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The Forgotten Queens of Islam This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Forgotten Queens of Islam
The Forgotten Queens of Islam This page intentionally left blank The Forgotten Queens of Islam FATIMA MERNISSI Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis English Translation © Polity Press 1993 First Published in France as Sultanes oubliees © Editions Albin Michel S.A., 1990 This translation first published 1993 by Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Fourth paperback printing, 2006 A CIP record is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8166-2439-9 (pb) Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. Contents Introduction: Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 1 PART i Queens and Courtesans 1 How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam? 9 2 The Caliph and the Queen 26 3 The jawari or Revolution in the Harem 37 4 Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of State? 51 PART ii Sovereignty in Islam 5 The Criteria of Sovereignty in Islam 71 6 Fifteen Queens 88 PART in The Arab Queens 7 The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 115 8 The Little Queens of Sheba 139 9 The Lady of Cairo -
The Role of Academia in Promoting Gender and Women’S Rights in the Arab World and the European Region
THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA IN PROMOTING GENDER AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE ARAB WORLD AND THE EUROPEAN REGION Erasmus+ project “Gender Studies Curriculum: A Step for Democracy and Peace in EU- Neighboring Countries with Different Traditions”, No. 561785-EPP-1-2015-1-LT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP UDC 305(063) Dépôt Légal : 2019MO2902 ISBN : 978-9954-692-05-9 The Role Of Academia In Promoting Gender And Women’s Rights In The Arab World And The European Region // Edited by Souad Slaoui, Khalid Bekkaoui, Kebir Sandy, Sadik Rddad, Karima Belghiti. – Publ. Société Généraled’Equipement&d’impression, Fes, Morocco, 2019. – 382 pp. This book contains articles by participants in the Forum " The role of academia in promoting gender and women’s rights in the Arab world and the European region " (Morocco, Fez, October, 1- 5, 2018 ). In the articles, the actual problems of gender identity, gender equality, gender education, gender and politics, gender and religion are raised. The materials will be useful to researchers, scientists, graduate students and students dealing with the problems of gender equality, intersexual relations, statistical indices of gender equality and other aspects of this field. Technical Editors: Natalija Mažeikienė, Olga Avramenko, Volodymyr Naradovyi. Acknowedgements to PhD students Mrs.Hajar Brgharbi, Mr.Mouhssine El Hajjami who have extensively worked with editors on collecting the abstract and the paper at the first stage of the compilation of this Conference volume. Recommended for publication: Moroccan Cultural Studies Centre, University SIdi Mohammed Ben Abdallah, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences Dhar Al Mahraz, Fez. ERASMUS+ Project “Gender Studies Curriculum: A Step for Democracy and Peace in EU- neighboring countries with different traditions – GeSt” [Ref. -
Sayyida Al-Hurra, Mujer Marroquí De Origen Andalusí
SAYYIDA AL-HURRA, MUJER MARROQUÍ DE ORIGEN ANDALUSÍ Rodolfo GIL GRíMAU Instituto Cervantes de Lisboa La figura de Sitt al-~urra —Sayyida al-Hurra bint Mawláy ‘AlT ibn Ra~Td— es, tanto por sí misma como por lo que vino a significar en la historia del norte de Marruecos, la de una de las más importantes personalidades femeninas del occidente islámico en la Edad Moderna, a la que en cierta medida, la vinculada al Estrecho de Gibraltar, resume dentro de los complicados cambios y trasvases de intereses, que se producen en los finales del siglo XV y comienzos del XVI en esta zona. Sitt al-Hurra pasa a ser una singularidad, una mezcla, un eje, en tomo a los cuales puede moverse nuestra reflexión cuando la centramos sobre aquella complicada sociedad, que existió por entonces a los dos lados del Estrecho. En 1453, los turcos osmanlíes conquistan Constantinopla, con lo que se termina el Imperio Bizantino, heredero del Imperio Romano de Oriente, y comienza el Imperio Osmanlí u Otomano, que durará hasta comienzos del siglo pasado. Es un largo periodo de la Historia el que se acaba con el mutis de Constantinopla y el estreno de Istambul; toda una parte de la Edad Antigua y toda la Edad Media completa. Y, sobre todo, un cambio de actitudes, de medios y de inversiones económicas, una alteración del equilibrio político, cultural y comercial, que había existido hasta entonces. A partir de 1487, los portugueses, que ya habían explorado la costa occidental de África y se habían asentado en el litoral marroquí, descubren el camino marítimo a la India, contorneando el Cabo de Buena Esperanza, y abren la nueva vía mercantil de las riquezas de levante, que hasta entonces había discurrido por el camino de los monzones, el Mar Rojo, Arabia y Medio Oriente. -
From Valmy to Waterloo: France at War, 1792–1815
Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromsoe - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-08 - PalgraveConnect Tromsoe i - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230294981 - From Valmy to Waterloo, Marie-Cecile Thoral War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850 Series Editors: Rafe Blaufarb (Tallahassee, USA), Alan Forrest (York, UK), and Karen Hagemann (Chapel Hill, USA) Editorial Board: Michael Broers (Oxford, UK), Christopher Bayly (Cambridge, UK), Richard Bessel (York, UK), Sarah Chambers (Minneapolis, USA), Laurent Dubois (Durham, USA), Etienne François (Berlin, Germany), Janet Hartley (London, UK), Wayne Lee (Chapel Hill, USA), Jane Rendall (York, UK), Reinhard Stauber (Klagenfurt, Austria) Titles include: Richard Bessel, Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall (editors) WAR, EMPIRE AND SLAVERY, 1770–1830 Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (editors) THE BEE AND THE EAGLE Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (editors) SOLDIERS, CITIZENS AND CIVILIANS Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790–1820 Karen Hagemann, Gisela Mettele and Jane Rendall (editors) GENDER, WAR AND POLITICS Transatlantic Perspectives, 1755–1830 Marie-Cécile Thoral FROM VALMY TO WATERLOO France at War, 1792–1815 Forthcoming: Michael Broers, Agustin Guimera and Peter Hick (editors) THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE NEW EUROPEAN POLITICAL CULTURE Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann -
Violence, Protection and Commerce
This file is to be used only for a purpose specified by Palgrave Macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an index, reviewing, endorsing or planning coursework/other institutional needs. You may store and print the file and share it with others helping you with the specified purpose, but under no circumstances may the file be distributed or otherwise made accessible to any other third parties without the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Please contact [email protected] if you have any queries regarding use of the file. Proof 1 2 3 3 4 Violence, Protection and 5 6 Commerce 7 8 Corsairing and ars piratica in the Early Modern 9 Mediterranean 10 11 Wolfgang Kaiser and Guillaume Calafat 12 13 14 15 Like other maritime spaces, and indeed even large oceans such as the 16 Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean was not at all a ‘no man’s sea’ – as 17 the sea in general appears, opposed to territorial conquest and occupa- 18 tion of land, in a prominent way in Carl Schmitt’s opposition between 19 a terrestrian and a ‘free maritime’ spatial order.1 Large oceanic spaces 20 such as the Indian Ocean and smaller ones such as the Mediterranean 21 were both culturally highly saturated and legally regulated spaces.2 22 The Inner Sea has even been considered as a matrix of the legal and 23 political scenario of imposition of the Roman ‘policy of the sea’ that 24 had efficiently guaranteed free circulation and trade by eliminating 25 the pirates – Cicero’s ‘enemy of mankind’ 3– who formerly had infected the 26 Mediterranean. -
Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean
2 Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean Vijayalakshmi Teelock and Abdul Sheriff The specificities of the Indian Ocean slave trade and slavery have been highlighted in the numerous works of historians of the Indian Ocean such as Ned Alpers, Abdul Sheriff, Richard Allen and Hubert Gerbeau, and are being recognised even by scholars of the Atlantic region. Within the Indian Ocean, however, the specificities of individual countries need to be highlighted and contrasted with each other. Some Indian Ocean countries, such as Zanzibar and Madagascar, were both importers and exporters of slaves, while others without indigenous populations, like Mauritius and Reunion, were solely importers of slave labour. Before embarking on a comparative study of the transition of these slave societies to freedom, it is necessary to have an understanding of the historical context of the establishment of slavery and the peopling of the islands through the slave trade. This is the focus of this chapter. Mauritius: The Colonial Slave Trade and Slavery According to latest figures available from Richard Allen and Thomas Vernet, the numbers of slaves exported from the Indian Ocean by Europeans far exceed previous estimates. Table 2.1: Export of slaves from the Indian Ocean 1670-1769 1770-1810 1811-1848 Total Madagascar 35,314-37,931 46,203-53,427 43,808-51,365 125,325-142,723 Eastern Africa 10,677-11,468 99,614-115,189 75,767-88,835 186,058-215,492 India 14,755-15,739 4,994-5,327 6,469-21,066 SE Asia 3,804-4,759 3,804-4,759 Of the total estimated by Allen1 to date, the French slave trade is still by far the most substantial in the Indian Ocean. -
Non-Arab Women in the Arab World
File Intro File Intro Ross-Nazzal and Aglaia Viviani have provided an historical provides a bridge to the last section of this issue, dealing vantage point from which to understand the way American with mixed marriages and the thorny topic of patrilineal cul- and British women viewed Palestine and Egypt in the mid tural and citizenship rights. 19th century. Sharon Nagy has aptly juxtaposed the historical and current Some of the weaknesses of this issue’s first section are experience of Western and South East Asian women who made up for through the inclusion of powerfully individual have married into upper, middle and lower-middle class testimonials by both indigenous minority women and families in the Arabian peninsula during the last several Western women with a wealth of personal experience in decades. Rima Habib and Lina Abou-Habib provide an the Arab world. Diane King reflects on her work research- activist’s insight into the struggle to find local support for ing the ethnic and gendered oppression of the women of the human rights of Arab women who have married non- Iraqi Kurdistan during the dark days at the end of the nationals and thus seemingly forfeited their children’s cul- Non-Arab Women regime of Saddam Hussein. In her view, Kurdish women are tural identity. far from being the “helpless victims” they are often por- trayed as by well meaning Western NGOs. A good friend The articles in this issue have opened the debate on who from my native Austria, Ingrid Jaradat Gassner describes the decides the nature of ethnic and gender identity in the process of becoming Palestinian over a period of almost region. -
Piratical Colonization: Piracy's Role in the First
PIRATICAL COLONIZATION: PIRACY’S ROLE IN THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES, 1550-1600 by Austin F. Croom March, 2019 Director of Thesis: Wade G. Dudley Major Department: History This thesis analyzes the importance of piracy to the beginnings of English overseas expansion. This study will consider the piratical climate around the British Isles in the sixteenth century, and the ways in which this context affected the participants in the first English colonial projects. Piracy became inseparably associated with nearly all of the Elizabethan overseas expeditions, contributing experienced seamen to the cause and promising to fill gaps in the financial strength of the expeditions. Ultimately, piracy proved difficult to control, and sabotaged the efforts of the Elizabethan colonial promoters. PIRATICAL COLONIZATION: PIRACY’S ROLE IN THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES, 1550-1600 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by Austin F. Croom March, 2019 © Austin F. Croom, 2019 PIRATICAL COLONIZATION: PIRACY’S ROLE IN THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES, 1550-1600 By Austin F. Croom APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: Dr. Wade G. Dudley, Ph.D. COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Christopher Oakley, Ph.D. COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Timothy Jenks, Ph.D. CHAIR OF THE DEP ARTMENT OF HISTORY: Dr. Christopher Oakley, Ph.D. DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: Dr. Paul J. Gemperline, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: An Introduction to Pirates and Colonies ...................................................................1 -
Mohamad Ballan Curriculum Vitae Assistant Professor Department of History Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY 11794-4348 [email protected]
1 Mohamad Ballan Curriculum Vitae Assistant Professor Department of History Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY 11794-4348 [email protected] ACADEMIC POSITIONS 2019–present Assistant Professor of History, Stony Brook University 2018–2019 Junior Fellow, Dartmouth Society of Fellows. Dartmouth College EDUCATION PhD, 2019 Department of History, University of Chicago Dissertation: “The Scribe of the Alhambra: Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, Sovereignty and History in Nasrid Granada” Committee: David Nirenberg (chair), John Woods, Maribel Fierro, Ahmed El Shamsy Comprehensive exam Medieval Iberia, Pre-Modern Islamic History, and Early Modern Europe fields: MA, 2010 Social Sciences, University of Chicago BA, 2008 History Honors, University of British Columbia RESEARCH INTERESTS Medieval Europe; Mediterranean history; global history; borderlands and frontier history; political thought; Islamic history; medieval Iberia; North Africa; intercommunal relations; intellectual networks; historiography; Late Antiquity PUBLICATIONS Published articles 2010 “Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence,” Comitatus 41 (2010): 23–76. Translated into Portuguese by Bruno Tadeu Salles and Marina de Oliveira Carvalho as “Fraxinetum: Um Estado de Fronteira Islâmico na Provença do Século X” [História Revista (2020)] Forthcoming articles 2022 “Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib and the Politics of Genealogy in Late Medieval Granada,” Speculum 2022 “Genealogía, linaje e identidad etnocultural en la Granada nazarí.” In De sangre y leche. Raza y religión en el mundo ibérico/Of Blood and Milk: Race and Religion in the Medieval and Early Modern Iberian Worlds (Madrid, 2021), ed. Mercedes García- Arenal 2 2022 “Sayyida al-Hurra.” Encyclopedia of Islam, THREE. Leiden: Brill, 2021 2021 “Between Castilian Reconquista and Ottoman Jihad: A Reconsideration of the 1501 Hispano-Muslim Qasida to Sultan Bayezid II,” Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History Submitted articles 2021 “Zafadola Amicus Mei: A Reconsideration of the Career of Sayf al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Hud (d. -
Des Femmes Écrivent L'afrique
Fatima Sadiqi, Amira Nowaira, Azza El Kholy et Moha Ennaji (dir.) Des femmes écrivent l’Afrique L’Afrique du Nord Traduit de l’anglais par Christiane Owusu-Sarpong KARTHALA DES FEMMES ÉCRIVENT L’AFRIQUE L’AFRIQUE DU NORD Publié avec le concours du Centre National du Livre KARTHALA sur Internet : http://www.karthala.com Paiement sécurisé Couverture : Khadija Zizi El Bab ou Porte marocaine. Acrylique sur toile 100 x 80 cm. « Porte d’accès aux voix de femmes » © Éditions KARTHALA, 2013 ISBN : 978-2-8111-0731-4 Fatima Sadiqi, Amira Nowaira, Azza El Kholy et Moha Ennaji (dir.) Des femmes écrivent l’Afrique L’Afrique du Nord Traduit de l’anglais par Christiane Owusu-Sarpong Éditions Karthala 22-24, boulevard Arago 75013 Paris Sous la direction de : Fatima Sadiqi, Amira Nowaira, Azza El Kholy et Moha Ennaji Avec : Fatima Bouabdelli, Abena P.A. Busia, Sahar Hamouda, Nadia El Kholy, Marjorie Lightman, Zahia Smail Salhi et Khadija Zizi Avec la contribution de : Mohamed El-Sayed Abd-el-Ghani, Ali Ouahidi, Heba Sharobeem et Zakia Iraqui-Sinaceur Sous la responsabilité éditoriale, en anglais, de : Florence Howe Traduit de l’anglais par : Christiane Owusu-Sarpong Publié aux Éditions Karthala, 22-24 bd. Arago, 75013 – Paris Des femmes écrivent l’Afrique Un projet de la Feminist Press, City University of New York Subventionné par les fondations Ford et Rockefeller Des femmes écrivent l’Afrique est un projet de reconstruction culturelle qui a pour objectif essentiel de donner à entendre, de par le monde, des voix de femmes d’Afrique qui se sont élevées au cours des siècles. -
The Socio-Cultural Impact of Maritime Piracy and Illicit Smuggling in San Francisco De Campeche 1630 - 1705
BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2019 Fear and Trepidation: The Socio-Cultural Impact of Maritime Piracy and Illicit Smuggling in San Francisco De Campeche 1630 - 1705 Victor Alfonso Medina Lugo Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Medina Lugo, Victor Alfonso, "Fear and Trepidation: The Socio-Cultural Impact of Maritime Piracy and Illicit Smuggling in San Francisco De Campeche 1630 - 1705" (2019). MSU Graduate Theses. 3431. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3431 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEAR AND TREPIDATION: THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF MARITIME PIRACY AND ILLICIT SMUGGLING IN SAN FRANCISCO DE CAMPECHE 1630 - 1705 A Master’s -
Pitts Story for Website
Joseph Pitts of Exon: the first Englishman in Mecca By Ghee Bowman, community researcher at Exeter Global Centre With thanks and acknowledgements to Paul Auchterlonie Joseph Pitts was born in Exeter around 1663, shortly after the restoration of Charles II. At the age of 15, Joseph was taken with a desire to travel - “my genius led me to be a sailor” as he puts it - and enrolled as one of a crew of six on the fishing boat Speedwell under the captain, George Taylor. They sailed on Easter Tuesday 1678, bound for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where they intended to catch fish for sale in Spain. In the Bay of Biscay, however, the boat was captured by Barbary pirates. The pirates sank the boat, as they subsequently did many others. They weren’t interested in the boat or its cargo, but only the people on it. What were Barbary pirates? Also known as Corsairs, they were privateers from ports in North Africa, who sailed the Mediterranean in search of people they could capture and sell as slaves. It is estimated that they captured around a million people from the 16 th to the 19 th century. Until the 17 th century they used galleys, powered by oars, and so were restricted to the Mediterranean. Around 1610 however, they developed the broad sails that enabled them to go into the Atlantic, due to the help of English sea captains who had left the country after Queen Elizabeth’s death. Kent-born Captain Jack Ward, for example, was active in Tunis at the time under the name Yusuf Reis.