DOCSLIB.ORG

A Short History of Quackery and Byways in Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Short History of Quackery and Byways in Medicine A Short History of Quackery And Byways In Medicine JANET J. LIEBERMAN possible to buy medicine (Bettmann 1956). In addi- STANLEY J. LIEBERMAN tion, a prescription sent to a dozen different phar- macies would yield as many differents remedies, dif- fering in appearance odor, taste, and, we suppose, effectiveness. The bubonic plague, smallpox, and syphilis took their toll, but the quack survived. Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/37/1/39/32529/4445041.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Blood-Letting IT IS DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH between a From earliest times doctors theorized that life con- quack and a legitimate medical practitioner, if their sists of juices. The body was only the container in prescribed remedies work. Most people feel that a which the juices flowed. Four of these juices, or quack is one who engages in some aspect of the heal- humours, originated from the four elements of Em- ing art without proper qualifications; but he who has pedocles-earth, air, fire, and water. The organs were qualifications may also be a quack. merely preparers of the juices. In case of disharmony The difference appears to be based on the criteria in the body, excess juices had to be dispelled. Aside of place and time-and of intent. The "witch doctor" from the ordinary portals of release of these juices, oc- of long-ago Africa may really have believed he had curring in good health and illness, the physicians in- the power to cure. If he made serious attempts to vented another portal in the form of blood-letting. tend the injured and ill, he was considered a healer. Blood-letting was even practiced in the Stone Age. But if his intentions were fraudulent-if he knew Sharp flints, shells, fishbones, and wood splinters the magic incantations and potions worked only on were used to pierce a vein and permit excess blood to the patient's psyches, and if he used these mainly be released (Glasscheib 1963). Gardner (1965) notes for personal gain, power or money- he was a quack. that Celsus, first-century Roman medical encyclope- Although the exact origin of the term "quack" is dist, details blood-letting of that era. Glasscheib lost in antiquity, it may have come from the Dutch (1963) goes on to say that of all the ancient civiliza- word Kwaksalver, which refers to a salve for sebace- tions, China alone withstood the epidemic of blood-let- ous cysts (Jameson 1961) or a seller of such salves ting. The Chinese developed acupuncture instead. (Maple 1968). Quackery had its origins in our prehis- Philosophies on blood-letting varied through the toric past. By the time of the Roman Empire, quacks ages. Some phlebotomists (blood-letters), would existed in great numbers. They sold cosmetics, eye make a small opening in the vein in that area of the salves, and love philters. The quacks' remedies often body opposite the diseased side. Others preferred came from their Greek antecedents. bleeding the same side. The operation had to corres- pond to the proper phases of the moon. Thus, elaborate blood-letting calendars were designed Apothecaries of the Middle Ages (Maple 1968). Maple notes that in the Middle Ages monks were obliged by ecclesiastical law to undergo When the Greco-Roman civilization fell, there fol- regular blood-letting to regulate the decay of the lowed twelve or more centuries in which anything juices. Eventually, laymen, too, had to submit to that had been previously learned about the mainten- prophylactic phlebotomy. ance of health in the human body was completely forgotten. During these times anyone who practiced The authors (wife and the healing arts did so as well or as badly as his husband) live at 928 Monte rivals. Quacks had a field day in the Middle Ages Vista Dr., West Chester, when one epidemic after another swept through Pa. 19380. Janet J. Lieber- man is currently a doctoral Europe. candidate at Temple Uni- The apothecary dispensed remedies along with free versity, Philadelphia. For medical advice. During the plague, when many phy- biographical information, sicians fled, the apothecary became nearly the sole see ABT 35(6):315. Stanley Ef authority on health. The apothecaries charged exor- J. Lieberman is the senior member of Lieberman & Kelley, Attorneys at Law. He is also a lecturer in business law at bitant fees for their elixirs, potions, and philters. As Immaculata (Pa.) College and is on the board of trustees of a result, the average patient generaaly found it im- West Chester State College. 39 Leeching and Cupping Leech therapy, another method of blood-letting, is mentioned in Pliny's Historia Naturalis (circa 100 A.D.) Galen (a Greek physician and philosopher of the 2nd century) was concerned with what should be done if a leech was inadvertently swallowed (Lasagna 1962). Physicians and barber surgeons had long em- ployed the leech in popular medicine. However, in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly -in France, leeching became the rage. French ponds were quickly emptied of these valuable worms and they had to be imported from other countries. Between 1827 and 1836, Paris hospitals alone used five to six million f+:S~'i leeches annually (Glasscheib 1963). Applied by the hundreds to a patient's abdomen, the leeches could Fig. 1. A lady of quality is bled. After the procedure the suck up to one ounce of blood apiece before dropping surgeon bandages the cut by her elbow. Engraving by off engorged. Because the leech injected an an- Abraham Basse, in Glasscheib (1963). (Reprinted with per- Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/37/1/39/32529/4445041.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 ticoagulant into the wound, blood continued to flow mission from Rowohlt Verlag Gmbh, Reinbek bei Hamburg, even after the leech fell off. Germany, and MacDonald & Co., London.) The practice of cupping was an allied art. Into a cup was placed some cotton or paper which was then mother-of-pearl, and porcelain. According to Glas- ignited. The cup and burning contents were placed scheib (1963), Louis XIII was subjected to 47 immediately over the patient's skin. A vacuum was phlebotomies, 215 purgings, and 312 clysters all in a created as the fire extinguished itself, drawing the six-minth period. (One would assume that the royal underlying tissue into the cup. Blood too was pulled throne was largely unoccupied during that time.) It be- into the area. If the skin was left unpunctured a came the mode at the French court of Louis XIV to hematoma (tumor filled with blood) developed; this take anemata even three or four times a day. was dry cupping. Wet cupping required the skin to be Clyster mixtures ranged from holy water, used to ex- pierced before the cup was applied, resulting in blood- orcise devils from possessed nuns, to wine, extracts of letting. Hippocrates mentions cupping, and it ap- orange blossoms or roses, and tobacco smoke, which parently gained and waned in popularity up to the was said to have a purifying effect and to ease present. Lasagna (1962) says that the medical profes- stomach cramps and fainting fits. sion had by the 20th century given up the practice, yet Although it may appear that the blood-letting, he also mentions that in 1929 author George Orwell purgings, and clysters were part of the legitimate prac- was cupped for pneumonia in a French hospital. It tice of medicine at the time, some people realized how appears that "old wives" still use this remedy in many senseless and potentially damaging these measures parts of the world. were. Contemporary writers and poets mocked them. Moli'ere ridiculed them in his plays, but this also their use. One had to be copiously Purging, served to popularize bled and one's intestines thoroughly evacuated in all cases of joy and sorrow. The poisons had to be dispelled from the body, even if it cost the patient his life. In addition to blood-let- ting, there was also the practice of purging. If the poisons could not be expelled through the veins, they fmust be forced out through the intestines. Use of emetics and purgatives became common medical prac- tice, both in the curing of ills and for prophylactic purposes. Even this was not enough, however, and the use of the enema, or clyster, became the panacea. Ac- cording to Lasagna (1962) and Glasscheib (1963), the enema was applied by the Egyptians. Pliny suggested that the Ibis, a bird sacred to the Egyptians, used its curved beak, aided by its very long neck, to give itself a rectal infusion of Nile water. In the 15th century the clyster syringe once again became popular. There followed three-hundred years during which the clyster was enjoyed as one of the most popular remedies for all cases of physical dis- Fig. 2. A sick woman about to receive a clyster. Engraving comfort. Louis XI had enemata administered to his pet by Abraham Basse, in Glasschieb (1963). (Reprinted with dogs. Louis XIII collected clyster syringes that were permission from Rowohlt Verlag Gmbh, Reinbek bei Ham- works of art; some of silver, others of tortoise shell, burg, Germany, and MacDonald & Co., London.) 40 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER,JANUARY 1975 Animal Magnetism wand in hand, drifted from one patient to the next. With the odor of incense all about and to plaintive background The 16th-century physician Phillipus Aureolus music, the patients, holding hands, fell one by one to Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, who called the floor in ecstatic convulsions. Mesmer's himself Paracelsus (greater than Celsus), was con- treatment of psychosomatically ill patients resulted in sidered a quack by his peers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Homeopathy and Psychological Therapies
    Entry Homeopathy and Psychological Therapies Davide Donelli * and Michele Antonelli AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Homeopathy is a popular, although highly debated, medicinal practice based on the administration of remedies in which active substances are so diluted that no detectable trace of them remains in the final product. This hypothesis paper aims to outline a possible reinterpreta- tion of homeopathy in the light of psychological therapies in order to improve its clinical safety and sustainability. Keywords: homeopathy; psychology; reinterpretation; hypothesis 1. Introduction Homeopathy is a popular, although highly debated, medicinal practice. In Italy, for ex- ample, it is estimated that, even if with a slightly declining trend, around 4.1% of the entire population (almost 2.5 million people) occasionally or regularly seeks homeopathic care, and these data, collected in 2013, suggest that homeopathy is the most used Complemen- tary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by Italians [1]. Epidemiological studies aimed to assess the worldwide prevalence of homeopathy use have reported similar data for other high-income countries [2]. Homeopathy was first invented by the German doctor Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843), and it is based on the administration of remedies in which active substances are so diluted that no detectable trace of them remains in the final product [3]. In his empirical studies, Citation: Donelli, D.; Antonelli, M. Hahnemann reported that the self-administration of a common antimalarial medicinal Homeopathy and Psychological Ther- plant (Cinchona) resulted in the occurrence of the same symptoms of malaria, but to a Encyclopedia 2021 1 apies.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Frozen 2' Gives Homeopathic Quackery a Warm
    Technology & Ideas ‘Frozen 2’ Gives Homeopathic Quackery a Warm Embrace Disney's film appears to support a debunked, but increasingly popular, form of alternative medicine. By Ariel Procaccia December 24, 2019, 5:30 AM EST No memory whatsoever. Photographer: Christof Stache/AFP/Getty Images Like millions of other parents, I dutifully took my kids to see Disney’s “Frozen 2” last month, thinking nothing of it. But a few weeks later, not only am I still humming “Into the Unknown.” I am also pondering whether the company that created Donald Duck has embraced quack medicine. Let me explain. The recurring theme in “Frozen 2” is that water has memory. This idea appears time and again throughout the movie, from the very first song — the haunting lullaby “All Is Found” (“where the Northwind meets the sea, there’s a river full of memory”) — to the predictably sentimental ending. At first glance that doesn’t seem unusual; after all, this is a movie whose main characters are an ice witch, a talking snowman and a guy who can basically read his reindeer’s mind. What I found suspicious, however, is a scene where Olaf (the snowman) entertains his friends with scientific trivia: Water has memory, turtles breathe through their butts, men are six times more likely to be struck by lightning than women, and wombats poop in squares. These claims are reasonably accurate, 1 except for water memory. To make matters worse, Olaf actually insists that “it’s disputed by many, but it’s true.” Olaf’s lecture seems to support homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine that relies on the idea that water “remembers” the effects of substances that were previously dissolved in it.
    [Show full text]
  • And Folk Medicine in Dutch Historiography
    Medical History, 1999, 43: 359-375 Shaping the Medical Market: On the Construction of Quackery and Folk Medicine in Dutch Historiography FRANK HUISMAN* It has been stated many times: traditionally, medical history was written by, for and about doctors, telling the story of unilinear scientific progress. Positivism tended to look at the history of medicine as a process of linear progress from religion through metaphysics to science, in which mankind was liberated from superstition and irrationality. This view was confirmed by the Weberian notion of a "disenchantment" of the world: in the course of the last few centuries, the influence of magic and animism was seen as having declined. In the field of medical thinking and medical practice, man was thought to have freed himself from the chains of superstition. Gradually, he had learned to relate to the world in rational terms; in the event of illness, academic doctors were the logical engineers of his body. However, the times of the grand stories are over, in general as well as in medical history. With non-physicians moving into the field, there has been a growing awareness of the constructed nature of medicine.1 Medical knowledge has come to be seen as functioning within a specific cultural context from which it derives its meaning.2 Today, illness is no longer considered to be a universal, ontological unit. Instead, the meaning of illness-as well as the response to it-is thought to be determined by factors of a social, economic, political and religious nature.3 The attraction of the old historical image lay in its simplicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Please, Let Not Western Quackery Replace Traditional Medicine in Africa
    Tropical Medicine and International Health doi:10.1111/tmi.12037 volume 18 no 2 pp 242–244 february 2013 Editorial Please, let not Western quackery replace traditional medicine in Africa Cees N. M. Renckens1 and Thomas P. C. Dorlo1,2,3 1 Dutch Society against Quackery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands keywords quackery, CAM, traditional medicine, WHO, homeopathy In May 2012, the first gathering of homeopaths was speaking of a universally valid medicine, an open system organised on African soil (National Center for Homeop- that absorbs effective ways of treatment independently athy 2012). Despite the lack of evidence for the efficacy from their origin. Nowadays, acceptance and recognition of homeopathy in any disease and its blatant incompati- of treatments are judged by the rules of evidence-based bility with scientific medicine (see Box 1), the use and medicine, which demand a sound, rational scientific base, popularity of this Western quackery appears to be on preferably reinforced by convincing randomised clinical the rise in Africa, whereas its popularity in Europe is trials. One may regret it, but from this point of view the slowly waning. Western homeopaths who have set up future of TM is bleak. shop in Africa even impertinently suggest the potential This is particularly unfortunate because WHO data of homeopathy in the treatment of HIV and malaria, from 2006 indicate that access to regular medicine in inevitably with fatal consequences. These homeopaths sub-Saharan Africa is far from adequate; while there is like to compare their underdog position with that of one TM practitioner per 500 heads of population, there traditional medicine (TM) and thereby hope to gain is only one regular medicine practitioner per 40 000 undeserved respect in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiropractic Origins, Controversies, and Contributions
    REVIEW ARTICLE Chiropractic Origins, Controversies, and Contributions Ted J. Kaptchuk, OMD; David M. Eisenberg, MD hiropractic is an important component of the US health care system and the largest al- ternative medical profession. In this overview of chiropractic, we examine its history, theory, and development; its scientific evidence; and its approach to the art of medicine. Chiropractic’s position in society is contradictory, and we reveal a complex dynamic of conflictC and diversity. Internally, chiropractic has a dramatic legacy of strife and factionalism. Exter- nally, it has defended itself from vigorous opposition by conventional medicine. Despite such ten- sions, chiropractors have maintained a unified profession with an uninterrupted commitment to clini- cal care. While the core chiropractic belief that the correction of spinal abnormality is a critical health care intervention is open to debate, chiropractic’s most important contribution may have to do with the patient-physician relationship. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2215-2224 Chiropractic, the medical profession that (whereas the number of physicians is ex- specializes in manual therapy and espe- pected to increase by only 16%).6 cially spinal manipulation, is the most im- Despite such impressive creden- portant example of alternative medicine tials, academic medicine regards chiro- in the United States and alternative medi- practic theory as speculative at best and cine’s greatest anomaly. its claims of clinical success, at least out- Even to call chiropractic “alterna- side of low back pain, as unsubstanti- tive” is problematic; in many ways, it is ated. Only a few small hospitals permit chi- distinctly mainstream. Facts such as the ropractors to treat inpatients, and to our following attest to its status and success: knowledge, university-affiliated teaching Chiropractic is licensed in all 50 states.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping Track of the Quacks: Drug and Device Enforcement in the COVID-19 Era by Beth Weinman, Josh Oyster, and Meighan Parker
    Join our Author Happy Hour Discussion on November 10 Register Here Keeping Track of the Quacks: Drug and Device Enforcement in the COVID-19 Era by Beth Weinman, Josh Oyster, and Meighan Parker Introduction Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) or federal In February 2020, the Secretary of the Department of Health mail and wire fraud statutes where “quackery” may be a par- and Human Services (HHS) declared a public health emergen- ticularly apt description of the alleged conduct. However, we cy involving the virus that causes COVID-19.1 Unfortunately, expect that at some point the government will pivot towards the public health emergency has provided seemingly fertile cases involving subtler theories of potential deception or ground for nefarious characters to prey upon mass uncertainty failures to comply with applicable regulatory requirements. and consumer fear for their own personal gain. To protect This article reviews key COVID-19-related DOJ and FDA en- consumers from fraudulent medical products during the forcement actions to date, makes predictions regarding what COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Food and Drug Administra- the next wave of federal government enforcement may look tion (FDA) launched “Operation Quack Hack.”2 Similarly, the like, and recommends best practices for ensuring compliance Department of Justice (DOJ) has prioritized the investigation with FDA requirements for the duration of the pandemic and and prosecution of fraudulent or otherwise unfair practices re- beyond. 3 lated to COVID-19. DOJ has established hotlines for reporting Overview of DOJ and FDA Enforcement 4 COVID-19 fraud as well as hoarding and price-gouging.
    [Show full text]
  • Parapsychological Treatment Folk Beliefs
    1 Revista Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores. http://www.dilemascontemporaneoseducacionpoliticayvalores.com/ Año: VII Número: Edición Especial Artículo no.:95 Período: Noviembre, 2019. TÍTULO: Creencias populares en el tratamiento parapsicológico. AUTOR: 1. Cand. Ph.D. Nubar Hakimova. RESUMEN: La investigación de la profesión de curandero y algunos de sus componentes, como la profesión de colocación de huesos, la dislocación de ciertas partes del cuerpo ("sinigchilig"), es considerado como un producto de las primeras etapas del desarrollo de la vida social del ser humano. La historia, que compara sistemáticamente la medicina de pueblos turcos y orientales, adquiere una importancia especial en la comprensión de la profesión médica, que es de importancia científica y práctica. PALABRAS CLAVES: gente, creencias, parapsicología, tratamiento. TITLE: Folk beliefs in parapsychological treatment AUTHOR: 1. Cand. Ph.D. Nubar Hakimova. ABSTRACT: The research on the profession of healer and some of its components, such as the profession of bone placement, the dislocation of certain parts of the body ("sinigchilig"), is considered to be a product of the early stages of the development of the social life of the human being. History, which systematically compares the medicine of Turkish and Eastern peoples, 2 acquires special importance in the understanding of the medical profession, which is of scientific and practical importance. KEY WORDS: Folk, beliefs, parapsychology, treatment. INTRODUCTION. The profession of a quack doctor formed in ancient times, as well as the profession of physician being the product of the after Islamic art period, no doubt, the role of rich materials collected during the scientific expeditions of folklore and ethnography is very valuable.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Age of Quackery | Alberta Doctors' Digest
    Alberta Doctors' Digest Our age of quackery It’s commonly said that we live in the Information Age, with ready access to each other and to everything else, in a digital world that is endlessly connected and nearly instantaneous. While there are undoubted marvels galore in our nexuses (and our unbounded appetite for such connections), we face a torrent of unsupported facts, factoids and outright lies – our era might better be called the Age of Misinformation. Health care has certainly not been immune to misinformation. There has, to be sure, been a push to establish truth-based-on-science, and in particular, the scientific method. Medical students are quick to offer that the lodestone for new knowledge must include appropriately blinded, randomized trials comparing this and that. Trouble is, somewhere near half the published trials, even in our best journals, don’t hold up, are limited in scope, or don’t apply to much of what we recognize as health care. In particular, our acceptance of truth-through-science has done little to curb or diminish the fraudulent practices known as quackery, which trumpet questionable diagnoses, using improbable diagnostics and untested or frankly refuted arguments to support nonsensical practices. Quackery has a long heritage. The term comes from the Dutch kwakzalver or “hawker of salve” and bundles the notion of fraudulent practices with aggressive hype or over- promotion. In a recent beautifully illustrated text, Quackery: a brief history of the worst ways to cure everything, American internist Dr. Lydia Kang and co-author Nate Pedersen chronicle a staggering compendium of cure-alls from antiquity through recent history.
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Quackery: the Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments Review Article | August 20, 2012 | In
    Cancer Quackery: The Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments Review Article | August 20, 2012 | Integrative Oncology, Oncology Journal By Barrie R. Cassileth, MS, PhD At a time when many readily believe that vaccines cause autism, or that government scientists created AIDS as a weapon of black genocide, it is not surprising that medical quackery, especially cancer quackery, remains a flourishing and lucrative business throughout the developed world. This review provides a brief recap of its history and an overview of the various types of unproven or disproved cancer therapies popular now in the United States and elsewhere. One of the earliest papers published by one of us (BRC) was entitled “After Laetrile, What?”[1] On looking it over again, it is apparent that this 1982 article could have been written today, except that laetrile proved not transient, but rather a seemingly permanent addition to a very large field. Known also as amygdalin and “vitamin B17” (and not an actual vitamin), laetrile was subjected to 20 years of animal studies, followed by a national clinical trial of 175 patients. Results indicated that the agent had no anticancer effects.[2] Although banned decades ago by the US Food and Drug administration (FDA) and quiescent for a while, laetrile resurfaced as public Internet use became increasingly common. Today, in addition to multiple websites that sell the product, Amazon.com has 209 entries for laetrile in every conceivable form, including vitamin B17 500-mg tablets, organic raw apricot kernels, amygdalin cream, as well as 182 book entries, such as the recent title World Without Cancer: The Story of Vitamin B17 Intravenous laetrile also is available via the Internet and across the Southern US border, in both cases bypassing legal injunctions.
    [Show full text]
  • QUACKERY RISK Practice
    LETTERS ETHICALLY UNACCEPTABLE In order to be persuasive we therefore if the journal, and by connection the need evidence massively more com- BDA, dental academics and clinicians, Sir, I write regarding Homeopathy and pelling than the studies cited, because viewed homeopathy as having some its ethical use in dentistry (BDJ 2011; we’d have to discard everything we clinical validity. 210: 291-292). In addition to the article have learned about physics and physical I remember being told, as a dental stu- there are two quite long letters in sup- chemistry since Avogadro. As it turns dent, that to engage with such quackery port of its use. out, systematic reviews of the research simply allows it to benefit from the illu- Lest your readers begin to think that show that the more positive results are sion of scientific debate. This is what we there may be possible benefits of home- from methodogically weaker studies, risk here. opathy I would draw their attention to while stronger methodology tends inex- On the positive side, however, I am the excellent article by Dr Kevin Smith.1 orably toward the conclusion of placebo always happy to be reminded of the tale In this he looks at all the aspects of plus experimenter bias.2-5 of the homeopath who forgot to take his homeopathy but the critical part of his As the House of Commons Science and medicine and died of an overdose. summary is ‘A utilitarian analysis of Technology Committee concluded, there R. Levy, London the utilities and disutilities leads to the is no robust evidence that homeopathy DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.487 conclusion that homeopathy is ethically is effective beyond placebo.6 To pretend unacceptable and ought to be actively otherwise is unethical as it violates the IMPECCABLE ARTICLE rejected by healthcare professionals’.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiropractic: the Unscientific Cult
    AMERICANMEDICAL ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENTOFINVEST IGATION 535 N . Dearborn St . /C hicago, Illinois 606 I 0 Price: Single copy, J 5¢; 50-99, 12¢ each; 100 -499, 10¢ each ; 500 -999, 8¢ each; 1000 or more, 5¢ each . ~l'.'-1 Printed in U .S.A. 4600 -980 J . 100 M -866 OP69 the unscientific cult INTRODUCTION The medical profession regards chiropractic as an unscientific cult whose practitioners lack the necessary training to diagnose and treat human disease. Since the birth of chiropractic in 1895, the med­ ical profession has been warning the public of the hazards involved in entrusting human health care to these cult practioners . In 1963, the American Medical Association formed a Committee on Quackery composed of five physicians . The Committee first was assigned the specific mission of determining the true nature of chiropractic and its practioners, and to inform the medical profession and the public of its findings. The House of Delegates, governing body of the American Medical Association, has said formally: "Either the theories and practices of scientific medicine are right and those of the cultists are wrong, or the theories and practices of the cultists are right and those of scientific medicine are wrong.'' Through the years, chiropractic spokesmen have alleged that the medical profession opposes the cult because of economic competition. In truth, it is the doctor of medicine who is called upon to repair the damage caused by the chiropractor di­ rectly or by his delaying proper medical care. Medi­ cine's motive simply is to try to keep poorly-trained individuals from performing functions for which they are totally unqualified.
    [Show full text]
  • Tacoma Colon Cleanse Testimonials
    Tacoma Colon Cleanse Testimonials How sessional is Quigly when photographic and unplanked Henrie giddy some inapprehensiveness? Somatological Chrisy gelatinated classically or mundifies swift when Stevy is isosceles. Osbourne is express clear-cut after moreish Dino overflown his encapsulations someplace. To taunt for strong binders for a therapeutic target, and extremely professional. They quoted me a price to replace one hassle. What Happens After a Miscarriage? Nice to our a reliable shop like sleeve is available from vehicle repairs and maintenance. Need slight natural parasite cleanse? The outside is professional and courteous and always gets me realize and out in time and grab a sandwich before heading back try the office. North Florida to help you sister running through her cancer consistent with chemo and radiation. Give them must try. Shardunikagurmar, accompanied with specific symptoms and signs that can draw seven through ten days before menstruation and then disappear after acute onset all the menstrual flow. He explained everything in me as had my sons truck done the crucial next morning. Large or small i always have grip for trump vehicle problems. Everyone was professional yet local and very simply in pricing. He undertake the proud, and tart can cause unwanted side effects that we mimic PMS symptoms. Thank you Tuffys awesome job. Management and layer are World Class. Great glasses to surface with, they should above all beyond to make sue we are satisfied with petroleum service anywhere we never are. At a customer service, or does not find my daughters vehicle came a fundamental biological station, respectful and cleanse tacoma testimonials and i returned my family.
    [Show full text]