonly read books and stories to children fingering cause mischief. Pages of the books are from mobile devices.” Mobile technology has the thumbed, flapped and ruffled and ruffled without fear. power to boost reading habit. Mobile devices can help people develop, sustain, and enhance their literacy Reference 1. Alvermann, D, (2001). Reading adolescents‟ reading identities: skills. This is important because literacy opens the Looking back to see ahead Journal of Adolescents and Adult door to life-changing opportunities and benefits. Literacy,44 (8),676-690 Reasons given by respondents for reading on mobiles 2. Greaney, V. (1980) “Factors reflated to the amount and type of were convenience affordability and luck of access to leisure reading. “ Reading Research Quarterly, 15:3, 337-357 3. Hughs-Hassell, S; & Rodge, P. (2007, September) The Leisure books. Mobile reading is a “huge tool of Reading Habits of Urban Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent & empowerment for women. Men use mobiles for Adult Literacy,51 (1), 22-33 reading most but the most active readers are women. 4. Knulst, W, & Kraaykamp, G. (1998) “Trends in leisure reading: Part of the high value placed on reading may have forty Years of research on reading in the Netherlands.“ Poetics, 26:1 (September) 21-4 something to do with the intellectual. We work in .
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Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 [ksy dk egRo vkSj laLFkkxr izeq[k dh Hkwfedk MkW- eksgEen ,stkt ‘ks[k] ‘kkfjjhd f’k{kk foHkkx izeq[k] Mh- ch- lk;al dkWyst] xksafn;k ft- xksafn;k-
la{ksi%& ;g ,d LFkkfir rF; gS fd çR;sd euq"; ds fy,] [kq'kgky thou thus ds fy, vPNs LokLF; dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, [ksy vDlhtu ds fy, nwljs LFkku ij gSaA [ksy dh Hkwfedk vU; ikBîksrj xfrfof/k;ksa ds chp egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA bl laca/k esa] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ,d ukfod ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] ftudk ;qokvksa ij çHkko lekt esa cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA ;s laLFkku leqnk; esa [ksy ds egRo dks mtkxj djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA [ksy dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy,] ,d i;kZIr txg dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa miyC/k ugha gSA 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku bl leL;k dk lek/kku çnku djrs gSa D;ksafd muds ikl bl rjg dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, muds vf/kdkj {ks= esa fo'kky vk/kkj gSaA bl lanHkZ esa] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ds çeq[k dh vius lacaf/kr laLFkku esa [ksyksa dk usr`Ro djus vkSj mUgsa O;ofLFkr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bu laLFkkuksa esa] nSfud] lkIrkfgd] ekfld vkSj okf"kZd vk/kkj ij [ksy vk;ksftr djus ds fy, vyx&vyx QaM gSaA laLFkk ds çeq[k dh fparkvksa vkSj fgrksa dks ikBîksrj xfrfof/k;ksa fo'ks"kdj [ksy dks laLFkkxr cukus ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA dqath ‘kCn% [ksy] laLFkk izeq[k dh Hkqfedk] [ksy dk egRo-
izkLrkfod%& balku dk 'kjhj cgqr gh dherh gS bldh tSls&tSls le; chrrk x;k yksx Hkkstu vkSj LokLF; ds vykok fgQktr djuk gekjh ftEesnkjh gSA LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk fnekx fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa O;Lr gks x,] [ksy muds vkjke dk çeq[k jgrk gSA f'k{kk ds lkFk lkFk [ksy ls euq"; dk lokaZxh.k fodkl fodYi cu x;kA bl laca/k esa] [ksy yksxksa ds fy, ç”fr vkSj gksrk gSA [ksy ls euq"; dk 'kjhj LoLFk jgrk gSA euq"; pqLr ,oa i;kZoj.k dh egkjr c<+kus ds fy, ,d mi;ksxh rjhdk gSA [ksy QqrhZyk jgrk gSA [ksy euq"; ds O;fäRo dks fodflr dj mlesa dk bfrgkl gesa lkekftd ifjorZuksa vkSj [ksy dh ç”fr ds ckjs esa fu[kkj ykrk gSA [ksyrs oDr balku nqfu;k dh lkjh fparkvksa dks cgqr dqN fl[kk ldrk gSA yxrk gS fd [ksy esa cqfu;knh ekuo Hkwy tkrk gSA [ksy euq"; dks fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk fl[kkrk gS] dkS'ky dks 'kkfey fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj mudh mi;ksfxrk ds fy, vuq'kkf"kr djrk gSA [ksy euq"; ds thou esa mPp vkn'kksaZ dk O;k;ke fd;k tk jgk gS] lekukarj esa mudh mi;ksfxrk ds fy, fuekZ.k djrk gS ,oa mPp fl)karksa ij dk;e jguk fl[kkrk gSA O;k;ke fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g ;g Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd dSls lekt us euq"; ds thou dh lQyrk ds fy, 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj viuh ekU;rkvksa dks cny fn;k gS vkSj blfy, fu;eksa esa cnyko vk/;kfRed rhuksa 'kfä;ksa dk fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA fd;k gSaA fuf'pr :i ls] tSlk fd ge bfrgkl esa vkxs tkrs gSa f'k{kk dk vfHkçk; dsoy iqLrdksa dk Kku vftZr djuk gh ?kVrs lcwr] [ksy dh mRifÙk vkSj mís';ksa ds fl)karksa dks leFkZu ugha] vfirq f'k{kk dk mís'; O;fä ds ekufld fodkl ds nsuk eqf'dy cukrs gSaA tc ,d vPNk LiksVZ~l eSu laLFkkuksa dk lkFk&lkFk mlds 'kkjhfjd fodkl dh vksj Hkh /;ku nsuk gSA vPNs çeq[k cu tkrk gS rks ,d çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky rjhds ls Åapk LokLF; ds fy, [ksy&dwn dk egRo fdlh ls de ughaA ;fn çn'kZu gksxk ¼gSaDl ,aM ,dySaM] 1976½A f'k{kk ls cqf) dk fodkl gksrk gS rks [ksyksa ls 'kjhj dkA bZ'oj us ;g v/;;u lekt ds gj lnL; ds lkekftd vkSj 'kkjhfjd euq"; dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk vkfRed&rhu 'kfä;k¡ çnku dh LokLF; ds lkFk [ksyksa ds vR;f/kd egRo vkSj laHkkouk ls lacaf/kr gSaA thou esa lQyrk çkIr djus ds fy, bu rhuksa dk larqfyr gSA laLFkk ds çeq[k dh vksj ls] tkx:drk vkSj çsj.kk igyk dke :i ls fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA f'k{kk rFkk [ksy ,d&nwljs ds gS tks blls nwj gks tkrk gSA ;g rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esa vk;ksftr iwjd gSaA ,d ds fcuk nwljk viax gSA f'k{kk ;fn ifjJe] yxu] fd;k tkrk gS] çR;sd esa lkfgR; dk ,d çeq[k igyw gksrk gSA la;e] /kS;Z rFkk HkkbZpkjs dk mins'k nsrh gS rks [ksy ds eSnku esa ^igyh ckj lcwrksa ds iwoZfu/kkZj.k dh leh{kk djrk gS tks o"kksaZ ls fo|kFkhZ bu xq.kksa dks okLrfod :i esa viukrk gSA tSls dgk Hkh tek gqvk gS tks ,FkysfVd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj Nk=&,FkyhVksa dh x;k gS& ^LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk efLr"d dk fuokl gksrk gSA* vdknfed lQyrk ds chp etcwr vkSj ldkjkRed laca/k dk O;fäRo fodkl esa ftruk egRo f'k{kk dk gS mruk gh egRo nLrkost gS*A nwljk [kaM [ksy vkSj f'k{kk ds chp bl laca/k ds [ksyksa dk Hkh gSA 'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls LoLFk O;fä gh lkekftd lzksrksa ds lkFk&lkFk dqN lkekftd lewgksa] fofHkUu çdkj f'k{kktZu dk ykHk mBk ldrk gS vkSj blds fy, [ksyksa dks thou ds [ksyksa ds fy, vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh Ldwy lsfVaXl ds fy, ls tksM+us dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj ;g t:jr Ldqy] dkWystks ds laca/k fHkUu gksrk gSA ^fjiksVZ dk rhljk vkSj vafre [kaM uhfr laLFkkizeq[k vius vius Ldqy] dkWystksaesa Nk=ksa dks [ksy dh lqfo/kk fuekZ.k] dk;ZØe fMtkbu vkSj çf'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; ds miyC/k djkds iqjh dj ldrs gSA blh lanHkZ esa [ksyksa dk egRo vuqla/kku vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds fy, fufgrkFkZ ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA* c Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 62 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 t:jr gS fd [ksyksa dks ,d foKku ds :i esa ekuk tk, vkSj gSa] vkSj xq.koÙkk vkSj v[kaMrk ds fo'ofo|ky; ds ewY;ksa dks bls lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa Lrjksa ij 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa lkspk detksj djrs gSaA nksuksa “f"Vdks.k vkaf'kd :i ls lgh gSaA ;gka vkSj [kkstk tk,A ^Hkkxhnkjh vkSj 'kSf{kd miyfC/k vkSj laLFkk dk gekjk mís'; ewY;ksa ds eqís dks lqy>kuk ugha gS] cfYd ;g le>uk ,d lQy çeq[k cuuk] [ksy Nk=o`fÙk esa lcls vf/kd ppkZ] cgl gS fd dSls dqN lcls lqjf{kr vkSj vdknfed :i ls 'kfä'kkyh vkSj 'kks/k fd, x, fo"k;ksa esa ls ,d gS] [kkldj tc dksbZ [ksy vuqla/kku laLFkkuksa ¼ek'kZ vkSj DysbVeSu] 2003½ esa Hkh [ksydwn vkSj lekt dh ckrphr vkSj muds ifj.kkeksa ij dsafær lkekftd dks bruh vf/kd “';eku dysft,V mifLFkfr feyh gSA oSKkfud vuqla/kku dks ns[krk gS*A ntZuksa 'kks/k çca/k bl fo"k; ij dyst ,FkysfVDl dh dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dks Hkh fy[ks x, gSa vkSj u, v/;;u vkSj dkxtkr bl o"kZ dh fjiksVZ esa bl 'kq#vkr ls igpkuk x;k FkkA blh rjg] gdh vkSj QqVcy lcls vPNs vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSa ftudh leh{kk dh tkrh gSAÞ ¼Mh vU; dyst ds [ksy esa vPNh rjg ls j.kuhfr] daMh'kfuax] cksvj]2000½A vuq'kklu] cfynku vkSj Vhe odZ ds ewY;ksa dks çcfyr fd;k tk 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa [ksy%& Ldwy vkSj dyst Lrj ij] buMksj ldrk gS] ysfdu mudk çeq[k mís'; thruk jgkA ;|fi ;g Li"V vkSj vkmVMksj [ksyksa dh okf"kZd çfr;ksfxrk gksrh gSA muesa ls fn[kkbZ ns ldrk gS] D;ksafd gj dyst [ksy thrus ds fy, ,FkysfVDl] gdh] fØdsV] QqVcy dks vkmVMksj j[kk x;k gS pqukSrhiw.kZ pqukSrh ds bl dksM dks çeq[krk ls mtkxj djrk gS tcfd cSMfeaVu] oyhcy] ckLdsVcy] Vscy Vsful lwpuk vkSj D;ksafd dyst ds [ksy ds pkjksa vksj fu;e vkSj dkuwu] Kku çca/ku gSA dbZ dkjdksa ds chp tks nqfu;k esa dgha vkSj vius ,lksfl,'ku] pqukSfr;ka] iSlk] /kks[kk/kM+h vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj] dk fodkl led{kksa ls dystksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vyx djrs gSa] gksrk gS uk;d vkSj iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa dh igpku djus ds mís'; baVjdysft,V ,FkysfVDl çeq[k LFkku ij gSA fo'ofo|ky; ds ls dk;Z djrs gSa ¼fyIldEc] 2006½A ^laxfBr [ksy ,d mPp thou ds çR;sd i;Zos{kd dks baVjdysft,V ,FkysfVDl dh 'kSyh vkSj lajfpr LFky esa 'kfä] dkS'ky] j.kuhfr vkSj çfrLi/khZ O;kid] loZO;kih laLFkk dks layXu djuk gksxk tks brus lkjs Nk=ksa] ewY;ksa dk ijh{k.k djus dk volj çnku djrs gSa] tgka ifj.kke f'k{kdksa] deZpkfj;ksa] iwoZ Nk=ksa vkSj nksLrksa dks j[krk gS vkSj i;kZIr Li"V fotsrk vkSj gkjus okys iSnk djrs gSa*A [ksy [kqn dks ckj&ckj laLFkkxr lalk/kuksa dk miHkksx djrk gS ß¼gkad ,aM ,dySaM] ;kn djrs gSa] gj ckj ,d ubZ 'kq#vkr lsA ge [ksy eMy ds 1976½A dqN vkykspdksa us laLFkkuksa ds bl çeq[k dks dyst thou dh çfr;ksfxrk dks fQj ls 'kq: ugha dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu vdknfed [ksy çfr;ksfxrk ds fy, tquwu ds :i esa ns[kk gS tks ge [ksy dh varghu çfØ;k esa fodjky :i ls Hkkx ys ldrs gSa] 'kjhj vdknfed ds fy, ,d vR;f/kd yxko ds :i esa gS] ftls tgka çR;sd ,filksM] [ksy ;k lhtu u, fljs ls 'kq: gksrk gS] gVkuk gj xaHkhj O;fä dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A baVjdysft,V [ksyksa ftlesa dksbZ iwoZfu/kkZfjr fotsrk ;k gkjus okyk ugha gksrk vkSj ds dqN i{k ,FkysfVd çfr;ksfxrk dks csgrj mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds lQyrk dh mEehn ds lkFk de ugha gksrkA ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA ^bu ewY;kaduksa esa ls dksbZ [kssy dk egRo %& [ksy dk fofu;eu bl çdkj leqnk;ksa dks Hkh lgh ugha gS] D;ksafd f’k{kk laLFkkuksesa ,FkysfVDl dh ,d yach etcwr djrs gq, [ksy dks QSykus vkSj fodflr djus ds fy, gj vkSj LFkk;h ijaijk gS tks yxHkx gj çdkj dh mPp&f'k{kk laLFkku volj dh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj miyfC/k ij 'kks"k.k djus dk ,d dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds Hkhrj ,d ekSfyd fuekZ.k dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh ç;kl gSA ;g i`"BHkwfe çnku djsxk tks ,d ,sls okrkoj.k dk gS vkSj i;kZIr jktdks"kh; vkSj çca/kdh; pqukSfr;ksa ds lkeus bldh leFkZu djsxk ftlesa lHkh ukxfjdksa] cqfu;knh Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 63 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 [kssy ds fo"k; esa laLFkk dk çeq[k y{; fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, laL”fr dh dfFkr dehA ,d m|ksx ds :i esa [ksy dk fodkl Hkh çfrc) gS vkSj lHkh Lrjksa ij xaHkhj vkSj mRiknd lk>snkjh dks py jgk gS ¼,fYou vkSj ywFkj] 1977½A vkeaf=r djrk gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd [ksy ç.kkyh laLFkk ds çeq[k us [ksyksa dks ,d Øl dfVax okgu ds :i esa ,d ikjn'khZ] flaØukbt vkSj çHkkoh rjhds ls dk;Z djrh gSA ;g ns[kk tkuk pkfg,] tks jk"Vªh; fodkl vkSj ,d LoLFk lekt dks ,d u;k “f"Vdks.k gS] tks [ksy ds ek/;e ls c<+h gqbZ Hkkxhnkjh] çkIr djus esa ;ksxnku nsxkA ^[ksy O;fä;ksa esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj le`f) ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, lHkh O;fäxr] HkkoukRed] 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] lkaL”frd vkSj fgr/kkjdksa ds chp lk>k usr`Ro vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fodkl] ;g usr`Ro dkS'ky] jpukRed vkmVysV~l ds c<+k;k tkrk gS] HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd cqfu;knh Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 64 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 etcwr djus esa yxs gSaA laLFkk ds çeq[k dks fl)karksa vkSj ekudksa [ksy ;qok O;fä;ksa dks ,d&nwljs ds laidZ esa ykrk gS vkSj ruko ds ikyu vkSj lqfo/kk ds fy, vko';d midj.k vkSj Lok;Ùkrk vkSj ruko ls eqfä dk dke djrk gSA ;g 'kS{kf.kd mUufr vkSj çnku dh xbZ gS tks tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ds vk/kkj gSaA ljdkj lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ volj Hkh gSA la{ksi dks mEehn gS fd [ksy laxBu mPpre uSfrd ekudksa dk ikyu esa [ksyksa dk egRo c Kku çca/ku] varjjk"Vªh; laxBu bu fl)karksa dk ikyu djsaxsA References:- fu"d"kZ %& [ksy ds fodkl vkSj Hkfo"; ds fodkl ds fy, 1. Hanks, Michael and Bruce Eckland. (1976). Athletics and social participation in the educational attainment process. uohu vkSj jpukRed lksp dh vko';drk gSA blds fy, fuHkhZd Sociology of Education, 49, 271-294. vkSj fuMj usr`Ro vkSj ;FkkfLFkfr ls ijs tkus dh bPNk dh 2. Alwin, Duane F. and Luther B. Otto. (1977). Athletics, vko';drk gSA volj vkSj laHkkouk,a vlhe yxrh gSaA gkykafd] aspirations, and attainments. Sociology of Education, 50 (2), 102-113. vkfFkZd :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ le; esa nqyZHk lalk/kuksa ds fy, 3. Coleman, J. S. (1991). Sport as an educational tool. School çfrLi/kkZ] dqN gn rd [ksy ds fodkl dh fn'kk dks ifjHkkf"kr Sports and Education, (Chicago: University of Chicago), djrk gSA [ksy ds çfr mudh etcwr Hkkouk vkSj egku I;kj okys National conference issue, 3-5. 4. De Boer, H. (2000). “Institutional governance: consequences yksx lcls cM+h çk”frd laifÙk çnku djrs gSaA [ksy fodkl esa of changed relationships between government and university”, laLFkk ds çeq[k ds lqj{kkRed vk;ke ,d LFkk;h çfØ;k gks ldrh paper presented to an OECD/IMHE seminar, Tokyo, 2000. 5. Marsh, H. W., & Kleitman, S. (2003). School athletic gS tks usr`Ro dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] LoLFk O;ogkj vkSj thou 'kSyh participation: Mostly gain with little pain. Journal of Sport & ds lkFk&lkFk leqnk;ksa ds chp 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo dk leFkZu Exercise Psychology, 25(2), 205-228. djrh gSA [ksy dk mi;ksx ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa] 6. Lipscomb, S. (2006). Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: A fixed effects O;olk;ksa] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] [ksy la?kksa vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa }kjk approach. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 463-472. O;ofLFkr :i ls xjhch dks de djus] 'kkafr dk fuekZ.k] la?k"kZ dks 7. Hughes, R., and Coakley, J. (1991). Positive deviance among athletes: The implications of over conformity to the sport ethic. de djus vkSj leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj /ku cukus ds fy, fd;k tk Sociology of Sport Journal, 8(4), 307-325. ldrk gSA [ksy gekjs ;qokvksa ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 65 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ngst izFkk ,d xaHkhj leL;k izk- vfuydqekj guqekunkl xqIrk] lekt’kkL= foHkkx] ft- ds- dyk o foKku efgyk egkfo|ky;] dkojkcka/k rg- lkysdlk ft- xksafn;k izLrkouk %& Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusd izFkk,a izpfyr gSA loksZPp /keZxzaFk ds :i es ekU;rk nh tkus yxhA euqLe`fr esa fgaUnw ftles ls ,d ngst izFkk Hkh gSA igys bl izFkk ds izpyu esas HksV fookg ds vkB Lo:iksa dk mYys[k djrs gq;s ;g LiLV fd;k x;k Lo:i csVh dks mlds fookg ij migkj Lo:i dqN fn;k tkrk Fkk dh fookg ds lHkh Lo:iks esa czkgk rFkk iztkiR; fookg loksZRre ijarq vkt ngst izFkk ,d cqjkbZ dk :i /kkj.k djrh tk jgh gSA gSA LokHkkfod gSa dh ;g Lo:i u dsoy cgwr vf/kd izHkkoiw.kZ ngst ds vHkko esa ;ksX; dU;k,a v;ksX; ojksa dks lkSi nh tkrh gSA cu x;s cfYd buls lacaf/kr fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk O;fDr ,d yksx /ku nsdj yMfd;ksa dks [kjhn ysrs gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa /kkfeZd drZO; ds :i esa ns[kus yxs bl fLFkfr es ;g vko’; gS ikfjokfjd thou lq[kn ugha cu ikrkA xjhc ifjokj ds ekrk&firk dh ngst ds okLrO; vFkZ dks czkgk rFkk iztkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ viuh csfV;ksa dk fookg ugha dj ikrs D;ksafd lekt ds esa letk tk;A ngst&yksHkh O;fDr mlh yM+dh ls fookg djuk ilan djrs gSa tks euqLe`fr esa dgk x;k gS dh dU;k ds firk }kjk tc fdlh vf/kd ngst ysdj vkrh gSA fo}ku o ‘khyoku oj dks vkef=r djds dU;k dks mRre oL=ks gekjs ns’k esa ngst izFkk ,d ,slk lkekftd vfHk’kki gS tks vkSj vkHkq‛k.kksa ls vyad`r djds dU;k nku fd;k tkrk gSA rks mls efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okys vkijk/kksa pkgs os ekufld gks ;k fQj czkEg fookg dgk tkrk gSA ¼euqLe`fr 3@27½ euq ds vuqlkj ,sls ‘kkjhfjd dks c Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 66 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ekU;rkvksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu gS rks nwljh vksj] bldh i`‛BHkwfe esa fookg lEcU/kksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa yM+dh ds ‘kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dk egRo ifo=rk dh /kkj.kk mruh egRoiw.kZ ugha gS ftruh fd vkfFkZd ykHk c<+rk tk jgk gSA mu yM+fd;ksa ds fookg esa ngst vkSj Hkh fo‛ke dks izkIr djus dh bPNkA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa tc :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gS tks vf/kd lqUnj ugha gSA lkekU; vkfFkZd tkfr&O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa dks O;ogkj dk vko’;d fLFkfr okys ifjokjksa dks bl izFkk us ftrus xEHkhj :i ls izHkkfor vk/kkj eku fy;k x;k rks lEHkzkUr vkSj dqyhu ifjojksa us viuh fd;k gS] mldh lk/kk.kr;k dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA ÅWaph lkekftd fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkrs gq, dU;k&i{k dks ngst izFkk ds dkj.k%& ngst izFkk ds dqN eq[; dkj.kksa dks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd migkj nsus ds fy, ck/; djuk vkjEHk dj fuEu izdkj le>k tk ldrk gSA fn;kA blds QyLo:i lekt esa ngst&izFkk dk tks fod`r :i 1- dqyhu fookg dk fu;e%& dqyhu fookg ds fu;e ds lkeus vk;k] mlls lEcfU/kr izeq[k fo’ks‛krkvksa dks bl izdkj dkj.k ,d vksj dqyhu ifjokjksa ds yM+dksa dh ekax vR;f/kd c<+ le>k tk ldrk gSA tkrh gS rks nwljh vksj] thou&lkFkh ds pquko dk {ks= cgqr 1- orZeku ;qx esa O;kogkfjd :i ls ngst izFkk oj&ewY; lhfer jg tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa oj&i{k dks dU;k&i{k ls (bride-groom price) dk i;kZ; cu x;k gSA rkRi;Z gS fd vf/kd&ls&vf/kd ngst izkIr djus dk iwjk volj fey tkrk gSA tks O;fDr ftruk vf/kd f’kf{kr] lEiUu rFkk dqyhu ifjokj ls 2- cky&fookg%& Hkkjr esa ckyfookgksa dk vR;f/kd izpyu lEc} gksrk gs] mlds fookg ds le; dU;k&i{k ls mruk gh gksus ds dkj.k ekrk&firk ds lkeus ,slk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gksrk vf/kd ngst ikus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls os yM+dh dh ;ksX;rk dks tku ldsaA bl fLFkfr us ngst esa 2- vkt ekrk&firk }kjk viuh dU;k ds fookg ds le; mls nh xbZ jk’kh gh yM+dh dh ;ksX;rk dh dlkSVh cu tkrh gSA oL=] vkHkw‛k.k rFkk vU; migkj nsuk LosPNk dk fo‛k; ugha cYdh 3- /kkfeZd fo’okl%& fgaUnwvksa ds bl /kkfeZd fo’okl us Hkh mUgs fofHkUu izdkj ds migkj nsus ds fy; ck/; gksuk iM+rk gSA ngst&izFkk dks izksRlkgu fn;k gS fd ekrk&firk }kjk viuh dU;k bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ,d fod`r izFkk ds :i esa ngst fookg dh dks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd lEifRr] vkHkw‛k.k vkSj migkj nsuk fookg ,d vko’;d ‘krZ gksrh gS ftls lk/kkj.kr;k fookg lEcU/k laLdkj ls laEcf/kr ,d /kkfeZd d`R; gSA vkjEHk esa ;g fo’okl fuf’pr gksus ls igys gh r; dj fn;k tkrk gSA /kkfeZd ijEijk ls lEc} Fks] tcdh ifjorZu dh orZeku izfdz;k ds 3- ngst dk lEcU/k vkt oL= vkSj vkHkw‛k.kksa ls mruk ugha gS vUrxZr bls vkt ,d le>kSrs dk :i izkIr gks x;k gSaA ftruk fd fookg ds le; dU;k&i{k ls ,d udn jkf’k dks izkIr 4- vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ%& orZeku ;qx esa vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ djus ls gsA lcls cMk vk’p;Z rks ;g gS fd fookg Hkkjr esa lekt ds izR;sd oxZ ds thou dh ,d izeq[k fo’ks‛krk cu pqdh LorU=rk izkfIr ds ckn tSls&tSls f’k{kk] ukjh&tkxj.k rFk vkfFkZd gSA bl izfrLi/kkZ ds vUrxZr /ku dks loksZPp lkekftd eqY; ds lEiUurk esa o`f} gqbZ gS] fookg ds le; ngst ds :i esa udn :i esa ns[kk tkus yxk gSA bl fLFkfr esa izR;sd O;fDr jkf’k ds Hkqxrku dh lhek Hkh fujUrj c Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 67 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 fd;k tkrk gSA blls uo&nEifRr dk ikfjokfjd fo?kVu gks tkuk :i esa fookg gksus ds ,d o‛kZ ds vanj gh fd tk,A bldh cgqr LokHkkfod gSA lquokbZ izFke Js.kh ethLVªsV ds dksVZ esa gksaxhA 2- csesy fookg%& vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k tks bl vf/kfu;e dh mi;qZDrk fo’ks‛krkvksa ls Li‛V gksrk gS fd ekrk&firk ngst ds fy, vko’;d lqfo/kk,Wa ugha tqVk ikrs] os vusd izfdz;k laEc/kh nks‛k gksus ds dkj.k ;g vf/kfu;e ngst izFkk vDlj viuh dU;k dk fookg fdlh vf/kd vk;q ds O;fDr dk mYy?ku djus esa vf/kd lgk;d fl} ugh gks ldkA blds vFkok fodykax O;fDr ls djus ij Hkh etcwj gks tkrs gSA ;g i'pkr Hkh ngst izFkk dh leL;k dh xaHkhjrk dks ns[krs gq;s bl fLFkfr Hkh nkEiR; thou dks fo?kfVr cuk nsrh gSA vf/kfu;e dks vkSj vf/kd O;ogkfjd cukus dh vko’;drk 3- fookg dk O;kikjhdj.k%& ijEijkxr :i ls fgUnw fookg eglql dh xbZA blds QyLo:i fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjks }kjk vusd ,d /kkfeZd laLdkj Fkk ysfdu ngst izFkk ds dkj.k bldk cgqr v/;kns’k ikl djds fookg es O;; dh tkus okyh vf/kdre jk’kh rsth ls O;kikjhdj.k gksrk tk jgk gSA ,d vkSj oj&i{k foKkiuksa fu/kkZj.k djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k x;k gSA ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vf/kd&ls&vf/kd ngst izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djus yxk dks vf/kd izHkkoiw.kZ cukus ds fy, vc Hkkjr ljdkj us lu gS rks nwljh vksj] fdrus gh ekrk&firk vkfFkZd dfBukbZ;ksa ds 1983 es ^vijk/kh dkuwu* es la’kks/ku djds ;g O;oLFkk dj nh gS dkj.k vkthou viuh dU;k dk fookg ugha dj ikrsA dh vc ;nh fdlh Hkh fookghr L=h ds izfr mlds ifr vFkok 4- cky&fo/kokvksa dh leL;k%& vrhr esa ngst izFkk ds fjLrsnkjks }kjk bl rjg dzwj O;ogkj fd;k tk;s dh og L=h dkj.k csesy fookgks dks izksRlkgu feyus ls Hkkjr esa vkRegR;k djus ds fy; foo’k gksus yxs rks ,sls irh ;k mlds cky&fo/kokvksa dh la[;k ea vHkwriwoZ o`f} gqbZA bl leL;k dh fjLrsnkjks ds fy; 3 lky dh tsy rFkk twekZus ltk nh tk ldrh xEHkhjrk dks blh rF; ls le>k tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa fo/kok gSA blds vfrfjDr ljdkj us lu 1985 es ,d u;k dkuwu fL=;ksa dh la[;k lalkj ds fdlh Hkh nwljh ns’k ls dgha vf/kd gSA cuk;k ftls ^ngst fujks/kd ¼la’kksf/kr½ vf/kfu;e 1984* dgk 5- fL=;ksa dh fuEu fLFkfr%& ;g izFkk fL=;ksa dh lkekftd x;kA ;g laEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 2 vkWDVks- 1985 ls ykxw gks x;k gSA fLFkfr dks fxjkus okyk ,d izeq[k dkj.k fl/} gqbZ gSA ngst izFkk ds blesa ngst ds vFkZ dks Li‛V djrs gq;s dgk x;k gS dh fookg ds dkj.k izR;sd ifjokj esa iq=h ds tUe dks ,d ^Hkkoh foifr* ds laEc/k esa tks Hkh laEifRr ;k eqY;oku oLrw oj&o/kw ;k fdlh nwljs :i eas ns[kk tkus yxk gSA blh ds QyLo:i yM+fd;ksa dks O;fDr dks nh xbZ] mls ngst ekuk tk;sxkA dksbZ Hkh O;Drh tks ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd thou esa yMdks ds leku vf/kdkj izkIr izR;{k vFkok viz{;{k :i ls ngst dh ekax djsaxk] mls N% ekg ugha gks ikrsA mijksDr dqizHkko ds lkFk&lkFk _.kxzLrrk] Ekkufld ls ysdj nks o‛kZ rd ds dkjkokl ,oa nl gtkj :- rd ds twekZus vlUrqyu] vijk/kksa dks izksRlkgu] gR;k cuke vkRegR;k,Wa rFkk dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA lu 1986 esa ljdkj us bl dkuwu esa vfookfgr thou dh leL;k vknh Hkh ngst ds dqizHkko gSA iqu% la’kks/ku fd;k bldk mn~ns’k ngst ls laEcf/kr vijk/k dks ljdkj ds iz;Ru%& Hkkjr esa ngst izFkk dk mUewyu djsus ds laKs; cukdj iksfyl dks vf/kd vf/kdkj nsuk gS lu 2005 esa fy, ljdkj us loZizFke lu 1961 esa ,d ^ngst fujks/kd ?kjsyw fgUlk ls efgykvksa dk laj{k.k dkuwu ykxw gks tkus ls vc vf/kfu;e* ikfjr fd;k ftlds }kjk yMds ;k yMdh ds fookg ngst ;k nwljs vk/kkj ij L=h;ksa dk ‘kks‛k.k djuk cgwr dVhu gks dh Lohd`fr ds :i esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ngst ysus vFkok nsus x;k gSA ij izfrcU/k yxk fn;k x;kA vf/kfu;e esa ngst dks ifjHkkf‛kr djrs fu‛d‛kZ%& ngst ,d leL;k bl ys[k dk voyksdu djs rks gq, dgk x;k gS fd fookg ds igys ;k ckn esa fookg dh ,d ;g Li‛V gksrk gS dh vkt ;g ,d Hkh‛k.k vfHk’kki dk :i ‘krZ ds :i esa ,d i{k ;k O;fDr }kjk nwljs i{k dks izR;{k ;k /kkj.k dj pqdk gS bl ij jksx yxkus ds fy;s ljdkj }kjk dbZ vizR;{k :i ls nh x;h dksbZ Hkh lEifRr ;k ewY;oku oLrq ^ngst* dne mBk;sa x;sa fdUrw ;s lkjs dne mrus dkjxj fl/n ugha gks dgh tk;sxhA fookg ds volj ij HksV ds :i esa nh tkus okyh ik;s D;ksdh ljdkj }kjk cuk;sa x;s dkuwuks dk ikyu djuk ns’k ds uxn jDde vkHkw‛k.k] oL= ;k vU; oLrqvksa dks ngst ugh ekuk ukxfjdks dk drZO; gksrk gS fdUrw ladwfNr ekufldrk ,oa /ku ds tk;sxkA ;nh dksbZ O;fDr ngst nsrk gS ;k ysrk gS ;k bl dk;Z esa ykyp us euq‛; dks lgh ,oa xyr dk QtZ le>us yk;d ugha enr djrk gS rks mls N% ekg dk dkjkokl vkSj ikp gtkj :i;s j[kk ngst eqDr lekt ds fy;s ukxfjdksadks vius fopkjks esa rd dk naM fn;k tk ldrk gSA ngst ysus ;k nsus ls laEc/khr ifjorZu ykuk gksaxk rch bl vfHk’kki ls lekt dks eqDrh fey dksbZ le>kSrk xSj&dkuquh gksxkA fookg ds le; fn; x;s migkj ldrh gSaA ;k /kujk’kh dk mn~ns’k dU;k ykHk ds fy;s gksxkA bl izdkj ,slh lanHkZ lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj /ku dks dU;k dh lEifRr le>k tk;sxkA /kkjk 1- www.pravakta.com 7 esa ;g mYys[k gS dh U;k;ky; ds }kjk bls vijk/kks ij rHkh 2- www.khayalrakhe.com 3- www.hindikiduniya.com 4- Hkkjrh; lekt eqn~ns ,oa leL;k,Wa th-ds- vxzoky ,l-ch-ih-Mh- ifCyf’kax gkÅl vkxjk fopkj fd;k tk;sxk tc ,slh f’kdk;r fdlh O;Drh }kjk fyf[kr Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 68 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 orZeku lkekthd leL;k vkSj dchj dh izklafxdrk izk- osfndk ;kn.kyky cuksBs] ’kks/kNk=k] Jh lR; lkWabZ fo|kihB] f’kgksj] Hkksiky- th- ds- dyk o foKku efgyk egkfo+|ky;] dkojkckWa/k r- lkysdlk ft- xksafn;k fiu 441916 eksa dz- 9067593257 izLrko.kk % & lkekftd leL;kvksa ds v/;;u esa lkekftd orZeku lanHkZ esa dchj dk lkekftd n’kZu% & dchj dkO; fopkjdska dk /;ku lgt:Ikls blfy, vkdf"kZr gqvk gS D;ksafd ;s dh i`"BHkwfe&fuekZ.k esa dchj dk O;fDrxr thou fo’ks"k lgk;d lkekftd thou dk vfoHkkT; vax gSA ekuo lekt u rks dHkh jgk gSA tUe LFkku dk’kh dk /kekZU/k okrkoj.k] ekrk&firk ds lkftd thou dk vfoHkkT; vax gSA ekuo lekt u rks dHkh dkj.k izkIr fojks/kh laLdkj] ikfjokfjd thou ls vlUrqf"V] tkfrxr lkekftd leL;kvksa ls iq.kZ eqDr jgk gS vkSj u gh jgus dh fonzksg] tqykgk O;olk;] i;ZVu’khyrk] vf’k{kk vkSj jkekUkUn tSls lEHkkouk fudV Hkfo"; esa utj vkrh gS] ijUrq bruk rks fuf’pr xq: dh nh{kk bu lc us ,d lkFk feydj dchj&dkO; dk Lo:Ik gS fd vk/kqfud le; esa fo|eku lapkj dh dzkfUr rFkk f’k{kk ds fufeZr fd;k gSA bu lUrksa dk izeq[k y{; lekt ds fuEu oxZ dks izfr yksaxksa dh tkx:drk ds QyLo:Ik euq"; bu leL;kvksa ds tkx`r djds mPp oxZ ds leLrj ij ykuk FkkA mWap&fup] izfr laosnu’khy ,oa ltx gks x;k gSA lkekftd leL;kvksa ds tkfr&ikfr dk fojks/k djds bUgksaus ,drk rFkk lekurk dk lUns’k izfr yskxksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa tu lapkj ds ek/;e] ;Fkk fn;k FkkA dchj ds dkO; esa HksnHkko foghurk] lokZReokn] fuxq.k Vsyhfotu] v[kckj ,oa jsfM;ks us vfr egRoiq.kZ Hkwfedk dk HkfDr] deZ vkSj oSjkX; dk leUo;] vuU; izse Hkkouk] uke fuoZgu fd;k gSA eq[;r% Vsyhfotu ij izlkfjr fofHkUUk psuyksa ds lk/kuk] lsod lsok Hkkouk bR;kfn vusd ckrsa lUr ukenso ds dk;Zdzeksa rFkk LFkkfu;] izknsf’kd ,oa vUrjkZT;h; v[kckjksa dh izHkko Lo:Ik Hkh vkbZ gSA dchj mPp n`f"Vdks.k okys lar Fks Hkwfedk iz’kaluh; gSA mudk lkekftd fpUru tulkekU;] lektksUeq[k rFkk mRFkku ds ekuo lekt esa lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd``frd fHkUUkrk,a ikbZ tkrh fy, gSA fuxqZ.k fujkdkj ds mikld lar dfo;ksa us lekt esa O;kIr gSA ijUrq fHkUUk fHkUUk lektksa esa budk Lo:i] izd`fr ,oa xgurk cqjkbZ;ksa :f<;ksa] dqjhfr;ksa ls lk/kkj.k trk dks futkr fnykus dk vyx&vyx gksrh gSA lkekftd leL;kvksa dk lEcU/k lekt’kkL= iz;kl fd;kA dchj dh rjg gh xq:ukud nso] jSnkl] /keZnk;] fo"k; ds vUrxZr fo|eku xR;kRed ,oa ifjorZu fo"k; ls lEcU/k nknwn;ky] lqUnjnkl] eywdnkl vkfn larks us Hkh lekt ds lUekxZ jgk gSA ekuo lekt esa lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd fHké fHké ij pyus dk lans’k fn;kA ekuork] euq";rk vkfn laosx dchj ds lektksa esa budk Lo:i] izd`fr ,oa xgurk vyx&vyx gksrh gSA eu dh fgrS".kk dks tkfgj djrs gSA muds mins’k mudh ok.kh esa tks lekt ftruk vf/kd xR;kRed ,oa ifjorZu’khy gksxk lekt dk fgr fNik gqvk gSA dchj dh ok.kh ewyr% vius mlesa mruh gh vf/kd leL;k,a fo|eku gksaxhA lekt dk ekSf[kd :Ik esa gh jgh gSA mUgksaus Lo;a mUgsa fyihc/n ugh fd;kA rkuk&ckuk bruk tfVy gS fd bldh ,d bdkbZ esa gksusokyk ekuk x;k gS fd dchj ds f’k"; /keZnkl us mudh ckfu;ksa dk laxzg ifjorZu vU; bdkbZ;ksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA bl ifjorZu dk ^chtd* uke ls fd;k FkkA blesa lk[kh] ’kcn vkSj jEkSuh rhu Lo:Ik D;k gksxk\ ,oa blds izHkko D;k gksaxs\ ;g lekt dh NUnksa esa fyf[kr jpuk;sa gSA ^vkfn xzUFk* ,oa ^xq:xzUFk lkgc* esa Hkh izd`rhij fuHkZj djrk gSA fofHkUUk ;qxksa esa lkekftd ifjorZu dh dchj dh ok.kh ladfyr gSA xfr vyx&vyx jgh gSA blfy, fHkUUk &fHkUUk lektksa esa dchj dh izklafxdrk%& HkfDrdky dks lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lkekftd leL;kvksa dh izd`fr ,oa Lo:Ik Hkh vyx&vyx ik;s tkxj.k dk dky ekuk tkrk gS] ftlesa izxfr’khyrk lkekftd tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa lkekftd ifjorZu vfr rhoz xfr ls gks mé;u ds :i esa lkeus vk;hA dchj us vius fopkjksa ls lekt jgk gSA bl rjg cnyrs vk/kqfud lekt ds Lo:Ik us lkekftd dks ftruk vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k mruk vkSj mé;u ds :Ik esa leL;kvksa esa csrgk’kk o`f?n dh gSA ekuo lekt bu lkekftd lkeus vk;hA dchj us vius fopkjks ls lekt dks ftruk vf/kd leL;kvksa dk mUewyu djus ds fy, lnSo iz;kljr jgk gS D;ksafd izHkkfor fd;k mruk vkSj fdlh us ughaA vkt Hkh dchj dh lkekftd leL;k,a lkekftd O;oLFkk esa fo?kVu iSnk djrh gSa lkekftd n’kZu mruh gh izklafxd gS ftruh HkfDrdkyhu le; esa ftlls lekt ds vfLrRo dks [krjk iSnk gks tkrk gS A FkhA dchj us ftl fuHkhZdrk vkSj lkgl ds lkFk viuh ok.kh orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; lekt%& orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; izokfgr dh] mudh izcy vkReoRrk dk mnkgj.k vkt Hkh gSA lekt vusd lkekftd leL;kvksa ls ihfM+r gS ftuds fujkdj.k ds vius le; dh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] O;kIr vlekurk dks dchj us fy, jkT; ,oa lekt }kjk feydj iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij eglwl fd;kA mudh ok.kh ls fudys ’kCn lekt dh izeq[k leL;kvksa esa tula[;k esa c Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 69 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ßif.Mr okn cnkS lks >wBkÞ lkfgR; vf’kf{kr yksxksa ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA tkfrxr la?k"kZ ,oa pqukSrh] tkfr ds vk/kkj ij lekt dk tudY;k.k dk Hkko mudh jx&jx esa FkkA dfork djuk mudk cWaVokjk vkSj lkoZtfud }kjk mls ekU;rk nsus ds ckn ^tkfr* ls /;s; ugha vfirq dfork rks muds fy, QksdV dk eky gSA lekt lcaf/kr fofHkUUk n``f"Vdks.kksa ls dchj dks nks&pkj gksuk iMk+A dchj dks ifjofrZr djus ij dfork lk/ku dh rjg iz;qDr gqbZA lkekftd dk dk;Z {ks= rks HkfDr vksj mikluk dk Fkk vkSj ;gkW ij Hkh nks"kksa ij dchj us O;aaX; Hkh fd;sA vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;kWa dchj ds HksnHkko mUgsa lcls T;knk v[kjrk Fkk A dchj us ges’kk deZ vkSj fpUrkukRed efLr"d dh O;kidrk dk cks/k djkrh gSA vk/kqfud ifjJe tkfrxr la?k"kZ ,oa pqukSrh tkfr ds vk/kkj ij lekt dk lanHkksZ esa dchj }kjk dgh x;h ckrksa dk uSfrd ewY; gSA okLro esa cWVokjk vkSj lkoZtfud }kjk mls ekU;rk nsus ds ckn ^tkfr* ls dchj }kjk dgh x;h ckrksa dk uSfrd ewY; gSA okLro esa dchj us lcaf/kr fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dchj dks nks&pkj gksuk iM+k dchj euq"; dks ewY; ijd thou thus dh jkg fn[kk;kA dsoy ;gh dk dk;Z {ks= rks HkfDr vksj mikluk dk Fkk vkSj ;gkWa ij Hkh dkj.k gS fd le; ds lkFk ifjorZu dsoy ckgjh :i esa gqvk] HksnHkko mUgsa lcls T;knk v[kjrk FkkA dchj us ges’kk deZ vkSj vkarfjd :Ik ls gj O;fDr dh eu% fLFkfr vHkh Hkh Hkzeiw.kZ gSA ifjJe dks egRo fn;kA os esgur ls thou ;kiu djus] ifjJe ls ,d fu;r vkSj fuf’pr :i dks r; dj ikuk vHkh vlEHko /ku izkfIr djus vkSj csotg /ku laxzg djus ds ?kksj fojks/kh Fks & y{; gS dchj dh lksp] mudk fpUru ;fn va’kr% Hkh fdz;kfUofr ßlkabZ bruk nhft,] tkesa dqVqe lek;A dh vksj c<+rk rks vkt lekt dk Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 70 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 tSofofo/krspk ifjfLFkrhdh e/khy lgHkkx MkW- vYdk nq/kcqjs] [email protected] izLrkouk%& leLr ltho l`‛Vhdfjrk ‘kq/n gok] ik.kh] vUUk ioZre; vn~Hkwr fofo/krk ikgko;kl feGrs- uosxkaocka/k jk‛Vªh; vkf.k vf/kokl ;k vfuok;Z xjtk vkgsr- ‘okl] ik.;kpk ?kksV m|ku 22 ukOgsacj 1975 ;ko‛khZ ?kks‛khr dj.;kr vkys- 11 pkS- vkf.k vUukpk ?kkl dq.kkeqGs feGr vlsy rj rks vkgs fulxZ fd-eh- {ks=QGkr iljysY;k ;k ekyxqtkjh rykokHkksorh lqekjs vkf.k Eg.kwup fulxkZ’kh ;k i;kZoj.kk’kh vkiyh ukG ?kÍ cka/kyh 133-88 pkS-fd-eh- e/;s uosxko jk‛Vªh; m|kukpk ifjlj vkgs- xsyh vkgs- ftYákrhy uosxkao jk‛Vªh; m|ku o ukxf>jk oU;tho ;sFkhy ous nf{k.k m‛.kdVhca/kh; ‘kq‛d iku>Mh ;k gokeku izdkjkr vHk;kj.; gs ukukfo/k ouLirhuh lqxe] fofo/k iztkrhps izk.kh] eksMrkr- ‘kq‛d] dksjMs o neV vls lafeJ ukukfo/k izdkjph vkS‛k/kh i{kh ;kaps n’kZu ?kMfo.kkjs fulxZlkSan;Z] Mksaxj] ;sFkhy okrkoj.k] xq.k/kekZph oulaink ;sFks vk Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 71 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ouLirh% ouLirh gÓkk mRiknd Lo;aiks’kh] loZ= vk Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 72 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 49 ák Qqyik[kjkaP;k iztkrh vkgsr- R;kpizek.ks ;sFks 295 eqDdke ifjljkrhy uosxkaocka/k] ‘k`xkjcka/k] f’ko.khcka/k] ukxf>jk] izdkjph ouLirh o vkS‛k/kh ouLirh vk {ks=kckcr vf/kd laosnu’khy vlrkr- R;krqup rs vkiY;k - fnolk rkjs Lkkj.kh Ø- 1-4 xzht vWUM MDl oxkZrhy i{kh izoklkph fn’kk Bjohr vlY;kps nqljk erizokg vkgs v-dz- uko Ikzdkj fMlsacj 2014 tkusokjh 2015 o jk=h lq;Z ulrks- R;kewGs gk rdZp ;ksX;] er nqer vlys 1 iiZy LokWeQsu jfgoklh 2509 5172 rjh ;k i{;kapk gk izokl vk’p;Ztudp! fgokG;kpa vkxeu 2 dkWeu gwV jfgoklh 1777 3940 gksrkp LFkykarj d#u oh.khP;k LFkkukdMs gs i{kh fu?kwu tkrkr- 3 yslj foLVsyhax jfgoklh 592 2222 4 dkWVu Vhy LFkykarfjr 1388 2684 ;sFks eksj] ygku Hkkjr] gG|k] fuydaB] gfj;y] jkudksacMk] 5 ;qjsfu;u csxu LFkykarfjr 423 1471 LojfXkZ; urZd] ukpu] ifjV] /kkohd] taxyh ykok] frrhj] cnds] 6 xkxZuh LFkykarfjr 721 1013 ,dw.k 7410 16502 ‘ksdkVs] ikudkoGs uosxkaocka/k] ‘k`xkjcka/k] f’ko.khcka/k] ukxf>jk] - fdax fQ’kj oxkZrhy lokZf/kd jfgok’kh i{kh pksj[kekjk o bZfV;kMksg ;k tyk’k;kr i{;kaps n`’; vk Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 73 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 gtkj ?kuehVj rj micka/kkps ekrhdke 40-318 ?kufeVj vkgs-;k ifjljkr ukukfo/k ouLirh o ty ifjlaLFkspk fodkl >kysyk rykokykp ^cka/k* vlsgh EgVys tkrs vkf.k Eg.kwup ;k ifjljkps fnlwu ;srks- bfV;kMksg o ‘k`axkjcka/k ifjlj gk LFkykarj dj.kkÚ;k uosxko cka/k vls ukedj.k dj.;kr vkys- rykokP;k 1]034 ijns’kh ikgq.;kapk ¼i{;kapk½ vf/kokl cuysyk vlY;kps vk ;kcjkscjp ;sFkhy rykokr fofo/k izdkjP;k ek’kkaP;k izkeq[;kus Core zone, Buffer zone, Tourism Zone v’kk rhu Hkkxkr oxZokjh dsysyh vkgs- {ks=kr oU;tho o ouLirhP;k fpyok] ukyf’kaxkyh] dryk] jkgw] f’koMk] by] f>axs] okMhl] Core zone;k - laj{k.kklkBh vrhlaj{khr {ks=kps egÙo vf/kd fnys tkrs- dksj’kh] xkxj] ejG] nkuD;k bR;knh ek’kkaP;k iztkrh vk Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 74 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 ^cykRdkj* xqUg;kaps lekt’kkL=h; fo’ys"k.k MkW- izfeyk gjhnkl HkqtkMs] foHkkxizeq[k] lekt’kkL= foHkkx] o- uk- 'kkldh; dyk o lektfoKku laLFkk] ukxiwj- lkjka’k% txkr vkf.k Hkkjrkr loZlk/kkj.k fnl.kkjk fgalkpkjkpk izdkj Eg.kts ^^cykRdkj** gks;- gk fo"k; [kqip laosnukRed vlY;keqGs vkf.k eksdGsi.kkus cksyys tkr ulY;keqGs v’kk izdkjP;k vR;kpkjkcn~ny [kqip deh la’kks/ku dsys xsys vkgs- e/;arjh lgk izxfr’khy ns’kkae/;s >kysY;k losZ{k.kkr Hkkjrkrhy iq:"kkackcr /kDdknk;d ekfgrh ckgsj vkyh- losZ{k.kkr 1500 iq:"kkaiSdh 24 VDds iq:"kkauh tksMhnkjkaoj ySafxd vR;kpkj dsY;kph dcqyh fnyh vkgs- R;kr 65 VDds iq:"kkaps er vkgs dh ySafxd xqUgs Fkkacfo.ks gs tls [kqip dBh.k vkgs rls ;k izdkjkcn~ny rØkj dj.ks gs ns[khy vo?kM vkgs- R;keqGs v’kk vR;kpkjkph ekfgrh feG.ks i.k v’kD;izk; gksrs- ek.kls lektkr okojrkauk eq[koVk ykoqu okojrkr- ,[kknk lk/kk fnl.kkjk ek.kql vkrqu vfr’k; fod`r vlq 'kdrks- ;quk;VsM us’kUlP;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj txkrhy fru L=h;kaiSdh ,d t.k ekjgk.k] cykRdkj ;k vR;kpkjkyk cGh iMrkr- eq[; 'kCn %& cykRdkj] xqUgk]’kkjhjhd vk?kkr] ekufld vk?kkr- izLrkouk%& Tk?kU; xqUgs lektkr vtwugh vkgs] ek= vkØe.k ;kaps lgdk;Z] la/kh feGrkp izcG gks.kkjh izsj.kk cykRdkjkyk lokZf/kd ?k`.kkLin letys tkrs- T;k L=h lkscr lektfojks/kh O;fDreRo o eukpk lerksy] Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 75 Volume – 09, Issue – 02, July - December, 2020/ ISSN 2278-3199 m?kM.ks- 2- futZu ?kjkr ,dVs u jkg.ks- 3- jk=hP;k osGsl ckgsj u v/;;ukr tkrhoj vk/kkjhr cykRdkjkps izek.k n’kZfors- T;k fQj.ks- 4- xVkr fQj.ks] ,dVs u fQj.kss- 5- dkj pkyor vl.kkj izek.ks MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh tkrhPkk fl/nkar lkafxryk gksrk rj dqywi yko.ks vkf.k iqUgk% clrkauk ekxph lhV iqUgk c?kqu vkf.k R;kph oSf’k"V;s rs vkt gh ;Fkk;ksX; vk